australasia revision 218122
1# <pre> 2# @(#)australasia 8.22 3# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of 4# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson. 5 6# This file also includes Pacific islands. 7 8# Notes are at the end of this file 9 10############################################################################### 11 12# Australia 13 14# Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc. 15 16# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 17Rule Aus 1917 only - Jan 1 0:01 1:00 - 18Rule Aus 1917 only - Mar 25 2:00 0 - 19Rule Aus 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00 1:00 - 20Rule Aus 1942 only - Mar 29 2:00 0 - 21Rule Aus 1942 only - Sep 27 2:00 1:00 - 22Rule Aus 1943 1944 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 - 23Rule Aus 1943 only - Oct 3 2:00 1:00 - 24# Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which 25# says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944. Ignore Whitman's claim that 26# 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944. 27 28# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 29# Northern Territory 30Zone Australia/Darwin 8:43:20 - LMT 1895 Feb 31 9:00 - CST 1899 May 32 9:30 Aus CST 33# Western Australia 34# 35# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 36Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 37Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 38Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 39Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 40Rule AW 1991 only - Nov 17 2:00s 1:00 - 41Rule AW 1992 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 42Rule AW 2006 only - Dec 3 2:00s 1:00 - 43Rule AW 2007 2009 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - 44Rule AW 2007 2008 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 45Zone Australia/Perth 7:43:24 - LMT 1895 Dec 46 8:00 Aus WST 1943 Jul 47 8:00 AW WST 48Zone Australia/Eucla 8:35:28 - LMT 1895 Dec 49 8:45 Aus CWST 1943 Jul 50 8:45 AW CWST 51 52# Queensland 53# 54# From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01): 55# I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast 56# of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after 57# Queensland ceased to. 58# 59# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): 60# IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman, 61# Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped. 62# Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria, 63# so use Lindeman. 64# 65# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 66Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 67Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 - 68Rule AQ 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 69Rule AQ 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 70Rule Holiday 1992 1993 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 71Rule Holiday 1993 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 72Zone Australia/Brisbane 10:12:08 - LMT 1895 73 10:00 Aus EST 1971 74 10:00 AQ EST 75Zone Australia/Lindeman 9:55:56 - LMT 1895 76 10:00 Aus EST 1971 77 10:00 AQ EST 1992 Jul 78 10:00 Holiday EST 79 80# South Australia 81# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 82Rule AS 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 83Rule AS 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 - 84Rule AS 1987 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 85Rule AS 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 - 86Rule AS 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 87Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 - 88Rule AS 1991 only - Mar 3 2:00s 0 - 89Rule AS 1992 only - Mar 22 2:00s 0 - 90Rule AS 1993 only - Mar 7 2:00s 0 - 91Rule AS 1994 only - Mar 20 2:00s 0 - 92Rule AS 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - 93Rule AS 2006 only - Apr 2 2:00s 0 - 94Rule AS 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - 95Rule AS 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 96Rule AS 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 - 97# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 98Zone Australia/Adelaide 9:14:20 - LMT 1895 Feb 99 9:00 - CST 1899 May 100 9:30 Aus CST 1971 101 9:30 AS CST 102 103# Tasmania 104# 105# From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16): 106# <http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml> 107# says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971. 108# 109# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 110Rule AT 1967 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 - 111Rule AT 1968 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - 112Rule AT 1968 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 113Rule AT 1969 1971 - Mar Sun>=8 2:00s 0 - 114Rule AT 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 - 115Rule AT 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 116Rule AT 1982 1983 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - 117Rule AT 1984 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 118Rule AT 1986 only - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 - 119Rule AT 1987 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 - 120Rule AT 1987 only - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 - 121Rule AT 1988 1990 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 122Rule AT 1991 1999 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 - 123Rule AT 1991 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - 124Rule AT 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 125Rule AT 2001 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 - 126Rule AT 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 127Rule AT 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - 128Rule AT 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 129# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 130Zone Australia/Hobart 9:49:16 - LMT 1895 Sep 131 10:00 - EST 1916 Oct 1 2:00 132 10:00 1:00 EST 1917 Feb 133 10:00 Aus EST 1967 134 10:00 AT EST 135Zone Australia/Currie 9:35:28 - LMT 1895 Sep 136 10:00 - EST 1916 Oct 1 2:00 137 10:00 1:00 EST 1917 Feb 138 10:00 Aus EST 1971 Jul 139 10:00 AT EST 140 141# Victoria 142# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 143Rule AV 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 144Rule AV 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 - 145Rule AV 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 146Rule AV 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 - 147Rule AV 1986 1987 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 - 148Rule AV 1988 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 149Rule AV 1991 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 150Rule AV 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - 151Rule AV 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 152Rule AV 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 153Rule AV 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 154Rule AV 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - 155Rule AV 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 156Rule AV 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 - 157# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 158Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 - LMT 1895 Feb 159 10:00 Aus EST 1971 160 10:00 AV EST 161 162# New South Wales 163# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 164Rule AN 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 165Rule AN 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 - 166Rule AN 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 167Rule AN 1982 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 168Rule AN 1983 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 169Rule AN 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 - 170Rule AN 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 - 171Rule AN 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 172Rule AN 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 173Rule AN 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - 174Rule AN 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 175Rule AN 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 176Rule AN 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 177Rule AN 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - 178Rule AN 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 179Rule AN 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 - 180# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 181Zone Australia/Sydney 10:04:52 - LMT 1895 Feb 182 10:00 Aus EST 1971 183 10:00 AN EST 184Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 - LMT 1895 Feb 185 10:00 - EST 1896 Aug 23 186 9:00 - CST 1899 May 187 9:30 Aus CST 1971 188 9:30 AN CST 2000 189 9:30 AS CST 190 191# Lord Howe Island 192# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 193Rule LH 1981 1984 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 - 194Rule LH 1982 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 - 195Rule LH 1985 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 - 196Rule LH 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 - 197Rule LH 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00 0:30 - 198Rule LH 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 - 199Rule LH 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 - 200Rule LH 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 - 201Rule LH 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00 0:30 - 202Rule LH 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 - 203Rule LH 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 - 204Rule LH 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 - 205Rule LH 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 - 206Rule LH 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0:30 - 207Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 - LMT 1895 Feb 208 10:00 - EST 1981 Mar 209 10:30 LH LHST 210 211# Australian miscellany 212# 213# Ashmore Is, Cartier 214# no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers 215# no times are set 216# 217# Coral Sea Is 218# no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists 219# no times are set 220# 221# Macquarie 222# permanent occupation (scientific station) since 1948; 223# sealing and penguin oil station operated 1888/1917 224# like Australia/Hobart 225 226# Christmas 227# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 228Zone Indian/Christmas 7:02:52 - LMT 1895 Feb 229 7:00 - CXT # Christmas Island Time 230 231# Cook Is 232# From Shanks & Pottenger: 233# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 234Rule Cook 1978 only - Nov 12 0:00 0:30 HS 235Rule Cook 1979 1991 - Mar Sun>=1 0:00 0 - 236Rule Cook 1979 1990 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0:30 HS 237# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 238Zone Pacific/Rarotonga -10:39:04 - LMT 1901 # Avarua 239 -10:30 - CKT 1978 Nov 12 # Cook Is Time 240 -10:00 Cook CK%sT 241 242# Cocos 243# These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978. 244# We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900. 245# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 246Zone Indian/Cocos 6:27:40 - LMT 1900 247 6:30 - CCT # Cocos Islands Time 248 249# Fiji 250# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-11-10): 251# According to Fiji Broadcasting Corporation, Fiji plans to re-introduce DST 252# from November 29th 2009 to April 25th 2010. 253# 254# "Daylight savings to commence this month" 255# <a href="http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719"> 256# http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719 257# </a> 258# or 259# <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html"> 260# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html 261# </a> 262 263# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-11-10): 264# The Fiji Government has posted some more details about the approved 265# amendments: 266# <a href="http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml"> 267# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml 268# </a> 269 270# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-03): 271# The Cabinet in Fiji has decided to end DST about a month early, on 272# 2010-03-28 at 03:00. 273# The plan is to observe DST again, from 2010-10-24 to sometime in March 274# 2011 (last Sunday a good guess?). 275# 276# Official source: 277# <a href="http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:3310-cabinet-approves-change-in-daylight-savings-dates&catid=49:cabinet-releases&Itemid=166"> 278# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:3310-cabinet-approves-change-in-daylight-savings-dates&catid=49:cabinet-releases&Itemid=166 279# </a> 280# 281# A bit more background info here: 282# <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html"> 283# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html 284# </a> 285 286# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-10-24): 287# According to Radio Fiji and Fiji Times online, Fiji will end DST 3 288# weeks earlier than expected - on March 6, 2011, not March 27, 2011... 289# Here is confirmation from Government of the Republic of the Fiji Islands, 290# Ministry of Information (fiji.gov.fj) web site: 291# <a href="http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2608:daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155"> 292# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2608:daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155 293# </a> 294# or 295# <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji04.html"> 296# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji04.html 297# </a> 298 299# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 300Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S 301Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 - 302Rule Fiji 2009 only - Nov 29 2:00 1:00 S 303Rule Fiji 2010 only - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 - 304Rule Fiji 2010 only - Oct 24 2:00 1:00 S 305Rule Fiji 2011 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 - 306# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 307Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:53:40 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva 308 12:00 Fiji FJ%sT # Fiji Time 309 310# French Polynesia 311# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 312Zone Pacific/Gambier -8:59:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Rikitea 313 -9:00 - GAMT # Gambier Time 314Zone Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 - LMT 1912 Oct 315 -9:30 - MART # Marquesas Time 316Zone Pacific/Tahiti -9:58:16 - LMT 1912 Oct # Papeete 317 -10:00 - TAHT # Tahiti Time 318# Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia; 319# it is uninhabited. 320 321# Guam 322# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 323Zone Pacific/Guam -14:21:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 324 9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana 325 10:00 - GST 2000 Dec 23 # Guam 326 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time 327 328# Kiribati 329# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 330Zone Pacific/Tarawa 11:32:04 - LMT 1901 # Bairiki 331 12:00 - GILT # Gilbert Is Time 332Zone Pacific/Enderbury -11:24:20 - LMT 1901 333 -12:00 - PHOT 1979 Oct # Phoenix Is Time 334 -11:00 - PHOT 1995 335 13:00 - PHOT 336Zone Pacific/Kiritimati -10:29:20 - LMT 1901 337 -10:40 - LINT 1979 Oct # Line Is Time 338 -10:00 - LINT 1995 339 14:00 - LINT 340 341# N Mariana Is 342# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 343Zone Pacific/Saipan -14:17:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 344 9:43:00 - LMT 1901 345 9:00 - MPT 1969 Oct # N Mariana Is Time 346 10:00 - MPT 2000 Dec 23 347 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time 348 349# Marshall Is 350# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 351Zone Pacific/Majuro 11:24:48 - LMT 1901 352 11:00 - MHT 1969 Oct # Marshall Islands Time 353 12:00 - MHT 354Zone Pacific/Kwajalein 11:09:20 - LMT 1901 355 11:00 - MHT 1969 Oct 356 -12:00 - KWAT 1993 Aug 20 # Kwajalein Time 357 12:00 - MHT 358 359# Micronesia 360# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 361Zone Pacific/Chuuk 10:07:08 - LMT 1901 362 10:00 - CHUT # Chuuk Time 363Zone Pacific/Pohnpei 10:32:52 - LMT 1901 # Kolonia 364 11:00 - PONT # Pohnpei Time 365Zone Pacific/Kosrae 10:51:56 - LMT 1901 366 11:00 - KOST 1969 Oct # Kosrae Time 367 12:00 - KOST 1999 368 11:00 - KOST 369 370# Nauru 371# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 372Zone Pacific/Nauru 11:07:40 - LMT 1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe 373 11:30 - NRT 1942 Mar 15 # Nauru Time 374 9:00 - JST 1944 Aug 15 375 11:30 - NRT 1979 May 376 12:00 - NRT 377 378# New Caledonia 379# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 380Rule NC 1977 1978 - Dec Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 381Rule NC 1978 1979 - Feb 27 0:00 0 - 382Rule NC 1996 only - Dec 1 2:00s 1:00 S 383# Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA. 384Rule NC 1997 only - Mar 2 2:00s 0 - 385# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 386Zone Pacific/Noumea 11:05:48 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 387 11:00 NC NC%sT 388 389 390############################################################################### 391 392# New Zealand 393 394# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 395Rule NZ 1927 only - Nov 6 2:00 1:00 S 396Rule NZ 1928 only - Mar 4 2:00 0 M 397Rule NZ 1928 1933 - Oct Sun>=8 2:00 0:30 S 398Rule NZ 1929 1933 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 M 399Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Apr lastSun 2:00 0 M 400Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0:30 S 401Rule NZ 1946 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 S 402# Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but there's no 403# convenient notation for this so we must duplicate the Rule lines. 404Rule NZ 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 405Rule Chatham 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D 406Rule NZ 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S 407Rule Chatham 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:45s 0 S 408Rule NZ 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 409Rule Chatham 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D 410Rule NZ 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 411Rule Chatham 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S 412Rule NZ 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:00s 1:00 D 413Rule Chatham 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:45s 1:00 D 414Rule NZ 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 415Rule Chatham 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D 416Rule NZ 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S 417Rule Chatham 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:45s 0 S 418Rule NZ 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 419Rule Chatham 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D 420Rule NZ 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 421Rule Chatham 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S 422# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 423Zone Pacific/Auckland 11:39:04 - LMT 1868 Nov 2 424 11:30 NZ NZ%sT 1946 Jan 1 425 12:00 NZ NZ%sT 426Zone Pacific/Chatham 12:13:48 - LMT 1957 Jan 1 427 12:45 Chatham CHA%sT 428 429 430# Auckland Is 431# uninhabited; Maori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers, 432# and scientific personnel have wintered 433 434# Campbell I 435# minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914 436# scientific station operated 1941/1995; 437# previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered 438# was probably like Pacific/Auckland 439 440############################################################################### 441 442 443# Niue 444# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 445Zone Pacific/Niue -11:19:40 - LMT 1901 # Alofi 446 -11:20 - NUT 1951 # Niue Time 447 -11:30 - NUT 1978 Oct 1 448 -11:00 - NUT 449 450# Norfolk 451# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 452Zone Pacific/Norfolk 11:11:52 - LMT 1901 # Kingston 453 11:12 - NMT 1951 # Norfolk Mean Time 454 11:30 - NFT # Norfolk Time 455 456# Palau (Belau) 457# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 458Zone Pacific/Palau 8:57:56 - LMT 1901 # Koror 459 9:00 - PWT # Palau Time 460 461# Papua New Guinea 462# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 463Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880 464 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time 465 10:00 - PGT # Papua New Guinea Time 466 467# Pitcairn 468# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 469Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown 470 -8:30 - PNT 1998 Apr 27 00:00 471 -8:00 - PST # Pitcairn Standard Time 472 473# American Samoa 474Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1879 Jul 5 475 -11:22:48 - LMT 1911 476 -11:30 - SAMT 1950 # Samoa Time 477 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome 478 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering 479 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa 480 481# Samoa 482 483# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-16): 484# We have been in contact with the government of Samoa again, and received 485# the following info: 486# 487# "Cabinet has now approved Daylight Saving to be effected next year 488# commencing from the last Sunday of September 2010 and conclude first 489# Sunday of April 2011." 490# 491# Background info: 492# <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html"> 493# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html 494# </a> 495# 496# Samoa's Daylight Saving Time Act 2009 is available here, but does not 497# contain any dates: 498# <a href="http://www.parliament.gov.ws/documents/acts/Daylight%20Saving%20Act%20%202009%20%28English%29%20-%20Final%207-7-091.pdf"> 499# http://www.parliament.gov.ws/documents/acts/Daylight%20Saving%20Act%20%202009%20%28English%29%20-%20Final%207-7-091.pdf 500# </a> 501 502# From Raymond Hughes (2010-10-07): 503# Please see 504# <a href="http://www.mcil.gov.ws"> 505# http://www.mcil.gov.ws 506# </a>, 507# the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour (sideframe) "Last Sunday 508# September 2010 (26/09/10) - adjust clocks forward from 12:00 midnight 509# to 01:00am and First Sunday April 2011 (03/04/11) - adjust clocks 510# backwards from 1:00am to 12:00am" 511 512Zone Pacific/Apia 12:33:04 - LMT 1879 Jul 5 513 -11:26:56 - LMT 1911 514 -11:30 - SAMT 1950 # Samoa Time 515 -11:00 - WST 2010 Sep 26 516 -11:00 1:00 WSDT 2011 Apr 3 1:00 517 -11:00 - WST 518 519# Solomon Is 520# excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea 521# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 522Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Honiara 523 11:00 - SBT # Solomon Is Time 524 525# Tokelau Is 526# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 527Zone Pacific/Fakaofo -11:24:56 - LMT 1901 528 -10:00 - TKT # Tokelau Time 529 530# Tonga 531# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 532Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 S 533Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 - 534Rule Tonga 2000 2001 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S 535Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 - 536# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 537Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:20 - LMT 1901 538 12:20 - TOT 1941 # Tonga Time 539 13:00 - TOT 1999 540 13:00 Tonga TO%sT 541 542# Tuvalu 543# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 544Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901 545 12:00 - TVT # Tuvalu Time 546 547 548# US minor outlying islands 549 550# Howland, Baker 551# Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British 552# 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known. 553# Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944; 554# uninhabited thereafter. 555# Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UTC-10:30) in 1937; 556# see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long, 557# Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000). 558# So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935 559# until they were abandoned after the war. 560 561# Jarvis 562# Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?. 563# Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958; 564# uninhabited thereafter. 565# no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati 566 567# Johnston 568# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 569Zone Pacific/Johnston -10:00 - HST 570 571# Kingman 572# uninhabited 573 574# Midway 575# 576# From Mark Brader (2005-01-23): 577# [Fallacies and Fantasies of Air Transport History, by R.E.G. Davies, 578# published 1994 by Paladwr Press, McLean, VA, USA; ISBN 0-9626483-5-3] 579# reproduced a Pan American Airways timeables from 1936, for their weekly 580# "Orient Express" flights between San Francisco and Manila, and connecting 581# flights to Chicago and the US East Coast. As it uses some time zone 582# designations that I've never seen before:.... 583# Fri. 6:30A Lv. HONOLOLU (Pearl Harbor), H.I. H.L.T. Ar. 5:30P Sun. 584# " 3:00P Ar. MIDWAY ISLAND . . . . . . . . . M.L.T. Lv. 6:00A " 585# 586Zone Pacific/Midway -11:49:28 - LMT 1901 587 -11:00 - NST 1956 Jun 3 588 -11:00 1:00 NDT 1956 Sep 2 589 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome 590 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering 591 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa 592 593# Palmyra 594# uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati 595 596# Wake 597# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 598Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901 599 12:00 - WAKT # Wake Time 600 601 602# Vanuatu 603# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 604Rule Vanuatu 1983 only - Sep 25 0:00 1:00 S 605Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sun>=23 0:00 0 - 606Rule Vanuatu 1984 only - Oct 23 0:00 1:00 S 607Rule Vanuatu 1985 1991 - Sep Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S 608Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sun>=23 0:00 0 - 609Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S 610# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 611Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila 612 11:00 Vanuatu VU%sT # Vanuatu Time 613 614# Wallis and Futuna 615# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 616Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901 617 12:00 - WFT # Wallis & Futuna Time 618 619############################################################################### 620 621# NOTES 622 623# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better, 624# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to 625# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future). 626 627# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 628# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is 629# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition), 630# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003). 631# 632# Gwillim Law writes that a good source 633# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport 634# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM), 635# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries 636# of the IATA's data after 1990. 637# 638# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for 639# entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards. 640# 641# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences, 642# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which 643# I found in the UCLA library. 644# 645# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is 646# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997). 647# 648# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table; 649# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources. 650# Corrections are welcome! 651# std dst 652# LMT Local Mean Time 653# 8:00 WST WST Western Australia 654# 8:45 CWST CWST Central Western Australia* 655# 9:00 JST Japan 656# 9:30 CST CST Central Australia 657# 10:00 EST EST Eastern Australia 658# 10:00 ChST Chamorro 659# 10:30 LHST LHST Lord Howe* 660# 11:30 NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945 661# 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present 662# 12:45 CHAST CHADT Chatham* 663# -11:00 SST Samoa 664# -10:00 HST Hawaii 665# - 8:00 PST Pitcairn* 666# 667# See the `northamerica' file for Hawaii. 668# See the `southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galapagos Is. 669 670############################################################################### 671 672# Australia 673 674# From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08): 675# <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml"> 676# Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia 677# </a> summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia. 678 679# From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12): 680# <a href="http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving"> 681# Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales 682# </a> covers New South Wales in particular. 683 684# From John Mackin (1991-03-06): 685# We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as `daylight' time. 686# It is called `summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, `summer' 687# and `standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the 688# abbreviation does _not_ change... 689# The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least 690# in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the 691# initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses 692# the phrase `summer time' and does not use the phrase `daylight 693# time'. 694# Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian 695# Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases `Eastern Standard Time' 696# or `Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the 697# current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers 698# on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases 699# prefixed by the word `Australian' when referring to local times; 700# time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC. 701 702# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08): 703# Given the above, what's chosen for year-round use is: 704# CST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 9:30 705# WST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 8:00 706# EST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 10:00 707 708# From Chuck Soper (2006-06-01): 709# I recently found this Australian government web page on time zones: 710# <http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia-13time> 711# And this government web page lists time zone names and abbreviations: 712# <http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml> 713 714# From Paul Eggert (2001-04-05), summarizing a long discussion about "EST" 715# versus "AEST" etc.: 716# 717# I see the following points of dispute: 718# 719# * How important are unique time zone abbreviations? 720# 721# Here I tend to agree with the point (most recently made by Chris 722# Newman) that unique abbreviations should not be essential for proper 723# operation of software. We have other instances of ambiguity 724# (e.g. "IST" denoting both "Israel Standard Time" and "Indian 725# Standard Time"), and they are not likely to go away any time soon. 726# In the old days, some software mistakenly relied on unique 727# abbreviations, but this is becoming less true with time, and I don't 728# think it's that important to cater to such software these days. 729# 730# On the other hand, there is another motivation for unambiguous 731# abbreviations: it cuts down on human confusion. This is 732# particularly true for Australia, where "EST" can mean one thing for 733# time T and a different thing for time T plus 1 second. 734# 735# * Does the relevant legislation indicate which abbreviations should be used? 736# 737# Here I tend to think that things are a mess, just as they are in 738# many other countries. We Americans are currently disagreeing about 739# which abbreviation to use for the newly legislated Chamorro Standard 740# Time, for example. 741# 742# Personally, I would prefer to use common practice; I would like to 743# refer to legislation only for examples of common practice, or as a 744# tiebreaker. 745# 746# * Do Australians more often use "Eastern Daylight Time" or "Eastern 747# Summer Time"? Do they typically prefix the time zone names with 748# the word "Australian"? 749# 750# My own impression is that both "Daylight Time" and "Summer Time" are 751# common and are widely understood, but that "Summer Time" is more 752# popular; and that the leading "A" is also common but is omitted more 753# often than not. I just used AltaVista advanced search and got the 754# following count of page hits: 755# 756# 1,103 "Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au 757# 971 "Australian Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au 758# 613 "Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au 759# 127 "Australian Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au 760# 761# Here "Summer" seems quite a bit more popular than "Daylight", 762# particularly when we know the time zone is Australian and not US, 763# say. The "Australian" prefix seems to be popular for Eastern Summer 764# Time, but unpopular for Eastern Daylight Time. 765# 766# For abbreviations, tools like AltaVista are less useful because of 767# ambiguity. Many hits are not really time zones, unfortunately, and 768# many hits denote US time zones and not Australian ones. But here 769# are the hit counts anyway: 770# 771# 161,304 "EST" and domain:au 772# 25,156 "EDT" and domain:au 773# 18,263 "AEST" and domain:au 774# 10,416 "AEDT" and domain:au 775# 776# 14,538 "CST" and domain:au 777# 5,728 "CDT" and domain:au 778# 176 "ACST" and domain:au 779# 29 "ACDT" and domain:au 780# 781# 7,539 "WST" and domain:au 782# 68 "AWST" and domain:au 783# 784# This data suggest that Australians tend to omit the "A" prefix in 785# practice. The situation for "ST" versus "DT" is less clear, given 786# the ambiguities involved. 787# 788# * How do Australians feel about the abbreviations in the tz database? 789# 790# If you just count Australians on this list, I count 2 in favor and 3 791# against. One of the "against" votes (David Keegel) counseled delay, 792# saying that both AEST/AEDT and EST/EST are widely used and 793# understood in Australia. 794 795# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19): 796# Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ. 797# Mark Prior writes that his newspaper 798# reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00, 799# but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970 800# and perhaps the newspaper's `2:00' is referring to standard time. 801# For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960. 802 803# From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05): 804# 805# Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable, 806# and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more 807# relevant entries in this database. 808# 809# NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill): 810# <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html"> 811# Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04) 812# </a> 813# ACT 814# <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html"> 815# Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972 816# </a> 817# SA 818# <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html"> 819# Standard Time Act, 1898 820# </a> 821 822# From David Grosz (2005-06-13): 823# It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by 824# one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games. 825# Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday 826# in April instead of the last Sunday in March. 827# 828# From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14): 829# I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan 830# to extend DST together in 2006. 831# ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt 832# New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html 833# South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html 834# Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772 835# Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles 836# allude to it. 837# But not Queensland 838# http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html. 839 840# Northern Territory 841 842# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 843# # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ] 844# # [ Nov 1990 ] 845# # N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location. 846# ... 847# Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST 848 849# From Bradley White (1991-03-04): 850# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... 851# the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving. 852 853# Western Australia 854 855# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 856# # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ] 857# # [ Nov 1990 ] 858# # W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to 859# # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but 860# # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus 861# # before reaching parliament. 862# ... 863# Zone Australia/West 8:00 AW %sST 864# ... 865# Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 866# Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W 867# Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 868# Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W 869 870# From Bradley White (1991-03-04): 871# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... 872# Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving. 873 874# From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02): 875# Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney 876# rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at 877# work at 9.00am.) 878# W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse 879# everybody again. 880 881# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08): 882# The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess; 883# it matches what was used in the past. 884 885# <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm"> 886# The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ 887# </a> (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses 888# South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia. 889 890# Queensland 891# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 892# # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ] 893# # [ Dec 1990 ] 894# ... 895# Zone Australia/Queensland 10:00 AQ %sST 896# ... 897# Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 898# Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E 899# Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 900# Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E 901 902# From Bradley White (1989-12-24): 903# "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from 904# October 1989). 905 906# From Bradley White (1991-03-04): 907# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... 908# ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving 909# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)... 910 911# From John Mackin (1991-03-06): 912# I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact 913# end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised 914# me.) 915 916# From Bradley White (1992-03-08): 917# ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted 918# in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ... 919# ... 920# Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 921# Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S 922# ... 923 924# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08): 925# The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes. 926 927# From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning 928# from Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-11-01): 929# WA are trialing DST for three years. 930# <http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf> 931 932# From Rives McDow (2002-04-09): 933# The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the 934# southern coast.... South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western 935# Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The 936# residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so 937# much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the 938# international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South 939# Australia and Western Australia.... 940# 941# From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09): 942# This is confirmed by the section entitled 943# "What's the deal with time zones???" in 944# <http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html>. 945# 946# From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07): 947# ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway, 948# which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern 949# coast of the continent. 950# 951# I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no 952# dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border 953# village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west 954# as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is 955# the largest population centre in this zone.... 956# 957# Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the 958# question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I 959# just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have, 960# meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45. 961# 962# (2006-12-09): 963# I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving 964# in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis 965# of this time zone. My hunch is that it's been around since well 966# before 1975. I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago. 967 968# From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15): 969# For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the 970# introduction of standard time in 1895. 971 972 973# southeast Australia 974# 975# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 976# Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT 977# end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October. 978# http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html 979 980 981# South Australia 982 983# From Bradley White (1991-03-04): 984# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... 985# ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving 986# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)... 987 988# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 989# # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ] 990# # [ Nov 1990 ] 991# ... 992# Zone Australia/South 9:30 AS %sST 993# ... 994# Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 995# Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C 996# Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 3:00 0 C 997# Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C 998 999# From Bradley White (1992-03-11): 1000# Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide 1001# contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival, 1002# South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks." 1003 1004# From Robert Elz (1992-03-13): 1005# I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that) 1006# South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even 1007# numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival 1008# is on... 1009 1010# From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000): 1011# DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday).... 1012# But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever... 1013# (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...). 1014 1015# From Bradley White (1994-04-11): 1016# If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March, 1017# 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can 1018# only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated.... 1019 1020# From John Warburton (1994-10-07): 1021# The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ... 1022# was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994.... 1023# start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March. 1024 1025# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1026# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 1027 1028# Tasmania 1029 1030# The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd 1031# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1032# # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ] 1033# # [ Nov 1990 ] 1034 1035# From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10): 1036# Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have 1037# 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia 1038# (but nothing new about that). 1039 1040# From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04): 1041# I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the 1042# (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard, 1043# has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria 1044# (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000 1045# instead of the first Sunday in October. 1046 1047# Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules: 1048# http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300 1049 1050# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1051# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 1052 1053# Victoria 1054 1055# The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd 1056# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1057# # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ] 1058# # [ Nov 1990 ] 1059 1060# From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29): 1061# On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an 1062# interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was 1063# discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar 1064# Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located 1065# in Melbourne, Australia. 1066# 1067# Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which 1068# illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day 1069# of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's 1070# fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time, 1071# you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the 1072# expected time. 1073# 1074# However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had 1075# to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of 1076# the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps 1077# someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more. 1078# 1079# [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html 1080# [2] http://www.shrine.org.au 1081 1082# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1083# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 1084 1085# New South Wales 1086 1087# From Arthur David Olson: 1088# New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time. 1089# Based on law library research by John Mackin, 1090# who notes: 1091# In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the 1092# individual states. Thus, while such terms as ``Eastern Standard Time'' 1093# [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common 1094# use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the 1095# legislation. This is very important to understand. 1096# I have researched New South Wales time only... 1097 1098# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26): 1099# DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual 1100# October in 2000. [See: Matthew Moore, 1101# <a href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html"> 1102# Two months more daylight saving 1103# </a> 1104# Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).] 1105 1106# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27): 1107# See the following official NSW source: 1108# <a href="http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ"> 1109# Daylight Saving in New South Wales. 1110# </a> 1111# 1112# Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of 1113# daylight saving next year. See: 1114# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm"> 1115# Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving 1116# </a> (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens. 1117# 1118# Victoria will following NSW. See: 1119# <a href="http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm"> 1120# Vic to extend daylight saving 1121# </a> (1999-07-28). 1122# 1123# However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See: 1124# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm"> 1125# South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request 1126# </a> (1999-07-19). 1127# 1128# Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See: 1129# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm"> 1130# Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics 1131# </a> (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying 1132# ``Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time 1133# I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very 1134# well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of 1135# bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night. 1136# I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules.'' 1137# 1138# Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See: 1139# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm"> 1140# Broken Hill to be behind the times 1141# </a> (1999-07-21). 1142 1143# IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian 1144# Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken 1145# Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics. 1146 1147# From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29: 1148# The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW 1149# towns to use Queensland time. 1150 1151# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1152# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 1153 1154# Yancowinna 1155 1156# From John Mackin (1989-01-04): 1157# `Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna. 1158 1159# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1160# # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ] 1161# # [ Dec 1990 ] 1162# ... 1163# # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the 1164# # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings 1165# # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government 1166# # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have 1167# # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not 1168# # presently available. 1169# Zone Australia/Yancowinna 9:30 AY %sST 1170# ... 1171# Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1172# Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C 1173# [followed by other Rules] 1174 1175# Lord Howe Island 1176 1177# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1178# LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ] 1179# [ Dec 1990 ] 1180# Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an 1181# hour ahead of NSW time. 1182 1183# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27): 1184# Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same 1185# date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the 1186# Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is 1187# seeking the community's views on various options for summer time 1188# arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour 1189# instead of only 30 minutes. Dependant on the wishes of residents 1190# the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing 1191# arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will 1192# however always coincide with the rest of NSW. 1193 1194# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25): 1195# Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards 1196# clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently 1197# introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as 1198# shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start 1199# of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW. 1200 1201# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1202# For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and 1203# Lonergan thereafter. For times we use Lonergan. 1204 1205# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1206# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 1207 1208# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28): 1209# According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight 1210# saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009 1211# summer (southern hemisphere). 1212# 1213# From 1214# <a href="http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf"> 1215# http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf 1216# </a> 1217# The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling 1218# for over the last year is now set to be ongoing. 1219# Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each 1220# year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year. 1221# Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia 1222# with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and 1223# the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year... 1224# 1225# We have a wrap-up here: 1226# <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html"> 1227# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html 1228# </a> 1229############################################################################### 1230 1231# New Zealand 1232 1233# From Mark Davies (1990-10-03): 1234# the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period. 1235# This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for 1236# subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start). 1237# source -- phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office. 1238 1239# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1240# # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that! 1241# # or is Australia the west island of N.Z. 1242# # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ] 1243# # [ Nov 1990 ] 1244# ... 1245# Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1246# Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D 1247# Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S 1248# Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S 1249# ... 1250# Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand 1251# Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island 1252 1253# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08): 1254# The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989 1255# rather than the October 1 value. 1256 1257# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19); 1258# Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ. 1259# Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight 1260# Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard 1261# time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March. 1262# As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00. 1263# 1264# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1265# The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history, 1266# as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.htm for the full references. 1267# Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger. 1268# 1269# For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with 1270# transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham 1271# is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland. 1272 1273# From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30): 1274# DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the 1275# first Sunday in April. The changes take effect this year, meaning 1276# that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06. 1277# http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended 1278 1279############################################################################### 1280 1281 1282# Fiji 1283 1284# Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji 1285# enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time 1286# instead of the American system (which was one day behind). 1287 1288# From Rives McDow (1998-10-08): 1289# Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01 1290# until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will 1291# be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February. 1292 1293# From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08): 1294# IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow. 1295 1296# From the BBC World Service (1998-10-31 11:32 UTC): 1297# The Fijiian government says the main reasons for the time change is to 1298# improve productivity and reduce road accidents. But correspondents say it 1299# also hopes the move will boost Fiji's ability to compete with other pacific 1300# islands in the effort to attract tourists to witness the dawning of the new 1301# millenium. 1302 1303# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13) 1304# reports that Fiji has discontinued DST. 1305 1306# Johnston 1307 1308# Johnston data is from usno1995. 1309 1310 1311# Kiribati 1312 1313# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22): 1314# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati 1315# ``declared it the same day throught the country as of Jan. 1, 1995'' 1316# as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century. 1317 1318 1319# Kwajalein 1320 1321# In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes: 1322# I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday, 1323# 1993-08-20. Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with 1324# respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands, 1325# going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink. 1326 1327 1328# N Mariana Is, Guam 1329 1330# Howse writes (p 153) ``The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the 1331# Philippines and the Ladrones from America,'' and implies that the Ladrones 1332# (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time. 1333# For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines; 1334# see Asia/Manila. 1335 1336# US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UTC+10 the official standard time, 1337# under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation, 1338# but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law, 1339# wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST". 1340 1341 1342# Micronesia 1343 1344# Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16), 1345# ``I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that "Truk" 1346# (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10.'' 1347# 1348# Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11 1349# on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now. 1350 1351# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29): 1352# The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in 1353# <a href="http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html"> 1354# The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information 1355# </a> (1999-01-26) 1356# that Truk and Yap are UTC+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are UTC+11. 1357# We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now. 1358 1359 1360# Midway 1361 1362# From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956), 1363# quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection 1364# <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31): 1365# For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight 1366# Saving Time. This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning, 1367# your time down there in New Zealand. Starting September 2, 1956 1368# we'll again go back to Standard Time. This'll mean that we'll go to 1369# air at 6am your time. 1370# 1371# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23): 1372# We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they 1373# started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years 1374# in Midway, but we have no record of it. 1375 1376 1377# Pitcairn 1378 1379# From Rives McDow (1999-11-08): 1380# A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998 1381# with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows. 1382# 1383# The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be 1384# Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known 1385# as Pitcairn Standard Time. 1386# 1387# ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several 1388# references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation 1389# somehow in light of this proclamation. 1390 1391# From Rives McDow (1999-11-09): 1392# The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998 1393# ... at midnight. 1394 1395# From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave: 1396# Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as 1397# Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in 1398# Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago. 1399 1400 1401# Samoa 1402 1403# Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald) 1404# that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change 1405# ``the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system, 1406# ordaining -- by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery -- that 1407# the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year.'' 1408 1409 1410# Tonga 1411 1412# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22): 1413# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that ``Tonga has been plotting 1414# to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time.'' 1415# Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do. 1416 1417# Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle 1418# <a href="http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm"> 1419# How Tonga became `The Land where Time Begins' 1420# </a>: 1421 1422# Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST 1423# 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its 1424# standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its 1425# local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of 1426# advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees 1427# (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time). 1428# 1429# Because His Majesty King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince 1430# Tungi, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time 1431# begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change. 1432# 1433# But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer 1434# islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40 1435# minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40 1436# minutes we have lost?" 1437# 1438# The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that 1439# on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth 1440# to say your prayers in the morning." 1441 1442# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1443# Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell. 1444 1445# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03): 1446# Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millenium 1447# Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front. 1448# He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from 1449# October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan 1450# Government. 1451 1452# From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09): 1453# * Tonga will introduce DST in November 1454# 1455# I was given this link by John Letts: 1456# <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm"> 1457# http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm 1458# </a> 1459# 1460# I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November 1461# yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead 1462# of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead 1463# (12 + 1 hour DST). 1464 1465# From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20): 1466# According to <a href="http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html"> 1467# http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html 1468# </a>: 1469# "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000 1470# and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the 1471# third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on 1472# Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and 1473# set back an hour on the closing date." 1474# Alas, no indication of the time of day. 1475 1476# From Rives McDow (1999-10-06): 1477# Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am. 1478# Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning. 1479 1480# From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31): 1481# Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com 1482# that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19 1483# instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article 1484# is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the 1485# text, and I have forgotten to report it here. 1486# (Original URL was: http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm ) 1487 1488# From Rives McDow (2000-12-01): 1489# Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27. 1490 1491# From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow: 1492# At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom 1493# shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday 1494# of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one 1495# hour to 1:00am. 1496 1497# From Pulu 'Anau (2002-11-05): 1498# The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't. 1499 1500 1501# Wake 1502 1503# From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup, 1504# US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02): 1505# 1506# Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] -- ... The time was all the 1507# more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the 1508# International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays. Furthermore, we 1509# discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time 1510# making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost 1511# impossible. 1512# 1513# http://www.trumanlibrary.org/wake/meeting.htm 1514 1515# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23): 1516# We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now. 1517 1518############################################################################### 1519 1520# The International Date Line 1521 1522# From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03): 1523# 1524# The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard, 1525# convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please. 1526# Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on 1527# the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there. 1528# 1529# When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and 1530# Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL 1531# to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most 1532# mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line 1533# has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific 1534# island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international 1535# convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is 1536# governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some 1537# places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not 1538# an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the 1539# correct date is ambiguous. 1540 1541# From Wikipedia <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31): 1542# Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting 1543# their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's 1544# speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's 1545# meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon). During 1917, at the 1546# Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all 1547# ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones 1548# on the high seas. Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any 1549# nation it would use that nation's standard time. The captain was permitted 1550# to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's 1551# entry into another zone time--he often chose midnight. These zones were 1552# adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many 1553# independent merchant ships until World War II. 1554 1555# From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen 1556# (2005-03-20): 1557# 1558# The American Practical Navigator (2002) 1559# <http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187> 1560# talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in 1561# international waters; it ignores the international date line. 1562