australasia revision 204298
1# <pre> 2# @(#)australasia 8.15 3# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of 4# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson. 5 6# This file also includes Pacific islands. 7 8# Notes are at the end of this file 9 10############################################################################### 11 12# Australia 13 14# Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc. 15 16# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 17Rule Aus 1917 only - Jan 1 0:01 1:00 - 18Rule Aus 1917 only - Mar 25 2:00 0 - 19Rule Aus 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00 1:00 - 20Rule Aus 1942 only - Mar 29 2:00 0 - 21Rule Aus 1942 only - Sep 27 2:00 1:00 - 22Rule Aus 1943 1944 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 - 23Rule Aus 1943 only - Oct 3 2:00 1:00 - 24# Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which 25# says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944. Ignore Whitman's claim that 26# 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944. 27 28# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 29# Northern Territory 30Zone Australia/Darwin 8:43:20 - LMT 1895 Feb 31 9:00 - CST 1899 May 32 9:30 Aus CST 33# Western Australia 34# 35# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 36Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 37Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 38Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 39Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 40Rule AW 1991 only - Nov 17 2:00s 1:00 - 41Rule AW 1992 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 42Rule AW 2006 only - Dec 3 2:00s 1:00 - 43Rule AW 2007 2009 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - 44Rule AW 2007 2008 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 45Zone Australia/Perth 7:43:24 - LMT 1895 Dec 46 8:00 Aus WST 1943 Jul 47 8:00 AW WST 48Zone Australia/Eucla 8:35:28 - LMT 1895 Dec 49 8:45 Aus CWST 1943 Jul 50 8:45 AW CWST 51 52# Queensland 53# 54# From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01): 55# I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast 56# of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after 57# Queensland ceased to. 58# 59# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): 60# IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman, 61# Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped. 62# Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria, 63# so use Lindeman. 64# 65# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 66Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 67Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 - 68Rule AQ 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 69Rule AQ 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 70Rule Holiday 1992 1993 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 71Rule Holiday 1993 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 72Zone Australia/Brisbane 10:12:08 - LMT 1895 73 10:00 Aus EST 1971 74 10:00 AQ EST 75Zone Australia/Lindeman 9:55:56 - LMT 1895 76 10:00 Aus EST 1971 77 10:00 AQ EST 1992 Jul 78 10:00 Holiday EST 79 80# South Australia 81# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 82Rule AS 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 83Rule AS 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 - 84Rule AS 1987 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 85Rule AS 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 - 86Rule AS 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 87Rule AS 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 - 88Rule AS 1990 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 - 89Rule AS 1991 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 90Rule AS 1992 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 - 91Rule AS 1993 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 92Rule AS 1994 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 - 93Rule AS 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - 94Rule AS 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 95Rule AS 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - 96Rule AS 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 97Rule AS 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 - 98# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 99Zone Australia/Adelaide 9:14:20 - LMT 1895 Feb 100 9:00 - CST 1899 May 101 9:30 Aus CST 1971 102 9:30 AS CST 103 104# Tasmania 105# 106# From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16): 107# <http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml> 108# says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971. 109# 110# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 111Rule AT 1967 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 - 112Rule AT 1968 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - 113Rule AT 1968 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 114Rule AT 1969 1971 - Mar Sun>=8 2:00s 0 - 115Rule AT 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 - 116Rule AT 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 117Rule AT 1982 1983 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - 118Rule AT 1984 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 119Rule AT 1986 only - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 - 120Rule AT 1987 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 - 121Rule AT 1987 only - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 - 122Rule AT 1988 1990 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 123Rule AT 1991 1999 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 - 124Rule AT 1991 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - 125Rule AT 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 126Rule AT 2001 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 - 127Rule AT 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 128Rule AT 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - 129Rule AT 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 130# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 131Zone Australia/Hobart 9:49:16 - LMT 1895 Sep 132 10:00 - EST 1916 Oct 1 2:00 133 10:00 1:00 EST 1917 Feb 134 10:00 Aus EST 1967 135 10:00 AT EST 136Zone Australia/Currie 9:35:28 - LMT 1895 Sep 137 10:00 - EST 1916 Oct 1 2:00 138 10:00 1:00 EST 1917 Feb 139 10:00 Aus EST 1971 Jul 140 10:00 AT EST 141 142# Victoria 143# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 144Rule AV 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 145Rule AV 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 - 146Rule AV 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 147Rule AV 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 - 148Rule AV 1986 1987 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 - 149Rule AV 1988 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 150Rule AV 1991 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 151Rule AV 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - 152Rule AV 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 153Rule AV 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 154Rule AV 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 155Rule AV 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - 156Rule AV 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 157Rule AV 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 - 158# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 159Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 - LMT 1895 Feb 160 10:00 Aus EST 1971 161 10:00 AV EST 162 163# New South Wales 164# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 165Rule AN 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 166Rule AN 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 - 167Rule AN 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 168Rule AN 1982 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 169Rule AN 1983 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 170Rule AN 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 - 171Rule AN 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 - 172Rule AN 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 173Rule AN 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 174Rule AN 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - 175Rule AN 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 176Rule AN 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 177Rule AN 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 178Rule AN 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - 179Rule AN 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 180Rule AN 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 - 181# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 182Zone Australia/Sydney 10:04:52 - LMT 1895 Feb 183 10:00 Aus EST 1971 184 10:00 AN EST 185Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 - LMT 1895 Feb 186 10:00 - EST 1896 Aug 23 187 9:00 - CST 1899 May 188 9:30 Aus CST 1971 189 9:30 AN CST 2000 190 9:30 AS CST 191 192# Lord Howe Island 193# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 194Rule LH 1981 1984 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 - 195Rule LH 1982 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 - 196Rule LH 1985 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 - 197Rule LH 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 - 198Rule LH 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00 0:30 - 199Rule LH 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 - 200Rule LH 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 - 201Rule LH 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 - 202Rule LH 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00 0:30 - 203Rule LH 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 - 204Rule LH 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 - 205Rule LH 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 - 206Rule LH 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 - 207Rule LH 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0:30 - 208Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 - LMT 1895 Feb 209 10:00 - EST 1981 Mar 210 10:30 LH LHST 211 212# Australian miscellany 213# 214# Ashmore Is, Cartier 215# no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers 216# no times are set 217# 218# Coral Sea Is 219# no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists 220# no times are set 221# 222# Macquarie 223# permanent occupation (scientific station) since 1948; 224# sealing and penguin oil station operated 1888/1917 225# like Australia/Hobart 226 227# Christmas 228# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 229Zone Indian/Christmas 7:02:52 - LMT 1895 Feb 230 7:00 - CXT # Christmas Island Time 231 232# Cook Is 233# From Shanks & Pottenger: 234# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 235Rule Cook 1978 only - Nov 12 0:00 0:30 HS 236Rule Cook 1979 1991 - Mar Sun>=1 0:00 0 - 237Rule Cook 1979 1990 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0:30 HS 238# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 239Zone Pacific/Rarotonga -10:39:04 - LMT 1901 # Avarua 240 -10:30 - CKT 1978 Nov 12 # Cook Is Time 241 -10:00 Cook CK%sT 242 243# Cocos 244# These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978. 245# We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900. 246# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 247Zone Indian/Cocos 6:27:40 - LMT 1900 248 6:30 - CCT # Cocos Islands Time 249 250# Fiji 251# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-11-10): 252# According to Fiji Broadcasting Corporation, Fiji plans to re-introduce DST 253# from November 29th 2009 to April 25th 2010. 254# 255# "Daylight savings to commence this month" 256# <a href="http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719"> 257# http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719 258# </a> 259# or 260# <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html"> 261# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html 262# </a> 263 264# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-11-10): 265# The Fiji Government has posted some more details about the approved 266# amendments: 267# <a href="http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml"> 268# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml 269# </a> 270# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 271Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S 272Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 - 273Rule Fiji 2009 only - Nov 29 2:00 1:00 S 274Rule Fiji 2010 only - Apr 25 3:00 0 - 275# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 276Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:53:40 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva 277 12:00 Fiji FJ%sT # Fiji Time 278 279# French Polynesia 280# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 281Zone Pacific/Gambier -8:59:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Rikitea 282 -9:00 - GAMT # Gambier Time 283Zone Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 - LMT 1912 Oct 284 -9:30 - MART # Marquesas Time 285Zone Pacific/Tahiti -9:58:16 - LMT 1912 Oct # Papeete 286 -10:00 - TAHT # Tahiti Time 287# Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia; 288# it is uninhabited. 289 290# Guam 291# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 292Zone Pacific/Guam -14:21:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 293 9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana 294 10:00 - GST 2000 Dec 23 # Guam 295 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time 296 297# Kiribati 298# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 299Zone Pacific/Tarawa 11:32:04 - LMT 1901 # Bairiki 300 12:00 - GILT # Gilbert Is Time 301Zone Pacific/Enderbury -11:24:20 - LMT 1901 302 -12:00 - PHOT 1979 Oct # Phoenix Is Time 303 -11:00 - PHOT 1995 304 13:00 - PHOT 305Zone Pacific/Kiritimati -10:29:20 - LMT 1901 306 -10:40 - LINT 1979 Oct # Line Is Time 307 -10:00 - LINT 1995 308 14:00 - LINT 309 310# N Mariana Is 311# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 312Zone Pacific/Saipan -14:17:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 313 9:43:00 - LMT 1901 314 9:00 - MPT 1969 Oct # N Mariana Is Time 315 10:00 - MPT 2000 Dec 23 316 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time 317 318# Marshall Is 319# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 320Zone Pacific/Majuro 11:24:48 - LMT 1901 321 11:00 - MHT 1969 Oct # Marshall Islands Time 322 12:00 - MHT 323Zone Pacific/Kwajalein 11:09:20 - LMT 1901 324 11:00 - MHT 1969 Oct 325 -12:00 - KWAT 1993 Aug 20 # Kwajalein Time 326 12:00 - MHT 327 328# Micronesia 329# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 330Zone Pacific/Truk 10:07:08 - LMT 1901 331 10:00 - TRUT # Truk Time 332Zone Pacific/Ponape 10:32:52 - LMT 1901 # Kolonia 333 11:00 - PONT # Ponape Time 334Zone Pacific/Kosrae 10:51:56 - LMT 1901 335 11:00 - KOST 1969 Oct # Kosrae Time 336 12:00 - KOST 1999 337 11:00 - KOST 338 339# Nauru 340# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 341Zone Pacific/Nauru 11:07:40 - LMT 1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe 342 11:30 - NRT 1942 Mar 15 # Nauru Time 343 9:00 - JST 1944 Aug 15 344 11:30 - NRT 1979 May 345 12:00 - NRT 346 347# New Caledonia 348# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 349Rule NC 1977 1978 - Dec Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 350Rule NC 1978 1979 - Feb 27 0:00 0 - 351Rule NC 1996 only - Dec 1 2:00s 1:00 S 352# Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA. 353Rule NC 1997 only - Mar 2 2:00s 0 - 354# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 355Zone Pacific/Noumea 11:05:48 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 356 11:00 NC NC%sT 357 358 359############################################################################### 360 361# New Zealand 362 363# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 364Rule NZ 1927 only - Nov 6 2:00 1:00 S 365Rule NZ 1928 only - Mar 4 2:00 0 M 366Rule NZ 1928 1933 - Oct Sun>=8 2:00 0:30 S 367Rule NZ 1929 1933 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 M 368Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Apr lastSun 2:00 0 M 369Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0:30 S 370Rule NZ 1946 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 S 371# Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but there's no 372# convenient notation for this so we must duplicate the Rule lines. 373Rule NZ 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 374Rule Chatham 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D 375Rule NZ 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S 376Rule Chatham 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:45s 0 S 377Rule NZ 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 378Rule Chatham 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D 379Rule NZ 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 380Rule Chatham 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S 381Rule NZ 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:00s 1:00 D 382Rule Chatham 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:45s 1:00 D 383Rule NZ 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 384Rule Chatham 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D 385Rule NZ 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S 386Rule Chatham 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:45s 0 S 387Rule NZ 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 388Rule Chatham 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D 389Rule NZ 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 390Rule Chatham 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S 391# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 392Zone Pacific/Auckland 11:39:04 - LMT 1868 Nov 2 393 11:30 NZ NZ%sT 1946 Jan 1 394 12:00 NZ NZ%sT 395Zone Pacific/Chatham 12:13:48 - LMT 1957 Jan 1 396 12:45 Chatham CHA%sT 397 398 399# Auckland Is 400# uninhabited; Maori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers, 401# and scientific personnel have wintered 402 403# Campbell I 404# minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914 405# scientific station operated 1941/1995; 406# previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered 407# was probably like Pacific/Auckland 408 409############################################################################### 410 411 412# Niue 413# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 414Zone Pacific/Niue -11:19:40 - LMT 1901 # Alofi 415 -11:20 - NUT 1951 # Niue Time 416 -11:30 - NUT 1978 Oct 1 417 -11:00 - NUT 418 419# Norfolk 420# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 421Zone Pacific/Norfolk 11:11:52 - LMT 1901 # Kingston 422 11:12 - NMT 1951 # Norfolk Mean Time 423 11:30 - NFT # Norfolk Time 424 425# Palau (Belau) 426# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 427Zone Pacific/Palau 8:57:56 - LMT 1901 # Koror 428 9:00 - PWT # Palau Time 429 430# Papua New Guinea 431# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 432Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880 433 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time 434 10:00 - PGT # Papua New Guinea Time 435 436# Pitcairn 437# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 438Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown 439 -8:30 - PNT 1998 Apr 27 00:00 440 -8:00 - PST # Pitcairn Standard Time 441 442# American Samoa 443Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1879 Jul 5 444 -11:22:48 - LMT 1911 445 -11:30 - SAMT 1950 # Samoa Time 446 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome 447 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering 448 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa 449 450# Samoa 451 452# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-12-06): 453# The Samoa government (Western Samoa) may implement DST on the first Sunday of 454# October 2009 (October 4, 2009) until the last Sunday of March 2010 (March 28, 455# 2010). 456# 457# "Selected Committee reports to Cabinet on Daylight Saving Time", 458# Government of Samoa: 459# <a href="http://www.govt.ws/pr_article.cfm?pr_id=560"> 460# http://www.govt.ws/pr_article.cfm?pr_id=560 461# </a> 462# or 463# <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_samoa01.html"> 464# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_samoa01.html 465# </a> 466 467# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-08-27): 468# Samoa's parliament passed the Daylight Saving Bill 2009, and will start 469# daylight saving time on the first Sunday of October 2009 and end on the 470# last Sunday of March 2010. We hope that the full text will be published 471# soon, but we believe that the bill is only valid for 2009-2010. Samoa's 472# Daylight Saving Act 2009 will be enforced as soon as the Head of State 473# executes a proclamation publicizing this Act. 474# 475# Some background information here, which will be updated once we have 476# more details: 477# <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html"> 478# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html 479# </a> 480 481# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-03): 482# First, my deepest condolences to people of Samoa islands and all families and 483# loved ones around the world who lost their lives in the earthquake and tsunami. 484# 485# Considering the recent devastation on Samoa by earthquake and tsunami and that 486# many government offices/ ministers are closed- not sure if "Daylight Saving 487# Bill 2009" will be implemented in next few days- on October 4, 2009. 488# 489# Here is reply from Consulate-General of Samoa in New Zealand 490# --------------------------- 491# Consul General 492# consulgeneral@samoaconsulate.org.nz 493# 494# Talofa Alexander, 495# 496# Thank you for your sympathy for our country but at this time we have not 497# been informed about the Daylight Savings Time Change. Most Ministries in 498# Apia are closed or relocating due to weather concerns. 499# 500# When we do find out if they are still proceeding with the time change we 501# will advise you soonest. 502# 503# Kind Regards, 504# Lana 505# for: Consul General 506 507# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-05): 508# We have called a hotel in Samoa and asked about local time there - they 509# are still on standard time. 510 511Zone Pacific/Apia 12:33:04 - LMT 1879 Jul 5 512 -11:26:56 - LMT 1911 513 -11:30 - SAMT 1950 # Samoa Time 514 -11:00 - WST 2009 Oct 4 515 -11:00 1:00 WSDT 2010 Mar 28 516 -11:00 - WST 517 518# Solomon Is 519# excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea 520# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 521Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Honiara 522 11:00 - SBT # Solomon Is Time 523 524# Tokelau Is 525# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 526Zone Pacific/Fakaofo -11:24:56 - LMT 1901 527 -10:00 - TKT # Tokelau Time 528 529# Tonga 530# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 531Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 S 532Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 - 533Rule Tonga 2000 2001 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S 534Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 - 535# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 536Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:20 - LMT 1901 537 12:20 - TOT 1941 # Tonga Time 538 13:00 - TOT 1999 539 13:00 Tonga TO%sT 540 541# Tuvalu 542# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 543Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901 544 12:00 - TVT # Tuvalu Time 545 546 547# US minor outlying islands 548 549# Howland, Baker 550# Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British 551# 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known. 552# Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944; 553# uninhabited thereafter. 554# Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UTC-10:30) in 1937; 555# see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long, 556# Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000). 557# So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935 558# until they were abandoned after the war. 559 560# Jarvis 561# Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?. 562# Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958; 563# uninhabited thereafter. 564# no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati 565 566# Johnston 567# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 568Zone Pacific/Johnston -10:00 - HST 569 570# Kingman 571# uninhabited 572 573# Midway 574# 575# From Mark Brader (2005-01-23): 576# [Fallacies and Fantasies of Air Transport History, by R.E.G. Davies, 577# published 1994 by Paladwr Press, McLean, VA, USA; ISBN 0-9626483-5-3] 578# reproduced a Pan American Airways timeables from 1936, for their weekly 579# "Orient Express" flights between San Francisco and Manila, and connecting 580# flights to Chicago and the US East Coast. As it uses some time zone 581# designations that I've never seen before:.... 582# Fri. 6:30A Lv. HONOLOLU (Pearl Harbor), H.I. H.L.T. Ar. 5:30P Sun. 583# " 3:00P Ar. MIDWAY ISLAND . . . . . . . . . M.L.T. Lv. 6:00A " 584# 585Zone Pacific/Midway -11:49:28 - LMT 1901 586 -11:00 - NST 1956 Jun 3 587 -11:00 1:00 NDT 1956 Sep 2 588 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome 589 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering 590 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa 591 592# Palmyra 593# uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati 594 595# Wake 596# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 597Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901 598 12:00 - WAKT # Wake Time 599 600 601# Vanuatu 602# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 603Rule Vanuatu 1983 only - Sep 25 0:00 1:00 S 604Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sun>=23 0:00 0 - 605Rule Vanuatu 1984 only - Oct 23 0:00 1:00 S 606Rule Vanuatu 1985 1991 - Sep Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S 607Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sun>=23 0:00 0 - 608Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S 609# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 610Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila 611 11:00 Vanuatu VU%sT # Vanuatu Time 612 613# Wallis and Futuna 614# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 615Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901 616 12:00 - WFT # Wallis & Futuna Time 617 618############################################################################### 619 620# NOTES 621 622# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better, 623# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to 624# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future). 625 626# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 627# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is 628# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition), 629# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003). 630# 631# Gwillim Law writes that a good source 632# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport 633# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM), 634# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries 635# of the IATA's data after 1990. 636# 637# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for 638# entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards. 639# 640# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences, 641# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which 642# I found in the UCLA library. 643# 644# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is 645# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997). 646# 647# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table; 648# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources. 649# Corrections are welcome! 650# std dst 651# LMT Local Mean Time 652# 8:00 WST WST Western Australia 653# 8:45 CWST CWST Central Western Australia* 654# 9:00 JST Japan 655# 9:30 CST CST Central Australia 656# 10:00 EST EST Eastern Australia 657# 10:00 ChST Chamorro 658# 10:30 LHST LHST Lord Howe* 659# 11:30 NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945 660# 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present 661# 12:45 CHAST CHADT Chatham* 662# -11:00 SST Samoa 663# -10:00 HST Hawaii 664# - 8:00 PST Pitcairn* 665# 666# See the `northamerica' file for Hawaii. 667# See the `southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galapagos Is. 668 669############################################################################### 670 671# Australia 672 673# From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08): 674# <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml"> 675# Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia 676# </a> summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia. 677 678# From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12): 679# <a href="http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving"> 680# Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales 681# </a> covers New South Wales in particular. 682 683# From John Mackin (1991-03-06): 684# We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as `daylight' time. 685# It is called `summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, `summer' 686# and `standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the 687# abbreviation does _not_ change... 688# The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least 689# in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the 690# initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses 691# the phrase `summer time' and does not use the phrase `daylight 692# time'. 693# Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian 694# Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases `Eastern Standard Time' 695# or `Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the 696# current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers 697# on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases 698# prefixed by the word `Australian' when referring to local times; 699# time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC. 700 701# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08): 702# Given the above, what's chosen for year-round use is: 703# CST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 9:30 704# WST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 8:00 705# EST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 10:00 706 707# From Chuck Soper (2006-06-01): 708# I recently found this Australian government web page on time zones: 709# <http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia-13time> 710# And this government web page lists time zone names and abbreviations: 711# <http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml> 712 713# From Paul Eggert (2001-04-05), summarizing a long discussion about "EST" 714# versus "AEST" etc.: 715# 716# I see the following points of dispute: 717# 718# * How important are unique time zone abbreviations? 719# 720# Here I tend to agree with the point (most recently made by Chris 721# Newman) that unique abbreviations should not be essential for proper 722# operation of software. We have other instances of ambiguity 723# (e.g. "IST" denoting both "Israel Standard Time" and "Indian 724# Standard Time"), and they are not likely to go away any time soon. 725# In the old days, some software mistakenly relied on unique 726# abbreviations, but this is becoming less true with time, and I don't 727# think it's that important to cater to such software these days. 728# 729# On the other hand, there is another motivation for unambiguous 730# abbreviations: it cuts down on human confusion. This is 731# particularly true for Australia, where "EST" can mean one thing for 732# time T and a different thing for time T plus 1 second. 733# 734# * Does the relevant legislation indicate which abbreviations should be used? 735# 736# Here I tend to think that things are a mess, just as they are in 737# many other countries. We Americans are currently disagreeing about 738# which abbreviation to use for the newly legislated Chamorro Standard 739# Time, for example. 740# 741# Personally, I would prefer to use common practice; I would like to 742# refer to legislation only for examples of common practice, or as a 743# tiebreaker. 744# 745# * Do Australians more often use "Eastern Daylight Time" or "Eastern 746# Summer Time"? Do they typically prefix the time zone names with 747# the word "Australian"? 748# 749# My own impression is that both "Daylight Time" and "Summer Time" are 750# common and are widely understood, but that "Summer Time" is more 751# popular; and that the leading "A" is also common but is omitted more 752# often than not. I just used AltaVista advanced search and got the 753# following count of page hits: 754# 755# 1,103 "Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au 756# 971 "Australian Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au 757# 613 "Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au 758# 127 "Australian Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au 759# 760# Here "Summer" seems quite a bit more popular than "Daylight", 761# particularly when we know the time zone is Australian and not US, 762# say. The "Australian" prefix seems to be popular for Eastern Summer 763# Time, but unpopular for Eastern Daylight Time. 764# 765# For abbreviations, tools like AltaVista are less useful because of 766# ambiguity. Many hits are not really time zones, unfortunately, and 767# many hits denote US time zones and not Australian ones. But here 768# are the hit counts anyway: 769# 770# 161,304 "EST" and domain:au 771# 25,156 "EDT" and domain:au 772# 18,263 "AEST" and domain:au 773# 10,416 "AEDT" and domain:au 774# 775# 14,538 "CST" and domain:au 776# 5,728 "CDT" and domain:au 777# 176 "ACST" and domain:au 778# 29 "ACDT" and domain:au 779# 780# 7,539 "WST" and domain:au 781# 68 "AWST" and domain:au 782# 783# This data suggest that Australians tend to omit the "A" prefix in 784# practice. The situation for "ST" versus "DT" is less clear, given 785# the ambiguities involved. 786# 787# * How do Australians feel about the abbreviations in the tz database? 788# 789# If you just count Australians on this list, I count 2 in favor and 3 790# against. One of the "against" votes (David Keegel) counseled delay, 791# saying that both AEST/AEDT and EST/EST are widely used and 792# understood in Australia. 793 794# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19): 795# Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ. 796# Mark Prior writes that his newspaper 797# reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00, 798# but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970 799# and perhaps the newspaper's `2:00' is referring to standard time. 800# For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960. 801 802# From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05): 803# 804# Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable, 805# and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more 806# relevant entries in this database. 807# 808# NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill): 809# <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html"> 810# Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04) 811# </a> 812# ACT 813# <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html"> 814# Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972 815# </a> 816# SA 817# <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html"> 818# Standard Time Act, 1898 819# </a> 820 821# From David Grosz (2005-06-13): 822# It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by 823# one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games. 824# Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday 825# in April instead of the last Sunday in March. 826# 827# From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14): 828# I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan 829# to extend DST together in 2006. 830# ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt 831# New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html 832# South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html 833# Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772 834# Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles 835# allude to it. 836# But not Queensland 837# http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html. 838 839# Northern Territory 840 841# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 842# # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ] 843# # [ Nov 1990 ] 844# # N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location. 845# ... 846# Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST 847 848# From Bradley White (1991-03-04): 849# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... 850# the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving. 851 852# Western Australia 853 854# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 855# # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ] 856# # [ Nov 1990 ] 857# # W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to 858# # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but 859# # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus 860# # before reaching parliament. 861# ... 862# Zone Australia/West 8:00 AW %sST 863# ... 864# Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 865# Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W 866# Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 867# Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W 868 869# From Bradley White (1991-03-04): 870# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... 871# Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving. 872 873# From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02): 874# Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney 875# rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at 876# work at 9.00am.) 877# W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse 878# everybody again. 879 880# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08): 881# The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess; 882# it matches what was used in the past. 883 884# <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm"> 885# The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ 886# </a> (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses 887# South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia. 888 889# Queensland 890# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 891# # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ] 892# # [ Dec 1990 ] 893# ... 894# Zone Australia/Queensland 10:00 AQ %sST 895# ... 896# Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 897# Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E 898# Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 899# Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E 900 901# From Bradley White (1989-12-24): 902# "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from 903# October 1989). 904 905# From Bradley White (1991-03-04): 906# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... 907# ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving 908# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)... 909 910# From John Mackin (1991-03-06): 911# I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact 912# end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised 913# me.) 914 915# From Bradley White (1992-03-08): 916# ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted 917# in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ... 918# ... 919# Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 920# Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S 921# ... 922 923# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08): 924# The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes. 925 926# From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning 927# from Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-11-01): 928# WA are trialing DST for three years. 929# <http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf> 930 931# From Rives McDow (2002-04-09): 932# The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the 933# southern coast.... South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western 934# Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The 935# residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so 936# much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the 937# international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South 938# Australia and Western Australia.... 939# 940# From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09): 941# This is confirmed by the section entitled 942# "What's the deal with time zones???" in 943# <http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html>. 944# 945# From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07): 946# ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway, 947# which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern 948# coast of the continent. 949# 950# I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no 951# dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border 952# village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west 953# as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is 954# the largest population centre in this zone.... 955# 956# Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the 957# question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I 958# just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have, 959# meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45. 960# 961# (2006-12-09): 962# I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving 963# in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis 964# of this time zone. My hunch is that it's been around since well 965# before 1975. I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago. 966 967# From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15): 968# For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the 969# introduction of standard time in 1895. 970 971 972# southeast Australia 973# 974# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 975# Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT 976# end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October. 977# http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html 978 979 980# South Australia 981 982# From Bradley White (1991-03-04): 983# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... 984# ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving 985# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)... 986 987# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 988# # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ] 989# # [ Nov 1990 ] 990# ... 991# Zone Australia/South 9:30 AS %sST 992# ... 993# Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 994# Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C 995# Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 3:00 0 C 996# Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C 997 998# From Bradley White (1992-03-11): 999# Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide 1000# contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival, 1001# South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks." 1002 1003# From Robert Elz (1992-03-13): 1004# I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that) 1005# South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even 1006# numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival 1007# is on... 1008 1009# From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000): 1010# DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday).... 1011# But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever... 1012# (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...). 1013 1014# From Bradley White (1994-04-11): 1015# If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March, 1016# 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can 1017# only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated.... 1018 1019# From John Warburton (1994-10-07): 1020# The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ... 1021# was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994.... 1022# start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March. 1023 1024# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1025# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 1026 1027# Tasmania 1028 1029# The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd 1030# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1031# # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ] 1032# # [ Nov 1990 ] 1033 1034# From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10): 1035# Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have 1036# 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia 1037# (but nothing new about that). 1038 1039# From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04): 1040# I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the 1041# (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard, 1042# has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria 1043# (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000 1044# instead of the first Sunday in October. 1045 1046# Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules: 1047# http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300 1048 1049# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1050# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 1051 1052# Victoria 1053 1054# The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd 1055# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1056# # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ] 1057# # [ Nov 1990 ] 1058 1059# From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29): 1060# On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an 1061# interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was 1062# discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar 1063# Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located 1064# in Melbourne, Australia. 1065# 1066# Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which 1067# illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day 1068# of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's 1069# fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time, 1070# you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the 1071# expected time. 1072# 1073# However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had 1074# to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of 1075# the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps 1076# someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more. 1077# 1078# [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html 1079# [2] http://www.shrine.org.au 1080 1081# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1082# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 1083 1084# New South Wales 1085 1086# From Arthur David Olson: 1087# New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time. 1088# Based on law library research by John Mackin, 1089# who notes: 1090# In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the 1091# individual states. Thus, while such terms as ``Eastern Standard Time'' 1092# [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common 1093# use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the 1094# legislation. This is very important to understand. 1095# I have researched New South Wales time only... 1096 1097# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26): 1098# DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual 1099# October in 2000. [See: Matthew Moore, 1100# <a href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html"> 1101# Two months more daylight saving 1102# </a> 1103# Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).] 1104 1105# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27): 1106# See the following official NSW source: 1107# <a href="http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ"> 1108# Daylight Saving in New South Wales. 1109# </a> 1110# 1111# Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of 1112# daylight saving next year. See: 1113# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm"> 1114# Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving 1115# </a> (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens. 1116# 1117# Victoria will following NSW. See: 1118# <a href="http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm"> 1119# Vic to extend daylight saving 1120# </a> (1999-07-28). 1121# 1122# However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See: 1123# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm"> 1124# South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request 1125# </a> (1999-07-19). 1126# 1127# Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See: 1128# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm"> 1129# Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics 1130# </a> (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying 1131# ``Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time 1132# I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very 1133# well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of 1134# bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night. 1135# I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules.'' 1136# 1137# Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See: 1138# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm"> 1139# Broken Hill to be behind the times 1140# </a> (1999-07-21). 1141 1142# IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian 1143# Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken 1144# Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics. 1145 1146# From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29: 1147# The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW 1148# towns to use Queensland time. 1149 1150# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1151# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 1152 1153# Yancowinna 1154 1155# From John Mackin (1989-01-04): 1156# `Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna. 1157 1158# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1159# # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ] 1160# # [ Dec 1990 ] 1161# ... 1162# # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the 1163# # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings 1164# # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government 1165# # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have 1166# # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not 1167# # presently available. 1168# Zone Australia/Yancowinna 9:30 AY %sST 1169# ... 1170# Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1171# Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C 1172# [followed by other Rules] 1173 1174# Lord Howe Island 1175 1176# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1177# LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ] 1178# [ Dec 1990 ] 1179# Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an 1180# hour ahead of NSW time. 1181 1182# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27): 1183# Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same 1184# date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the 1185# Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is 1186# seeking the community's views on various options for summer time 1187# arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour 1188# instead of only 30 minutes. Dependant on the wishes of residents 1189# the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing 1190# arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will 1191# however always coincide with the rest of NSW. 1192 1193# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25): 1194# Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards 1195# clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently 1196# introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as 1197# shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start 1198# of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW. 1199 1200# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1201# For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and 1202# Lonergan thereafter. For times we use Lonergan. 1203 1204# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1205# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 1206 1207# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28): 1208# According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight 1209# saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009 1210# summer (southern hemisphere). 1211# 1212# From 1213# <a href="http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf"> 1214# http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf 1215# </a> 1216# The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling 1217# for over the last year is now set to be ongoing. 1218# Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each 1219# year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year. 1220# Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia 1221# with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and 1222# the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year... 1223# 1224# We have a wrap-up here: 1225# <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html"> 1226# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html 1227# </a> 1228############################################################################### 1229 1230# New Zealand 1231 1232# From Mark Davies (1990-10-03): 1233# the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period. 1234# This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for 1235# subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start). 1236# source -- phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office. 1237 1238# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1239# # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that! 1240# # or is Australia the west island of N.Z. 1241# # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ] 1242# # [ Nov 1990 ] 1243# ... 1244# Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1245# Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D 1246# Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S 1247# Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S 1248# ... 1249# Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand 1250# Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island 1251 1252# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08): 1253# The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989 1254# rather than the October 1 value. 1255 1256# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19); 1257# Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ. 1258# Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight 1259# Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard 1260# time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March. 1261# As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00. 1262# 1263# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1264# The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history, 1265# as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.htm for the full references. 1266# Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger. 1267# 1268# For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with 1269# transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham 1270# is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland. 1271 1272# From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30): 1273# DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the 1274# first Sunday in April. The changes take effect this year, meaning 1275# that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06. 1276# http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended 1277 1278############################################################################### 1279 1280 1281# Fiji 1282 1283# Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji 1284# enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time 1285# instead of the American system (which was one day behind). 1286 1287# From Rives McDow (1998-10-08): 1288# Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01 1289# until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will 1290# be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February. 1291 1292# From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08): 1293# IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow. 1294 1295# From the BBC World Service (1998-10-31 11:32 UTC): 1296# The Fijiian government says the main reasons for the time change is to 1297# improve productivity and reduce road accidents. But correspondents say it 1298# also hopes the move will boost Fiji's ability to compete with other pacific 1299# islands in the effort to attract tourists to witness the dawning of the new 1300# millenium. 1301 1302# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13) 1303# reports that Fiji has discontinued DST. 1304 1305# Johnston 1306 1307# Johnston data is from usno1995. 1308 1309 1310# Kiribati 1311 1312# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22): 1313# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati 1314# ``declared it the same day throught the country as of Jan. 1, 1995'' 1315# as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century. 1316 1317 1318# Kwajalein 1319 1320# In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes: 1321# I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday, 1322# 1993-08-20. Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with 1323# respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands, 1324# going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink. 1325 1326 1327# N Mariana Is, Guam 1328 1329# Howse writes (p 153) ``The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the 1330# Philippines and the Ladrones from America,'' and implies that the Ladrones 1331# (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time. 1332# For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines; 1333# see Asia/Manila. 1334 1335# US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UTC+10 the official standard time, 1336# under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation, 1337# but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law, 1338# wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST". 1339 1340 1341# Micronesia 1342 1343# Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16), 1344# ``I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that "Truk" 1345# (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10.'' 1346# 1347# Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11 1348# on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now. 1349 1350# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29): 1351# The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in 1352# <a href="http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html"> 1353# The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information 1354# </a> (1999-01-26) 1355# that Truk and Yap are UTC+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are UTC+11. 1356# We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now. 1357 1358 1359# Midway 1360 1361# From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956), 1362# quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection 1363# <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31): 1364# For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight 1365# Saving Time. This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning, 1366# your time down there in New Zealand. Starting September 2, 1956 1367# we'll again go back to Standard Time. This'll mean that we'll go to 1368# air at 6am your time. 1369# 1370# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23): 1371# We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they 1372# started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years 1373# in Midway, but we have no record of it. 1374 1375 1376# Pitcairn 1377 1378# From Rives McDow (1999-11-08): 1379# A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998 1380# with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows. 1381# 1382# The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be 1383# Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known 1384# as Pitcairn Standard Time. 1385# 1386# ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several 1387# references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation 1388# somehow in light of this proclamation. 1389 1390# From Rives McDow (1999-11-09): 1391# The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998 1392# ... at midnight. 1393 1394# From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave: 1395# Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as 1396# Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in 1397# Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago. 1398 1399 1400# Samoa 1401 1402# Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald) 1403# that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change 1404# ``the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system, 1405# ordaining -- by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery -- that 1406# the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year.'' 1407 1408 1409# Tonga 1410 1411# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22): 1412# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that ``Tonga has been plotting 1413# to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time.'' 1414# Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do. 1415 1416# Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle 1417# <a href="http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm"> 1418# How Tonga became `The Land where Time Begins' 1419# </a>: 1420 1421# Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST 1422# 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its 1423# standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its 1424# local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of 1425# advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees 1426# (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time). 1427# 1428# Because His Majesty King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince 1429# Tungi, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time 1430# begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change. 1431# 1432# But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer 1433# islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40 1434# minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40 1435# minutes we have lost?" 1436# 1437# The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that 1438# on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth 1439# to say your prayers in the morning." 1440 1441# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1442# Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell. 1443 1444# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03): 1445# Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millenium 1446# Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front. 1447# He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from 1448# October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan 1449# Government. 1450 1451# From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09): 1452# * Tonga will introduce DST in November 1453# 1454# I was given this link by John Letts: 1455# <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm"> 1456# http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm 1457# </a> 1458# 1459# I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November 1460# yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead 1461# of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead 1462# (12 + 1 hour DST). 1463 1464# From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20): 1465# According to <a href="http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html"> 1466# http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html 1467# </a>: 1468# "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000 1469# and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the 1470# third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on 1471# Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and 1472# set back an hour on the closing date." 1473# Alas, no indication of the time of day. 1474 1475# From Rives McDow (1999-10-06): 1476# Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am. 1477# Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning. 1478 1479# From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31): 1480# Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com 1481# that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19 1482# instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article 1483# is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the 1484# text, and I have forgotten to report it here. 1485# (Original URL was: http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm ) 1486 1487# From Rives McDow (2000-12-01): 1488# Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27. 1489 1490# From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow: 1491# At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom 1492# shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday 1493# of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one 1494# hour to 1:00am. 1495 1496# From Pulu 'Anau (2002-11-05): 1497# The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't. 1498 1499 1500# Wake 1501 1502# From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup, 1503# US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02): 1504# 1505# Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] -- ... The time was all the 1506# more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the 1507# International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays. Furthermore, we 1508# discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time 1509# making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost 1510# impossible. 1511# 1512# http://www.trumanlibrary.org/wake/meeting.htm 1513 1514# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23): 1515# We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now. 1516 1517############################################################################### 1518 1519# The International Date Line 1520 1521# From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03): 1522# 1523# The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard, 1524# convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please. 1525# Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on 1526# the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there. 1527# 1528# When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and 1529# Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL 1530# to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most 1531# mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line 1532# has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific 1533# island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international 1534# convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is 1535# governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some 1536# places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not 1537# an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the 1538# correct date is ambiguous. 1539 1540# From Wikipedia <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31): 1541# Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting 1542# their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's 1543# speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's 1544# meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon). During 1917, at the 1545# Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all 1546# ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones 1547# on the high seas. Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any 1548# nation it would use that nation's standard time. The captain was permitted 1549# to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's 1550# entry into another zone time--he often chose midnight. These zones were 1551# adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many 1552# independent merchant ships until World War II. 1553 1554# From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen 1555# (2005-03-20): 1556# 1557# The American Practical Navigator (2002) 1558# <http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187> 1559# talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in 1560# international waters; it ignores the international date line. 1561