160786Sps 260786Sps SSUUMMMMAARRYY OOFF LLEESSSS CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS 360786Sps 460786Sps Commands marked with * may be preceded by a number, _N. 560786Sps Notes in parentheses indicate the behavior if _N is given. 6238730Sdelphij A key preceded by a caret indicates the Ctrl key; thus ^K is ctrl-K. 760786Sps 860786Sps h H Display this help. 960786Sps q :q Q :Q ZZ Exit. 1060786Sps --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1160786Sps 1260786Sps MMOOVVIINNGG 1360786Sps 1460786Sps e ^E j ^N CR * Forward one line (or _N lines). 1560786Sps y ^Y k ^K ^P * Backward one line (or _N lines). 1660786Sps f ^F ^V SPACE * Forward one window (or _N lines). 1760786Sps b ^B ESC-v * Backward one window (or _N lines). 1860786Sps z * Forward one window (and set window to _N). 1960786Sps w * Backward one window (and set window to _N). 2060786Sps ESC-SPACE * Forward one window, but don't stop at end-of-file. 2160786Sps d ^D * Forward one half-window (and set half-window to _N). 2260786Sps u ^U * Backward one half-window (and set half-window to _N). 23128345Stjr ESC-) RightArrow * Left one half screen width (or _N positions). 24128345Stjr ESC-( LeftArrow * Right one half screen width (or _N positions). 2560786Sps F Forward forever; like "tail -f". 26294286Sdelphij ESC-F Like F but stop when search pattern is found. 2760786Sps r ^R ^L Repaint screen. 2860786Sps R Repaint screen, discarding buffered input. 2960786Sps --------------------------------------------------- 3060786Sps Default "window" is the screen height. 3160786Sps Default "half-window" is half of the screen height. 3260786Sps --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3360786Sps 3460786Sps SSEEAARRCCHHIINNGG 3560786Sps 3660786Sps /_p_a_t_t_e_r_n * Search forward for (_N-th) matching line. 3760786Sps ?_p_a_t_t_e_r_n * Search backward for (_N-th) matching line. 3860786Sps n * Repeat previous search (for _N-th occurrence). 3960786Sps N * Repeat previous search in reverse direction. 4060786Sps ESC-n * Repeat previous search, spanning files. 4160786Sps ESC-N * Repeat previous search, reverse dir. & spanning files. 4260786Sps ESC-u Undo (toggle) search highlighting. 43191930Sdelphij &_p_a_t_t_e_r_n * Display only matching lines 4460786Sps --------------------------------------------------- 45237613Sdelphij A search pattern may be preceded by one or more of: 4660786Sps ^N or ! Search for NON-matching lines. 4760786Sps ^E or * Search multiple files (pass thru END OF FILE). 4860786Sps ^F or @ Start search at FIRST file (for /) or last file (for ?). 4960786Sps ^K Highlight matches, but don't move (KEEP position). 5060786Sps ^R Don't use REGULAR EXPRESSIONS. 5160786Sps --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5260786Sps 5360786Sps JJUUMMPPIINNGG 5460786Sps 5560786Sps g < ESC-< * Go to first line in file (or line _N). 5660786Sps G > ESC-> * Go to last line in file (or line _N). 5760786Sps p % * Go to beginning of file (or _N percent into file). 5889019Sps t * Go to the (_N-th) next tag. 5989019Sps T * Go to the (_N-th) previous tag. 6060786Sps { ( [ * Find close bracket } ) ]. 6160786Sps } ) ] * Find open bracket { ( [. 6260786Sps ESC-^F _<_c_1_> _<_c_2_> * Find close bracket _<_c_2_>. 6360786Sps ESC-^B _<_c_1_> _<_c_2_> * Find open bracket _<_c_1_> 6460786Sps --------------------------------------------------- 6560786Sps Each "find close bracket" command goes forward to the close bracket 6660786Sps matching the (_N-th) open bracket in the top line. 6760786Sps Each "find open bracket" command goes backward to the open bracket 6860786Sps matching the (_N-th) close bracket in the bottom line. 6960786Sps 7060786Sps m_<_l_e_t_t_e_r_> Mark the current position with <letter>. 7160786Sps '_<_l_e_t_t_e_r_> Go to a previously marked position. 7260786Sps '' Go to the previous position. 7360786Sps ^X^X Same as '. 7460786Sps --------------------------------------------------- 7560786Sps A mark is any upper-case or lower-case letter. 7660786Sps Certain marks are predefined: 7760786Sps ^ means beginning of the file 7860786Sps $ means end of the file 7960786Sps --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8060786Sps 8160786Sps CCHHAANNGGIINNGG FFIILLEESS 8260786Sps 8360786Sps :e [_f_i_l_e] Examine a new file. 8460786Sps ^X^V Same as :e. 8560786Sps :n * Examine the (_N-th) next file from the command line. 8660786Sps :p * Examine the (_N-th) previous file from the command line. 8760786Sps :x * Examine the first (or _N-th) file from the command line. 8860786Sps :d Delete the current file from the command line list. 8960786Sps = ^G :f Print current file name. 9060786Sps --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9160786Sps 9260786Sps MMIISSCCEELLLLAANNEEOOUUSS CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS 9360786Sps 9460786Sps -_<_f_l_a_g_> Toggle a command line option [see OPTIONS below]. 9560786Sps --_<_n_a_m_e_> Toggle a command line option, by name. 9660786Sps __<_f_l_a_g_> Display the setting of a command line option. 9760786Sps ___<_n_a_m_e_> Display the setting of an option, by name. 9860786Sps +_c_m_d Execute the less cmd each time a new file is examined. 9960786Sps 10060786Sps !_c_o_m_m_a_n_d Execute the shell command with $SHELL. 10160786Sps |XX_c_o_m_m_a_n_d Pipe file between current pos & mark XX to shell command. 10260786Sps v Edit the current file with $VISUAL or $EDITOR. 10360786Sps V Print version number of "less". 10460786Sps --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10560786Sps 10660786Sps OOPPTTIIOONNSS 10760786Sps 10860786Sps Most options may be changed either on the command line, 10960786Sps or from within less by using the - or -- command. 11060786Sps Options may be given in one of two forms: either a single 111250592Sdelphij character preceded by a -, or a name preceded by --. 11260786Sps 11360786Sps -? ........ --help 11460786Sps Display help (from command line). 11560786Sps -a ........ --search-skip-screen 116237613Sdelphij Search skips current screen. 117221715Sdelphij -A ........ --SEARCH-SKIP-SCREEN 118237613Sdelphij Search starts just after target line. 11960786Sps -b [_N] .... --buffers=[_N] 12060786Sps Number of buffers. 12160786Sps -B ........ --auto-buffers 12260786Sps Don't automatically allocate buffers for pipes. 123170256Sdelphij -c ........ --clear-screen 124170256Sdelphij Repaint by clearing rather than scrolling. 12560786Sps -d ........ --dumb 12660786Sps Dumb terminal. 12760786Sps -D [_x_n_._n] . --color=_x_n_._n 12860786Sps Set screen colors. (MS-DOS only) 12960786Sps -e -E .... --quit-at-eof --QUIT-AT-EOF 13060786Sps Quit at end of file. 13160786Sps -f ........ --force 13260786Sps Force open non-regular files. 13360786Sps -F ........ --quit-if-one-screen 13460786Sps Quit if entire file fits on first screen. 13560786Sps -g ........ --hilite-search 13660786Sps Highlight only last match for searches. 13760786Sps -G ........ --HILITE-SEARCH 13860786Sps Don't highlight any matches for searches. 13960786Sps -h [_N] .... --max-back-scroll=[_N] 14060786Sps Backward scroll limit. 14160786Sps -i ........ --ignore-case 14260786Sps Ignore case in searches that do not contain uppercase. 14360786Sps -I ........ --IGNORE-CASE 14460786Sps Ignore case in all searches. 14560786Sps -j [_N] .... --jump-target=[_N] 14660786Sps Screen position of target lines. 14763128Sps -J ........ --status-column 14863128Sps Display a status column at left edge of screen. 14960786Sps -k [_f_i_l_e] . --lesskey-file=[_f_i_l_e] 15060786Sps Use a lesskey file. 151221715Sdelphij -K --quit-on-intr 152221715Sdelphij Exit less in response to ctrl-C. 153128345Stjr -L ........ --no-lessopen 154128345Stjr Ignore the LESSOPEN environment variable. 15560786Sps -m -M .... --long-prompt --LONG-PROMPT 15660786Sps Set prompt style. 15760786Sps -n -N .... --line-numbers --LINE-NUMBERS 158170256Sdelphij Don't use line numbers. 15960786Sps -o [_f_i_l_e] . --log-file=[_f_i_l_e] 16060786Sps Copy to log file (standard input only). 16160786Sps -O [_f_i_l_e] . --LOG-FILE=[_f_i_l_e] 16260786Sps Copy to log file (unconditionally overwrite). 16360786Sps -p [_p_a_t_t_e_r_n] --pattern=[_p_a_t_t_e_r_n] 16460786Sps Start at pattern (from command line). 16560786Sps -P [_p_r_o_m_p_t] --prompt=[_p_r_o_m_p_t] 16660786Sps Define new prompt. 16760786Sps -q -Q .... --quiet --QUIET --silent --SILENT 16860786Sps Quiet the terminal bell. 16960786Sps -r -R .... --raw-control-chars --RAW-CONTROL-CHARS 17060786Sps Output "raw" control characters. 17160786Sps -s ........ --squeeze-blank-lines 17260786Sps Squeeze multiple blank lines. 17360786Sps -S ........ --chop-long-lines 174237613Sdelphij Chop (truncate) long lines rather than wrapping. 17560786Sps -t [_t_a_g] .. --tag=[_t_a_g] 17660786Sps Find a tag. 17760786Sps -T [_t_a_g_s_f_i_l_e] --tag-file=[_t_a_g_s_f_i_l_e] 17860786Sps Use an alternate tags file. 17960786Sps -u -U .... --underline-special --UNDERLINE-SPECIAL 18060786Sps Change handling of backspaces. 18160786Sps -V ........ --version 18260786Sps Display the version number of "less". 18360786Sps -w ........ --hilite-unread 18460786Sps Highlight first new line after forward-screen. 18560786Sps -W ........ --HILITE-UNREAD 18660786Sps Highlight first new line after any forward movement. 18789019Sps -x [_N[,...]] --tabs=[_N[,...]] 18860786Sps Set tab stops. 18960786Sps -X ........ --no-init 19060786Sps Don't use termcap init/deinit strings. 19160786Sps -y [_N] .... --max-forw-scroll=[_N] 19260786Sps Forward scroll limit. 19360786Sps -z [_N] .... --window=[_N] 19460786Sps Set size of window. 19560786Sps -" [_c[_c]] . --quotes=[_c[_c]] 19660786Sps Set shell quote characters. 19760786Sps -~ ........ --tilde 19860786Sps Don't display tildes after end of file. 19963128Sps -# [_N] .... --shift=[_N] 20063128Sps Horizontal scroll amount (0 = one half screen width) 201221715Sdelphij ........ --no-keypad 202237613Sdelphij Don't send termcap keypad init/deinit strings. 203221715Sdelphij ........ --follow-name 204221715Sdelphij The F command changes files if the input file is renamed. 205294286Sdelphij ........ --use-backslash 206294286Sdelphij Subsequent options use backslash as escape char. 20763128Sps 208221715Sdelphij 20960786Sps --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21060786Sps 21160786Sps LLIINNEE EEDDIITTIINNGG 21260786Sps 21360786Sps These keys can be used to edit text being entered 21460786Sps on the "command line" at the bottom of the screen. 21560786Sps 216294286Sdelphij RightArrow ..................... ESC-l ... Move cursor right one character. 217294286Sdelphij LeftArrow ...................... ESC-h ... Move cursor left one character. 218294286Sdelphij ctrl-RightArrow ESC-RightArrow ESC-w ... Move cursor right one word. 219294286Sdelphij ctrl-LeftArrow ESC-LeftArrow ESC-b ... Move cursor left one word. 220294286Sdelphij HOME ........................... ESC-0 ... Move cursor to start of line. 221294286Sdelphij END ............................ ESC-$ ... Move cursor to end of line. 222294286Sdelphij BACKSPACE ................................ Delete char to left of cursor. 223294286Sdelphij DELETE ......................... ESC-x ... Delete char under cursor. 224294286Sdelphij ctrl-BACKSPACE ESC-BACKSPACE ........... Delete word to left of cursor. 225294286Sdelphij ctrl-DELETE .... ESC-DELETE .... ESC-X ... Delete word under cursor. 226294286Sdelphij ctrl-U ......... ESC (MS-DOS only) ....... Delete entire line. 227294286Sdelphij UpArrow ........................ ESC-k ... Retrieve previous command line. 228294286Sdelphij DownArrow ...................... ESC-j ... Retrieve next command line. 229294286Sdelphij TAB ...................................... Complete filename & cycle. 230294286Sdelphij SHIFT-TAB ...................... ESC-TAB Complete filename & reverse cycle. 231294286Sdelphij ctrl-L ................................... Complete filename, list all. 23260786Sps 233170256Sdelphij 234