bfd.texinfo revision 89857
133965Sjdp\input texinfo.tex 233965Sjdp@setfilename bfd.info 378828Sobrien@c Copyright 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1997, 2000 478828Sobrien@c Free Software Foundation, Inc. 578828Sobrien@c 633965Sjdp@tex 733965Sjdp% NOTE LOCAL KLUGE TO AVOID TOO MUCH WHITESPACE 833965Sjdp\global\long\def\example{% 933965Sjdp\begingroup 1033965Sjdp\let\aboveenvbreak=\par 1133965Sjdp\let\afterenvbreak=\par 1233965Sjdp\parskip=0pt 1333965Sjdp\lisp} 1433965Sjdp\global\long\def\Eexample{% 1533965Sjdp\Elisp 1633965Sjdp\endgroup 1733965Sjdp\vskip -\parskip% to cancel out effect of following \par 1833965Sjdp} 1933965Sjdp@end tex 2033965Sjdp@synindex fn cp 2133965Sjdp 2233965Sjdp@ifinfo 2333965Sjdp@format 2433965SjdpSTART-INFO-DIR-ENTRY 2533965Sjdp* Bfd: (bfd). The Binary File Descriptor library. 2633965SjdpEND-INFO-DIR-ENTRY 2733965Sjdp@end format 2833965Sjdp@end ifinfo 2933965Sjdp 3033965Sjdp@ifinfo 3133965SjdpThis file documents the BFD library. 3233965Sjdp 3389857SobrienCopyright (C) 1991, 2000, 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 3433965Sjdp 3577298Sobrien Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document 3677298Sobrien under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 3777298Sobrien or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; 3877298Sobrien with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no 3977298Sobrien Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the 4077298Sobrien section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". 4133965Sjdp 4233965Sjdp@ignore 4333965SjdpPermission is granted to process this file through Tex and print the 4433965Sjdpresults, provided the printed document carries copying permission 4533965Sjdpnotice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph 4633965Sjdp(this paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual). 4733965Sjdp 4833965Sjdp@end ignore 4933965Sjdp@end ifinfo 5033965Sjdp@iftex 5133965Sjdp@c@finalout 5233965Sjdp@setchapternewpage on 5333965Sjdp@c@setchapternewpage odd 5433965Sjdp@settitle LIB BFD, the Binary File Descriptor Library 5533965Sjdp@titlepage 5633965Sjdp@title{libbfd} 5733965Sjdp@subtitle{The Binary File Descriptor Library} 5833965Sjdp@sp 1 5989857Sobrien@subtitle First Edition---BFD version < 3.0 % Since no product is stable berfore version 3.0 :-) 6089857Sobrien@subtitle Original Document Created: April 1991 6133965Sjdp@author {Steve Chamberlain} 6233965Sjdp@author {Cygnus Support} 6333965Sjdp@page 6433965Sjdp 6533965Sjdp@tex 6633965Sjdp\def\$#1${{#1}} % Kluge: collect RCS revision info without $...$ 6789857Sobrien\xdef\manvers{\$Revision: 1.5 $} % For use in headers, footers too 6833965Sjdp{\parskip=0pt 6989857Sobrien\hfill Free Software Foundation\par 7089857Sobrien\hfill sac\@www.gnu.org\par 7133965Sjdp\hfill {\it BFD}, \manvers\par 7233965Sjdp\hfill \TeX{}info \texinfoversion\par 7333965Sjdp} 7433965Sjdp\global\parindent=0pt % Steve likes it this way 7533965Sjdp@end tex 7633965Sjdp 7733965Sjdp@vskip 0pt plus 1filll 7889857SobrienCopyright @copyright{} 1991, 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 7933965Sjdp 8077298Sobrien Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document 8177298Sobrien under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 8277298Sobrien or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; 8377298Sobrien with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no 8477298Sobrien Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the 8577298Sobrien section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". 8633965Sjdp 8733965Sjdp@end titlepage 8833965Sjdp@end iftex 8933965Sjdp 9033965Sjdp@node Top, Overview, (dir), (dir) 9133965Sjdp@ifinfo 9233965SjdpThis file documents the binary file descriptor library libbfd. 9333965Sjdp@end ifinfo 9433965Sjdp 9533965Sjdp@menu 9633965Sjdp* Overview:: Overview of BFD 9733965Sjdp* BFD front end:: BFD front end 9833965Sjdp* BFD back ends:: BFD back ends 9977298Sobrien* GNU Free Documentation License:: GNU Free Documentation License 10033965Sjdp* Index:: Index 10133965Sjdp@end menu 10233965Sjdp 10333965Sjdp@node Overview, BFD front end, Top, Top 10433965Sjdp@chapter Introduction 10533965Sjdp@cindex BFD 10633965Sjdp@cindex what is it? 10733965SjdpBFD is a package which allows applications to use the 10833965Sjdpsame routines to operate on object files whatever the object file 10933965Sjdpformat. A new object file format can be supported simply by 11033965Sjdpcreating a new BFD back end and adding it to the library. 11133965Sjdp 11233965SjdpBFD is split into two parts: the front end, and the back ends (one for 11333965Sjdpeach object file format). 11433965Sjdp@itemize @bullet 11533965Sjdp@item The front end of BFD provides the interface to the user. It manages 11633965Sjdpmemory and various canonical data structures. The front end also 11733965Sjdpdecides which back end to use and when to call back end routines. 11833965Sjdp@item The back ends provide BFD its view of the real world. Each back 11933965Sjdpend provides a set of calls which the BFD front end can use to maintain 12033965Sjdpits canonical form. The back ends also may keep around information for 12133965Sjdptheir own use, for greater efficiency. 12233965Sjdp@end itemize 12333965Sjdp@menu 12433965Sjdp* History:: History 12533965Sjdp* How It Works:: How It Works 12633965Sjdp* What BFD Version 2 Can Do:: What BFD Version 2 Can Do 12733965Sjdp@end menu 12833965Sjdp 12933965Sjdp@node History, How It Works, Overview, Overview 13033965Sjdp@section History 13133965Sjdp 13233965SjdpOne spur behind BFD was the desire, on the part of the GNU 960 team at 13333965SjdpIntel Oregon, for interoperability of applications on their COFF and 13433965Sjdpb.out file formats. Cygnus was providing GNU support for the team, and 13533965Sjdpwas contracted to provide the required functionality. 13633965Sjdp 13733965SjdpThe name came from a conversation David Wallace was having with Richard 13833965SjdpStallman about the library: RMS said that it would be quite hard---David 13933965Sjdpsaid ``BFD''. Stallman was right, but the name stuck. 14033965Sjdp 14133965SjdpAt the same time, Ready Systems wanted much the same thing, but for 14233965Sjdpdifferent object file formats: IEEE-695, Oasys, Srecords, a.out and 68k 14333965Sjdpcoff. 14433965Sjdp 14533965SjdpBFD was first implemented by members of Cygnus Support; Steve 14633965SjdpChamberlain (@code{sac@@cygnus.com}), John Gilmore 14733965Sjdp(@code{gnu@@cygnus.com}), K. Richard Pixley (@code{rich@@cygnus.com}) 14833965Sjdpand David Henkel-Wallace (@code{gumby@@cygnus.com}). 14933965Sjdp 15033965Sjdp 15133965Sjdp 15233965Sjdp@node How It Works, What BFD Version 2 Can Do, History, Overview 15333965Sjdp@section How To Use BFD 15433965Sjdp 15533965SjdpTo use the library, include @file{bfd.h} and link with @file{libbfd.a}. 15633965Sjdp 15733965SjdpBFD provides a common interface to the parts of an object file 15833965Sjdpfor a calling application. 15933965Sjdp 16033965SjdpWhen an application sucessfully opens a target file (object, archive, or 16133965Sjdpwhatever), a pointer to an internal structure is returned. This pointer 16233965Sjdppoints to a structure called @code{bfd}, described in 16333965Sjdp@file{bfd.h}. Our convention is to call this pointer a BFD, and 16433965Sjdpinstances of it within code @code{abfd}. All operations on 16533965Sjdpthe target object file are applied as methods to the BFD. The mapping is 16633965Sjdpdefined within @code{bfd.h} in a set of macros, all beginning 16733965Sjdpwith @samp{bfd_} to reduce namespace pollution. 16833965Sjdp 16933965SjdpFor example, this sequence does what you would probably expect: 17033965Sjdpreturn the number of sections in an object file attached to a BFD 17133965Sjdp@code{abfd}. 17233965Sjdp 17333965Sjdp@lisp 17433965Sjdp@c @cartouche 17533965Sjdp#include "bfd.h" 17633965Sjdp 17733965Sjdpunsigned int number_of_sections(abfd) 17833965Sjdpbfd *abfd; 17933965Sjdp@{ 18033965Sjdp return bfd_count_sections(abfd); 18133965Sjdp@} 18233965Sjdp@c @end cartouche 18333965Sjdp@end lisp 18433965Sjdp 18533965SjdpThe abstraction used within BFD is that an object file has: 18633965Sjdp 18733965Sjdp@itemize @bullet 18833965Sjdp@item 18933965Sjdpa header, 19033965Sjdp@item 19133965Sjdpa number of sections containing raw data (@pxref{Sections}), 19233965Sjdp@item 19333965Sjdpa set of relocations (@pxref{Relocations}), and 19433965Sjdp@item 19533965Sjdpsome symbol information (@pxref{Symbols}). 19633965Sjdp@end itemize 19733965Sjdp@noindent 19833965SjdpAlso, BFDs opened for archives have the additional attribute of an index 19933965Sjdpand contain subordinate BFDs. This approach is fine for a.out and coff, 20033965Sjdpbut loses efficiency when applied to formats such as S-records and 20133965SjdpIEEE-695. 20233965Sjdp 20333965Sjdp@node What BFD Version 2 Can Do, , How It Works, Overview 20433965Sjdp@section What BFD Version 2 Can Do 20533965Sjdp@include bfdsumm.texi 20633965Sjdp 20733965Sjdp@node BFD front end, BFD back ends, Overview, Top 20833965Sjdp@chapter BFD front end 20938889Sjdp@include bfdt.texi 21033965Sjdp 21133965Sjdp@menu 21233965Sjdp* Memory Usage:: 21333965Sjdp* Initialization:: 21433965Sjdp* Sections:: 21533965Sjdp* Symbols:: 21633965Sjdp* Archives:: 21733965Sjdp* Formats:: 21833965Sjdp* Relocations:: 21933965Sjdp* Core Files:: 22033965Sjdp* Targets:: 22133965Sjdp* Architectures:: 22233965Sjdp* Opening and Closing:: 22333965Sjdp* Internal:: 22433965Sjdp* File Caching:: 22533965Sjdp* Linker Functions:: 22633965Sjdp* Hash Tables:: 22733965Sjdp@end menu 22833965Sjdp 22933965Sjdp@node Memory Usage, Initialization, BFD front end, BFD front end 23033965Sjdp@section Memory usage 23133965SjdpBFD keeps all of its internal structures in obstacks. There is one obstack 23233965Sjdpper open BFD file, into which the current state is stored. When a BFD is 23333965Sjdpclosed, the obstack is deleted, and so everything which has been 23433965Sjdpallocated by BFD for the closing file is thrown away. 23533965Sjdp 23633965SjdpBFD does not free anything created by an application, but pointers into 23733965Sjdp@code{bfd} structures become invalid on a @code{bfd_close}; for example, 23833965Sjdpafter a @code{bfd_close} the vector passed to 23933965Sjdp@code{bfd_canonicalize_symtab} is still around, since it has been 24033965Sjdpallocated by the application, but the data that it pointed to are 24133965Sjdplost. 24233965Sjdp 24333965SjdpThe general rule is to not close a BFD until all operations dependent 24433965Sjdpupon data from the BFD have been completed, or all the data from within 24533965Sjdpthe file has been copied. To help with the management of memory, there 24633965Sjdpis a function (@code{bfd_alloc_size}) which returns the number of bytes 24733965Sjdpin obstacks associated with the supplied BFD. This could be used to 24833965Sjdpselect the greediest open BFD, close it to reclaim the memory, perform 24933965Sjdpsome operation and reopen the BFD again, to get a fresh copy of the data 25033965Sjdpstructures. 25133965Sjdp 25233965Sjdp@node Initialization, Sections, Memory Usage, BFD front end 25333965Sjdp@include init.texi 25433965Sjdp 25533965Sjdp@node Sections, Symbols, Initialization, BFD front end 25633965Sjdp@include section.texi 25733965Sjdp 25833965Sjdp@node Symbols, Archives, Sections, BFD front end 25933965Sjdp@include syms.texi 26033965Sjdp 26133965Sjdp@node Archives, Formats, Symbols, BFD front end 26233965Sjdp@include archive.texi 26333965Sjdp 26433965Sjdp@node Formats, Relocations, Archives, BFD front end 26533965Sjdp@include format.texi 26633965Sjdp 26733965Sjdp@node Relocations, Core Files, Formats, BFD front end 26833965Sjdp@include reloc.texi 26933965Sjdp 27033965Sjdp@node Core Files, Targets, Relocations, BFD front end 27133965Sjdp@include core.texi 27233965Sjdp 27333965Sjdp@node Targets, Architectures, Core Files, BFD front end 27433965Sjdp@include targets.texi 27533965Sjdp 27633965Sjdp@node Architectures, Opening and Closing, Targets, BFD front end 27733965Sjdp@include archures.texi 27833965Sjdp 27933965Sjdp@node Opening and Closing, Internal, Architectures, BFD front end 28033965Sjdp@include opncls.texi 28133965Sjdp 28233965Sjdp@node Internal, File Caching, Opening and Closing, BFD front end 28333965Sjdp@include libbfd.texi 28433965Sjdp 28533965Sjdp@node File Caching, Linker Functions, Internal, BFD front end 28633965Sjdp@include cache.texi 28733965Sjdp 28833965Sjdp@node Linker Functions, Hash Tables, File Caching, BFD front end 28933965Sjdp@include linker.texi 29033965Sjdp 29133965Sjdp@node Hash Tables, , Linker Functions, BFD front end 29233965Sjdp@include hash.texi 29333965Sjdp 29477298Sobrien@node BFD back ends, GNU Free Documentation License, BFD front end, Top 29533965Sjdp@chapter BFD back ends 29633965Sjdp@menu 29733965Sjdp* What to Put Where:: 29833965Sjdp* aout :: a.out backends 29933965Sjdp* coff :: coff backends 30033965Sjdp* elf :: elf backends 30189857Sobrien* mmo :: mmo backend 30233965Sjdp@ignore 30333965Sjdp* oasys :: oasys backends 30433965Sjdp* ieee :: ieee backend 30533965Sjdp* srecord :: s-record backend 30633965Sjdp@end ignore 30733965Sjdp@end menu 30833965Sjdp@node What to Put Where, aout, BFD back ends, BFD back ends 30933965SjdpAll of BFD lives in one directory. 31033965Sjdp 31133965Sjdp@node aout, coff, What to Put Where, BFD back ends 31233965Sjdp@include aoutx.texi 31333965Sjdp 31433965Sjdp@node coff, elf, aout, BFD back ends 31533965Sjdp@include coffcode.texi 31633965Sjdp 31789857Sobrien@node elf, mmo, coff, BFD back ends 31833965Sjdp@include elf.texi 31933965Sjdp@c Leave this out until the file has some actual contents... 32033965Sjdp@c @include elfcode.texi 32133965Sjdp 32289857Sobrien@node mmo, , elf, BFD back ends 32389857Sobrien@include mmo.texi 32489857Sobrien 32577298Sobrien@node GNU Free Documentation License, Index, BFD back ends, Top 32677298Sobrien@chapter GNU Free Documentation License 32777298Sobrien@cindex GNU Free Documentation License 32877298Sobrien 32977298Sobrien GNU Free Documentation License 33077298Sobrien 33177298Sobrien Version 1.1, March 2000 33277298Sobrien 33377298Sobrien Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 33477298Sobrien 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA 33577298Sobrien 33677298Sobrien Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies 33777298Sobrien of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 33877298Sobrien 33977298Sobrien 34077298Sobrien0. PREAMBLE 34177298Sobrien 34277298SobrienThe purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other 34377298Sobrienwritten document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone 34477298Sobrienthe effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without 34577298Sobrienmodifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, 34677298Sobrienthis License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get 34777298Sobriencredit for their work, while not being considered responsible for 34877298Sobrienmodifications made by others. 34977298Sobrien 35077298SobrienThis License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative 35177298Sobrienworks of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It 35277298Sobriencomplements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft 35377298Sobrienlicense designed for free software. 35477298Sobrien 35577298SobrienWe have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free 35677298Sobriensoftware, because free software needs free documentation: a free 35777298Sobrienprogram should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the 35877298Sobriensoftware does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; 35977298Sobrienit can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or 36077298Sobrienwhether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License 36177298Sobrienprincipally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference. 36277298Sobrien 36377298Sobrien 36477298Sobrien1. 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If you have no 68177298SobrienFront-Cover Texts, write "no Front-Cover Texts" instead of 68277298Sobrien"Front-Cover Texts being LIST"; likewise for Back-Cover Texts. 68377298Sobrien 68477298SobrienIf your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we 68577298Sobrienrecommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of 68677298Sobrienfree software license, such as the GNU General Public License, 68777298Sobriento permit their use in free software. 68877298Sobrien 68977298Sobrien@node Index, , GNU Free Documentation License , Top 69033965Sjdp@unnumbered Index 69133965Sjdp@printindex cp 69233965Sjdp 69333965Sjdp@tex 69433965Sjdp% I think something like @colophon should be in texinfo. In the 69533965Sjdp% meantime: 69633965Sjdp\long\def\colophon{\hbox to0pt{}\vfill 69733965Sjdp\centerline{The body of this manual is set in} 69833965Sjdp\centerline{\fontname\tenrm,} 69933965Sjdp\centerline{with headings in {\bf\fontname\tenbf}} 70033965Sjdp\centerline{and examples in {\tt\fontname\tentt}.} 70133965Sjdp\centerline{{\it\fontname\tenit\/} and} 70233965Sjdp\centerline{{\sl\fontname\tensl\/}} 70333965Sjdp\centerline{are used for emphasis.}\vfill} 70433965Sjdp\page\colophon 70533965Sjdp% Blame: doc@cygnus.com, 28mar91. 70633965Sjdp@end tex 70733965Sjdp 70833965Sjdp@contents 70933965Sjdp@bye 710