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@(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
$FreeBSD: head/share/man/man7/hier.7 118647 2003-08-08 11:15:57Z simon $
.Dd June 5, 1993 .Dt HIER 7 .Os .Sh NAME .Nm hier .Nd layout of file systems .Sh DESCRIPTION A sketch of the file system hierarchy. l -tag -width "/stand/" t Pa / root directory of the file system t Pa /bin/ user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments t Pa /boot/ programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap
p l -tag -width defaults/ -compact t Pa defaults/ default bootstrapping configuration files; see .Xr loader.conf 5 t Pa kernel/ pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory at boot time). t Pa modules/ third-party loadable kernel modules; see .Xr kldstat 8 .El t Pa /cdrom/ default mount point for CD-ROM drives (created by .Xr sysinstall 8 ) t Pa /compat/ normally a link to
a /usr/compat . If not, then the
a /usr/compat comments apply (created by .Xr sysinstall 8 ) t Pa /dev/ block and character device files
p l -tag -width ".Pa fd/" -compact t Pa fd/ file descriptor files; see .Xr fd 4 .El t Pa /dist/ mount point used by .Xr sysinstall 8 t Pa /etc/ system configuration files and scripts
p l -tag -width "disklabels/" -compact t Pa defaults/ default system configuration files; see .Xr rc 8 t Pa gnats/ gnats configuration files; see .Xr send-pr 1 t Pa isdn/ isdn4bsd configuration files; see .Xr isdnd 8 t Pa localtime local timezone information; see .Xr ctime 3 t Pa mail/ Sendmail control files t Pa mtree/ mtree configuration files; see .Xr mtree 8 t Pa namedb/ named configuration files; see .Xr named 8 t Pa pam.d/ configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) library; see .Xr pam 8 t Pa periodic/ scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via .Xr cron 8 ; see .Xr periodic 8 t Pa ppp/ ppp configuration files; see .Xr ppp 8 t Pa ssl/ OpenSSL configuration files .El t Pa /mnt/ empty directory commonly used by system administrators as a temporary mount point t Pa /proc/ process file system; see .Xr procfs 5 , .Xr mount_procfs 8 t Pa /rescue/ statically linked programs for emergency recovery; see .Xr rescue 8 t Pa /root/ root's HOME directory t Pa /sbin/ system programs and administration utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments t Pa /stand/ programs used in a standalone environment t Pa /tmp/ temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots t Pa /usr/ contains the majority of user utilities and applications
p l -tag -width "libdata/" -compact t Pa bin/ common utilities, programming tools, and applications t Pa compat/ files needed to support binary compatibility with other operating systems, such as Linux (created by .Xr sysinstall 8 ) t Pa games/ useful and semi-frivolous programs t Pa include/ standard C include files
p
l -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact t Pa arpa/ C include files for Internet service protocols
t Pa cam/ C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer
l -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact t Pa scsi/ The SCSI device on top of CAM
.El
t Pa dev/ C include files for programming various
.Fx
devices
l -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact t Pa ic/ Various header files describing driver- and bus-independent
hardware circuits
t Pa ofw/ OpenFirmware support
t Pa ppbus/ The parallel port bus;
see
.Xr ppbus 4
t Pa usb/ The USB subsystem
t Pa utopia/ Physical chip driver for ATM interfaces;
see
.Xr utopia 4
t Pa wi/ The
.Xr wi 4
WaveLAN driver
.El
t Pa fs/ l -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact t Pa fdescfs/ per-process file descriptors file system
t Pa fifofs/ .St -p1003.1
FIFOs file system
t Pa msdosfs/ MS-DOS file system
t Pa ntfs/ NTFS file system
t Pa nullfs/ loopback file system
t Pa nwfs/ NetWare file system
t Pa portalfs/ portal file system
t Pa procfs/ process file system
t Pa smbfs/ SMB/CIFS file system
t Pa umapfs/ alternate uid/gid mappings file system
t Pa unionfs union file system
.El
t Pa g++/ GNU C++ include files
l -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact t Pa std/ GNU C++ libstdc++ include files
.El
t Pa isc/ ISC utility library libisc include files
t Pa isofs/ l -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact t Pa cd9660/ iso9660 file system
.El
t Pa libmilter/ C include files for libmilter,
the
.Xr sendmail 8
mail filter API
t Pa machine/ machine-specific C include files
t Pa net/ misc network C include files
t Pa netatalk/ Appletalk protocol
t Pa netatm/ ATM include files;
see
.Xr atm 8
t Pa netinet/ C include files for Internet standard protocols;
see
.Xr inet 4
t Pa netinet6/ C include files for Internet protocol version 6;
see
.Xr inet6 4
t Pa netipx/ IPX/SPX protocol stacks
t Pa netkey/ kernel key-management service
t Pa netnatm/ NATM include files;
see
.Xr natm 4
t Pa netsmb/ SMB/CIFS requester
t Pa nfs/ C include files for NFS (Network File System)
t Pa objc/ Objective C include files
t Pa openssl/ OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers
t Pa pccard/ PC-CARD controllers
t Pa posix4/ POSIX real-time extensions includes;
see
.Xr p1003_1b 9
t Pa protocols/ C include files for Berkeley service protocols
t Pa readline/ get a line from a user, with editing;
see
.Xr readline 3
t Pa rpc/ remote procedure calls;
see
.Xr rpc 3
t Pa rpcsvc/ definition of RPC service structures; see
.Xr rpc 3
t Pa security/ PAM; see
.Xr pam 8
t Pa sys/ system C include files (kernel data structures)
.It Pa tcl/
Tcl language;
see
.Xr Tcl n
.Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
.It Pa generic/
???
.It Pa unix/
???
.El
t Pa ufs/ C include files for UFS (The U-word File System)
l -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact t Pa ffs/ Fast file system
t Pa ufs/ UFS file system
.El
t Pa vm/ virtual memory;
see
.Xr vmstat 8
.El
p t Pa lib/ archive libraries l -tag -width Fl -compact t Pa aout/ a.out archive libraries t Pa compat/ shared libraries for compatibility l -tag -width Fl -compact t Pa aout/ a.out backward compatibility libraries .El .El
p t Pa libdata/ misc. utility data files l -tag -width Fl -compact t Pa doscmd/ files used by doscmd (drivers, fonts, etc.); see .Xr doscmd 1 l -tag -width 6n -compact t Pa fonts/ fonts used by doscmd .El t Pa gcc/ ??? t Pa ldscripts/ linker scripts; see .Xr ld 1 t Pa lint/ various prebuilt lint libraries; see .Xr lint 1 t Pa msdosfs/ Character set conversion tables t Pa stallion/ firmware images for Stallion serial controllers; see .Xr stl 4 .El
p t Pa libexec/ system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs) l -tag -width Fl -compact t Pa aout/ utilities to manipulate a.out executables t Pa elf/ utilities to manipulate ELF executables t Pa lpr/ utilities and filters for LP print system; see .Xr lpr 1 t Pa sendmail/ the .Xr sendmail 8 binary; see .Xr mailwrapper 8 t Pa sm.bin/ restricted shell for .Xr sendmail 8 ; see .Xr smrsh 8 .El
p t Pa local/ local executables, libraries, etc. Also used as the default destination for the .Fx ports framework. Within local/, the general layout sketched out by .Nm for /usr should be used. Exceptions are the man directory (directly under local/ rather than under local/share/), ports documentation (in share/doc/<port>/), and /usr/local/etc (mimics /etc). t Pa obj/ architecture-specific target tree produced by building the /usr/src tree t Pa ports/ The .Fx ports collection (optional). t Pa sbin/ system daemons & system utilities (executed by users) t Pa share/ architecture-independent files
p l -tag -width "calendar/" -compact t Pa calendar/ a variety of pre-fab calendar files; see .Xr calendar 1 t Pa dict/ word lists; see .Xr look 1
p l -tag -width Fl -compact t Pa freebsd .Fx Ns -specific terms, proper names, and jargon t Pa words common words t Pa web2 words from Webster's 2nd International t Pa papers/ reference databases; see .Xr refer 1 .El
p t Pa doc/ miscellaneous documentation; source for most of the printed x manuals (available from the .Tn USENIX association) l -tag -width Fl -compact t Pa FAQ/ Frequently Asked Questions t Pa IPv6/ implementation notes for IPv6 t Pa bind/ documents pertaining to BIND (the Berkeley Internet Name Domain) t Pa es/ Spanish translations of documents in /usr/share/doc t Pa handbook/ .Fx Handbook t Pa ja/ Japanese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc t Pa ncurses/ HTML documents pertaining to ncurses; see .Xr ncurses 3X t Pa ntp/ HTML documents pertaining to the Network Time Protocol t Pa papers/ UNIX Papers t Pa psd/ UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents t Pa ru/ Russian translations of documents in /usr/share/doc t Pa smm/ UNIX System Manager's Manual t Pa tutorials/ .Fx tutorials t Pa usd/ UNIX User's Supplementary Documents t Pa zh/ Chinese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc .El
p t Pa examples/ various examples for users and programmers t Pa games/ ASCII text files used by various games t Pa groff_font/ device description file for device name t Pa info/ GNU Info hypertext system t Pa isdn/ ISDN t Pa locale/ localization files; see .Xr setlocale 3 t Pa man/ manual pages t Pa me/ macros for use with the me macro package; see .Xr me 7 t Pa misc/ misc system-wide ASCII text files l -tag -width Fl -compact t Pa fonts/ ??? t Pa pcvtfonts/ pcvt fonts; see .Xr pcvt 4 t Pa termcap terminal characteristics database; see .Xr termcap 5 .El t Pa mk/ templates for make; see .Xr make 1 t Pa nls/ national language support files; see .Xr mklocale 1 t Pa pcvt/ pcvt documentation and etc examples; see .Xr pcvt 4 t Pa sendmail/ .Xr sendmail 8 configuration files t Pa skel/ example . (dot) files for new accounts t Pa syscons/ files used by syscons; see .Xr syscons 4 l -tag -width "scrnmaps/xx" -compact t Pa fonts/ console fonts; see .Xr vidcontrol 1 and .Xr vidfont 1 t Pa keymaps/ console keyboard maps; see .Xr kbdcontrol 1 and .Xr kbdmap 1 t Pa scrnmaps/ console screen maps .El t Pa tabset/ tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in the termcap file; see .Xr termcap 5 t Pa tmac/ text processing macros; see .Xr nroff 1 and .Xr troff 1 t Pa vi/ localization support and utilities for .Xr vi 1 t Pa zoneinfo/ timezone configuration information; see .Xr tzfile 5 .El t Pa src/ x , third-party, and/or local source files
p l -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact t Pa bin/ source code for files in /bin t Pa contrib/ source code for contributed software t Pa crypto/ source code for contributed cryptography software t Pa etc/ source code for files in /etc t Pa games/ source code for files in /usr/games t Pa gnu/ Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License t Pa include/ source code for files in /usr/include t Pa kerberos5/ build infrastructure for kerberos version 5 t Pa lib/ source code for files in /usr/lib t Pa libexec/ source code for files in /usr/libexec t Pa release/ files required to produce a .Fx release t Pa sbin/ source code for files in /sbin t Pa secure/ build directory for files in /usr/src/crypto t Pa share/ source for files in /usr/share t Pa sys/ kernel source code t Pa tools/ tools used for maintenance and testing of .Fx t Pa usr.bin/ source code for files in /usr/bin t Pa usr.sbin/ source code for files in /usr/sbin .El
p t Pa X11R6/ X11R6 distribution executables, libraries, etc (optional). l -tag -width "include/" -compact t Pa bin/ X11R6 binaries (servers, utilities, local packages/ports). t Pa etc/ X11R6 configuration files and scripts. t Pa include/ X11R6 include files. t Pa lib/ X11R6 libraries. t Pa man/ X11R6 manual pages. t Pa share/ architecture-independent files. .El .El t Pa /var/ multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
p l -tag -width "preserve/" -compact t Pa account/ system accounting files
p l -tag -width Fl -compact t Pa acct execution accounting file; see .Xr acct 5 .El
p t Pa at/ timed command scheduling files; see .Xr at 1 l -tag -width "preserve/" -compact t Pa jobs/ directory containing job files t Pa spool/ directory containing output spool files .El
p t Pa backups/ misc. backup files t Pa crash/ default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see .Xr crash 8 and .Xr savecore 8 t Pa cron/ files used by cron; see .Xr cron 8 l -tag -width "preserve/" -compact t Pa tabs/ crontab files; see .Xr crontab 5 .El
p t Pa db/ misc. automatically generated system-specific database files t Pa empty/ empty directory used by .Xr sshd 8 for privilege separation t Pa games/ misc. game status and score files t Pa heimdal/ kerberos server databases; see .Xr kdc 8 t Pa log/ misc. system log files
p l -tag -width Fl -compact t Pa wtmp login/logout log; see .Xr wtmp 5 .El
p t Pa mail/ user mailbox files t Pa msgs/ system messages database; see .Xr msgs 1 t Pa preserve/ temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death of an editor; see .Xr ex 1 t Pa quotas/ file system quota information files t Pa run/ system information files describing various info about system since it was booted
p l -tag -width Fl -compact t Pa named/ writable by the .Dq bind user; see .Xr named 8 t Pa ppp/ writable by the .Dq network group for command connection sockets; see .Xr ppp 8 t Pa utmp database of current users; see .Xr utmp 5 .El
p t Pa rwho/ rwho data files; see .Xr rwhod 8 , .Xr rwho 1 , and .Xr ruptime 1 t Pa spool/ misc. printer and mail system spooling directories
p l -tag -width Fl -compact t Pa clientmqueue/ undelivered submission mail queue; see .Xr sendmail 8 t Pa ftp/ commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory t Pa mqueue/ undelivered mail queue; see .Xr sendmail 8 t Pa output/ line printer spooling directories .El
p t Pa tmp/ temporary files that are kept between system reboots l -tag -width Fl -compact t Pa vi.recover/ the directory where recovery files are stored .El t Pa yp/ the NIS maps .El .El .Sh NOTES This manual page documents the default .Fx file system layout, but the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system administrator's discretion. A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of this document. .Sh SEE ALSO .Xr apropos 1 , .Xr find 1 , .Xr finger 1 , .Xr grep 1 , .Xr ls 1 , .Xr whatis 1 , .Xr whereis 1 , .Xr which 1 , .Xr fsck 8 .Sh HISTORY A .Nm manual page appeared in .At v7 .