1<html lang="en"> 2<head> 3<title>Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)</title> 4<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html"> 5<meta name="description" content="Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)"> 6<meta name="generator" content="makeinfo 4.13"> 7<link title="Top" rel="start" href="#Top"> 8<link href="http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/" rel="generator-home" title="Texinfo Homepage"> 9<!-- 10Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 111998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 122010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 13 14Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document 15under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or 16any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the 17Invariant Sections being "Funding Free Software", the Front-Cover 18Texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) 19(see below). A copy of the license is included in the section entitled 20"GNU Free Documentation License". 21 22(a) The FSF's Front-Cover Text is: 23 24 A GNU Manual 25 26(b) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: 27 28 You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU 29 software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise 30 funds for GNU development.--> 31<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css"> 32<style type="text/css"><!-- 33 pre.display { font-family:inherit } 34 pre.format { font-family:inherit } 35 pre.smalldisplay { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller } 36 pre.smallformat { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller } 37 pre.smallexample { font-size:smaller } 38 pre.smalllisp { font-size:smaller } 39 span.sc { font-variant:small-caps } 40 span.roman { font-family:serif; font-weight:normal; } 41 span.sansserif { font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:normal; } 42--></style> 43<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../cs.css"> 44</head> 45<body> 46This file documents the use of the GNU compilers. 47 <pre class="sp"> 48 49</pre> 50Copyright © 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 511998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 522010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 53 54 <p>Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document 55under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or 56any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the 57Invariant Sections being “Funding Free Software”, the Front-Cover 58Texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) 59(see below). A copy of the license is included in the section entitled 60“GNU Free Documentation License”. 61 62 <p>(a) The FSF's Front-Cover Text is: 63 64 <p>A GNU Manual 65 66 <p>(b) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: 67 68 <p>You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU 69 software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise 70 funds for GNU development. 71 <pre class="sp"> 72 73</pre> 74 75<div class="shortcontents"> 76<h2>Short Contents</h2> 77<ul> 78<li><a href="index.html#toc_Top">Introduction</a></li> 79<li><a href="index.html#toc_G_002b_002b-and-GCC">1 Programming Languages Supported by GCC</a></li> 80<li><a href="index.html#toc_Standards">2 Language Standards Supported by GCC</a></li> 81<li><a href="index.html#toc_Invoking-GCC">3 GCC Command Options</a></li> 82<li><a href="index.html#toc_C-Implementation">4 C Implementation-defined behavior</a></li> 83<li><a href="index.html#toc_C_002b_002b-Implementation">5 C++ Implementation-defined behavior</a></li> 84<li><a href="index.html#toc_C-Extensions">6 Extensions to the C Language Family</a></li> 85<li><a href="index.html#toc_C_002b_002b-Extensions">7 Extensions to the C++ Language</a></li> 86<li><a href="index.html#toc_Objective_002dC">8 GNU Objective-C features</a></li> 87<li><a href="index.html#toc_Compatibility">9 Binary Compatibility</a></li> 88<li><a href="index.html#toc_Gcov">10 <samp><span class="command">gcov</span></samp>—a Test Coverage Program</a></li> 89<li><a href="index.html#toc_Trouble">11 Known Causes of Trouble with GCC</a></li> 90<li><a href="index.html#toc_Bugs">12 Reporting Bugs</a></li> 91<li><a href="index.html#toc_Service">13 How To Get Help with GCC</a></li> 92<li><a href="index.html#toc_Contributing">14 Contributing to GCC Development</a></li> 93<li><a href="index.html#toc_Funding">Funding Free Software</a></li> 94<li><a href="index.html#toc_GNU-Project">The GNU Project and GNU/Linux</a></li> 95<li><a href="index.html#toc_Copying">GNU General Public License</a></li> 96<li><a href="index.html#toc_GNU-Free-Documentation-License">GNU Free Documentation License</a></li> 97<li><a href="index.html#toc_Contributors">Contributors to GCC</a></li> 98<li><a href="index.html#toc_Option-Index">Option Index</a></li> 99<li><a href="index.html#toc_Keyword-Index">Keyword Index</a></li> 100</ul> 101</div> 102 103 104 105 <div class="contents"> 106<h2>Table of Contents</h2> 107<ul> 108<li><a name="toc_Top" href="index.html#Top">Introduction</a> 109<li><a name="toc_G_002b_002b-and-GCC" href="G_002b_002b-and-GCC.html#G_002b_002b-and-GCC">1 Programming Languages Supported by GCC</a> 110<li><a name="toc_Standards" href="Standards.html#Standards">2 Language Standards Supported by GCC</a> 111<ul> 112<li><a href="Standards.html#Standards">2.1 C language</a> 113<li><a href="Standards.html#Standards">2.2 C++ language</a> 114<li><a href="Standards.html#Standards">2.3 Objective-C and Objective-C++ languages</a> 115<li><a href="Standards.html#Standards">2.4 Go language</a> 116<li><a href="Standards.html#Standards">2.5 References for other languages</a> 117</li></ul> 118<li><a name="toc_Invoking-GCC" href="Invoking-GCC.html#Invoking-GCC">3 GCC Command Options</a> 119<ul> 120<li><a href="Option-Summary.html#Option-Summary">3.1 Option Summary</a> 121<li><a href="Overall-Options.html#Overall-Options">3.2 Options Controlling the Kind of Output</a> 122<li><a href="Invoking-G_002b_002b.html#Invoking-G_002b_002b">3.3 Compiling C++ Programs</a> 123<li><a href="C-Dialect-Options.html#C-Dialect-Options">3.4 Options Controlling C Dialect</a> 124<li><a href="C_002b_002b-Dialect-Options.html#C_002b_002b-Dialect-Options">3.5 Options Controlling C++ Dialect</a> 125<li><a href="Objective_002dC-and-Objective_002dC_002b_002b-Dialect-Options.html#Objective_002dC-and-Objective_002dC_002b_002b-Dialect-Options">3.6 Options Controlling Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialects</a> 126<li><a href="Language-Independent-Options.html#Language-Independent-Options">3.7 Options to Control Diagnostic Messages Formatting</a> 127<li><a href="Warning-Options.html#Warning-Options">3.8 Options to Request or Suppress Warnings</a> 128<li><a href="Debugging-Options.html#Debugging-Options">3.9 Options for Debugging Your Program or GCC</a> 129<li><a href="Optimize-Options.html#Optimize-Options">3.10 Options That Control Optimization</a> 130<li><a href="Preprocessor-Options.html#Preprocessor-Options">3.11 Options Controlling the Preprocessor</a> 131<li><a href="Assembler-Options.html#Assembler-Options">3.12 Passing Options to the Assembler</a> 132<li><a href="Link-Options.html#Link-Options">3.13 Options for Linking</a> 133<li><a href="Directory-Options.html#Directory-Options">3.14 Options for Directory Search</a> 134<li><a href="Spec-Files.html#Spec-Files">3.15 Specifying subprocesses and the switches to pass to them</a> 135<li><a href="Target-Options.html#Target-Options">3.16 Specifying Target Machine and Compiler Version</a> 136<li><a href="Submodel-Options.html#Submodel-Options">3.17 Hardware Models and Configurations</a> 137<ul> 138<li><a href="ARC-Options.html#ARC-Options">3.17.1 ARC Options</a> 139<li><a href="ARM-Options.html#ARM-Options">3.17.2 ARM Options</a> 140<li><a href="AVR-Options.html#AVR-Options">3.17.3 AVR Options</a> 141<li><a href="Blackfin-Options.html#Blackfin-Options">3.17.4 Blackfin Options</a> 142<li><a href="CRIS-Options.html#CRIS-Options">3.17.5 CRIS Options</a> 143<li><a href="CRX-Options.html#CRX-Options">3.17.6 CRX Options</a> 144<li><a href="Darwin-Options.html#Darwin-Options">3.17.7 Darwin Options</a> 145<li><a href="DEC-Alpha-Options.html#DEC-Alpha-Options">3.17.8 DEC Alpha Options</a> 146<li><a href="DEC-Alpha_002fVMS-Options.html#DEC-Alpha_002fVMS-Options">3.17.9 DEC Alpha/VMS Options</a> 147<li><a href="FR30-Options.html#FR30-Options">3.17.10 FR30 Options</a> 148<li><a href="FRV-Options.html#FRV-Options">3.17.11 FRV Options</a> 149<li><a href="GNU_002fLinux-Options.html#GNU_002fLinux-Options">3.17.12 GNU/Linux Options</a> 150<li><a href="H8_002f300-Options.html#H8_002f300-Options">3.17.13 H8/300 Options</a> 151<li><a href="HPPA-Options.html#HPPA-Options">3.17.14 HPPA Options</a> 152<li><a href="i386-and-x86_002d64-Options.html#i386-and-x86_002d64-Options">3.17.15 Intel 386 and AMD x86-64 Options</a> 153<li><a href="i386-and-x86_002d64-Windows-Options.html#i386-and-x86_002d64-Windows-Options">3.17.16 i386 and x86-64 Windows Options</a> 154<li><a href="IA_002d64-Options.html#IA_002d64-Options">3.17.17 IA-64 Options</a> 155<li><a href="IA_002d64_002fVMS-Options.html#IA_002d64_002fVMS-Options">3.17.18 IA-64/VMS Options</a> 156<li><a href="LM32-Options.html#LM32-Options">3.17.19 LM32 Options</a> 157<li><a href="M32C-Options.html#M32C-Options">3.17.20 M32C Options</a> 158<li><a href="M32R_002fD-Options.html#M32R_002fD-Options">3.17.21 M32R/D Options</a> 159<li><a href="M680x0-Options.html#M680x0-Options">3.17.22 M680x0 Options</a> 160<li><a href="M68hc1x-Options.html#M68hc1x-Options">3.17.23 M68hc1x Options</a> 161<li><a href="MCore-Options.html#MCore-Options">3.17.24 MCore Options</a> 162<li><a href="MeP-Options.html#MeP-Options">3.17.25 MeP Options</a> 163<li><a href="MicroBlaze-Options.html#MicroBlaze-Options">3.17.26 MicroBlaze Options</a> 164<li><a href="MIPS-Options.html#MIPS-Options">3.17.27 MIPS Options</a> 165<li><a href="MMIX-Options.html#MMIX-Options">3.17.28 MMIX Options</a> 166<li><a href="MN10300-Options.html#MN10300-Options">3.17.29 MN10300 Options</a> 167<li><a href="PDP_002d11-Options.html#PDP_002d11-Options">3.17.30 PDP-11 Options</a> 168<li><a href="picoChip-Options.html#picoChip-Options">3.17.31 picoChip Options</a> 169<li><a href="PowerPC-Options.html#PowerPC-Options">3.17.32 PowerPC Options</a> 170<li><a href="RS_002f6000-and-PowerPC-Options.html#RS_002f6000-and-PowerPC-Options">3.17.33 IBM RS/6000 and PowerPC Options</a> 171<li><a href="RX-Options.html#RX-Options">3.17.34 RX Options</a> 172<li><a href="S_002f390-and-zSeries-Options.html#S_002f390-and-zSeries-Options">3.17.35 S/390 and zSeries Options</a> 173<li><a href="Score-Options.html#Score-Options">3.17.36 Score Options</a> 174<li><a href="SH-Options.html#SH-Options">3.17.37 SH Options</a> 175<li><a href="Solaris-2-Options.html#Solaris-2-Options">3.17.38 Solaris 2 Options</a> 176<li><a href="SPARC-Options.html#SPARC-Options">3.17.39 SPARC Options</a> 177<li><a href="SPU-Options.html#SPU-Options">3.17.40 SPU Options</a> 178<li><a href="System-V-Options.html#System-V-Options">3.17.41 Options for System V</a> 179<li><a href="V850-Options.html#V850-Options">3.17.42 V850 Options</a> 180<li><a href="VAX-Options.html#VAX-Options">3.17.43 VAX Options</a> 181<li><a href="VxWorks-Options.html#VxWorks-Options">3.17.44 VxWorks Options</a> 182<li><a href="x86_002d64-Options.html#x86_002d64-Options">3.17.45 x86-64 Options</a> 183<li><a href="Xstormy16-Options.html#Xstormy16-Options">3.17.46 Xstormy16 Options</a> 184<li><a href="Xtensa-Options.html#Xtensa-Options">3.17.47 Xtensa Options</a> 185<li><a href="zSeries-Options.html#zSeries-Options">3.17.48 zSeries Options</a> 186</li></ul> 187<li><a href="Code-Gen-Options.html#Code-Gen-Options">3.18 Options for Code Generation Conventions</a> 188<li><a href="Environment-Variables.html#Environment-Variables">3.19 Environment Variables Affecting GCC</a> 189<li><a href="Precompiled-Headers.html#Precompiled-Headers">3.20 Using Precompiled Headers</a> 190</li></ul> 191<li><a name="toc_C-Implementation" href="C-Implementation.html#C-Implementation">4 C Implementation-defined behavior</a> 192<ul> 193<li><a href="Translation-implementation.html#Translation-implementation">4.1 Translation</a> 194<li><a href="Environment-implementation.html#Environment-implementation">4.2 Environment</a> 195<li><a href="Identifiers-implementation.html#Identifiers-implementation">4.3 Identifiers</a> 196<li><a href="Characters-implementation.html#Characters-implementation">4.4 Characters</a> 197<li><a href="Integers-implementation.html#Integers-implementation">4.5 Integers</a> 198<li><a href="Floating-point-implementation.html#Floating-point-implementation">4.6 Floating point</a> 199<li><a href="Arrays-and-pointers-implementation.html#Arrays-and-pointers-implementation">4.7 Arrays and pointers</a> 200<li><a href="Hints-implementation.html#Hints-implementation">4.8 Hints</a> 201<li><a href="Structures-unions-enumerations-and-bit_002dfields-implementation.html#Structures-unions-enumerations-and-bit_002dfields-implementation">4.9 Structures, unions, enumerations, and bit-fields</a> 202<li><a href="Qualifiers-implementation.html#Qualifiers-implementation">4.10 Qualifiers</a> 203<li><a href="Declarators-implementation.html#Declarators-implementation">4.11 Declarators</a> 204<li><a href="Statements-implementation.html#Statements-implementation">4.12 Statements</a> 205<li><a href="Preprocessing-directives-implementation.html#Preprocessing-directives-implementation">4.13 Preprocessing directives</a> 206<li><a href="Library-functions-implementation.html#Library-functions-implementation">4.14 Library functions</a> 207<li><a href="Architecture-implementation.html#Architecture-implementation">4.15 Architecture</a> 208<li><a href="Locale_002dspecific-behavior-implementation.html#Locale_002dspecific-behavior-implementation">4.16 Locale-specific behavior</a> 209</li></ul> 210<li><a name="toc_C_002b_002b-Implementation" href="C_002b_002b-Implementation.html#C_002b_002b-Implementation">5 C++ Implementation-defined behavior</a> 211<ul> 212<li><a href="Conditionally_002dsupported-behavior.html#Conditionally_002dsupported-behavior">5.1 Conditionally-supported behavior</a> 213<li><a href="Exception-handling.html#Exception-handling">5.2 Exception handling</a> 214</li></ul> 215<li><a name="toc_C-Extensions" href="C-Extensions.html#C-Extensions">6 Extensions to the C Language Family</a> 216<ul> 217<li><a href="Statement-Exprs.html#Statement-Exprs">6.1 Statements and Declarations in Expressions</a> 218<li><a href="Local-Labels.html#Local-Labels">6.2 Locally Declared Labels</a> 219<li><a href="Labels-as-Values.html#Labels-as-Values">6.3 Labels as Values</a> 220<li><a href="Nested-Functions.html#Nested-Functions">6.4 Nested Functions</a> 221<li><a href="Constructing-Calls.html#Constructing-Calls">6.5 Constructing Function Calls</a> 222<li><a href="Typeof.html#Typeof">6.6 Referring to a Type with <code>typeof</code></a> 223<li><a href="Conditionals.html#Conditionals">6.7 Conditionals with Omitted Operands</a> 224<li><a href="_005f_005fint128.html#_005f_005fint128">6.8 128-bits integers</a> 225<li><a href="Long-Long.html#Long-Long">6.9 Double-Word Integers</a> 226<li><a href="Complex.html#Complex">6.10 Complex Numbers</a> 227<li><a href="Floating-Types.html#Floating-Types">6.11 Additional Floating Types</a> 228<li><a href="Half_002dPrecision.html#Half_002dPrecision">6.12 Half-Precision Floating Point</a> 229<li><a href="Decimal-Float.html#Decimal-Float">6.13 Decimal Floating Types</a> 230<li><a href="Hex-Floats.html#Hex-Floats">6.14 Hex Floats</a> 231<li><a href="Fixed_002dPoint.html#Fixed_002dPoint">6.15 Fixed-Point Types</a> 232<li><a href="Named-Address-Spaces.html#Named-Address-Spaces">6.16 Named address spaces</a> 233<li><a href="Zero-Length.html#Zero-Length">6.17 Arrays of Length Zero</a> 234<li><a href="Empty-Structures.html#Empty-Structures">6.18 Structures With No Members</a> 235<li><a href="Variable-Length.html#Variable-Length">6.19 Arrays of Variable Length</a> 236<li><a href="Variadic-Macros.html#Variadic-Macros">6.20 Macros with a Variable Number of Arguments.</a> 237<li><a href="Escaped-Newlines.html#Escaped-Newlines">6.21 Slightly Looser Rules for Escaped Newlines</a> 238<li><a href="Subscripting.html#Subscripting">6.22 Non-Lvalue Arrays May Have Subscripts</a> 239<li><a href="Pointer-Arith.html#Pointer-Arith">6.23 Arithmetic on <code>void</code>- and Function-Pointers</a> 240<li><a href="Initializers.html#Initializers">6.24 Non-Constant Initializers</a> 241<li><a href="Compound-Literals.html#Compound-Literals">6.25 Compound Literals</a> 242<li><a href="Designated-Inits.html#Designated-Inits">6.26 Designated Initializers</a> 243<li><a href="Case-Ranges.html#Case-Ranges">6.27 Case Ranges</a> 244<li><a href="Cast-to-Union.html#Cast-to-Union">6.28 Cast to a Union Type</a> 245<li><a href="Mixed-Declarations.html#Mixed-Declarations">6.29 Mixed Declarations and Code</a> 246<li><a href="Function-Attributes.html#Function-Attributes">6.30 Declaring Attributes of Functions</a> 247<li><a href="Attribute-Syntax.html#Attribute-Syntax">6.31 Attribute Syntax</a> 248<li><a href="Function-Prototypes.html#Function-Prototypes">6.32 Prototypes and Old-Style Function Definitions</a> 249<li><a href="C_002b_002b-Comments.html#C_002b_002b-Comments">6.33 C++ Style Comments</a> 250<li><a href="Dollar-Signs.html#Dollar-Signs">6.34 Dollar Signs in Identifier Names</a> 251<li><a href="Character-Escapes.html#Character-Escapes">6.35 The Character <ESC> in Constants</a> 252<li><a href="Variable-Attributes.html#Variable-Attributes">6.36 Specifying Attributes of Variables</a> 253<ul> 254<li><a href="Variable-Attributes.html#Variable-Attributes">6.36.1 Blackfin Variable Attributes</a> 255<li><a href="Variable-Attributes.html#Variable-Attributes">6.36.2 M32R/D Variable Attributes</a> 256<li><a href="Variable-Attributes.html#Variable-Attributes">6.36.3 MeP Variable Attributes</a> 257<li><a href="Variable-Attributes.html#Variable-Attributes">6.36.4 i386 Variable Attributes</a> 258<li><a href="Variable-Attributes.html#Variable-Attributes">6.36.5 PowerPC Variable Attributes</a> 259<li><a href="Variable-Attributes.html#Variable-Attributes">6.36.6 SPU Variable Attributes</a> 260<li><a href="Variable-Attributes.html#Variable-Attributes">6.36.7 Xstormy16 Variable Attributes</a> 261<li><a href="Variable-Attributes.html#Variable-Attributes">6.36.8 AVR Variable Attributes</a> 262</li></ul> 263<li><a href="Type-Attributes.html#Type-Attributes">6.37 Specifying Attributes of Types</a> 264<ul> 265<li><a href="Type-Attributes.html#Type-Attributes">6.37.1 ARM Type Attributes</a> 266<li><a href="Type-Attributes.html#Type-Attributes">6.37.2 MeP Type Attributes</a> 267<li><a href="Type-Attributes.html#Type-Attributes">6.37.3 i386 Type Attributes</a> 268<li><a href="Type-Attributes.html#Type-Attributes">6.37.4 PowerPC Type Attributes</a> 269<li><a href="Type-Attributes.html#Type-Attributes">6.37.5 SPU Type Attributes</a> 270</li></ul> 271<li><a href="Alignment.html#Alignment">6.38 Inquiring on Alignment of Types or Variables</a> 272<li><a href="Inline.html#Inline">6.39 An Inline Function is As Fast As a Macro</a> 273<li><a href="Volatiles.html#Volatiles">6.40 When is a Volatile Object Accessed?</a> 274<li><a href="Extended-Asm.html#Extended-Asm">6.41 Assembler Instructions with C Expression Operands</a> 275<ul> 276<li><a href="Extended-Asm.html#Extended-Asm">6.41.1 Size of an <code>asm</code></a> 277<li><a href="Extended-Asm.html#Extended-Asm">6.41.2 i386 floating point asm operands</a> 278</li></ul> 279<li><a href="Constraints.html#Constraints">6.42 Constraints for <code>asm</code> Operands</a> 280<ul> 281<li><a href="Simple-Constraints.html#Simple-Constraints">6.42.1 Simple Constraints</a> 282<li><a href="Multi_002dAlternative.html#Multi_002dAlternative">6.42.2 Multiple Alternative Constraints</a> 283<li><a href="Modifiers.html#Modifiers">6.42.3 Constraint Modifier Characters</a> 284<li><a href="Machine-Constraints.html#Machine-Constraints">6.42.4 Constraints for Particular Machines</a> 285</li></ul> 286<li><a href="Asm-Labels.html#Asm-Labels">6.43 Controlling Names Used in Assembler Code</a> 287<li><a href="Explicit-Reg-Vars.html#Explicit-Reg-Vars">6.44 Variables in Specified Registers</a> 288<ul> 289<li><a href="Global-Reg-Vars.html#Global-Reg-Vars">6.44.1 Defining Global Register Variables</a> 290<li><a href="Local-Reg-Vars.html#Local-Reg-Vars">6.44.2 Specifying Registers for Local Variables</a> 291</li></ul> 292<li><a href="Alternate-Keywords.html#Alternate-Keywords">6.45 Alternate Keywords</a> 293<li><a href="Incomplete-Enums.html#Incomplete-Enums">6.46 Incomplete <code>enum</code> Types</a> 294<li><a href="Function-Names.html#Function-Names">6.47 Function Names as Strings</a> 295<li><a href="Return-Address.html#Return-Address">6.48 Getting the Return or Frame Address of a Function</a> 296<li><a href="Vector-Extensions.html#Vector-Extensions">6.49 Using vector instructions through built-in functions</a> 297<li><a href="Offsetof.html#Offsetof">6.50 Offsetof</a> 298<li><a href="Atomic-Builtins.html#Atomic-Builtins">6.51 Built-in functions for atomic memory access</a> 299<li><a href="Object-Size-Checking.html#Object-Size-Checking">6.52 Object Size Checking Builtins</a> 300<li><a href="Other-Builtins.html#Other-Builtins">6.53 Other built-in functions provided by GCC</a> 301<li><a href="Target-Builtins.html#Target-Builtins">6.54 Built-in Functions Specific to Particular Target Machines</a> 302<ul> 303<li><a href="Alpha-Built_002din-Functions.html#Alpha-Built_002din-Functions">6.54.1 Alpha Built-in Functions</a> 304<li><a href="ARM-iWMMXt-Built_002din-Functions.html#ARM-iWMMXt-Built_002din-Functions">6.54.2 ARM iWMMXt Built-in Functions</a> 305<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3 ARM NEON Intrinsics</a> 306<ul> 307<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.1 Addition</a> 308<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.2 Multiplication</a> 309<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.3 Multiply-accumulate</a> 310<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.4 Multiply-subtract</a> 311<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.5 Subtraction</a> 312<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.6 Comparison (equal-to)</a> 313<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.7 Comparison (greater-than-or-equal-to)</a> 314<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.8 Comparison (less-than-or-equal-to)</a> 315<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.9 Comparison (greater-than)</a> 316<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.10 Comparison (less-than)</a> 317<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.11 Comparison (absolute greater-than-or-equal-to)</a> 318<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.12 Comparison (absolute less-than-or-equal-to)</a> 319<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.13 Comparison (absolute greater-than)</a> 320<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.14 Comparison (absolute less-than)</a> 321<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.15 Test bits</a> 322<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.16 Absolute difference</a> 323<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.17 Absolute difference and accumulate</a> 324<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.18 Maximum</a> 325<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.19 Minimum</a> 326<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.20 Pairwise add</a> 327<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.21 Pairwise add, single_opcode widen and accumulate</a> 328<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.22 Folding maximum</a> 329<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.23 Folding minimum</a> 330<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.24 Reciprocal step</a> 331<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.25 Vector shift left</a> 332<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.26 Vector shift left by constant</a> 333<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.27 Vector shift right by constant</a> 334<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.28 Vector shift right by constant and accumulate</a> 335<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.29 Vector shift right and insert</a> 336<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.30 Vector shift left and insert</a> 337<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.31 Absolute value</a> 338<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.32 Negation</a> 339<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.33 Bitwise not</a> 340<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.34 Count leading sign bits</a> 341<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.35 Count leading zeros</a> 342<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.36 Count number of set bits</a> 343<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.37 Reciprocal estimate</a> 344<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.38 Reciprocal square-root estimate</a> 345<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.39 Get lanes from a vector</a> 346<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.40 Set lanes in a vector</a> 347<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.41 Create vector from literal bit pattern</a> 348<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.42 Set all lanes to the same value</a> 349<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.43 Combining vectors</a> 350<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.44 Splitting vectors</a> 351<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.45 Conversions</a> 352<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.46 Move, single_opcode narrowing</a> 353<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.47 Move, single_opcode long</a> 354<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.48 Table lookup</a> 355<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.49 Extended table lookup</a> 356<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.50 Multiply, lane</a> 357<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.51 Long multiply, lane</a> 358<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.52 Saturating doubling long multiply, lane</a> 359<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.53 Saturating doubling multiply high, lane</a> 360<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.54 Multiply-accumulate, lane</a> 361<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.55 Multiply-subtract, lane</a> 362<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.56 Vector multiply by scalar</a> 363<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.57 Vector long multiply by scalar</a> 364<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.58 Vector saturating doubling long multiply by scalar</a> 365<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.59 Vector saturating doubling multiply high by scalar</a> 366<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.60 Vector multiply-accumulate by scalar</a> 367<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.61 Vector multiply-subtract by scalar</a> 368<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.62 Vector extract</a> 369<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.63 Reverse elements</a> 370<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.64 Bit selection</a> 371<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.65 Transpose elements</a> 372<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.66 Zip elements</a> 373<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.67 Unzip elements</a> 374<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.68 Element/structure loads, VLD1 variants</a> 375<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.69 Element/structure stores, VST1 variants</a> 376<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.70 Element/structure loads, VLD2 variants</a> 377<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.71 Element/structure stores, VST2 variants</a> 378<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.72 Element/structure loads, VLD3 variants</a> 379<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.73 Element/structure stores, VST3 variants</a> 380<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.74 Element/structure loads, VLD4 variants</a> 381<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.75 Element/structure stores, VST4 variants</a> 382<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.76 Logical operations (AND)</a> 383<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.77 Logical operations (OR)</a> 384<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.78 Logical operations (exclusive OR)</a> 385<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.79 Logical operations (AND-NOT)</a> 386<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.80 Logical operations (OR-NOT)</a> 387<li><a href="ARM-NEON-Intrinsics.html#ARM-NEON-Intrinsics">6.54.3.81 Reinterpret casts</a> 388</li></ul> 389<li><a href="Blackfin-Built_002din-Functions.html#Blackfin-Built_002din-Functions">6.54.4 Blackfin Built-in Functions</a> 390<li><a href="FR_002dV-Built_002din-Functions.html#FR_002dV-Built_002din-Functions">6.54.5 FR-V Built-in Functions</a> 391<ul> 392<li><a href="Argument-Types.html#Argument-Types">6.54.5.1 Argument Types</a> 393<li><a href="Directly_002dmapped-Integer-Functions.html#Directly_002dmapped-Integer-Functions">6.54.5.2 Directly-mapped Integer Functions</a> 394<li><a href="Directly_002dmapped-Media-Functions.html#Directly_002dmapped-Media-Functions">6.54.5.3 Directly-mapped Media Functions</a> 395<li><a href="Raw-read_002fwrite-Functions.html#Raw-read_002fwrite-Functions">6.54.5.4 Raw read/write Functions</a> 396<li><a href="Other-Built_002din-Functions.html#Other-Built_002din-Functions">6.54.5.5 Other Built-in Functions</a> 397</li></ul> 398<li><a href="X86-Built_002din-Functions.html#X86-Built_002din-Functions">6.54.6 X86 Built-in Functions</a> 399<li><a href="MIPS-DSP-Built_002din-Functions.html#MIPS-DSP-Built_002din-Functions">6.54.7 MIPS DSP Built-in Functions</a> 400<li><a href="MIPS-Paired_002dSingle-Support.html#MIPS-Paired_002dSingle-Support">6.54.8 MIPS Paired-Single Support</a> 401<li><a href="MIPS-Loongson-Built_002din-Functions.html#MIPS-Loongson-Built_002din-Functions">6.54.9 MIPS Loongson Built-in Functions</a> 402<ul> 403<li><a href="Paired_002dSingle-Arithmetic.html#Paired_002dSingle-Arithmetic">6.54.9.1 Paired-Single Arithmetic</a> 404<li><a href="Paired_002dSingle-Built_002din-Functions.html#Paired_002dSingle-Built_002din-Functions">6.54.9.2 Paired-Single Built-in Functions</a> 405<li><a href="MIPS_002d3D-Built_002din-Functions.html#MIPS_002d3D-Built_002din-Functions">6.54.9.3 MIPS-3D Built-in Functions</a> 406</li></ul> 407<li><a href="picoChip-Built_002din-Functions.html#picoChip-Built_002din-Functions">6.54.10 picoChip Built-in Functions</a> 408<li><a href="Other-MIPS-Built_002din-Functions.html#Other-MIPS-Built_002din-Functions">6.54.11 Other MIPS Built-in Functions</a> 409<li><a href="PowerPC-AltiVec_002fVSX-Built_002din-Functions.html#PowerPC-AltiVec_002fVSX-Built_002din-Functions">6.54.12 PowerPC AltiVec Built-in Functions</a> 410<li><a href="RX-Built_002din-Functions.html#RX-Built_002din-Functions">6.54.13 RX Built-in Functions</a> 411<li><a href="SPARC-VIS-Built_002din-Functions.html#SPARC-VIS-Built_002din-Functions">6.54.14 SPARC VIS Built-in Functions</a> 412<li><a href="SPU-Built_002din-Functions.html#SPU-Built_002din-Functions">6.54.15 SPU Built-in Functions</a> 413</li></ul> 414<li><a href="Target-Format-Checks.html#Target-Format-Checks">6.55 Format Checks Specific to Particular Target Machines</a> 415<ul> 416<li><a href="Solaris-Format-Checks.html#Solaris-Format-Checks">6.55.1 Solaris Format Checks</a> 417<li><a href="Darwin-Format-Checks.html#Darwin-Format-Checks">6.55.2 Darwin Format Checks</a> 418</li></ul> 419<li><a href="Pragmas.html#Pragmas">6.56 Pragmas Accepted by GCC</a> 420<ul> 421<li><a href="ARM-Pragmas.html#ARM-Pragmas">6.56.1 ARM Pragmas</a> 422<li><a href="M32C-Pragmas.html#M32C-Pragmas">6.56.2 M32C Pragmas</a> 423<li><a href="MeP-Pragmas.html#MeP-Pragmas">6.56.3 MeP Pragmas</a> 424<li><a href="RS_002f6000-and-PowerPC-Pragmas.html#RS_002f6000-and-PowerPC-Pragmas">6.56.4 RS/6000 and PowerPC Pragmas</a> 425<li><a href="Darwin-Pragmas.html#Darwin-Pragmas">6.56.5 Darwin Pragmas</a> 426<li><a href="Solaris-Pragmas.html#Solaris-Pragmas">6.56.6 Solaris Pragmas</a> 427<li><a href="Symbol_002dRenaming-Pragmas.html#Symbol_002dRenaming-Pragmas">6.56.7 Symbol-Renaming Pragmas</a> 428<li><a href="Structure_002dPacking-Pragmas.html#Structure_002dPacking-Pragmas">6.56.8 Structure-Packing Pragmas</a> 429<li><a href="Weak-Pragmas.html#Weak-Pragmas">6.56.9 Weak Pragmas</a> 430<li><a href="Diagnostic-Pragmas.html#Diagnostic-Pragmas">6.56.10 Diagnostic Pragmas</a> 431<li><a href="Visibility-Pragmas.html#Visibility-Pragmas">6.56.11 Visibility Pragmas</a> 432<li><a href="Push_002fPop-Macro-Pragmas.html#Push_002fPop-Macro-Pragmas">6.56.12 Push/Pop Macro Pragmas</a> 433<li><a href="Function-Specific-Option-Pragmas.html#Function-Specific-Option-Pragmas">6.56.13 Function Specific Option Pragmas</a> 434</li></ul> 435<li><a href="Unnamed-Fields.html#Unnamed-Fields">6.57 Unnamed struct/union fields within structs/unions</a> 436<li><a href="Thread_002dLocal.html#Thread_002dLocal">6.58 Thread-Local Storage</a> 437<ul> 438<li><a href="C99-Thread_002dLocal-Edits.html#C99-Thread_002dLocal-Edits">6.58.1 ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Edits for Thread-Local Storage</a> 439<li><a href="C_002b_002b98-Thread_002dLocal-Edits.html#C_002b_002b98-Thread_002dLocal-Edits">6.58.2 ISO/IEC 14882:1998 Edits for Thread-Local Storage</a> 440</li></ul> 441<li><a href="Binary-constants.html#Binary-constants">6.59 Binary constants using the ‘<samp><span class="samp">0b</span></samp>’ prefix</a> 442</li></ul> 443<li><a name="toc_C_002b_002b-Extensions" href="C_002b_002b-Extensions.html#C_002b_002b-Extensions">7 Extensions to the C++ Language</a> 444<ul> 445<li><a href="C_002b_002b-Volatiles.html#C_002b_002b-Volatiles">7.1 When is a Volatile C++ Object Accessed?</a> 446<li><a href="Restricted-Pointers.html#Restricted-Pointers">7.2 Restricting Pointer Aliasing</a> 447<li><a href="Vague-Linkage.html#Vague-Linkage">7.3 Vague Linkage</a> 448<li><a href="C_002b_002b-Interface.html#C_002b_002b-Interface">7.4 #pragma interface and implementation</a> 449<li><a href="Template-Instantiation.html#Template-Instantiation">7.5 Where's the Template?</a> 450<li><a href="Bound-member-functions.html#Bound-member-functions">7.6 Extracting the function pointer from a bound pointer to member function</a> 451<li><a href="C_002b_002b-Attributes.html#C_002b_002b-Attributes">7.7 C++-Specific Variable, Function, and Type Attributes</a> 452<li><a href="Namespace-Association.html#Namespace-Association">7.8 Namespace Association</a> 453<li><a href="Type-Traits.html#Type-Traits">7.9 Type Traits</a> 454<li><a href="Java-Exceptions.html#Java-Exceptions">7.10 Java Exceptions</a> 455<li><a href="Deprecated-Features.html#Deprecated-Features">7.11 Deprecated Features</a> 456<li><a href="Backwards-Compatibility.html#Backwards-Compatibility">7.12 Backwards Compatibility</a> 457</li></ul> 458<li><a name="toc_Objective_002dC" href="Objective_002dC.html#Objective_002dC">8 GNU Objective-C features</a> 459<ul> 460<li><a href="GNU-Objective_002dC-runtime-API.html#GNU-Objective_002dC-runtime-API">8.1 GNU Objective-C runtime API</a> 461<ul> 462<li><a href="Modern-GNU-Objective_002dC-runtime-API.html#Modern-GNU-Objective_002dC-runtime-API">8.1.1 Modern GNU Objective-C runtime API</a> 463<li><a href="Traditional-GNU-Objective_002dC-runtime-API.html#Traditional-GNU-Objective_002dC-runtime-API">8.1.2 Traditional GNU Objective-C runtime API</a> 464</li></ul> 465<li><a href="Executing-code-before-main.html#Executing-code-before-main">8.2 <code>+load</code>: Executing code before main</a> 466<ul> 467<li><a href="What-you-can-and-what-you-cannot-do-in-_002bload.html#What-you-can-and-what-you-cannot-do-in-_002bload">8.2.1 What you can and what you cannot do in <code>+load</code></a> 468</li></ul> 469<li><a href="Type-encoding.html#Type-encoding">8.3 Type encoding</a> 470<ul> 471<li><a href="Legacy-type-encoding.html#Legacy-type-encoding">8.3.1 Legacy type encoding</a> 472<li><a href="_0040encode.html#_0040encode">8.3.2 @encode</a> 473<li><a href="Method-signatures.html#Method-signatures">8.3.3 Method signatures</a> 474</li></ul> 475<li><a href="Garbage-Collection.html#Garbage-Collection">8.4 Garbage Collection</a> 476<li><a href="Constant-string-objects.html#Constant-string-objects">8.5 Constant string objects</a> 477<li><a href="compatibility_005falias.html#compatibility_005falias">8.6 compatibility_alias</a> 478<li><a href="Exceptions.html#Exceptions">8.7 Exceptions</a> 479<li><a href="Synchronization.html#Synchronization">8.8 Synchronization</a> 480<li><a href="Fast-enumeration.html#Fast-enumeration">8.9 Fast enumeration</a> 481<ul> 482<li><a href="Using-fast-enumeration.html#Using-fast-enumeration">8.9.1 Using fast enumeration</a> 483<li><a href="c99_002dlike-fast-enumeration-syntax.html#c99_002dlike-fast-enumeration-syntax">8.9.2 c99-like fast enumeration syntax</a> 484<li><a href="Fast-enumeration-details.html#Fast-enumeration-details">8.9.3 Fast enumeration details</a> 485<li><a href="Fast-enumeration-protocol.html#Fast-enumeration-protocol">8.9.4 Fast enumeration protocol</a> 486</li></ul> 487<li><a href="Messaging-with-the-GNU-Objective_002dC-runtime.html#Messaging-with-the-GNU-Objective_002dC-runtime">8.10 Messaging with the GNU Objective-C runtime</a> 488<ul> 489<li><a href="Dynamically-registering-methods.html#Dynamically-registering-methods">8.10.1 Dynamically registering methods</a> 490<li><a href="Forwarding-hook.html#Forwarding-hook">8.10.2 Forwarding hook</a> 491</li></ul> 492</li></ul> 493<li><a name="toc_Compatibility" href="Compatibility.html#Compatibility">9 Binary Compatibility</a> 494<li><a name="toc_Gcov" href="Gcov.html#Gcov">10 <samp><span class="command">gcov</span></samp>—a Test Coverage Program</a> 495<ul> 496<li><a href="Gcov-Intro.html#Gcov-Intro">10.1 Introduction to <samp><span class="command">gcov</span></samp></a> 497<li><a href="Invoking-Gcov.html#Invoking-Gcov">10.2 Invoking <samp><span class="command">gcov</span></samp></a> 498<li><a href="Gcov-and-Optimization.html#Gcov-and-Optimization">10.3 Using <samp><span class="command">gcov</span></samp> with GCC Optimization</a> 499<li><a href="Gcov-Data-Files.html#Gcov-Data-Files">10.4 Brief description of <samp><span class="command">gcov</span></samp> data files</a> 500<li><a href="Cross_002dprofiling.html#Cross_002dprofiling">10.5 Data file relocation to support cross-profiling</a> 501</li></ul> 502<li><a name="toc_Trouble" href="Trouble.html#Trouble">11 Known Causes of Trouble with GCC</a> 503<ul> 504<li><a href="Actual-Bugs.html#Actual-Bugs">11.1 Actual Bugs We Haven't Fixed Yet</a> 505<li><a href="Cross_002dCompiler-Problems.html#Cross_002dCompiler-Problems">11.2 Cross-Compiler Problems</a> 506<li><a href="Interoperation.html#Interoperation">11.3 Interoperation</a> 507<li><a href="Incompatibilities.html#Incompatibilities">11.4 Incompatibilities of GCC</a> 508<li><a href="Fixed-Headers.html#Fixed-Headers">11.5 Fixed Header Files</a> 509<li><a href="Standard-Libraries.html#Standard-Libraries">11.6 Standard Libraries</a> 510<li><a href="Disappointments.html#Disappointments">11.7 Disappointments and Misunderstandings</a> 511<li><a href="C_002b_002b-Misunderstandings.html#C_002b_002b-Misunderstandings">11.8 Common Misunderstandings with GNU C++</a> 512<ul> 513<li><a href="Static-Definitions.html#Static-Definitions">11.8.1 Declare <em>and</em> Define Static Members</a> 514<li><a href="Name-lookup.html#Name-lookup">11.8.2 Name lookup, templates, and accessing members of base classes</a> 515<li><a href="Temporaries.html#Temporaries">11.8.3 Temporaries May Vanish Before You Expect</a> 516<li><a href="Copy-Assignment.html#Copy-Assignment">11.8.4 Implicit Copy-Assignment for Virtual Bases</a> 517</li></ul> 518<li><a href="Non_002dbugs.html#Non_002dbugs">11.9 Certain Changes We Don't Want to Make</a> 519<li><a href="Warnings-and-Errors.html#Warnings-and-Errors">11.10 Warning Messages and Error Messages</a> 520</li></ul> 521<li><a name="toc_Bugs" href="Bugs.html#Bugs">12 Reporting Bugs</a> 522<ul> 523<li><a href="Bug-Criteria.html#Bug-Criteria">12.1 Have You Found a Bug?</a> 524<li><a href="Bug-Reporting.html#Bug-Reporting">12.2 How and where to Report Bugs</a> 525</li></ul> 526<li><a name="toc_Service" href="Service.html#Service">13 How To Get Help with GCC</a> 527<li><a name="toc_Contributing" href="Contributing.html#Contributing">14 Contributing to GCC Development</a> 528<li><a name="toc_Funding" href="Funding.html#Funding">Funding Free Software</a> 529<li><a name="toc_GNU-Project" href="GNU-Project.html#GNU-Project">The GNU Project and GNU/Linux</a> 530<li><a name="toc_Copying" href="Copying.html#Copying">GNU General Public License</a> 531<li><a name="toc_GNU-Free-Documentation-License" href="GNU-Free-Documentation-License.html#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">GNU Free Documentation License</a> 532<ul> 533<li><a href="GNU-Free-Documentation-License.html#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents</a> 534</li></ul> 535<li><a name="toc_Contributors" href="Contributors.html#Contributors">Contributors to GCC</a> 536<li><a name="toc_Option-Index" href="Option-Index.html#Option-Index">Option Index</a> 537<li><a name="toc_Keyword-Index" href="Keyword-Index.html#Keyword-Index">Keyword Index</a> 538</li></ul> 539</div> 540 541<div class="node"> 542<a name="Top"></a> 543<p> 544Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="G_002b_002b-and-GCC.html#G_002b_002b-and-GCC">G++ and GCC</a>, 545Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="../index.html#DIR">(DIR)</a> 546<hr> 547</div> 548 549<h2 class="unnumbered">Introduction</h2> 550 551<p><a name="index-introduction-1"></a> 552This manual documents how to use the GNU compilers, 553as well as their features and incompatibilities, and how to report 554bugs. It corresponds to the compilers 555(Sourcery CodeBench Lite 2011.09-69) 556version 4.6.1. 557The internals of the GNU compilers, including how to port them to new 558targets and some information about how to write front ends for new 559languages, are documented in a separate manual. See <a href="../gccint/index.html#Top">Introduction</a>. 560 561<ul class="menu"> 562<li><a accesskey="1" href="G_002b_002b-and-GCC.html#G_002b_002b-and-GCC">G++ and GCC</a>: You can compile C or C++ programs. 563<li><a accesskey="2" href="Standards.html#Standards">Standards</a>: Language standards supported by GCC. 564<li><a accesskey="3" href="Invoking-GCC.html#Invoking-GCC">Invoking GCC</a>: Command options supported by ‘<samp><span class="samp">gcc</span></samp>’. 565<li><a accesskey="4" href="C-Implementation.html#C-Implementation">C Implementation</a>: How GCC implements the ISO C specification. 566<li><a accesskey="5" href="C-Extensions.html#C-Extensions">C Extensions</a>: GNU extensions to the C language family. 567<li><a accesskey="6" href="C_002b_002b-Implementation.html#C_002b_002b-Implementation">C++ Implementation</a>: How GCC implements the ISO C++ specification. 568<li><a accesskey="7" href="C_002b_002b-Extensions.html#C_002b_002b-Extensions">C++ Extensions</a>: GNU extensions to the C++ language. 569<li><a accesskey="8" href="Objective_002dC.html#Objective_002dC">Objective-C</a>: GNU Objective-C runtime features. 570<li><a accesskey="9" href="Compatibility.html#Compatibility">Compatibility</a>: Binary Compatibility 571<li><a href="Gcov.html#Gcov">Gcov</a>: <samp><span class="command">gcov</span></samp>---a test coverage program. 572<li><a href="Trouble.html#Trouble">Trouble</a>: If you have trouble using GCC. 573<li><a href="Bugs.html#Bugs">Bugs</a>: How, why and where to report bugs. 574<li><a href="Service.html#Service">Service</a>: How to find suppliers of support for GCC. 575<li><a href="Contributing.html#Contributing">Contributing</a>: How to contribute to testing and developing GCC. 576 577<li><a href="Funding.html#Funding">Funding</a>: How to help assure funding for free software. 578<li><a href="GNU-Project.html#GNU-Project">GNU Project</a>: The GNU Project and GNU/Linux. 579 580<li><a href="Copying.html#Copying">Copying</a>: GNU General Public License says 581 how you can copy and share GCC. 582<li><a href="GNU-Free-Documentation-License.html#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">GNU Free Documentation License</a>: How you can copy and share this manual. 583<li><a href="Contributors.html#Contributors">Contributors</a>: People who have contributed to GCC. 584 585<li><a href="Option-Index.html#Option-Index">Option Index</a>: Index to command line options. 586<li><a href="Keyword-Index.html#Keyword-Index">Keyword Index</a>: Index of concepts and symbol names. 587</ul> 588 589<!-- Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, --> 590<!-- 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2008, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. --> 591<!-- This is part of the GCC manual. --> 592<!-- For copying conditions, see the file gcc.texi. --> 593 </body></html> 594 595