This version of ed is not strictly POSIX compliant, as described in the POSIX 1003.2 Draft 11.2 document. BSD commands have been implemented wherever they do not conflict with the POSIX standard. For backwards compatibility, the POSIX rule that says a range of addresses cannot be used where only a single address is expected has been relaxed. The BSD commands included are: 1) `s' (i.e., s[rgp]*) to repeat a previous substitution, 2) `W' for appending text to an existing file, 3) `wq' for exiting after a write, and 4) `z' for scrolling through the buffer. BSD line addressing syntax (i.e., `^' and `%'). is also recognized. The POSIX interactive global commands `G' and `V' are extended to support multiple commands, including `a', `i' and `c'. The command format is the same as for the global commands `g' and `v', i.e., one command per line with each line, except for the last, ending in a backslash (\). If crypt is available, files can be read and written using DES encryption. The `x' command prompts the user to enter a key used for encrypting/ decrypting subsequent reads and writes. If only a newline is entered as the key, then encryption is disabled. Otherwise, a key is read in the same manner as a password entry. The key remains in effect until encryption is disabled. For more information on the encryption algorithm, see the bdes(1) man page. Encryption/decryption should be fully compatible with SunOS DES. An extension to the POSIX file commands `E', `e', `r', `W' and `w' is that arguments are processed for backslash escapes, i.e., any character preceded by a backslash is interpreted literally. If the first unescaped character of a argument is a bang (!), then the rest of the line is interpreted as a shell command, and no escape processing is performed by ed. The vi editor's bang command syntax is supported, i.e., (addr1,addr2) ! replaces the addressed lines with the output of the command . [rwe] !! reads/writes/edits the previous !. If ed is invoked with a name argument prefixed by a bang, then the remainder of the argument is interpreted as a shell command. To invoke ed on a file whose name starts with bang, prefix the name with a backslash. ed runs in restricted mode if invoked as red. This limits editing of files in the local directory only and prohibits ! commands. Though ed is not a binary editor, it can be used (if painfully) to edit binary files. To assist in binary editing, when a file containing at least one ASCII NUL character is written, a newline is not appended if it did not already contain one upon reading.