mm: memcg: add per-memcg zswap writeback stat

Since zswap now writes back pages from memcg-specific LRUs, we now need a
new stat to show writebacks count for each memcg.

[nphamcs@gmail.com: rename ZSWP_WB to ZSWPWB]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20231205193307.2432803-1-nphamcs@gmail.com
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20231130194023.4102148-5-nphamcs@gmail.com
Suggested-by: Nhat Pham <nphamcs@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Domenico Cerasuolo <cerasuolodomenico@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Nhat Pham <nphamcs@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Bagas Sanjaya <bagasdotme@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Yosry Ahmed <yosryahmed@google.com>
Cc: Chris Li <chrisl@kernel.org>
Cc: Dan Streetman <ddstreet@ieee.org>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Muchun Song <muchun.song@linux.dev>
Cc: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev>
Cc: Seth Jennings <sjenning@redhat.com>
Cc: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com>
Cc: Shuah Khan <shuah@kernel.org>
Cc: Vitaly Wool <vitaly.wool@konsulko.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>

mm/vmstat: move pgdemote_* to per-node stats

Demotion will migrate pages across nodes. Previously, only the global
demotion statistics were accounted for. Changed them to per-node
statistics, making it easier to observe where demotion occurs on each
node.

This will help to identify which nodes are under pressure.

This patch also make pgdemote_* behind CONFIG_NUMA_BALANCING, since
demotion is not available for !CONFIG_NUMA_BALANCING

With this patch, here is a sample where node0 node1 are DRAM,
node3 is PMEM:
Global stats:
$ grep demote /proc/vmstat
pgdemote_kswapd 254288
pgdemote_direct 113497
pgdemote_khugepaged 0

Per-node stats:
$ grep demote /sys/devices/system/node/node0/vmstat # demotion source
pgdemote_kswapd 68454
pgdemote_direct 83431
pgdemote_khugepaged 0
$ grep demote /sys/devices/system/node/node1/vmstat # demotion source
pgdemote_kswapd 185834
pgdemote_direct 30066
pgdemote_khugepaged 0
$ grep demote /sys/devices/system/node/node3/vmstat # demotion target
pgdemote_kswapd 0
pgdemote_direct 0
pgdemote_khugepaged 0

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20231103031450.1456523-1-lizhijian@fujitsu.com
Signed-off-by: Li Zhijian <lizhijian@fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@intel.com>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: "Rafael J. Wysocki" <rafael@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>

mm: introduce per-VMA lock statistics

Add a new CONFIG_PER_VMA_LOCK_STATS config option to dump extra statistics
about handling page fault under VMA lock.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20230227173632.3292573-29-surenb@google.com
Signed-off-by: Suren Baghdasaryan <surenb@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>

mm: vmscan: split khugepaged stats from direct reclaim stats

Direct reclaim stats are useful for identifying a potential source for
application latency, as well as spotting issues with kswapd. However,
khugepaged currently distorts the picture: as a kernel thread it doesn't
impose allocation latencies on userspace, and it explicitly opts out of
kswapd reclaim. Its activity showing up in the direct reclaim stats is
misleading. Counting it as kswapd reclaim could also cause confusion when
trying to understand actual kswapd behavior.

Break out khugepaged from the direct reclaim counters into new
pgsteal_khugepaged, pgdemote_khugepaged, pgscan_khugepaged counters.

Test with a huge executable (CONFIG_READ_ONLY_THP_FOR_FS):

pgsteal_kswapd 1342185
pgsteal_direct 0
pgsteal_khugepaged 3623
pgscan_kswapd 1345025
pgscan_direct 0
pgscan_khugepaged 3623

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20221026180133.377671-1-hannes@cmpxchg.org
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reported-by: Eric Bergen <ebergen@meta.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Yang Shi <shy828301@gmail.com>
Cc: Yosry Ahmed <yosryahmed@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>

mm: remove vmacache

By using the maple tree and the maple tree state, the vmacache is no
longer beneficial and is complicating the VMA code. Remove the vmacache
to reduce the work in keeping it up to date and code complexity.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220906194824.2110408-26-Liam.Howlett@oracle.com
Signed-off-by: Liam R. Howlett <Liam.Howlett@Oracle.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Tested-by: Yu Zhao <yuzhao@google.com>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Davidlohr Bueso <dave@stgolabs.net>
Cc: "Matthew Wilcox (Oracle)" <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: SeongJae Park <sj@kernel.org>
Cc: Sven Schnelle <svens@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>

mm: add DEVICE_ZONE to FOR_ALL_ZONES

FOR_ALL_ZONES should be consistent with enum zone_type. Otherwise,
__count_zid_vm_events have the potential to add count to wrong item when
zid is ZONE_DEVICE.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220807154442.GA18167@haolee.io
Signed-off-by: Hao Lee <haolee.swjtu@gmail.com>
Cc: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>

mm: zswap: add basic meminfo and vmstat coverage

Currently it requires poking at debugfs to figure out the size and
population of the zswap cache on a host. There are no counters for reads
and writes against the cache. As a result, it's difficult to understand
zswap behavior on production systems.

Print zswap memory consumption and how many pages are zswapped out in
/proc/meminfo. Count zswapouts and zswapins in /proc/vmstat.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220510152847.230957-6-hannes@cmpxchg.org
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Cc: Dan Streetman <ddstreet@ieee.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Roman Gushchin <guro@fb.com>
Cc: Seth Jennings <sjenning@redhat.com>
Cc: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>

mm/vmstat: add events for ksm cow

Users may use ksm by calling madvise(, , MADV_MERGEABLE) when they want to
save memory, it's a tradeoff by suffering delay on ksm cow. Users can get
to know how much memory ksm saved by reading
/sys/kernel/mm/ksm/pages_sharing, but they don't know what's the costs of
ksm cow, and this is important of some delay sensitive tasks.

So add ksm cow events to help users evaluate whether or how to use ksm.
Also update Documentation/admin-guide/mm/ksm.rst with new added events.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220331035616.2390805-1-yang.yang29@zte.com.cn
Signed-off-by: Yang Yang <yang.yang29@zte.com.cn>
Reviewed-by: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: xu xin <xu.xin16@zte.com.cn>
Reviewed-by: Ran Xiaokai <ran.xiaokai@zte.com.cn>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Saravanan D <saravanand@fb.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: John Hubbard <jhubbard@nvidia.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>

mm/vmstat: add event for ksm swapping in copy

When faults in from swap what used to be a KSM page and that page had been
swapped in before, system has to make a copy, and leaves remerging the
pages to a later pass of ksmd.

That is not good for performace, we'd better to reduce this kind of copy.
There are some ways to reduce it, for example lessen swappiness or
madvise(, , MADV_MERGEABLE) range. So add this event to support doing
this tuning. Just like this patch: "mm, THP, swap: add THP swapping out
fallback counting".

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220113023839.758845-1-yang.yang29@zte.com.cn
Signed-off-by: Yang Yang <yang.yang29@zte.com.cn>
Reviewed-by: Ran Xiaokai <ran.xiaokai@zte.com.cn>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Yang Shi <yang.shi@linux.alibaba.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Saravanan D <saravanand@fb.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm/vmstat: add events for THP max_ptes_* exceeds

There are interfaces to adjust max_ptes_none, max_ptes_swap,
max_ptes_shared values, see
/sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/khugepaged/.

But system administrator may not know which value is the best. So Add
those events to support adjusting max_ptes_* to suitable values.

For example, if default max_ptes_swap value causes too much failures,
and system uses zram whose IO is fast, administrator could increase
max_ptes_swap until THP_SCAN_EXCEED_SWAP_PTE not increase anymore.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20211225094036.574157-1-yang.yang29@zte.com.cn
Signed-off-by: Yang Yang <yang.yang29@zte.com.cn>
Cc: "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@intel.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Saravanan D <saravanand@fb.com>
Cc: Mike Kravetz <mike.kravetz@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm/vmscan: add page demotion counter

Account the number of demoted pages.

Add pgdemote_kswapd and pgdemote_direct VM counters showed in
/proc/vmstat.

[ daveh:
- __count_vm_events() a bit, and made them look at the THP
size directly rather than getting data from migrate_pages()
]

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20210721063926.3024591-5-ying.huang@intel.com
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20210715055145.195411-6-ying.huang@intel.com
Signed-off-by: Yang Shi <yang.shi@linux.alibaba.com>
Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Yang Shi <shy828301@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Wei Xu <weixugc@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Zi Yan <ziy@nvidia.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@intel.com>
Cc: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Cc: Oscar Salvador <osalvador@suse.de>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: Keith Busch <kbusch@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

x86/mm: track linear mapping split events

To help with debugging the sluggishness caused by TLB miss/reload, we
introduce monotonic hugepage [direct mapped] split event counts since
system state: SYSTEM_RUNNING to be displayed as part of /proc/vmstat in
x86 servers

The lifetime split event information will be displayed at the bottom of
/proc/vmstat
....
swap_ra 0
swap_ra_hit 0
direct_map_level2_splits 94
direct_map_level3_splits 4
nr_unstable 0
....

One of the many lasting sources of direct hugepage splits is kernel
tracing (kprobes, tracepoints).

Note that the kernel's code segment [512 MB] points to the same physical
addresses that have been already mapped in the kernel's direct mapping
range.

Source : Documentation/x86/x86_64/mm.rst

When we enable kernel tracing, the kernel has to modify
attributes/permissions of the text segment hugepages that are direct
mapped causing them to split.

Kernel's direct mapped hugepages do not coalesce back after split and
remain in place for the remainder of the lifetime.

An instance of direct page splits when we turn on dynamic kernel tracing
....
cat /proc/vmstat | grep -i direct_map_level
direct_map_level2_splits 784
direct_map_level3_splits 12
bpftrace -e 'tracepoint:raw_syscalls:sys_enter { @ [pid, comm] =
count(); }'
cat /proc/vmstat | grep -i
direct_map_level
direct_map_level2_splits 789
direct_map_level3_splits 12
....

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20210218235744.1040634-1-saravanand@fb.com
Signed-off-by: Saravanan D <saravanand@fb.com>
Acked-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm: vmstat: add cma statistics

Since CMA is used more widely, it's worth to have CMA allocation
statistics into vmstat. With it, we could know how agressively system
uses cma allocation and how often it fails.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20210302183346.3707237-1-minchan@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: John Hubbard <jhubbard@nvidia.com>
Cc: John Dias <joaodias@google.com>
Cc: Suren Baghdasaryan <surenb@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm: Add PGREUSE counter

This accounts for wp_page_reuse() case, where we reused a page for COW.

Signed-off-by: Peter Xu <peterx@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm/vmstat: add events for THP migration without split

Add following new vmstat events which will help in validating THP
migration without split. Statistics reported through these new VM events
will help in performance debugging.

1. THP_MIGRATION_SUCCESS
2. THP_MIGRATION_FAILURE
3. THP_MIGRATION_SPLIT

In addition, these new events also update normal page migration statistics
appropriately via PGMIGRATE_SUCCESS and PGMIGRATE_FAILURE. While here,
this updates current trace event 'mm_migrate_pages' to accommodate now
available THP statistics.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: s/hpage_nr_pages/thp_nr_pages/]
[ziy@nvidia.com: v2]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/C5E3C65C-8253-4638-9D3C-71A61858BB8B@nvidia.com
[anshuman.khandual@arm.com: s/thp_nr_pages/hpage_nr_pages/]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1594287583-16568-1-git-send-email-anshuman.khandual@arm.com

Signed-off-by: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Zi Yan <ziy@nvidia.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Daniel Jordan <daniel.m.jordan@oracle.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Zi Yan <ziy@nvidia.com>
Cc: John Hubbard <jhubbard@nvidia.com>
Cc: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1594080415-27924-1-git-send-email-anshuman.khandual@arm.com
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm: keep separate anon and file statistics on page reclaim activity

Having statistics on pages scanned and pages reclaimed for both anon and
file pages makes it easier to evaluate changes to LRU balancing.

While at it, clean up the stat-keeping mess for isolation, putback,
reclaim stats etc. a bit: first the physical LRU operation (isolation and
putback), followed by vmstats, reclaim_stats, and then vm events.

Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@surriel.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20200520232525.798933-3-hannes@cmpxchg.org
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm, thp: track fallbacks due to failed memcg charges separately

The thp_fault_fallback and thp_file_fallback vmstats are incremented if
either the hugepage allocation fails through the page allocator or the
hugepage charge fails through mem cgroup.

This patch leaves this field untouched but adds two new fields,
thp_{fault,file}_fallback_charge, which is incremented only when the mem
cgroup charge fails.

This distinguishes between attempted hugepage allocations that fail due to
fragmentation (or low memory conditions) and those that fail due to mem
cgroup limits. That can be used to determine the impact of fragmentation
on the system by excluding faults that failed due to memcg usage.

Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Yang Shi <yang.shi@linux.alibaba.com>
Acked-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Mike Rapoport <rppt@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Jeremy Cline <jcline@redhat.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Mike Kravetz <mike.kravetz@oracle.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/alpine.DEB.2.21.2003061422070.7412@chino.kir.corp.google.com
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm, shmem: add vmstat for hugepage fallback

The existing thp_fault_fallback indicates when thp attempts to allocate a
hugepage but fails, or if the hugepage cannot be charged to the mem cgroup
hierarchy.

Extend this to shmem as well. Adds a new thp_file_fallback to complement
thp_file_alloc that gets incremented when a hugepage is attempted to be
allocated but fails, or if it cannot be charged to the mem cgroup
hierarchy.

Additionally, remove the check for CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGE_PAGECACHE from
shmem_alloc_hugepage() since it is only called with this configuration
option.

Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Yang Shi <yang.shi@linux.alibaba.com>
Acked-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Mike Rapoport <rppt@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Jeremy Cline <jcline@redhat.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Mike Kravetz <mike.kravetz@oracle.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/alpine.DEB.2.21.2003061421240.7412@chino.kir.corp.google.com
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm: get rid of vmacache_flush_all() entirely

Jann Horn points out that the vmacache_flush_all() function is not only
potentially expensive, it's buggy too. It also happens to be entirely
unnecessary, because the sequence number overflow case can be avoided by
simply making the sequence number be 64-bit. That doesn't even grow the
data structures in question, because the other adjacent fields are
already 64-bit.

So simplify the whole thing by just making the sequence number overflow
case go away entirely, which gets rid of all the complications and makes
the code faster too. Win-win.

[ Oleg Nesterov points out that the VMACACHE_FULL_FLUSHES statistics
also just goes away entirely with this ]

Reported-by: Jann Horn <jannh@google.com>
Suggested-by: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Acked-by: Davidlohr Bueso <dave@stgolabs.net>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: stable@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

License cleanup: add SPDX GPL-2.0 license identifier to files with no license

Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.

By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.

Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier. The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.

This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.

How this work was done:

Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
- file had no licensing information it it.
- file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
- file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,

Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.

The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne. Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.

The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed. Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.

Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
- Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
- Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
lines of source
- File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5
lines).

All documentation files were explicitly excluded.

The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license
identifiers to apply.

- when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was
considered to have no license information in it, and the top level
COPYING file license applied.

For non */uapi/* files that summary was:

SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 11139

and resulted in the first patch in this series.

If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH
Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0". Results of that was:

SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 930

and resulted in the second patch in this series.

- if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one
of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if
any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in
it (per prior point). Results summary:

SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 270
GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 169
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause) 21
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 17
LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 15
GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 14
((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 5
LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 4
LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT) 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT) 1

and that resulted in the third patch in this series.

- when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became
the concluded license(s).

- when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a
license but the other didn't, or they both detected different
licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred.

- In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file
resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and
which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics).

- When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was
confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.

- If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier,
the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later
in time.

In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the
spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the
source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation
by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.

Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from
FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners
disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights. The
Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so
they are related.

Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets
for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the
files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks
in about 15000 files.

In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have
copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the
correct identifier.

Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual
inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch
version early this week with:
- a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected
license ids and scores
- reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+
files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct
- reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license
was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied
SPDX license was correct

This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction. This
worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the
different types of files to be modified.

These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg. Thomas wrote a script to
parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the
format that the file expected. This script was further refined by Greg
based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to
distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different
comment types.) Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to
generate the patches.

Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>

mm, swap: add swap readahead hit statistics

Patch series "mm, swap: VMA based swap readahead", v4.

The swap readahead is an important mechanism to reduce the swap in
latency. Although pure sequential memory access pattern isn't very
popular for anonymous memory, the space locality is still considered
valid.

In the original swap readahead implementation, the consecutive blocks in
swap device are readahead based on the global space locality estimation.
But the consecutive blocks in swap device just reflect the order of page
reclaiming, don't necessarily reflect the access pattern in virtual
memory space. And the different tasks in the system may have different
access patterns, which makes the global space locality estimation
incorrect.

In this patchset, when page fault occurs, the virtual pages near the
fault address will be readahead instead of the swap slots near the fault
swap slot in swap device. This avoid to readahead the unrelated swap
slots. At the same time, the swap readahead is changed to work on
per-VMA from globally. So that the different access patterns of the
different VMAs could be distinguished, and the different readahead
policy could be applied accordingly. The original core readahead
detection and scaling algorithm is reused, because it is an effect
algorithm to detect the space locality.

In addition to the swap readahead changes, some new sysfs interface is
added to show the efficiency of the readahead algorithm and some other
swap statistics.

This new implementation will incur more small random read, on SSD, the
improved correctness of estimation and readahead target should beat the
potential increased overhead, this is also illustrated in the test
results below. But on HDD, the overhead may beat the benefit, so the
original implementation will be used by default.

The test and result is as follow,

Common test condition
=====================

Test Machine: Xeon E5 v3 (2 sockets, 72 threads, 32G RAM)
Swap device: NVMe disk

Micro-benchmark with combined access pattern
============================================

vm-scalability, sequential swap test case, 4 processes to eat 50G
virtual memory space, repeat the sequential memory writing until 300
seconds. The first round writing will trigger swap out, the following
rounds will trigger sequential swap in and out.

At the same time, run vm-scalability random swap test case in
background, 8 processes to eat 30G virtual memory space, repeat the
random memory write until 300 seconds. This will trigger random swap-in
in the background.

This is a combined workload with sequential and random memory accessing
at the same time. The result (for sequential workload) is as follow,

Base Optimized
---- ---------
throughput 345413 KB/s 414029 KB/s (+19.9%)
latency.average 97.14 us 61.06 us (-37.1%)
latency.50th 2 us 1 us
latency.60th 2 us 1 us
latency.70th 98 us 2 us
latency.80th 160 us 2 us
latency.90th 260 us 217 us
latency.95th 346 us 369 us
latency.99th 1.34 ms 1.09 ms
ra_hit% 52.69% 99.98%

The original swap readahead algorithm is confused by the background
random access workload, so readahead hit rate is lower. The VMA-base
readahead algorithm works much better.

Linpack
=======

The test memory size is bigger than RAM to trigger swapping.

Base Optimized
---- ---------
elapsed_time 393.49 s 329.88 s (-16.2%)
ra_hit% 86.21% 98.82%

The score of base and optimized kernel hasn't visible changes. But the
elapsed time reduced and readahead hit rate improved, so the optimized
kernel runs better for startup and tear down stages. And the absolute
value of readahead hit rate is high, shows that the space locality is
still valid in some practical workloads.

This patch (of 5):

The statistics for total readahead pages and total readahead hits are
recorded and exported via the following sysfs interface.

/sys/kernel/mm/swap/ra_hits
/sys/kernel/mm/swap/ra_total

With them, the efficiency of the swap readahead could be measured, so
that the swap readahead algorithm and parameters could be tuned
accordingly.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: don't display swap stats if CONFIG_SWAP=n]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170807054038.1843-2-ying.huang@intel.com
Signed-off-by: "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@intel.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shli@kernel.org>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Fengguang Wu <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@intel.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm, THP, swap: add THP swapping out fallback counting

When swapping out THP (Transparent Huge Page), instead of swapping out
the THP as a whole, sometimes we have to fallback to split the THP into
normal pages before swapping, because no free swap clusters are
available, or cgroup limit is exceeded, etc. To count the number of the
fallback, a new VM event THP_SWPOUT_FALLBACK is added, and counted when
we fallback to split the THP.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170724051840.2309-13-ying.huang@intel.com
Signed-off-by: "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@intel.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shli@kernel.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: "Kirill A . Shutemov" <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@intel.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Cc: Ross Zwisler <ross.zwisler@intel.com> [for brd.c, zram_drv.c, pmem.c]
Cc: Vishal L Verma <vishal.l.verma@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm: test code to write THP to swap device as a whole

To support delay splitting THP (Transparent Huge Page) after swapped
out, we need to enhance swap writing code to support to write a THP as a
whole. This will improve swap write IO performance.

As Ming Lei <ming.lei@redhat.com> pointed out, this should be based on
multipage bvec support, which hasn't been merged yet. So this patch is
only for testing the functionality of the other patches in the series.
And will be reimplemented after multipage bvec support is merged.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170724051840.2309-7-ying.huang@intel.com
Signed-off-by: "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@intel.com>
Cc: "Kirill A . Shutemov" <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@intel.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Ross Zwisler <ross.zwisler@intel.com> [for brd.c, zram_drv.c, pmem.c]
Cc: Shaohua Li <shli@kernel.org>
Cc: Vishal L Verma <vishal.l.verma@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm/oom_kill: count global and memory cgroup oom kills

Show count of oom killer invocations in /proc/vmstat and count of
processes killed in memory cgroup in knob "memory.events" (in
memory.oom_control for v1 cgroup).

Also describe difference between "oom" and "oom_kill" in memory cgroup
documentation. Currently oom in memory cgroup kills tasks iff shortage
has happened inside page fault.

These counters helps in monitoring oom kills - for now the only way is
grepping for magic words in kernel log.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix for mem_cgroup_count_vm_event() rename]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix comment, per Konstantin]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/149570810989.203600.9492483715840752937.stgit@buzz
Signed-off-by: Konstantin Khlebnikov <khlebnikov@yandex-team.ru>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Cc: Roman Guschin <guroan@gmail.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm/vmstat: Make NR_TLB_REMOTE_FLUSH_RECEIVED available even on UP

This fixes CONFIG_SMP=n, CONFIG_DEBUG_TLBFLUSH=y without introducing
further #ifdef soup. Caught by a Kbuild bot randconfig build.

Signed-off-by: Andy Lutomirski <luto@kernel.org>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Fixes: ce4a4e565f52 ("x86/mm: Remove the UP asm/tlbflush.h code, always use the (formerly) SMP code")
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/76da9a3cc4415996f2ad2c905b93414add322021.1496673616.git.luto@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>

mm: move MADV_FREE pages into LRU_INACTIVE_FILE list

madv()'s MADV_FREE indicate pages are 'lazyfree'. They are still
anonymous pages, but they can be freed without pageout. To distinguish
these from normal anonymous pages, we clear their SwapBacked flag.

MADV_FREE pages could be freed without pageout, so they pretty much like
used once file pages. For such pages, we'd like to reclaim them once
there is memory pressure. Also it might be unfair reclaiming MADV_FREE
pages always before used once file pages and we definitively want to
reclaim the pages before other anonymous and file pages.

To speed up MADV_FREE pages reclaim, we put the pages into
LRU_INACTIVE_FILE list. The rationale is LRU_INACTIVE_FILE list is tiny
nowadays and should be full of used once file pages. Reclaiming
MADV_FREE pages will not have much interfere of anonymous and active
file pages. And the inactive file pages and MADV_FREE pages will be
reclaimed according to their age, so we don't reclaim too many MADV_FREE
pages too. Putting the MADV_FREE pages into LRU_INACTIVE_FILE_LIST also
means we can reclaim the pages without swap support. This idea is
suggested by Johannes.

This patch doesn't move MADV_FREE pages to LRU_INACTIVE_FILE list yet to
avoid bisect failure, next patch will do it.

The patch is based on Minchan's original patch.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/2f87063c1e9354677b7618c647abde77b07561e5.1487965799.git.shli@fb.com
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li <shli@fb.com>
Suggested-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Acked-by: Hillf Danton <hillf.zj@alibaba-inc.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm/vmstats: add thp_split_pud event for clarity

We added support for PUD-sized transparent hugepages, however we count
the event "thp split pud" into thp_split_pmd event.

To separate the event count of thp split pud from pmd, add a new event
named thp_split_pud.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1488282380-5076-1-git-send-email-xieyisheng1@huawei.com
Signed-off-by: Yisheng Xie <xieyisheng1@huawei.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Sebastian Siewior <bigeasy@linutronix.de>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Aneesh Kumar K.V <aneesh.kumar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Ebru Akagunduz <ebru.akagunduz@gmail.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Hanjun Guo <guohanjun@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm, compaction: add vmstats for kcompactd work

A "compact_daemon_wake" vmstat exists that represents the number of
times kcompactd has woken up. This doesn't represent how much work it
actually did, though.

It's useful to understand how much compaction work is being done by
kcompactd versus other methods such as direct compaction and explicitly
triggered per-node (or system) compaction.

This adds two new vmstats: "compact_daemon_migrate_scanned" and
"compact_daemon_free_scanned" to represent the number of pages kcompactd
has scanned as part of its migration scanner and freeing scanner,
respectively.

These values are still accounted for in the general
"compact_migrate_scanned" and "compact_free_scanned" for compatibility.

It could be argued that explicitly triggered compaction could also be
tracked separately, and that could be added if others find it useful.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/alpine.DEB.2.10.1612071749390.69852@chino.kir.corp.google.com
Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm: vmstat: account per-zone stalls and pages skipped during reclaim

The vmstat allocstall was fairly useful in the general sense but
node-based LRUs change that. It's important to know if a stall was for
an address-limited allocation request as this will require skipping
pages from other zones. This patch adds pgstall_* counters to replace
allocstall. The sum of the counters will equal the old allocstall so it
can be trivially recalculated. A high number of address-limited
allocation requests may result in a lot of useless LRU scanning for
suitable pages.

As address-limited allocations require pages to be skipped, it's
important to know how much useless LRU scanning took place so this patch
adds pgskip* counters. This yields the following model

1. The number of address-space limited stalls can be accounted for (pgstall)
2. The amount of useless work required to reclaim the data is accounted (pgskip)
3. The total number of scans is available from pgscan_kswapd and pgscan_direct
so from that the ratio of useful to useless scans can be calculated.

[mgorman@techsingularity.net: s/pgstall/allocstall/]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1468404004-5085-3-git-send-email-mgorman@techsingularity.netLink: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1467970510-21195-33-git-send-email-mgorman@techsingularity.net
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Hillf Danton <hillf.zj@alibaba-inc.com>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@surriel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm, vmscan: move LRU lists to node

This moves the LRU lists from the zone to the node and related data such
as counters, tracing, congestion tracking and writeback tracking.

Unfortunately, due to reclaim and compaction retry logic, it is
necessary to account for the number of LRU pages on both zone and node
logic. Most reclaim logic is based on the node counters but the retry
logic uses the zone counters which do not distinguish inactive and
active sizes. It would be possible to leave the LRU counters on a
per-zone basis but it's a heavier calculation across multiple cache
lines that is much more frequent than the retry checks.

Other than the LRU counters, this is mostly a mechanical patch but note
that it introduces a number of anomalies. For example, the scans are
per-zone but using per-node counters. We also mark a node as congested
when a zone is congested. This causes weird problems that are fixed
later but is easier to review.

In the event that there is excessive overhead on 32-bit systems due to
the nodes being on LRU then there are two potential solutions

1. Long-term isolation of highmem pages when reclaim is lowmem

When pages are skipped, they are immediately added back onto the LRU
list. If lowmem reclaim persisted for long periods of time, the same
highmem pages get continually scanned. The idea would be that lowmem
keeps those pages on a separate list until a reclaim for highmem pages
arrives that splices the highmem pages back onto the LRU. It potentially
could be implemented similar to the UNEVICTABLE list.

That would reduce the skip rate with the potential corner case is that
highmem pages have to be scanned and reclaimed to free lowmem slab pages.

2. Linear scan lowmem pages if the initial LRU shrink fails

This will break LRU ordering but may be preferable and faster during
memory pressure than skipping LRU pages.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1467970510-21195-4-git-send-email-mgorman@techsingularity.net
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Hillf Danton <hillf.zj@alibaba-inc.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@surriel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

thp, vmstats: add counters for huge file pages

THP_FILE_ALLOC: how many times huge page was allocated and put page
cache.

THP_FILE_MAPPED: how many times file huge page was mapped.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1466021202-61880-13-git-send-email-kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com
Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

thp, vmstats: count deferred split events

Count how many times we put a THP in split queue. Currently, it happens
on partial unmap of a THP.

Rapidly growing value can indicate that an application behaves
unfriendly wrt THP: often fault in huge page and then unmap part of it.
This leads to unnecessary memory fragmentation and the application may
require tuning.

The event also can help with debugging kernel [mis-]behaviour.

Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm, compaction: introduce kcompactd

Memory compaction can be currently performed in several contexts:

- kswapd balancing a zone after a high-order allocation failure
- direct compaction to satisfy a high-order allocation, including THP
page fault attemps
- khugepaged trying to collapse a hugepage
- manually from /proc

The purpose of compaction is two-fold. The obvious purpose is to
satisfy a (pending or future) high-order allocation, and is easy to
evaluate. The other purpose is to keep overal memory fragmentation low
and help the anti-fragmentation mechanism. The success wrt the latter
purpose is more

The current situation wrt the purposes has a few drawbacks:

- compaction is invoked only when a high-order page or hugepage is not
available (or manually). This might be too late for the purposes of
keeping memory fragmentation low.
- direct compaction increases latency of allocations. Again, it would
be better if compaction was performed asynchronously to keep
fragmentation low, before the allocation itself comes.
- (a special case of the previous) the cost of compaction during THP
page faults can easily offset the benefits of THP.
- kswapd compaction appears to be complex, fragile and not working in
some scenarios. It could also end up compacting for a high-order
allocation request when it should be reclaiming memory for a later
order-0 request.

To improve the situation, we should be able to benefit from an
equivalent of kswapd, but for compaction - i.e. a background thread
which responds to fragmentation and the need for high-order allocations
(including hugepages) somewhat proactively.

One possibility is to extend the responsibilities of kswapd, which could
however complicate its design too much. It should be better to let
kswapd handle reclaim, as order-0 allocations are often more critical
than high-order ones.

Another possibility is to extend khugepaged, but this kthread is a
single instance and tied to THP configs.

This patch goes with the option of a new set of per-node kthreads called
kcompactd, and lays the foundations, without introducing any new
tunables. The lifecycle mimics kswapd kthreads, including the memory
hotplug hooks.

For compaction, kcompactd uses the standard compaction_suitable() and
ompact_finished() criteria and the deferred compaction functionality.
Unlike direct compaction, it uses only sync compaction, as there's no
allocation latency to minimize.

This patch doesn't yet add a call to wakeup_kcompactd. The kswapd
compact/reclaim loop for high-order pages will be replaced by waking up
kcompactd in the next patch with the description of what's wrong with
the old approach.

Waking up of the kcompactd threads is also tied to kswapd activity and
follows these rules:
- we don't want to affect any fastpaths, so wake up kcompactd only from
the slowpath, as it's done for kswapd
- if kswapd is doing reclaim, it's more important than compaction, so
don't invoke kcompactd until kswapd goes to sleep
- the target order used for kswapd is passed to kcompactd

Future possible future uses for kcompactd include the ability to wake up
kcompactd on demand in special situations, such as when hugepages are
not available (currently not done due to __GFP_NO_KSWAPD) or when a
fragmentation event (i.e. __rmqueue_fallback()) occurs. It's also
possible to perform periodic compaction with kcompactd.

[arnd@arndb.de: fix build errors with kcompactd]
[paul.gortmaker@windriver.com: don't use modular references for non modular code]
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Signed-off-by: Paul Gortmaker <paul.gortmaker@windriver.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm: support madvise(MADV_FREE)

Linux doesn't have an ability to free pages lazy while other OS already
have been supported that named by madvise(MADV_FREE).

The gain is clear that kernel can discard freed pages rather than
swapping out or OOM if memory pressure happens.

Without memory pressure, freed pages would be reused by userspace
without another additional overhead(ex, page fault + allocation +
zeroing).

Jason Evans said:

: Facebook has been using MAP_UNINITIALIZED
: (https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/1/18/308) in some of its applications for
: several years, but there are operational costs to maintaining this
: out-of-tree in our kernel and in jemalloc, and we are anxious to retire it
: in favor of MADV_FREE. When we first enabled MAP_UNINITIALIZED it
: increased throughput for much of our workload by ~5%, and although the
: benefit has decreased using newer hardware and kernels, there is still
: enough benefit that we cannot reasonably retire it without a replacement.
:
: Aside from Facebook operations, there are numerous broadly used
: applications that would benefit from MADV_FREE. The ones that immediately
: come to mind are redis, varnish, and MariaDB. I don't have much insight
: into Android internals and development process, but I would hope to see
: MADV_FREE support eventually end up there as well to benefit applications
: linked with the integrated jemalloc.
:
: jemalloc will use MADV_FREE once it becomes available in the Linux kernel.
: In fact, jemalloc already uses MADV_FREE or equivalent everywhere it's
: available: *BSD, OS X, Windows, and Solaris -- every platform except Linux
: (and AIX, but I'm not sure it even compiles on AIX). The lack of
: MADV_FREE on Linux forced me down a long series of increasingly
: sophisticated heuristics for madvise() volume reduction, and even so this
: remains a common performance issue for people using jemalloc on Linux.
: Please integrate MADV_FREE; many people will benefit substantially.

How it works:

When madvise syscall is called, VM clears dirty bit of ptes of the
range. If memory pressure happens, VM checks dirty bit of page table
and if it found still "clean", it means it's a "lazyfree pages" so VM
could discard the page instead of swapping out. Once there was store
operation for the page before VM peek a page to reclaim, dirty bit is
set so VM can swap out the page instead of discarding.

One thing we should notice is that basically, MADV_FREE relies on dirty
bit in page table entry to decide whether VM allows to discard the page
or not. IOW, if page table entry includes marked dirty bit, VM
shouldn't discard the page.

However, as a example, if swap-in by read fault happens, page table
entry doesn't have dirty bit so MADV_FREE could discard the page
wrongly.

For avoiding the problem, MADV_FREE did more checks with PageDirty and
PageSwapCache. It worked out because swapped-in page lives on swap
cache and since it is evicted from the swap cache, the page has PG_dirty
flag. So both page flags check effectively prevent wrong discarding by
MADV_FREE.

However, a problem in above logic is that swapped-in page has PG_dirty
still after they are removed from swap cache so VM cannot consider the
page as freeable any more even if madvise_free is called in future.

Look at below example for detail.

ptr = malloc();
memset(ptr);
..
..
.. heavy memory pressure so all of pages are swapped out
..
..
var = *ptr; -> a page swapped-in and could be removed from
swapcache. Then, page table doesn't mark
dirty bit and page descriptor includes PG_dirty
..
..
madvise_free(ptr); -> It doesn't clear PG_dirty of the page.
..
..
..
.. heavy memory pressure again.
.. In this time, VM cannot discard the page because the page
.. has *PG_dirty*

To solve the problem, this patch clears PG_dirty if only the page is
owned exclusively by current process when madvise is called because
PG_dirty represents ptes's dirtiness in several processes so we could
clear it only if we own it exclusively.

Firstly, heavy users would be general allocators(ex, jemalloc, tcmalloc
and hope glibc supports it) and jemalloc/tcmalloc already have supported
the feature for other OS(ex, FreeBSD)

barrios@blaptop:~/benchmark/ebizzy$ lscpu
Architecture: x86_64
CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit
Byte Order: Little Endian
CPU(s): 12
On-line CPU(s) list: 0-11
Thread(s) per core: 1
Core(s) per socket: 1
Socket(s): 12
NUMA node(s): 1
Vendor ID: GenuineIntel
CPU family: 6
Model: 2
Stepping: 3
CPU MHz: 3200.185
BogoMIPS: 6400.53
Virtualization: VT-x
Hypervisor vendor: KVM
Virtualization type: full
L1d cache: 32K
L1i cache: 32K
L2 cache: 4096K
NUMA node0 CPU(s): 0-11
ebizzy benchmark(./ebizzy -S 10 -n 512)

Higher avg is better.

vanilla-jemalloc MADV_free-jemalloc

1 thread
records: 10 records: 10
avg: 2961.90 avg: 12069.70
std: 71.96(2.43%) std: 186.68(1.55%)
max: 3070.00 max: 12385.00
min: 2796.00 min: 11746.00

2 thread
records: 10 records: 10
avg: 5020.00 avg: 17827.00
std: 264.87(5.28%) std: 358.52(2.01%)
max: 5244.00 max: 18760.00
min: 4251.00 min: 17382.00

4 thread
records: 10 records: 10
avg: 8988.80 avg: 27930.80
std: 1175.33(13.08%) std: 3317.33(11.88%)
max: 9508.00 max: 30879.00
min: 5477.00 min: 21024.00

8 thread
records: 10 records: 10
avg: 13036.50 avg: 33739.40
std: 170.67(1.31%) std: 5146.22(15.25%)
max: 13371.00 max: 40572.00
min: 12785.00 min: 24088.00

16 thread
records: 10 records: 10
avg: 11092.40 avg: 31424.20
std: 710.60(6.41%) std: 3763.89(11.98%)
max: 12446.00 max: 36635.00
min: 9949.00 min: 25669.00

32 thread
records: 10 records: 10
avg: 11067.00 avg: 34495.80
std: 971.06(8.77%) std: 2721.36(7.89%)
max: 12010.00 max: 38598.00
min: 9002.00 min: 30636.00

In summary, MADV_FREE is about much faster than MADV_DONTNEED.

This patch (of 12):

Add core MADV_FREE implementation.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: small cleanups]
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Mika Penttil <mika.penttila@nextfour.com>
Cc: Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jason Evans <je@fb.com>
Cc: Daniel Micay <danielmicay@gmail.com>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill@shutemov.name>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shli@kernel.org>
Cc: <yalin.wang2010@gmail.com>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: "James E.J. Bottomley" <jejb@parisc-linux.org>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill@shutemov.name>
Cc: "Shaohua Li" <shli@kernel.org>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Chen Gang <gang.chen.5i5j@gmail.com>
Cc: Chris Zankel <chris@zankel.net>
Cc: Darrick J. Wong <darrick.wong@oracle.com>
Cc: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Helge Deller <deller@gmx.de>
Cc: Ivan Kokshaysky <ink@jurassic.park.msu.ru>
Cc: Matt Turner <mattst88@gmail.com>
Cc: Max Filippov <jcmvbkbc@gmail.com>
Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Cc: Richard Henderson <rth@twiddle.net>
Cc: Roland Dreier <roland@kernel.org>
Cc: Russell King <rmk@arm.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shli@kernel.org>
Cc: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm, vmstats: new THP splitting event

The patch replaces THP_SPLIT with tree events: THP_SPLIT_PAGE,
THP_SPLIT_PAGE_FAILED and THP_SPLIT_PMD. It reflects the fact that we
are going to be able split PMD without the compound page and that
split_huge_page() can fail.

Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Tested-by: Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
Tested-by: Aneesh Kumar K.V <aneesh.kumar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Jerome Marchand <jmarchan@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Cc: Steve Capper <steve.capper@linaro.org>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

include/linux/vm_event_item.h: change HIGHMEM_ZONE macro definition

Change HIGHMEM_ZONE to be the same as the DMA_ZONE macro.

Signed-off-by: yalin wang <yalin.wang2010@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm,vmacache: count number of system-wide flushes

These flushes deal with sequence number overflows, such as for long lived
threads. These are rare, but interesting from a debugging PoV. As such,
display the number of flushes when vmacache debugging is enabled.

Signed-off-by: Davidlohr Bueso <dbueso@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm/balloon_compaction: add vmstat counters and kpageflags bit

Always mark pages with PageBalloon even if balloon compaction is disabled
and expose this mark in /proc/kpageflags as KPF_BALLOON.

Also this patch adds three counters into /proc/vmstat: "balloon_inflate",
"balloon_deflate" and "balloon_migrate". They accumulate balloon
activity. Current size of balloon is (balloon_inflate - balloon_deflate)
pages.

All generic balloon code now gathered under option CONFIG_MEMORY_BALLOON.
It should be selected by ballooning driver which wants use this feature.
Currently virtio-balloon is the only user.

Signed-off-by: Konstantin Khlebnikov <k.khlebnikov@samsung.com>
Cc: Rafael Aquini <aquini@redhat.com>
Cc: Andrey Ryabinin <ryabinin.a.a@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm,vmacache: add debug data

Introduce a CONFIG_DEBUG_VM_VMACACHE option to enable counting the cache
hit rate -- exported in /proc/vmstat.

Any updates to the caching scheme needs this kind of data, thus it can
save some work re-implementing the counting all the time.

Signed-off-by: Davidlohr Bueso <davidlohr@hp.com>
Cc: Aswin Chandramouleeswaran <aswin@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

drop_caches: add some documentation and info message

There is plenty of anecdotal evidence and a load of blog posts
suggesting that using "drop_caches" periodically keeps your system
running in "tip top shape". Perhaps adding some kernel documentation
will increase the amount of accurate data on its use.

If we are not shrinking caches effectively, then we have real bugs.
Using drop_caches will simply mask the bugs and make them harder to
find, but certainly does not fix them, nor is it an appropriate
"workaround" to limit the size of the caches. On the contrary, there
have been bug reports on issues that turned out to be misguided use of
cache dropping.

Dropping caches is a very drastic and disruptive operation that is good
for debugging and running tests, but if it creates bug reports from
production use, kernel developers should be aware of its use.

Add a bit more documentation about it, a syslog message to track down
abusers, and vmstat drop counters to help analyze problem reports.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: checkpatch fixes]
[hannes@cmpxchg.org: add runtime suppression control]
Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm, x86: Account for TLB flushes only when debugging

Bisection between 3.11 and 3.12 fingered commit 9824cf97 ("mm:
vmstats: tlb flush counters") to cause overhead problems.

The counters are undeniably useful but how often do we really
need to debug TLB flush related issues? It does not justify
taking the penalty everywhere so make it a debugging option.

Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Tested-by: Davidlohr Bueso <davidlohr@hp.com>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Alex Shi <alex.shi@linaro.org>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/n/tip-XzxjntugxuwpxXhcrxqqh53b@git.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>

mm: numa: return the number of base pages altered by protection changes

Commit 0255d4918480 ("mm: Account for a THP NUMA hinting update as one
PTE update") was added to account for the number of PTE updates when
marking pages prot_numa. task_numa_work was using the old return value
to track how much address space had been updated. Altering the return
value causes the scanner to do more work than it is configured or
documented to in a single unit of work.

This patch reverts that commit and accounts for the number of THP
updates separately in vmstat. It is up to the administrator to
interpret the pair of values correctly. This is a straight-forward
operation and likely to only be of interest when actively debugging NUMA
balancing problems.

The impact of this patch is that the NUMA PTE scanner will scan slower
when THP is enabled and workloads may converge slower as a result. On
the flip size system CPU usage should be lower than recent tests
reported. This is an illustrative example of a short single JVM specjbb
test

specjbb
3.12.0 3.12.0
vanilla acctupdates
TPut 1 26143.00 ( 0.00%) 25747.00 ( -1.51%)
TPut 7 185257.00 ( 0.00%) 183202.00 ( -1.11%)
TPut 13 329760.00 ( 0.00%) 346577.00 ( 5.10%)
TPut 19 442502.00 ( 0.00%) 460146.00 ( 3.99%)
TPut 25 540634.00 ( 0.00%) 549053.00 ( 1.56%)
TPut 31 512098.00 ( 0.00%) 519611.00 ( 1.47%)
TPut 37 461276.00 ( 0.00%) 474973.00 ( 2.97%)
TPut 43 403089.00 ( 0.00%) 414172.00 ( 2.75%)

3.12.0 3.12.0
vanillaacctupdates
User 5169.64 5184.14
System 100.45 80.02
Elapsed 252.75 251.85

Performance is similar but note the reduction in system CPU time. While
this showed a performance gain, it will not be universal but at least
it'll be behaving as documented. The vmstats are obviously different but
here is an obvious interpretation of them from mmtests.

3.12.0 3.12.0
vanillaacctupdates
NUMA page range updates 1408326 11043064
NUMA huge PMD updates 0 21040
NUMA PTE updates 1408326 291624

"NUMA page range updates" == nr_pte_updates and is the value returned to
the NUMA pte scanner. NUMA huge PMD updates were the number of THP
updates which in combination can be used to calculate how many ptes were
updated from userspace.

Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reported-by: Alex Thorlton <athorlton@sgi.com>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm: vmstats: track TLB flush stats on UP too

The previous patch doing vmstats for TLB flushes ("mm: vmstats: tlb flush
counters") effectively missed UP since arch/x86/mm/tlb.c is only compiled
for SMP.

UP systems do not do remote TLB flushes, so compile those counters out on
UP.

arch/x86/kernel/cpu/mtrr/generic.c calls __flush_tlb() directly. This is
probably an optimization since both the mtrr code and __flush_tlb() write
cr4. It would probably be safe to make that a flush_tlb_all() (and then
get these statistics), but the mtrr code is ancient and I'm hesitant to
touch it other than to just stick in the counters.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: tweak comments]
Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm: vmstats: tlb flush counters

I was investigating some TLB flush scaling issues and realized that we do
not have any good methods for figuring out how many TLB flushes we are
doing.

It would be nice to be able to do these in generic code, but the
arch-independent calls don't explicitly specify whether we actually need
to do remote flushes or not. In the end, we really need to know if we
actually _did_ global vs. local invalidations, so that leaves us with few
options other than to muck with the counters from arch-specific code.

Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm: don't wait on congested zones in balance_pgdat()

From: Zlatko Calusic <zlatko.calusic@iskon.hr>

Commit 92df3a723f84 ("mm: vmscan: throttle reclaim if encountering too
many dirty pages under writeback") introduced waiting on congested zones
based on a sane algorithm in shrink_inactive_list().

What this means is that there's no more need for throttling and
additional heuristics in balance_pgdat(). So, let's remove it and tidy
up the code.

Signed-off-by: Zlatko Calusic <zlatko.calusic@iskon.hr>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <jweiner@redhat.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

thp, vmstat: implement HZP_ALLOC and HZP_ALLOC_FAILED events

hzp_alloc is incremented every time a huge zero page is successfully
allocated. It includes allocations which where dropped due
race with other allocation. Note, it doesn't count every map
of the huge zero page, only its allocation.

hzp_alloc_failed is incremented if kernel fails to allocate huge zero
page and falls back to using small pages.

Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm: numa: Add pte updates, hinting and migration stats

It is tricky to quantify the basic cost of automatic NUMA placement in a
meaningful manner. This patch adds some vmstats that can be used as part
of a basic costing model.

u = basic unit = sizeof(void *)
Ca = cost of struct page access = sizeof(struct page) / u
Cpte = Cost PTE access = Ca
Cupdate = Cost PTE update = (2 * Cpte) + (2 * Wlock)
where Cpte is incurred twice for a read and a write and Wlock
is a constant representing the cost of taking or releasing a
lock
Cnumahint = Cost of a minor page fault = some high constant e.g. 1000
Cpagerw = Cost to read or write a full page = Ca + PAGE_SIZE/u
Ci = Cost of page isolation = Ca + Wi
where Wi is a constant that should reflect the approximate cost
of the locking operation
Cpagecopy = Cpagerw + (Cpagerw * Wnuma) + Ci + (Ci * Wnuma)
where Wnuma is the approximate NUMA factor. 1 is local. 1.2
would imply that remote accesses are 20% more expensive

Balancing cost = Cpte * numa_pte_updates +
Cnumahint * numa_hint_faults +
Ci * numa_pages_migrated +
Cpagecopy * numa_pages_migrated

Note that numa_pages_migrated is used as a measure of how many pages
were isolated even though it would miss pages that failed to migrate. A
vmstat counter could have been added for it but the isolation cost is
pretty marginal in comparison to the overall cost so it seemed overkill.

The ideal way to measure automatic placement benefit would be to count
the number of remote accesses versus local accesses and do something like

benefit = (remote_accesses_before - remove_access_after) * Wnuma

but the information is not readily available. As a workload converges, the
expection would be that the number of remote numa hints would reduce to 0.

convergence = numa_hint_faults_local / numa_hint_faults
where this is measured for the last N number of
numa hints recorded. When the workload is fully
converged the value is 1.

This can measure if the placement policy is converging and how fast it is
doing it.

Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>

mm: compaction: Add scanned and isolated counters for compaction

Compaction already has tracepoints to count scanned and isolated pages
but it requires that ftrace be enabled and if that information has to be
written to disk then it can be disruptive. This patch adds vmstat counters
for compaction called compact_migrate_scanned, compact_free_scanned and
compact_isolated.

With these counters, it is possible to define a basic cost model for
compaction. This approximates of how much work compaction is doing and can
be compared that with an oprofile showing TLB misses and see if the cost of
compaction is being offset by THP for example. Minimally a compaction patch
can be evaluated in terms of whether it increases or decreases cost. The
basic cost model looks like this

Fundamental unit u: a word sizeof(void *)

Ca = cost of struct page access = sizeof(struct page) / u

Cmc = Cost migrate page copy = (Ca + PAGE_SIZE/u) * 2
Cmf = Cost migrate failure = Ca * 2
Ci = Cost page isolation = (Ca + Wi)
where Wi is a constant that should reflect the approximate
cost of the locking operation.

Csm = Cost migrate scanning = Ca
Csf = Cost free scanning = Ca

Overall cost = (Csm * compact_migrate_scanned) +
(Csf * compact_free_scanned) +
(Ci * compact_isolated) +
(Cmc * pgmigrate_success) +
(Cmf * pgmigrate_failed)

Where the values are read from /proc/vmstat.

This is very basic and ignores certain costs such as the allocation cost
to do a migrate page copy but any improvement to the model would still
use the same vmstat counters.

Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>

mm: compaction: Move migration fail/success stats to migrate.c

The compact_pages_moved and compact_pagemigrate_failed events are
convenient for determining if compaction is active and to what
degree migration is succeeding but it's at the wrong level. Other
users of migration may also want to know if migration is working
properly and this will be particularly true for any automated
NUMA migration. This patch moves the counters down to migration
with the new events called pgmigrate_success and pgmigrate_fail.
The compact_blocks_moved counter is removed because while it was
useful for debugging initially, it's worthless now as no meaningful
conclusions can be drawn from its value.

Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>

mm: remove unevictable_pgs_mlockfreed

Simply remove UNEVICTABLE_MLOCKFREED and unevictable_pgs_mlockfreed line
from /proc/vmstat: Johannes and Mel point out that it was very unlikely to
have been used by any tool, and of course we can restore it easily enough
if that turns out to be wrong.

Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Cc: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm: remove free_page_mlock

We should not be seeing non-0 unevictable_pgs_mlockfreed any longer. So
remove free_page_mlock() from the page freeing paths: __PG_MLOCKED is
already in PAGE_FLAGS_CHECK_AT_FREE, so free_pages_check() will now be
checking it, reporting "BUG: Bad page state" if it's ever found set.
Comment UNEVICTABLE_MLOCKFREED and unevictable_pgs_mlockfreed always 0.

Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Cc: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm: account for the number of times direct reclaimers get throttled

Under significant pressure when writing back to network-backed storage,
direct reclaimers may get throttled. This is expected to be a short-lived
event and the processes get woken up again but processes do get stalled.
This patch counts how many times such stalling occurs. It's up to the
administrator whether to reduce these stalls by increasing
min_free_kbytes.

Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: David Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@suse.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Mike Christie <michaelc@cs.wisc.edu>
Cc: Eric B Munson <emunson@mgebm.net>
Cc: Eric Dumazet <eric.dumazet@gmail.com>
Cc: Sebastian Andrzej Siewior <sebastian@breakpoint.cc>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm: fix up the vmscan stat in vmstat

The "pgsteal" stat is confusing because it counts both direct reclaim as
well as background reclaim. However, we have "kswapd_steal" which also
counts background reclaim value.

This patch fixes it and also makes it match the existng "pgscan_" stats.

Test:
pgsteal_kswapd_dma32 447623
pgsteal_kswapd_normal 42272677
pgsteal_kswapd_movable 0
pgsteal_direct_dma32 2801
pgsteal_direct_normal 44353270
pgsteal_direct_movable 0

Signed-off-by: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Hillf Danton <dhillf@gmail.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Dan Magenheimer <dan.magenheimer@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm: move enum vm_event_item into a standalone header file

enums are problematic because they cannot be forward-declared:

akpm2:/home/akpm> cat t.c

enum foo;

static inline void bar(enum foo f)
{
}
akpm2:/home/akpm> gcc -c t.c
t.c:4: error: parameter 1 ('f') has incomplete type

So move the enum's definition into a standalone header file which can be used
wherever its definition is needed.

Cc: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>