1.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 2.\" 3.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by 4.\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 5.\" 6.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 7.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 8.\" are met: 9.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 11.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 12.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 13.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 14.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 15.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 16.\" This product includes software developed by the University of 17.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. 18.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 19.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 20.\" without specific prior written permission. 21.\" 22.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 23.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 24.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 25.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 26.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 27.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 28.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 29.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 30.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 31.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 32.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 33.\" 34.\" @(#)find.1 8.7 (Berkeley) 5/9/95
| 1.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 2.\" 3.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by 4.\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 5.\" 6.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 7.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 8.\" are met: 9.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 11.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 12.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 13.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 14.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 15.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 16.\" This product includes software developed by the University of 17.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. 18.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 19.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 20.\" without specific prior written permission. 21.\" 22.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 23.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 24.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 25.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 26.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 27.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 28.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 29.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 30.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 31.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 32.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 33.\" 34.\" @(#)find.1 8.7 (Berkeley) 5/9/95
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120.It Fl d 121The 122.Fl d 123option causes 124.Nm 125to perform a depth\-first traversal, i.e., directories 126are visited in post\-order and all entries in a directory will be acted 127on before the directory itself. 128By default, 129.Nm 130visits directories in pre\-order, i.e., before their contents. 131Note, the default is 132.Em not 133a breadth\-first traversal. 134.It Fl f 135The 136.Fl f 137option specifies a file hierarchy for 138.Nm 139to traverse. 140File hierarchies may also be specified as the operands immediately 141following the options. 142.It Fl s 143The 144.Fl s 145option causes 146.Nm 147to traverse the file hierarchies in lexicographical order, 148i.e., alphabetical order within each directory. 149Note: 150.Ql find -s 151and 152.Ql "find | sort" 153may give different results. 154.It Fl x 155The 156.Fl x 157option prevents 158.Nm 159from descending into directories that have a device number different 160than that of the file from which the descent began. 161.El 162.Sh PRIMARIES 163.Bl -tag -width indent 164.It Ic -amin Ar n 165True if the difference between the file last access time and the time 166.Nm 167was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is 168.Ar n 169minutes. 170.It Ic -anewer Ar file 171Same as 172.Ic -neweram . 173.It Ic -atime Ar n Ns Op Cm smhdw 174If no units are specified, this primary evaluates to 175true if the difference between the file last access time and the time 176.Nm 177was started, rounded up to the next full 24\-hour period, is 178.Ar n 17924\-hour periods. 180.Pp 181If units are specified, this primary evaluates to 182true if the difference between the file last access time and the time 183.Nm 184was started is exactly 185.Ar n 186units. 187Possible time units are as follows: 188.Pp 189.Bl -tag -width indent -compact 190.It Cm s 191second 192.It Cm m 193minute (60 seconds) 194.It Cm h 195hour (60 minutes) 196.It Cm d 197day (24 hours) 198.It Cm w 199week (7 days) 200.El 201.Pp 202Any number of units may be combined in one 203.Ic -atime 204argument, for example, 205.Dq Li "-atime -1h30m" . 206Units are probably only useful when used in conjunction with the 207.Cm + 208or 209.Cm - 210modifier. 211.It Ic -cmin Ar n 212True if the difference between the time of last change of file status 213information and the time 214.Nm 215was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is 216.Ar n 217minutes. 218.It Ic -cnewer Ar file 219Same as 220.Ic -newercm . 221.It Ic -ctime Ar n Ns Op Cm smhdw 222If no units are specified, this primary evaluates to 223true if the difference between the time of last change of file status 224information and the time 225.Nm 226was started, rounded up to the next full 24\-hour period, is 227.Ar n 22824\-hour periods. 229.Pp 230If units are specified, this primary evaluates to 231true if the difference between the time of last change of file status 232information and the time 233.Nm 234was started is exactly 235.Ar n 236units. 237Please refer to the 238.Ic -atime 239primary description for information on supported time units. 240.It Ic -delete 241Delete found files and/or directories. 242Always returns true. 243This executes 244from the current working directory as 245.Nm 246recurses down the tree. 247It will not attempt to delete a filename with a 248.Dq Pa / 249character in its pathname relative to 250.Dq Pa \&. 251for security reasons. 252Depth\-first traversal processing is implied by this option. 253.It Ic -depth 254Always true; 255same as the 256.Fl d 257option. 258.Ic -depth 259can be useful when 260.Nm 261is used with 262.Xr cpio 1 263to process files that are contained in directories with unusual permissions. 264It ensures that you have write permission while you are placing files in a 265directory, then sets the directory's permissions as the last thing. 266.It Ic -empty 267True if the current file or directory is empty. 268.It Ic -exec Ar utility Op Ar argument ... ; 269True if the program named 270.Ar utility 271returns a zero value as its exit status. 272Optional 273.Ar arguments 274may be passed to the utility. 275The expression must be terminated by a semicolon 276.Pq Dq Li \&; . 277If the string 278.Dq Li {} 279appears anywhere in the utility name or the 280arguments it is replaced by the pathname of the current file. 281.Ar Utility 282will be executed from the directory from which 283.Nm 284was executed. 285.Ar Utility 286and 287.Ar arguments 288are not subject to the further expansion of shell patterns 289and constructs. 290.It Ic -execdir Ar utility Op Ar argument ... ; 291The 292.Ic -execdir 293primary is identical to the 294.Ic -exec 295primary with the exception that 296.Ar utility 297will be executed from the directory that holds 298the current file. 299The filename substituted for 300the string 301.Dq Li {} 302is not qualified. 303.It Ic -flags Oo Cm - Ns | Ns Cm + Oc Ns Ar flags , Ns Ar notflags 304The flags are specified using symbolic names (see 305.Xr chflags 1 ) . 306Those with the 307.Qq Li no 308prefix (except 309.Qq Li nodump ) 310are said to be 311.Ar notflags . 312Flags in 313.Ar flags 314are checked to be set, and flags in 315.Ar notflags 316are checked to be not set. 317Note that this is different from 318.Ic -perm , 319which only allows the user to specify mode bits that are set. 320.Pp 321If flags are preceded by a dash 322.Pq Dq Li - , 323this primary evaluates to true 324if at least all of the bits in 325.Ar flags 326and none of the bits in 327.Ar notflags 328are set in the file's flags bits. 329If flags are preceded by a plus 330.Pq Dq Li + , 331this primary evaluates to true 332if any of the bits in 333.Ar flags 334is set in the file's flags bits, 335or any of the bits in 336.Ar notflags 337is not set in the file's flags bits. 338Otherwise, 339this primary evaluates to true 340if the bits in 341.Ar flags 342exactly match the file's flags bits, 343and none of the 344.Ar flags 345bits match those of 346.Ar notflags . 347.It Ic -fstype Ar type 348True if the file is contained in a file system of type 349.Ar type . 350The 351.Xr sysctl 8 352command can be used to find out the types of filesystems 353that are available on the system: 354.Pp 355.Dl "sysctl vfs" 356.Pp 357In addition, there are two pseudo-types, 358.Dq Li local 359and 360.Dq Li rdonly . 361The former matches any file system physically mounted on the system where 362the 363.Nm 364is being executed and the latter matches any file system which is 365mounted read-only. 366.It Ic -group Ar gname 367True if the file belongs to the group 368.Ar gname . 369If 370.Ar gname 371is numeric and there is no such group name, then 372.Ar gname 373is treated as a group ID. 374.It Ic -iname Ar pattern 375Like 376.Ic -name , 377but the match is case insensitive. 378.It Ic -inum Ar n 379True if the file has inode number 380.Ar n . 381.It Ic -ipath Ar pattern 382Like 383.Ic -path , 384but the match is case insensitive. 385.It Ic -iregex Ar pattern 386Like 387.Ic -regex , 388but the match is case insensitive. 389.It Ic -links Ar n 390True if the file has 391.Ar n 392links. 393.It Ic -ls 394This primary always evaluates to true. 395The following information for the current file is written to standard output: 396its inode number, size in 512\-byte blocks, file permissions, number of hard 397links, owner, group, size in bytes, last modification time, and pathname. 398If the file is a block or character special file, the major and minor numbers 399will be displayed instead of the size in bytes. 400If the file is a symbolic link, the pathname of the linked\-to file will be 401displayed preceded by 402.Dq Li -> . 403The format is identical to that produced by 404.Bk -words 405.Nm ls Fl dgils . 406.Ek 407.It Ic -maxdepth Ar n 408True if the depth of the current file into the tree is less than or equal to 409.Ar n . 410.It Ic -mindepth Ar n 411True if the depth of the current file into the tree is greater than or equal to 412.Ar n . 413.It Ic -mmin Ar n 414True if the difference between the file last modification time and the time 415.Nm 416was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is 417.Ar n 418minutes. 419.It Ic -mnewer Ar file 420Same as 421.Ic -newer . 422.It Ic -mtime Ar n Ns Op Cm smhdw 423If no units are specified, this primary evaluates to 424true if the difference between the file last modification time and the time 425.Nm 426was started, rounded up to the next full 24\-hour period, is 427.Ar n 42824\-hour periods. 429.Pp 430If units are specified, this primary evaluates to 431true if the difference between the file last modification time and the time 432.Nm 433was started is exactly 434.Ar n 435units. 436Please refer to the 437.Ic -atime 438primary description for information on supported time units. 439.It Ic -name Ar pattern 440True if the last component of the pathname being examined matches 441.Ar pattern . 442Special shell pattern matching characters 443.Dq ( Li \&[ , 444.Dq Li \&] , 445.Dq Li * , 446and 447.Dq Li \&? ) 448may be used as part of 449.Ar pattern . 450These characters may be matched explicitly by escaping them with a 451backslash 452.Pq Dq Li \e . 453.It Ic -newer Ar file 454True if the current file has a more recent last modification time than 455.Ar file . 456.It Ic -newer Ns Ar X Ns Ar Y Ar file 457True if the current file has a more recent last access time 458.Ar ( X Ns = Ns Cm a ) , 459change time 460.Ar ( X Ns = Ns Cm c ) , 461or modification time 462.Ar ( X Ns = Ns Cm m ) 463than the last access time 464.Ar ( Y Ns = Ns Cm a ) , 465change time 466.Ar ( Y Ns = Ns Cm c ) , 467or modification time 468.Ar ( Y Ns = Ns Cm m ) 469of 470.Ar file . 471In addition, if 472.Ar Y Ns = Ns Cm t , 473then 474.Ar file 475is instead interpreted as a direct date specification of the form 476understood by 477.Xr cvs 1 . 478Note that 479.Ic -newermm 480is equivalent to 481.Ic -newer . 482.It Ic -nogroup 483True if the file belongs to an unknown group. 484.It Ic -nouser 485True if the file belongs to an unknown user. 486.It Ic -ok Ar utility Op Ar argument ... ; 487The 488.Ic -ok 489primary is identical to the 490.Ic -exec 491primary with the exception that 492.Nm 493requests user affirmation for the execution of the 494.Ar utility 495by printing 496a message to the terminal and reading a response. 497If the response is other than 498.Dq Li y 499the command is not executed and the 500value of the 501.Ic -ok 502expression is false. 503.It Ic -okdir Ar utility Op Ar argument ... ; 504The 505.Ic -okdir 506primary is identical to the 507.Ic -execdir 508primary with the same exception as described for the 509.Ic -ok 510primary. 511.It Ic -path Ar pattern 512True if the pathname being examined matches 513.Ar pattern . 514Special shell pattern matching characters 515.Dq ( Li \&[ , 516.Dq Li \&] , 517.Dq Li * , 518and 519.Dq Li \&? ) 520may be used as part of 521.Ar pattern . 522These characters may be matched explicitly by escaping them with a 523backslash 524.Pq Dq Li \e . 525Slashes 526.Pq Dq Li / 527are treated as normal characters and do not have to be 528matched explicitly. 529.It Ic -perm Oo Cm - Ns | Ns Cm + Oc Ns Ar mode 530The 531.Ar mode 532may be either symbolic (see 533.Xr chmod 1 ) 534or an octal number. 535If the 536.Ar mode 537is symbolic, a starting value of zero is assumed and the 538.Ar mode 539sets or clears permissions without regard to the process' file mode 540creation mask. 541If the 542.Ar mode 543is octal, only bits 07777 544.Pq Dv S_ISUID | S_ISGID | S_ISTXT | S_IRWXU | S_IRWXG | S_IRWXO 545of the file's mode bits participate 546in the comparison. 547If the 548.Ar mode 549is preceded by a dash 550.Pq Dq Li - , 551this primary evaluates to true 552if at least all of the bits in the 553.Ar mode 554are set in the file's mode bits. 555If the 556.Ar mode 557is preceded by a plus 558.Pq Dq Li + , 559this primary evaluates to true 560if any of the bits in the 561.Ar mode 562are set in the file's mode bits. 563Otherwise, this primary evaluates to true if 564the bits in the 565.Ar mode 566exactly match the file's mode bits. 567Note, the first character of a symbolic mode may not be a dash 568.Pq Dq Li - . 569.It Ic -print 570This primary always evaluates to true. 571It prints the pathname of the current file to standard output. 572If none of 573.Ic -exec , -ls , -print0 , 574or 575.Ic -ok 576is specified, the given expression shall be effectively replaced by 577.Cm \&( Ar "given expression" Cm \&) Ic -print . 578.It Ic -print0 579This primary always evaluates to true. 580It prints the pathname of the current file to standard output, followed by an 581.Tn ASCII NUL 582character (character code 0). 583.It Ic -prune 584This primary always evaluates to true. 585It causes 586.Nm 587to not descend into the current file. 588Note, the 589.Ic -prune 590primary has no effect if the 591.Fl d 592option was specified. 593.It Ic -regex Ar pattern 594True if the whole path of the file matches 595.Ar pattern 596using regular expression. 597To match a file named 598.Dq Pa ./foo/xyzzy , 599you can use the regular expression 600.Dq Li ".*/[xyz]*" 601or 602.Dq Li ".*/foo/.*" , 603but not 604.Dq Li xyzzy 605or 606.Dq Li /foo/ . 607.It Ic -size Ar n Ns Op Cm c 608True if the file's size, rounded up, in 512\-byte blocks is 609.Ar n . 610If 611.Ar n 612is followed by a 613.Cm c , 614then the primary is true if the 615file's size is 616.Ar n 617bytes (characters). 618.It Ic -type Ar t 619True if the file is of the specified type. 620Possible file types are as follows: 621.Pp 622.Bl -tag -width indent -compact 623.It Cm b 624block special 625.It Cm c 626character special 627.It Cm d 628directory 629.It Cm f 630regular file 631.It Cm l 632symbolic link 633.It Cm p 634FIFO 635.It Cm s 636socket 637.El 638.It Ic -user Ar uname 639True if the file belongs to the user 640.Ar uname . 641If 642.Ar uname 643is numeric and there is no such user name, then 644.Ar uname 645is treated as a user ID. 646.El 647.Pp 648All primaries which take a numeric argument allow the number to be 649preceded by a plus sign 650.Pq Dq Li + 651or a minus sign 652.Pq Dq Li - . 653A preceding plus sign means 654.Dq more than n , 655a preceding minus sign means 656.Dq less than n 657and neither means 658.Dq exactly n . 659.Sh OPERATORS 660The primaries may be combined using the following operators. 661The operators are listed in order of decreasing precedence. 662.Pp 663.Bl -tag -width "( expression )" -compact 664.It Cm \&( Ar expression Cm \&) 665This evaluates to true if the parenthesized expression evaluates to 666true. 667.Pp 668.It Cm \&! Ar expression 669This is the unary 670.Tn NOT 671operator. 672It evaluates to true if the expression is false. 673.Pp 674.It Ar expression Cm -and Ar expression 675.It Ar expression expression 676The 677.Cm -and 678operator is the logical 679.Tn AND 680operator. 681As it is implied by the juxtaposition of two expressions it does not 682have to be specified. 683The expression evaluates to true if both expressions are true. 684The second expression is not evaluated if the first expression is false. 685.Pp 686.It Ar expression Cm -or Ar expression 687The 688.Cm -or 689operator is the logical 690.Tn OR 691operator. 692The expression evaluates to true if either the first or the second expression 693is true. 694The second expression is not evaluated if the first expression is true. 695.El 696.Pp 697All operands and primaries must be separate arguments to 698.Nm . 699Primaries which themselves take arguments expect each argument 700to be a separate argument to 701.Nm . 702.Sh EXAMPLES 703The following examples are shown as given to the shell: 704.Bl -tag -width indent 705.It Li "find / \e! -name \*q*.c\*q -print" 706Print out a list of all the files whose names do not end in 707.Pa .c . 708.It Li "find / -newer ttt -user wnj -print" 709Print out a list of all the files owned by user 710.Dq wnj 711that are newer 712than the file 713.Pa ttt . 714.It Li "find / \e! \e( -newer ttt -user wnj \e) -print" 715Print out a list of all the files which are not both newer than 716.Pa ttt 717and owned by 718.Dq wnj . 719.It Li "find / \e( -newer ttt -or -user wnj \e) -print" 720Print out a list of all the files that are either owned by 721.Dq wnj 722or that are newer than 723.Pa ttt . 724.It Li "find . -newerct '1 minute ago' -print" 725Print out a list of all the files whose inode change time is more 726recent than the current time minus one minute. 727.El 728.Sh SEE ALSO 729.Xr chflags 1 , 730.Xr chmod 1 , 731.Xr cvs 1 , 732.Xr locate 1 , 733.Xr whereis 1 , 734.Xr which 1 ,
| 126.It Fl d 127The 128.Fl d 129option causes 130.Nm 131to perform a depth\-first traversal, i.e., directories 132are visited in post\-order and all entries in a directory will be acted 133on before the directory itself. 134By default, 135.Nm 136visits directories in pre\-order, i.e., before their contents. 137Note, the default is 138.Em not 139a breadth\-first traversal. 140.It Fl f 141The 142.Fl f 143option specifies a file hierarchy for 144.Nm 145to traverse. 146File hierarchies may also be specified as the operands immediately 147following the options. 148.It Fl s 149The 150.Fl s 151option causes 152.Nm 153to traverse the file hierarchies in lexicographical order, 154i.e., alphabetical order within each directory. 155Note: 156.Ql find -s 157and 158.Ql "find | sort" 159may give different results. 160.It Fl x 161The 162.Fl x 163option prevents 164.Nm 165from descending into directories that have a device number different 166than that of the file from which the descent began. 167.El 168.Sh PRIMARIES 169.Bl -tag -width indent 170.It Ic -amin Ar n 171True if the difference between the file last access time and the time 172.Nm 173was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is 174.Ar n 175minutes. 176.It Ic -anewer Ar file 177Same as 178.Ic -neweram . 179.It Ic -atime Ar n Ns Op Cm smhdw 180If no units are specified, this primary evaluates to 181true if the difference between the file last access time and the time 182.Nm 183was started, rounded up to the next full 24\-hour period, is 184.Ar n 18524\-hour periods. 186.Pp 187If units are specified, this primary evaluates to 188true if the difference between the file last access time and the time 189.Nm 190was started is exactly 191.Ar n 192units. 193Possible time units are as follows: 194.Pp 195.Bl -tag -width indent -compact 196.It Cm s 197second 198.It Cm m 199minute (60 seconds) 200.It Cm h 201hour (60 minutes) 202.It Cm d 203day (24 hours) 204.It Cm w 205week (7 days) 206.El 207.Pp 208Any number of units may be combined in one 209.Ic -atime 210argument, for example, 211.Dq Li "-atime -1h30m" . 212Units are probably only useful when used in conjunction with the 213.Cm + 214or 215.Cm - 216modifier. 217.It Ic -cmin Ar n 218True if the difference between the time of last change of file status 219information and the time 220.Nm 221was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is 222.Ar n 223minutes. 224.It Ic -cnewer Ar file 225Same as 226.Ic -newercm . 227.It Ic -ctime Ar n Ns Op Cm smhdw 228If no units are specified, this primary evaluates to 229true if the difference between the time of last change of file status 230information and the time 231.Nm 232was started, rounded up to the next full 24\-hour period, is 233.Ar n 23424\-hour periods. 235.Pp 236If units are specified, this primary evaluates to 237true if the difference between the time of last change of file status 238information and the time 239.Nm 240was started is exactly 241.Ar n 242units. 243Please refer to the 244.Ic -atime 245primary description for information on supported time units. 246.It Ic -delete 247Delete found files and/or directories. 248Always returns true. 249This executes 250from the current working directory as 251.Nm 252recurses down the tree. 253It will not attempt to delete a filename with a 254.Dq Pa / 255character in its pathname relative to 256.Dq Pa \&. 257for security reasons. 258Depth\-first traversal processing is implied by this option. 259.It Ic -depth 260Always true; 261same as the 262.Fl d 263option. 264.Ic -depth 265can be useful when 266.Nm 267is used with 268.Xr cpio 1 269to process files that are contained in directories with unusual permissions. 270It ensures that you have write permission while you are placing files in a 271directory, then sets the directory's permissions as the last thing. 272.It Ic -empty 273True if the current file or directory is empty. 274.It Ic -exec Ar utility Op Ar argument ... ; 275True if the program named 276.Ar utility 277returns a zero value as its exit status. 278Optional 279.Ar arguments 280may be passed to the utility. 281The expression must be terminated by a semicolon 282.Pq Dq Li \&; . 283If the string 284.Dq Li {} 285appears anywhere in the utility name or the 286arguments it is replaced by the pathname of the current file. 287.Ar Utility 288will be executed from the directory from which 289.Nm 290was executed. 291.Ar Utility 292and 293.Ar arguments 294are not subject to the further expansion of shell patterns 295and constructs. 296.It Ic -execdir Ar utility Op Ar argument ... ; 297The 298.Ic -execdir 299primary is identical to the 300.Ic -exec 301primary with the exception that 302.Ar utility 303will be executed from the directory that holds 304the current file. 305The filename substituted for 306the string 307.Dq Li {} 308is not qualified. 309.It Ic -flags Oo Cm - Ns | Ns Cm + Oc Ns Ar flags , Ns Ar notflags 310The flags are specified using symbolic names (see 311.Xr chflags 1 ) . 312Those with the 313.Qq Li no 314prefix (except 315.Qq Li nodump ) 316are said to be 317.Ar notflags . 318Flags in 319.Ar flags 320are checked to be set, and flags in 321.Ar notflags 322are checked to be not set. 323Note that this is different from 324.Ic -perm , 325which only allows the user to specify mode bits that are set. 326.Pp 327If flags are preceded by a dash 328.Pq Dq Li - , 329this primary evaluates to true 330if at least all of the bits in 331.Ar flags 332and none of the bits in 333.Ar notflags 334are set in the file's flags bits. 335If flags are preceded by a plus 336.Pq Dq Li + , 337this primary evaluates to true 338if any of the bits in 339.Ar flags 340is set in the file's flags bits, 341or any of the bits in 342.Ar notflags 343is not set in the file's flags bits. 344Otherwise, 345this primary evaluates to true 346if the bits in 347.Ar flags 348exactly match the file's flags bits, 349and none of the 350.Ar flags 351bits match those of 352.Ar notflags . 353.It Ic -fstype Ar type 354True if the file is contained in a file system of type 355.Ar type . 356The 357.Xr sysctl 8 358command can be used to find out the types of filesystems 359that are available on the system: 360.Pp 361.Dl "sysctl vfs" 362.Pp 363In addition, there are two pseudo-types, 364.Dq Li local 365and 366.Dq Li rdonly . 367The former matches any file system physically mounted on the system where 368the 369.Nm 370is being executed and the latter matches any file system which is 371mounted read-only. 372.It Ic -group Ar gname 373True if the file belongs to the group 374.Ar gname . 375If 376.Ar gname 377is numeric and there is no such group name, then 378.Ar gname 379is treated as a group ID. 380.It Ic -iname Ar pattern 381Like 382.Ic -name , 383but the match is case insensitive. 384.It Ic -inum Ar n 385True if the file has inode number 386.Ar n . 387.It Ic -ipath Ar pattern 388Like 389.Ic -path , 390but the match is case insensitive. 391.It Ic -iregex Ar pattern 392Like 393.Ic -regex , 394but the match is case insensitive. 395.It Ic -links Ar n 396True if the file has 397.Ar n 398links. 399.It Ic -ls 400This primary always evaluates to true. 401The following information for the current file is written to standard output: 402its inode number, size in 512\-byte blocks, file permissions, number of hard 403links, owner, group, size in bytes, last modification time, and pathname. 404If the file is a block or character special file, the major and minor numbers 405will be displayed instead of the size in bytes. 406If the file is a symbolic link, the pathname of the linked\-to file will be 407displayed preceded by 408.Dq Li -> . 409The format is identical to that produced by 410.Bk -words 411.Nm ls Fl dgils . 412.Ek 413.It Ic -maxdepth Ar n 414True if the depth of the current file into the tree is less than or equal to 415.Ar n . 416.It Ic -mindepth Ar n 417True if the depth of the current file into the tree is greater than or equal to 418.Ar n . 419.It Ic -mmin Ar n 420True if the difference between the file last modification time and the time 421.Nm 422was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is 423.Ar n 424minutes. 425.It Ic -mnewer Ar file 426Same as 427.Ic -newer . 428.It Ic -mtime Ar n Ns Op Cm smhdw 429If no units are specified, this primary evaluates to 430true if the difference between the file last modification time and the time 431.Nm 432was started, rounded up to the next full 24\-hour period, is 433.Ar n 43424\-hour periods. 435.Pp 436If units are specified, this primary evaluates to 437true if the difference between the file last modification time and the time 438.Nm 439was started is exactly 440.Ar n 441units. 442Please refer to the 443.Ic -atime 444primary description for information on supported time units. 445.It Ic -name Ar pattern 446True if the last component of the pathname being examined matches 447.Ar pattern . 448Special shell pattern matching characters 449.Dq ( Li \&[ , 450.Dq Li \&] , 451.Dq Li * , 452and 453.Dq Li \&? ) 454may be used as part of 455.Ar pattern . 456These characters may be matched explicitly by escaping them with a 457backslash 458.Pq Dq Li \e . 459.It Ic -newer Ar file 460True if the current file has a more recent last modification time than 461.Ar file . 462.It Ic -newer Ns Ar X Ns Ar Y Ar file 463True if the current file has a more recent last access time 464.Ar ( X Ns = Ns Cm a ) , 465change time 466.Ar ( X Ns = Ns Cm c ) , 467or modification time 468.Ar ( X Ns = Ns Cm m ) 469than the last access time 470.Ar ( Y Ns = Ns Cm a ) , 471change time 472.Ar ( Y Ns = Ns Cm c ) , 473or modification time 474.Ar ( Y Ns = Ns Cm m ) 475of 476.Ar file . 477In addition, if 478.Ar Y Ns = Ns Cm t , 479then 480.Ar file 481is instead interpreted as a direct date specification of the form 482understood by 483.Xr cvs 1 . 484Note that 485.Ic -newermm 486is equivalent to 487.Ic -newer . 488.It Ic -nogroup 489True if the file belongs to an unknown group. 490.It Ic -nouser 491True if the file belongs to an unknown user. 492.It Ic -ok Ar utility Op Ar argument ... ; 493The 494.Ic -ok 495primary is identical to the 496.Ic -exec 497primary with the exception that 498.Nm 499requests user affirmation for the execution of the 500.Ar utility 501by printing 502a message to the terminal and reading a response. 503If the response is other than 504.Dq Li y 505the command is not executed and the 506value of the 507.Ic -ok 508expression is false. 509.It Ic -okdir Ar utility Op Ar argument ... ; 510The 511.Ic -okdir 512primary is identical to the 513.Ic -execdir 514primary with the same exception as described for the 515.Ic -ok 516primary. 517.It Ic -path Ar pattern 518True if the pathname being examined matches 519.Ar pattern . 520Special shell pattern matching characters 521.Dq ( Li \&[ , 522.Dq Li \&] , 523.Dq Li * , 524and 525.Dq Li \&? ) 526may be used as part of 527.Ar pattern . 528These characters may be matched explicitly by escaping them with a 529backslash 530.Pq Dq Li \e . 531Slashes 532.Pq Dq Li / 533are treated as normal characters and do not have to be 534matched explicitly. 535.It Ic -perm Oo Cm - Ns | Ns Cm + Oc Ns Ar mode 536The 537.Ar mode 538may be either symbolic (see 539.Xr chmod 1 ) 540or an octal number. 541If the 542.Ar mode 543is symbolic, a starting value of zero is assumed and the 544.Ar mode 545sets or clears permissions without regard to the process' file mode 546creation mask. 547If the 548.Ar mode 549is octal, only bits 07777 550.Pq Dv S_ISUID | S_ISGID | S_ISTXT | S_IRWXU | S_IRWXG | S_IRWXO 551of the file's mode bits participate 552in the comparison. 553If the 554.Ar mode 555is preceded by a dash 556.Pq Dq Li - , 557this primary evaluates to true 558if at least all of the bits in the 559.Ar mode 560are set in the file's mode bits. 561If the 562.Ar mode 563is preceded by a plus 564.Pq Dq Li + , 565this primary evaluates to true 566if any of the bits in the 567.Ar mode 568are set in the file's mode bits. 569Otherwise, this primary evaluates to true if 570the bits in the 571.Ar mode 572exactly match the file's mode bits. 573Note, the first character of a symbolic mode may not be a dash 574.Pq Dq Li - . 575.It Ic -print 576This primary always evaluates to true. 577It prints the pathname of the current file to standard output. 578If none of 579.Ic -exec , -ls , -print0 , 580or 581.Ic -ok 582is specified, the given expression shall be effectively replaced by 583.Cm \&( Ar "given expression" Cm \&) Ic -print . 584.It Ic -print0 585This primary always evaluates to true. 586It prints the pathname of the current file to standard output, followed by an 587.Tn ASCII NUL 588character (character code 0). 589.It Ic -prune 590This primary always evaluates to true. 591It causes 592.Nm 593to not descend into the current file. 594Note, the 595.Ic -prune 596primary has no effect if the 597.Fl d 598option was specified. 599.It Ic -regex Ar pattern 600True if the whole path of the file matches 601.Ar pattern 602using regular expression. 603To match a file named 604.Dq Pa ./foo/xyzzy , 605you can use the regular expression 606.Dq Li ".*/[xyz]*" 607or 608.Dq Li ".*/foo/.*" , 609but not 610.Dq Li xyzzy 611or 612.Dq Li /foo/ . 613.It Ic -size Ar n Ns Op Cm c 614True if the file's size, rounded up, in 512\-byte blocks is 615.Ar n . 616If 617.Ar n 618is followed by a 619.Cm c , 620then the primary is true if the 621file's size is 622.Ar n 623bytes (characters). 624.It Ic -type Ar t 625True if the file is of the specified type. 626Possible file types are as follows: 627.Pp 628.Bl -tag -width indent -compact 629.It Cm b 630block special 631.It Cm c 632character special 633.It Cm d 634directory 635.It Cm f 636regular file 637.It Cm l 638symbolic link 639.It Cm p 640FIFO 641.It Cm s 642socket 643.El 644.It Ic -user Ar uname 645True if the file belongs to the user 646.Ar uname . 647If 648.Ar uname 649is numeric and there is no such user name, then 650.Ar uname 651is treated as a user ID. 652.El 653.Pp 654All primaries which take a numeric argument allow the number to be 655preceded by a plus sign 656.Pq Dq Li + 657or a minus sign 658.Pq Dq Li - . 659A preceding plus sign means 660.Dq more than n , 661a preceding minus sign means 662.Dq less than n 663and neither means 664.Dq exactly n . 665.Sh OPERATORS 666The primaries may be combined using the following operators. 667The operators are listed in order of decreasing precedence. 668.Pp 669.Bl -tag -width "( expression )" -compact 670.It Cm \&( Ar expression Cm \&) 671This evaluates to true if the parenthesized expression evaluates to 672true. 673.Pp 674.It Cm \&! Ar expression 675This is the unary 676.Tn NOT 677operator. 678It evaluates to true if the expression is false. 679.Pp 680.It Ar expression Cm -and Ar expression 681.It Ar expression expression 682The 683.Cm -and 684operator is the logical 685.Tn AND 686operator. 687As it is implied by the juxtaposition of two expressions it does not 688have to be specified. 689The expression evaluates to true if both expressions are true. 690The second expression is not evaluated if the first expression is false. 691.Pp 692.It Ar expression Cm -or Ar expression 693The 694.Cm -or 695operator is the logical 696.Tn OR 697operator. 698The expression evaluates to true if either the first or the second expression 699is true. 700The second expression is not evaluated if the first expression is true. 701.El 702.Pp 703All operands and primaries must be separate arguments to 704.Nm . 705Primaries which themselves take arguments expect each argument 706to be a separate argument to 707.Nm . 708.Sh EXAMPLES 709The following examples are shown as given to the shell: 710.Bl -tag -width indent 711.It Li "find / \e! -name \*q*.c\*q -print" 712Print out a list of all the files whose names do not end in 713.Pa .c . 714.It Li "find / -newer ttt -user wnj -print" 715Print out a list of all the files owned by user 716.Dq wnj 717that are newer 718than the file 719.Pa ttt . 720.It Li "find / \e! \e( -newer ttt -user wnj \e) -print" 721Print out a list of all the files which are not both newer than 722.Pa ttt 723and owned by 724.Dq wnj . 725.It Li "find / \e( -newer ttt -or -user wnj \e) -print" 726Print out a list of all the files that are either owned by 727.Dq wnj 728or that are newer than 729.Pa ttt . 730.It Li "find . -newerct '1 minute ago' -print" 731Print out a list of all the files whose inode change time is more 732recent than the current time minus one minute. 733.El 734.Sh SEE ALSO 735.Xr chflags 1 , 736.Xr chmod 1 , 737.Xr cvs 1 , 738.Xr locate 1 , 739.Xr whereis 1 , 740.Xr which 1 ,
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735.Xr stat 2 , 736.Xr fts 3 , 737.Xr getgrent 3 , 738.Xr getpwent 3 , 739.Xr strmode 3 , 740.Xr re_format 7 , 741.Xr symlink 7 742.Sh STANDARDS 743The 744.Nm 745utility syntax is a superset of the syntax specified by the 746.St -p1003.2 747standard. 748.Pp 749All the single character options as well as the 750.Ic -iname , -inum , -iregex , -print0 , -delete , -ls , 751and 752.Ic -regex 753primaries are extensions to 754.St -p1003.2 . 755.Pp 756Historically, the 757.Fl d , h 758and 759.Fl x 760options were implemented using the primaries 761.Ic -depth , -follow , 762and 763.Ic -xdev . 764These primaries always evaluated to true. 765As they were really global variables that took effect before the traversal 766began, some legal expressions could have unexpected results. 767An example is the expression 768.Ic -print Cm -o Ic -depth . 769As 770.Ic -print 771always evaluates to true, the standard order of evaluation 772implies that 773.Ic -depth 774would never be evaluated. 775This is not the case. 776.Pp 777The operator 778.Cm -or 779was implemented as 780.Cm -o , 781and the operator 782.Cm -and 783was implemented as 784.Cm -a . 785.Pp 786Historic implementations of the 787.Ic -exec 788and 789.Ic -ok 790primaries did not replace the string 791.Dq Li {} 792in the utility name or the 793utility arguments if it had preceding or following non-whitespace characters. 794This version replaces it no matter where in the utility name or arguments 795it appears. 796.Pp 797The 798.Fl E 799option was implemented on the analogy of 800.Xr grep 1 801and 802.Xr sed 1 . 803.Sh BUGS 804The special characters used by 805.Nm 806are also special characters to many shell programs. 807In particular, the characters 808.Dq Li * , 809.Dq Li \&[ , 810.Dq Li \&] , 811.Dq Li \&? , 812.Dq Li \&( , 813.Dq Li \&) , 814.Dq Li \&! , 815.Dq Li \e 816and 817.Dq Li \&; 818may have to be escaped from the shell. 819.Pp 820As there is no delimiter separating options and file names or file 821names and the 822.Ar expression , 823it is difficult to specify files named 824.Pa -xdev 825or 826.Pa \&! . 827These problems are handled by the 828.Fl f 829option and the 830.Xr getopt 3 831.Dq Fl Fl 832construct. 833.Pp 834The 835.Ic -delete 836primary does not interact well with other options that cause the filesystem 837tree traversal options to be changed. 838.Sh HISTORY 839A 840.Nm 841command appeared in 842.At v1 .
| 742.Xr stat 2 , 743.Xr fts 3 , 744.Xr getgrent 3 , 745.Xr getpwent 3 , 746.Xr strmode 3 , 747.Xr re_format 7 , 748.Xr symlink 7 749.Sh STANDARDS 750The 751.Nm 752utility syntax is a superset of the syntax specified by the 753.St -p1003.2 754standard. 755.Pp 756All the single character options as well as the 757.Ic -iname , -inum , -iregex , -print0 , -delete , -ls , 758and 759.Ic -regex 760primaries are extensions to 761.St -p1003.2 . 762.Pp 763Historically, the 764.Fl d , h 765and 766.Fl x 767options were implemented using the primaries 768.Ic -depth , -follow , 769and 770.Ic -xdev . 771These primaries always evaluated to true. 772As they were really global variables that took effect before the traversal 773began, some legal expressions could have unexpected results. 774An example is the expression 775.Ic -print Cm -o Ic -depth . 776As 777.Ic -print 778always evaluates to true, the standard order of evaluation 779implies that 780.Ic -depth 781would never be evaluated. 782This is not the case. 783.Pp 784The operator 785.Cm -or 786was implemented as 787.Cm -o , 788and the operator 789.Cm -and 790was implemented as 791.Cm -a . 792.Pp 793Historic implementations of the 794.Ic -exec 795and 796.Ic -ok 797primaries did not replace the string 798.Dq Li {} 799in the utility name or the 800utility arguments if it had preceding or following non-whitespace characters. 801This version replaces it no matter where in the utility name or arguments 802it appears. 803.Pp 804The 805.Fl E 806option was implemented on the analogy of 807.Xr grep 1 808and 809.Xr sed 1 . 810.Sh BUGS 811The special characters used by 812.Nm 813are also special characters to many shell programs. 814In particular, the characters 815.Dq Li * , 816.Dq Li \&[ , 817.Dq Li \&] , 818.Dq Li \&? , 819.Dq Li \&( , 820.Dq Li \&) , 821.Dq Li \&! , 822.Dq Li \e 823and 824.Dq Li \&; 825may have to be escaped from the shell. 826.Pp 827As there is no delimiter separating options and file names or file 828names and the 829.Ar expression , 830it is difficult to specify files named 831.Pa -xdev 832or 833.Pa \&! . 834These problems are handled by the 835.Fl f 836option and the 837.Xr getopt 3 838.Dq Fl Fl 839construct. 840.Pp 841The 842.Ic -delete 843primary does not interact well with other options that cause the filesystem 844tree traversal options to be changed. 845.Sh HISTORY 846A 847.Nm 848command appeared in 849.At v1 .
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