europe (86222) | europe (86464) |
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1# @(#)europe 7.80 2 | 1# @(#)europe 7.80 2 |
3# $FreeBSD: head/share/zoneinfo/europe 86222 2001-11-09 19:17:59Z wollman $ 4 | |
5# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better, 6# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to 7# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future). 8 9# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29): 10# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is 11# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition), 12# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999). 13# 14# Gwillim Law writes that a good source 15# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport 16# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM), 17# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries 18# of the IATA's data after 1990. 19# 20# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1991, 21# and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards. 22# 23# Other sources occasionally used include: 24# 25# Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences, 26# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), 27# which I found in the UCLA library. 28# 29# Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH), 30# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm"> 31# History of Summer Time 32# </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese) 33 34# 35# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table; 36# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources. 37# Corrections are welcome! 38# std dst 39# LMT Local Mean Time 40# -4:00 AST Atlantic 41# -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland* 42# -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland* 43# 0:00 GMT BST Greenwich, British Summer 44# 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer 45# 0:00 WET WEST Western Europe 46# 0:19:32 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)* 47# 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)* 48# 1:00 CET CEST Central Europe 49# 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)* 50# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe 51# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow 52# 53# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain, 54# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997). 55 56# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-04), 57# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy, 58# Luxembourg, the Netherlands. 59# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom. 60# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece. 61# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal. 62# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for 63# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8% 64# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous 65# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice. 66# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.) 67# ... 68# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT. 69# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards. 70# ... 71# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules]. 72# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact 73# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the 74# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed 75# in the Directive. 76 77 78############################################################################### 79 80# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire) 81 82# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-07-06): 83# 84# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about 85# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo 86# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph 87# of the text said: 88# 89# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands 90# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude 91# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed 92# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They 93# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament, 94# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking 95# along the towpath within a few yards of it.' 96# 97# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's 98# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should 99# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761. 100# 101# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.] 102 103# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18): 104# 105# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time. 106# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time, 107# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country. 108# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828) 109# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903). 110# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway 111# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most 112# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the 113# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be 114# adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it. 115# The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian, 116# and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many 117# railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public 118# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock 119# on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands, 120# one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal 121# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading 122# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13. 123# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition 124# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02. 125# 126# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single 127# transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much 128# about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time. 129 130# From Paul Eggert (1999-01-30): 131# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915), 132# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society 133# who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907) 134# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April, 135# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September. 136# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times, 137# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests. 138# One-hour Summer Time was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916. 139# See: 140# <a href="http://www.the-times.co.uk/news/pages/tim/2000/05/18/x-timcrtcrt01011.html"> 141# Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18) 142# </a> 143# A monument was erected in 1927 to Willett, in an open space in a 45-acre wood 144# near Chiselhurst, Kent that was purchased by popular subscription and open 145# to the public. 146 147# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03): 148# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving'' 149# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this 150# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the 151# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''. 152 153# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19): 154# 155# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's 156# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom. 157 158# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed) 159# From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john> 160# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament. 161# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in 162# politics making a fortune, not computing. 163 164# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-06-14): 165# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the 166# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published 167# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and 168# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T." 169 170# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02): 171# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the 172# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516) 173# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945). 174 175# From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03): 176# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir 177# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any 178# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't 179# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British 180# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally. 181# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png 182# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png 183 184# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21): 185# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time 186# which is to be introduced in May.... 187# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time" 188# which could not be said to run counter to any official description. 189 190# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02): 191# Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common 192# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first, 193# so we use `BDST'. 194 195# Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-04-19) described at length 196# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom. 197# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk> has been updating 198# and extending this list, which can be found in 199# <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/"> 200# History of legal time in Britain 201# </a> (2000-02-12). 202 203# From Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk> (1998-01-06): 204# 205# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC; 206# see Lord Tanlaw's speech 207# <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0"> 208# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976) 209# </a>. 210 211# From Paul Eggert (2001-07-18): 212# 213# For lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948. 214# 215# Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect: 216# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until 217# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain. 218# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880. 219# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1. 220# It actually just had one transition. 221# * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II. 222# Actually, it conformed to Britain. 223# * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18. 224# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time. 225# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change). 226# 227# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks: 228# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT 229# to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to 230# conform with Great Britain. 231# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise. 232# 233# The following claim by Shanks is possible though doubtful; 234# we'll ignore it for now. 235# * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00. 236# 237# 238# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks. 239# Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory 240# (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was 241# to London. For example: 242# 243# "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time." 244# -- James Joyce, Ulysses 245 246# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28): 247# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31) 248# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time 249# (CT), equivalent to French civil time. 250# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that 251# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door) 252# and Frethun run in CT. 253# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities, 254# the French concession operators and the British civil authorities, 255# and that the time depends on who you're talking to. 256# If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason, 257# I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST. 258# This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST. 259 260# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02): 261# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94, 262# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC. 263# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate 264# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of 265# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is 266# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST". 267 268# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 269# Summer Time Act, 1916 270Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST 271Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT 272# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358 273Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST 274Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT 275# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274 276Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST 277Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT 278# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297 279Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST 280Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT 281# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458 282Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST 283# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844 284Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT 285# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363 286Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST 287Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT 288# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264 289Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST 290Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT 291# The Summer Time Act, 1922 292Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 293Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT 294Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 295Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 296# The Summer Time Act, 1925 297Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 298Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 299Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 300Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 301Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 302Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 303Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 304Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 305Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 306Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 307Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 308# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379 309Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT 310# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883 311Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST 312# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476 313Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 314Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST 315# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506 316Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 317# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932 318Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST 319# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312 320Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 321Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST 322# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208 323Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 324Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 325# The Summer Time Act, 1947 326Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST 327Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST 328Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST 329Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT 330# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495) 331Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST 332Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT 333# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373) 334Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST 335Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT 336# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518) 337# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430) 338# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451) 339Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST 340Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT 341# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925 342Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 343Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 344Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 345Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 346Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 347Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 348Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 349# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71) 350# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465) 351# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81) 352Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST 353Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT 354# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101) 355# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201) 356# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148) 357Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST 358# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117) 359Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST 360# The British Standard Time Act, 1968 361# (no summer time) 362# The Summer Time Act, 1972 363Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 364Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT 365# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089) 366# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673) 367# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223) 368# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931) 369Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST 370Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT 371# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985) 372# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729) 373# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798) 374Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT 375# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982) 376# See EU for rules starting in 1996. 377 378# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 379Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 380 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27 381 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 382 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996 383 0:00 EU GMT/BST 384Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 385 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin/Dunsink MT 386 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s # Irish Summer Time 387 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27 388 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 389 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996 390 0:00 EU GMT/BST 391Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 392 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 393 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s 394 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence 395 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00 396 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00 397 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00 398 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00 399 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00 400 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27 401 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 402 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996 403 0:00 EU GMT/IST 404 405############################################################################### 406 407# Continental Europe 408 409# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC, 410# Common Market, etc. 411 412# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 413Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S 414Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - 415Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 - 416Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - 417Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S 418Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 - 419# The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See: 420# <a href="http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/dat/2000/en_300L0084.html" 421# Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council 422# of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements. 423# </a> 424 425# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time. 426Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 427Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 428Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 - 429Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 430Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 431Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 - 432 433# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables. 434# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time. 435Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S 436Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 437Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 438Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - 439Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S 440Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 - 441Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S 442Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 - 443Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S 444# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks. 445Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 - 446Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 447Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 448Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - 449Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 450Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 451Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 - 452 453# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time. 454Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 455Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 456Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 457Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 458Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S 459Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 - 460 461# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 462Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time 463Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time 464Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time 465Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST 466Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST 467Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S 468Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 - 469Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S 470Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 471Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S 472Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 473# Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24): 474Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 475Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 476# Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in 477# Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14): 478Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 479Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 480# 481Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S 482Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 - 483Rule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 484Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 485Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 - 486 487# These are for backward compatibility with older versions. 488 489# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 490Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT 491Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 492Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT 493Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT 494 495# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST 496# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage. 497 498# From Markus Kuhn <mskuhn@unrza3.dialin.rrze.uni-erlangen.de> (1996-07-12): 499# The official German names ... are 500# 501# Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00 502# Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00 503# 504# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG), 505# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111).... 506# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution 507# 508# Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) 509# Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit" 510# Postfach 3345 511# D-38023 Braunschweig 512# phone: +49 531 592-0 513# 514# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB 515# department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the 516# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as 517# 518# Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00 519# Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00 520 521 522# Albania 523# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 524Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S 525Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 - 526Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S 527Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 - 528Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S 529Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 530Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 531Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 532Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S 533Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 534Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S 535Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 536Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S 537Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 538Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S 539Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 540Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S 541Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - 542Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S 543Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 - 544Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S 545Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 546Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S 547Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 548Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 549# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 550Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914 551 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16 552 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul 553 1:00 EU CE%sT 554 555# Andorra 556# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 557Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901 558 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30 559 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00 560 1:00 EU CE%sT 561 562# Austria 563# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 564Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S 565Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 - 566Rule Austria 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 567Rule Austria 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 568Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S 569Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 570Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S 571Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 572# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 573Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr 574 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Jun 16 3:00 575 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00 576 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 577 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981 578 1:00 EU CE%sT 579 580# Belarus 581# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 582Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880 583 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time 584 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 585 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28 586 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3 587 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 588 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 589 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 590 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s 591 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s 592 2:00 Russia EE%sT 593 594# Belgium 595# 596# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02): 597# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from: 598# Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique, 599# Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991 600# (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC), 601# pp 8-9. 602# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium: 603# Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121. 604# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie <pascal@belnet.be> for these references. 605# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium. 606# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect. 607# 608# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 609Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S 610Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 611Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 612Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S 613Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 - 614Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S 615Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - 616Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 617Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 618Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S 619Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S 620Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S 621# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd 622# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier), 623# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15 624# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT. 625Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 626Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 627Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 628Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 - 629Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S 630Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S 631Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S 632Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S 633Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S 634Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S 635Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S 636Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S 637Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S 638Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S 639Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S 640Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 - 641Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S 642Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 - 643Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 644Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 645Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S 646Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - 647# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 648Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880 649 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT 650 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8 651 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00 652 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u 653 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s 654 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3 655 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977 656 1:00 EU CE%sT 657 658# Bosnia and Herzegovina 659# see Yugoslavia 660 661# Bulgaria 662# 663# From Plamen Simenov <P.Simeonov@cnsys.bg> via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09): 664# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says: 665# EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ... 666# EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October 667# 668# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 669Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S 670Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 671Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 S 672Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 - 673Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 - 674# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 675Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880 676 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT? 677 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00 678 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 3:00 679 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00 680 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00 681 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 682 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997 683 2:00 EU EE%sT 684 685# Croatia 686# see Yugosloavia 687 688# Czech Republic 689# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 690Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S 691Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 692Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S 693Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 694Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S 695Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 696Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S 697# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 698Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850 699 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time 700 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s 701 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979 702 1:00 EU CE%sT 703 704# Denmark, Faeroe Islands, and Greenland 705# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 706Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S 707Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 - 708Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S 709Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 710Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 - 711Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S 712Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 - 713Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S 714Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 - 715Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S 716Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 - 717# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways 718# about many of the above dates; go with Shanks. 719# 720# For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman. 721# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 722Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890 723 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time 724 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 725 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 726 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980 727 1:00 EU CE%sT 728Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn 729 0:00 - WET 1981 730 0:00 EU WE%sT 731# 732# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): 733# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01, 734# and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU 735# rules at least through 1984. Shanks says Scoresbysund and Godthab 736# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU 737# rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980. 738 739# From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing 740# <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15), 741# and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen: 742# 743# Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC 744# is according to the following time line: 745# 746# The military zone near Thule UTC-4 747# Standard Greenland time UTC-3 748# Scoresbysund UTC-1 749# Danmarkshavn UTC 750# 751# In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be 752# introduced. 753 754# From Paul Eggert (2001-09-29): 755# The 1997 CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT; the 1995 map as like Godthab. 756# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996. 757# The 2000 IATA shows Thule as observing DST, so assume they stopped in 2001. 758 759# 760# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 761Rule Thule 1993 2000 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D 762Rule Thule 1993 2000 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S 763# 764# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 765Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 766 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 767 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996 768 0:00 - GMT 769Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit 770 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 771 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29 772 -1:00 EU EG%sT 773Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk 774 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 775 -3:00 EU WG%sT 776Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base 777 -4:00 Thule A%sT 778 779# Estonia 780# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15): 781# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards 782# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it, 783# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989.... 784# 785# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-10-28): 786# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s, 787# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:] 788# ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different 789# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules 790# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia.... 791# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on 792# human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to 793# summer time next spring.'' 794 795# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-11-04), heavily edited: 796# <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390"> 797# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law 798# </a> 799# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between 800# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120). 801# 802# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation 803# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg" 804# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time). 805 806# From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09) 807# via Steffen Thorsen: 808# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time, 809# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6.... 810# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European 811# Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory 812# for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do 813# after that. 814 815# From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29): 816# Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation 817# no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all 818# the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01. 819 820# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 821Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880 822 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time 823 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul 824 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May 825 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6 826 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15 827 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22 828 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s 829 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s 830 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22 831 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1 832 2:00 - EET 833 834# Finland 835# 836# From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC): 837# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one, 838# and it's supposed to change at 4am... 839# 840# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994): 841# Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981. 842# Go with Strang instead. 843# 844# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 845Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S 846Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 847# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 848Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31 849 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time 850 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00 851 2:00 EU EE%sT 852 853# France 854 855# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20): 856# 857# Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions 858# Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993 859# 860# Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur, 861# Paris, 1991 862# 863# Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie, 864# Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987 865 866 867# 868# Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman. 869# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 870Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S 871Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 - 872Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S 873Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S 874Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 875Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S 876Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 - 877Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S 878Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - 879Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 880# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st 881# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions 882# were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks. 883Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 884Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S 885Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S 886Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S 887Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 888Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 889Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 890Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 891Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S 892Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 893Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S 894Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 895Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S 896Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S 897Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 898Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S 899Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S 900Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 901Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 - 902Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S 903# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks writes 904# that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations. 905# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez, 906# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La 907# Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Decartes, 908# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin, 909# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois, 910# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collognes (Haute-Savioe). 911Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 912# Shanks says this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00, 913# but go with Denis.Excoffier@ens.fr (1997-12-12), 914# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes 915# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT. 916Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S 917Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M 918Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S 919Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M 920Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S 921Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M 922Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S 923Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M 924Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 - 925# Shanks gives Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00; 926# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT. 927Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S 928Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 - 929# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05, 930# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21. 931# Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based 932# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC. 933# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 934Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01 935 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT 936# Shanks gives 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre. 937 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00 938# Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation; 939# go with Shanks. 940 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25 941 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 942 1:00 France CE%sT 1977 943 1:00 EU CE%sT 944 945# Germany 946 947# From Markus Kuhn <Markus.Kuhn@cl.cam.ac.uk> (1998-09-29): 948# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische 949# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916. 950# 951# <a href="http://www.ptb.de/english/org/4/43/432/lega.htm"> 952# Realisation of Legal Time in Germany 953# </a> 954 955# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 956Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 957# Shanks says 05-24 2:00 to 09-24 3:00 for DDST; go with the PTB, who quotes 958# the Archiv fuer publizist. Arbeit (Munzinger-Archiv) 652 (Zeitsystem) 959# (1961-11-25), which gives dates only. Guess 3:00 transition times. 960Rule Germany 1945 only - May 31 3:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 961Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 23 3:00 1:00 S 962Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 963Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S 964Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - 965Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 966Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S 967# The PTB gives 3:00 CET and 3:00 CEST for the midsummer transition times; 968# go with Shanks. 969Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M 970Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S 971Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 972Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S 973# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 974Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr 975 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 976 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980 977 1:00 EU CE%sT 978 979# Gibraltar 980# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 981Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 982 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00 983 1:00 - CET 1982 984 1:00 EU CE%sT 985 986# Greece 987# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 988# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks. 989Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S 990Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 - 991# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks. 992Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S 993# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks. 994Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 - 995Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S 996Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - 997# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks. 998Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S 999Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 - 1000Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S 1001Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 - 1002Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S 1003Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 - 1004Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 1005Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 - 1006Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 - 1007Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S 1008Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 - 1009Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 1010Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 1011# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1012Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14 1013 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT 1014 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30 1015 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4 1016 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981 1017 # Shanks says they switched to C-Eur in 1981; 1018 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1. 1019 2:00 EU EE%sT 1020 1021# Hungary 1022# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1023Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S 1024Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 - 1025Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S 1026Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 - 1027Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S 1028Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 - 1029Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S 1030Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 - 1031Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S 1032Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1033Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S 1034Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S 1035Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 - 1036Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S 1037Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 1038Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 1039Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1040Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S 1041Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 - 1042Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S 1043# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1044Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct 1045 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 1046 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00 1047 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00 1048 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s 1049 1:00 EU CE%sT 1050 1051# Iceland 1052# 1053# From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (1993-11-06): 1054# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT. 1055# 1056# (1993-12-05): 1057# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of 1058# Iceland Almanak. 1059# 1060# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour 1061# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts 1062# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which 1063# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT. 1064# 1065# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks 1066# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the 1067# time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always 1068# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars. 1069# 1070# (1993-12-10): 1071# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the 1072# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus 1073# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question. 1074# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day 1075# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday. 1076# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style" 1077# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it 1078# might mean something else (???). 1079# 1080# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29): 1081# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points. 1082# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that 1083# Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that. 1084# 1085# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1086Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S 1087Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 - 1088Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 - 1089Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S 1090Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 - 1091Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S 1092Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 - 1093Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S 1094Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 - 1095Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S 1096Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 - 1097# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter 1098Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 1099Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 - 1100# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter 1101Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 1102# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week 1103Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 - 1104Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 - 1105Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 - 1106# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1107Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837 1108 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time? 1109 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s 1110 0:00 - GMT 1111 1112# Italy 1113# 1114# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06): 1115# Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893, 1116# called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32). 1117# During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time. 1118# But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff, 1119# so record only the time in Rome. 1120# 1121# From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06): 1122# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri 1123# <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html"> 1124# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (1996-03-14) 1125# </a> 1126# (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute 1127# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows: 1128# 1129# year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with: 1130# 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W 1131# 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1132# 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S 1133# 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W 1134# 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S 1135# 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W 1136# 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S 1137# 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1138# 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S 1139# 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1140# 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur) 1141# 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1142# 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1143# 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S 1144# 09-20 09-27 00:00 S 1145# 1146# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1147Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S 1148Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 1149Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S 1150Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - 1151Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S 1152Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 - 1153Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S 1154Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S 1155Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 - 1156Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S 1157Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 - 1158Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S 1159Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 - 1160Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S 1161Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 - 1162Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S 1163Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 - 1164Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S 1165Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 - 1166Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S 1167Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 - 1168Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 1169Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S 1170Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1171Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S 1172Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 1173Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 1174Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S 1175Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1176Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S 1177Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S 1178Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 - 1179Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S 1180Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S 1181Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 1182Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - 1183# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1184Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22 1185 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time 1186 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1187 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 1188 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980 1189 1:00 EU CE%sT 1190 1191Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican 1192Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino 1193 1194# Latvia 1195 1196# From Liene Kanepe <Liene_Kanepe@lm.gov.lv> (1998-09-17): 1197 1198# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy 1199# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the 1200# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about 1201# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981.... 1202# 1203# Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ... 1204# according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24 1205# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning 1206# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00) 1207# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00). 1208# 1209# Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ... 1210# according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13 1211# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning 1212# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00 1213# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of 1214# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day). 1215# 1216# Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ... 1217# according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14 1218# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, 1219# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the 1220# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia 1221# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00 1222# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of 1223# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00 1224# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is 1225# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock.... 1226# 1227# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of 1228# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of 1229# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union. 1230 1231# From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06): 1232# This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in 1233# <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm"> 1234# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of 1235# 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only). 1236 1237# <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html"> 1238# From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow: 1239# </a> 1240# The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will 1241# institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported. 1242# Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their 1243# clocks one hour in the spring.... 1244# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few 1245# daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European 1246# Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving 1247# time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government 1248# urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it 1249# appears that they will not do so.... 1250 1251# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1252Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 1253Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 1254# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1255Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880 1256 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time 1257 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer 1258 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00 1259 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00 1260 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11 1261 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5 1262 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul 1263 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13 1264 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s 1265 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s 1266 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21 1267 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29 1268 2:00 - EET 2001 1269 2:00 EU EE%sT 1270 1271# Liechtenstein 1272# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1273Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun 1274 1:00 - CET 1981 1275 1:00 EU CE%sT 1276 1277# Lithuania 1278 1279# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): 1280# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is 1281# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too. 1282 1283# From Marius Gedminas <mgedmin@pub.osf.lt> (1998-08-07): 1284# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone 1285# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed. 1286 1287# From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29), 1288# via Steffen Thorsen: 1289# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours) 1290# to be valid here starting from October 31, 1291# as decided by the national government on Wednesday.... 1292# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a 1293# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was 1294# already done by Estonia. 1295 1296# From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm"> 1297# Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism 1298# </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving. 1299 1300# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1301Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880 1302 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time 1303 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time 1304 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12 1305 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9 1306 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3 1307 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24 1308 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 1309 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1310 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1311 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 1312 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u 1313 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u 1314 2:00 - EET 1315 1316# Luxembourg 1317# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks. 1318# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1319Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S 1320Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 1321Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S 1322Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 - 1323Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 1324Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - 1325Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S 1326Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 - 1327Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S 1328Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 - 1329Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S 1330Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 - 1331Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S 1332Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 - 1333Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S 1334Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 - 1335Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S 1336Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 - 1337Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S 1338Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S 1339Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S 1340Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S 1341Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S 1342# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1343Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun 1344 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25 1345 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s 1346 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00 1347 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00 1348 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977 1349 1:00 EU CE%sT 1350 1351# Macedonia 1352# see Yugoslavia 1353 1354# Malta 1355# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1356Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S 1357Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 - 1358Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S 1359Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 - 1360Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S 1361Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 - 1362Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S 1363# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1364Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta 1365 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1366 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s 1367 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31 1368 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981 1369 1:00 EU CE%sT 1370 1371# Moldova 1372 1373# From Paul Eggert (2001-02-11): 1374# A previous version of this database followed Shanks, who writes that 1375# Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00. 1376# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence 1377# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree). 1378# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area 1379# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time. 1380# But moldavizolit@tirastel.md and mk@tirastel.md separately reported via 1381# Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau. 1382# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now. 1383 1384# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1385Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880 1386 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT 1387 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT 1388 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15 1389 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17 1390 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24 1391 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 1392 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6 1393 2:00 - EET 1991 1394 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 1395 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997 1396# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules. 1397 2:00 EU EE%sT 1398 1399# Monaco 1400# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21. 1401# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1402Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 1403 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time 1404 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 1405 1:00 France CE%sT 1977 1406 1:00 EU CE%sT 1407 1408# Netherlands 1409 1410# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940, 1411# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time. 1412 1413# However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01): 1414# Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00 1415# Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including 1416# the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time 1417# (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the 1418# common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was 1419# not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law. 1420# On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and 1421# was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd"). 1422# 1423# (2001-04-08): 1424# 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to 1425# observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common 1426# practice of following Amsterdam mean time. 1427# 1428# (2001-04-09): 1429# In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the 1430# municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe 1431# Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was 1432# actually followed. 1433# 1434# From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to 1435# observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of 1436# Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most 1437# places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically 1438# adopted Amsterdam mean time. 1439# 1440# Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety 1441# of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it 1442# was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe 1443# Amsterdam mean time. 1444 1445# The data before 1945 are taken from 1446# <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>. 1447 1448# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1449Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time 1450Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time 1451Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST 1452Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT 1453Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 1454Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT 1455Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST 1456Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT 1457Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 1458Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST 1459Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 1460# From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week 1461# in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend. 1462Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST 1463Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST 1464Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST 1465Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST 1466Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S 1467Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 - 1468Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S 1469Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 1470Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 1471# 1472# Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted 1473# below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer. 1474# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1475Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835 1476 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1 1477 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time 1478 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1479 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977 1480 1:00 EU CE%sT 1481 1482# Norway 1483# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1484# Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks. 1485Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S 1486Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 1487# Whitman says DST observed 1935-08-11/1942-11-01, then 1943-03-29/10-04, 1488# 1944-04-03/10-02, and 1945-04-01/10-01; go with Shanks. 1489Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 1490Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - 1491Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 1492Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 - 1493Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S 1494# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1495Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1 1496 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00 1497 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1498 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980 1499 1:00 EU CE%sT 1500 1501# Svalbard & Jan Mayen 1502 1503# From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01): 1504# Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and 1505# Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the 1506# time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared 1507# as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan 1508# Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From 1509# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and 1510# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation 1511# for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came 1512# into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a 1513# part of this law since 1925/1930. (From 1514# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been 1515# able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100) 1516# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by 1517# Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever 1518# since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since 1519# before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere 1520# between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive). 1521 1522# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01): 1523# 1524# Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II, 1525# so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Olso was 1526# keeping Berlin time. 1527# 1528# <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists 1529# burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in 1530# 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite 1531# frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a 1532# radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly 1533# the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that 1534# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules. 1535# 1536# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an 1537# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says 1538# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ 1539# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were 1540# expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return, 1541# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954) 1542# <http://www.utpress.utoronto.ca/publishing/rights/dege_warnorthof80.htm> 1543# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named 1544# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945. 1545# 1546# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970. Unless we can 1547# come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the 1548# war years it's probably best just do do the following for now: 1549Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen 1550Link Europe/Oslo Atlantic/Jan_Mayen 1551 1552# Poland 1553# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1554Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 1555Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S 1556# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks. 1557Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 - 1558# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks. 1559Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S 1560Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 - 1561Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 S 1562Rule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 - 1563Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S 1564Rule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 - 1565Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S 1566# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks. 1567Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S 1568Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 1569Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S 1570Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S 1571Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 - 1572Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S 1573Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 S 1574Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 1575# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1576Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880 1577 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time 1578 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00 1579 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun 1580 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00 1581 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 1582 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977 Apr 3 1:00 1583 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1999 1584# IATA SSIM (1991/1996) gives EU rules, but the _The Warsaw Voice_ 1585# <a href="http://www.warsawvoice.com.pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml"> 1586# http://www.warsawvoice.com/pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml (1995-09-24) 1587# </a> 1588# says the autumn 1995 switch was at 02:00. 1589# Stick with W-Eur for now. 1590# 1591# From Marcin.Kasperski@softax.com.pl (1999-06-10): 1592# According to my colleagues someone recently decided, that Poland would 1593# follow European Union regulations, so - I think - the matter is not 1594# worth further discussion. 1595# 1596# From Paul Eggert (1999-06-10): 1597# Kasperski also writes that the government futzed with the rules in 1997 1598# or 1998 but he doesn't remember the details. Assume they switched to 1599# EU rules in 1999. 1600 1:00 EU CE%sT 1601 1602# Portugal 1603# 1604# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (1992-11-12): 1605# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone 1606# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC. 1607# 1608# Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve 1609# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring. 1610# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter. 1611# 1612# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12): 1613# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions 1614# at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos. 1615# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00. 1616# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00. 1617# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal 1618# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter. 1619# 1620# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1621# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not 1622# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules. 1623# Go with Shanks. 1624Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S 1625# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks. 1626Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 - 1627Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 1628Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 - 1629Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 1630Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 1631Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S 1632Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 1633Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S 1634Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 - 1635Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 1636Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1637Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 1638Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1639Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 1640Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 1641# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks. 1642Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1643Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S 1644# Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman. 1645Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S 1646# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks. 1647Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1648# Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman. 1649Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S 1650Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 1651# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks. 1652Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S 1653Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S 1654Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 1655# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks. 1656Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 - 1657Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S 1658# Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman. 1659Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 - 1660Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S 1661Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S 1662Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer 1663Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S 1664Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 - 1665Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M 1666Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S 1667Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M 1668Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S 1669Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1670Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 1671Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1672# Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman. 1673# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks. 1674Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 1675Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1676Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S 1677Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 - 1678Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S 1679Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 1680Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 1681Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S 1682Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 1683Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 1684# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1685Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884 1686 -0:36:32 - LMT 1911 May 24 # Lisbon Mean Time 1687 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 1688 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00 1689 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 1690 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s 1691 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u 1692 0:00 EU WE%sT 1693Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada 1694 -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time 1695 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time 1696 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 1697 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s 1698 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u 1699 -1:00 EU AZO%sT 1700Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal 1701 -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time 1702 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time 1703 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 1704 0:00 EU WE%sT 1705 1706# Romania 1707# 1708# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07): 1709# <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html"> 1710# Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at 1711# 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info, 1712# assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997, 1713# the same year as Bulgaria. 1714# 1715# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1716Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S 1717Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 - 1718Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S 1719Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S 1720Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1721Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S 1722Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 1723Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S 1724Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 - 1725# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1726Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct 1727 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT 1728 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s 1729 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 1730 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994 1731 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997 1732 2:00 EU EE%sT 1733 1734# Russia 1735 1736# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-11-12): 1737# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations. 1738# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991, 1739# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks, except we follow 1740# Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat 23:00, not Sun 02:00s. 1741# 1742# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (1994-06-29): 1743# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow! 1744# I do not know why they have decided to make this change; 1745# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching 1746# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch. 1747# 1748# From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@nagual.ru> (1996-10-04): 1749# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with 1750# Unix-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group).... 1751# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor 1752# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there. 1753# 1754# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-10-30): 1755# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from 1756# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ... 1757# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located. 1758# 1759# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from 1760# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07): 1761# News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was 1762# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with 1763# the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began 1764# enforcing curfew at the wrong time. 1765# 1766# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05): 1767# There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in 1768# UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the 1769# SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan 1770# until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok 1771# since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are 1772# administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have 1773# remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan. 1774# 1775# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1776# 1777# Kaliningradskaya oblast'. 1778Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr 1779 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 1780 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946 1781 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1782 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1783# 1784# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 1785# Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast', Astrakhanskaya oblast', 1786# Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast', 1787# Volgogradskaya oblast', Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast', 1788# Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya, 1789# Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya, 1790# Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya, 1791# Respublika Kareliya, Kirovskaya oblast', Respublika Komi, 1792# Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast', 1793# Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El, 1794# Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast', 1795# Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug, 1796# Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast', 1797# Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast', 1798# Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg, Saratovskaya oblast', 1799# Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast', 1800# Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan, 1801# Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast', 1802# Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast', 1803# Yaroslavskaya oblast' 1804Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880 1805 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time 1806 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00 1807 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct 1808 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 1809 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1810 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1811 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1812# 1813# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 1814# Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika 1815Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00 1816 3:00 - KUYT 1930 Jun 21 # Kuybyshev 1817 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s 1818 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1819 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1820 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00 1821 4:00 Russia SAM%sT # Samara Time 1822# 1823# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 1824# Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug, 1825# Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast', 1826# Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast', 1827# Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast', 1828# Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug. 1829Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00 1830 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time 1831 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1832 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1833 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time 1834# 1835# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 1836# Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'. 1837Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14 1838 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme 1839 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1840 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1841 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1842# 1843# Novosibirskaya oblast'. 1844Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00 1845 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time 1846 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1847 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1848 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # says Shanks 1849 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1850# 1851# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 1852# Kemerovskaya oblast', Krasnoyarskij kraj, 1853# Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug, Tomskaya oblast', 1854# Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug. 1855Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6 1856 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time 1857 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1858 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1859 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1860# 1861# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 1862# Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast', 1863# Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug. 1864Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880 1865 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time 1866 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time 1867 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1868 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1869 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1870# 1871# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 1872# Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast', 1873# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'. 1874# 1875# From Alan Pritchard (2001-08-24): [The Sakha districts are:] 1876# Aldansky, Amginsky, Anabarsky, Bulunsky, Churapchinsky, 1877# Eveno-Bytantaisky, Gorny, Khangalassky, Kobyaisky, Lensky, 1878# Megino-Kangalassky, Mirninsky, Namsky, Nyurbinsky, Olenyoksky, 1879# Olyokminsky, Srednekolymsky, Suntarsky, Tattinsky, Ust-Aldansky, 1880# Verkhnekolymsky, Verkhnevilyuisky, Vilyuisky, Zhigansky. 1881Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15 1882 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time 1883 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1884 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1885 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1886# 1887# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 1888# Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj, 1889# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya). 1890# 1891# From Alan Pritchard (2001-08-24): [The Sakha districts are:] 1892# Tomponsky, Ust-Maisky, Ust-Yansky, Verkhoyansky. 1893Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15 1894 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time 1895 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1896 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1897 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1898# 1899# Sakhalinskaya oblast'. 1900# The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long. 1901Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23 1902 9:00 - CJT 1938 1903 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25 1904 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T. 1905 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1906 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s 1907 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1908# 1909# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 1910# Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya). 1911# 1912# From Alan Pritchard (2001-08-24): [The Sakha districts are:] 1913# Abyisky, Allaikhovsky, Momsky, Nizhnekolymsky, Oimyakonsky. 1914Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2 1915 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time 1916 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1917 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1918 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1919# 1920# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 1921# Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug. 1922# 1923# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long. 1924Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10 1925 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time 1926 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1927 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1928 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1929# 1930# Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug 1931Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2 1932 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time 1933 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s 1934 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1935 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1936 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1937 1938# Slovakia 1939Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava 1940 1941# Slovenia 1942# see Yugoslavia 1943 1944# Spain 1945# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1946# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks. 1947Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S 1948Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 - 1949Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 1950Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S 1951# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks. 1952Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S 1953# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks. 1954Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 - 1955Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 1956# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks. 1957Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1958Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 1959Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1960Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 1961# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks. 1962Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S 1963Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1964Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S 1965Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 1966Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S 1967# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks. 1968Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer 1969Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S 1970Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M 1971Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S 1972Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S 1973Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S 1974Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 1975Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S 1976Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 - 1977Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S 1978Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 - 1979Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S 1980Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 1981Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S 1982Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 1983# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978. 1984Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S 1985Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 1986Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S 1987Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 - 1988Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 1989Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 - 1990Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 1991Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 1992Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 - 1993# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1994Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 1995 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30 1996 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979 1997 1:00 EU CE%sT 1998Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901 1999 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00 2000 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00 2001 0:00 - WET 1924 2002 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929 2003 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16 2004 1:00 - CET 1986 2005 1:00 EU CE%sT 2006Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C. 2007 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time 2008 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s 2009 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s 2010 0:00 EU WE%sT 2011# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u. 2012# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU. 2013 2014# Sweden 2015 2016# From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks: 2017# 2018# The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879: 2019# From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all 2020# places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at 2021# three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the 2022# meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31. 2023# 2024# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30" 2025# eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the 2026# national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT.... 2027# 2028# About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk 2029# forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning 2030# of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at 2031# the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English 2032# observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west 2033# from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 2034# 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time 2035# in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT. 2036# 2037# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states 2038# that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is 2039# pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00.... 2040# Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later". 2041# 2042# The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish 2043# Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are 2044# not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available 2045# in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type 2046# "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click 2047# the Sok-button). 2048# 2049# (2001-05-13): 2050# 2051# I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00 2052# summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show 2053# 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some 2054# people thought the switch to standard time would take place already 2055# at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another 2056# hour before the event took place. 2057# 2058# Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left. 2059 2060# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2061Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1 2062 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time 2063 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00 2064 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00 2065 1:00 - CET 1980 2066 1:00 EU CE%sT 2067 2068# Switzerland 2069# From Howse: 2070# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace 2071# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep 2072# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 .... 2073# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 2074# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''): 2075Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S 2076Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 - 2077# From Shanks: 2078Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S 2079Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 - 2080# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2081Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12 2082 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time 2083 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981 2084 1:00 EU CE%sT 2085 2086# Turkey 2087# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 2088Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 2089Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 2090Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S 2091Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 - 2092Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S 2093Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 2094Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S 2095Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 2096# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks. 2097Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S 2098Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 2099Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 2100Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S 2101Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 - 2102Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S 2103Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 - 2104Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 2105# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks. 2106Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 - 2107Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S 2108Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 2109Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 2110Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 2111Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S 2112Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 - 2113Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S 2114Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S 2115Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S 2116Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 2117Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S 2118Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 2119Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S 2120Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 2121Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S 2122Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 - 2123Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S 2124Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 - 2125Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S 2126Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 - 2127Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S 2128Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 - 2129Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 2130Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 2131Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 - 2132Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S 2133Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 - 2134Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S 2135Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S 2136Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 2137Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S 2138Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 2139# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2140Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880 2141 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time? 2142 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15 2143 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time 2144 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1986 2145 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 2146 2:00 EU EE%sT 2147Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents. 2148 2149# Ukraine 2150# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2151# Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev. 2152Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880 2153 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time 2154 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 2155 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20 2156 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6 2157 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 2158 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00 2159 2:00 - EET 1992 2160 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995 2161 2:00 EU EE%sT 2162# Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991. 2163Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct 2164 1:00 - CET 1940 2165 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 2166 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26 2167 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29 2168 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 2169 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00 2170 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00 2171 2:00 - EET 1992 2172 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995 2173 2:00 EU EE%sT 2174# Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991. 2175# Zaporozh'ye has an apostrophe, but Posix file names can't have apostrophes. 2176Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880 2177 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T 2178 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 2179 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25 2180 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25 2181 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00 2182 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995 2183 2:00 EU EE%sT 2184# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997. 2185Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880 2186 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T 2187 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 2188 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov 2189 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13 2190 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 2191 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00 2192 2:00 - EET 1992 2193# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-11-12): 2194# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched 2195# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections. 2196# Shanks says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened 2197# sometime between the 1994 DST switches. For now, guess it changed in May. 2198 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May 2199# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev. 2200 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s 2201 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s 2202# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST. 2203# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks. 2204 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997 2205 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u 2206 2:00 EU EE%sT 2207 2208# Yugoslavia 2209# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2210Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884 2211 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 2212 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s 2213 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 2214# Metod Kozelj <metod.kozelj@rzs-hm.si> reports that the legal date of 2215# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time. 2216# Shanks doesn't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj. 2217 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27 2218 1:00 EU CE%sT 2219Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia 2220Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina 2221Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia 2222Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia 2223 2224############################################################################### 2225 2226# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from 2227# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986. 2228# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else. 2229# 2230# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but 2231# uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules. 2232# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at 2233# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey 2234# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time 2235# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST) 2236 2237# ... 2238# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100 2239# From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann) 2240# Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp> 2241# ... 2242# 2243# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when 2244# most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only 2245# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according 2246# to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on 2247# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following 2248# years... 2249# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions 2250# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST 2251# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep 2252# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now. 2253# 2254# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the 2255# Soviet Union (as far as I know). 2256# 2257# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG, 2258# 4002 Basle, Switzerland 2259# UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho 2260 2261# ... 2262# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100 2263# From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter) 2264# ... 2265# 2266# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct. 2267# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information 2268# about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969. 2269# 2270# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on 2271# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September... 2272# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that 2273# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982 2274# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in 2275# the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch 2276# dates... 2277# 2278# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g. 2279# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST... 2280# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not 2281# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations 2282# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always 2283# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the 2284# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours 2285# in advance of normal time. 2286# 2287# ... 2288# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland 2289# INTERNET : dik@cwi.nl 2290# BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax 2291 2292# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28): 2293# ... 2294# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates). 2295# Since 1978. Change at midnight. 2296# ... 2297# Monaco: has same DST as France. 2298# ... | 3# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better, 4# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to 5# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future). 6 7# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29): 8# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is 9# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition), 10# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999). 11# 12# Gwillim Law writes that a good source 13# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport 14# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM), 15# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries 16# of the IATA's data after 1990. 17# 18# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1991, 19# and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards. 20# 21# Other sources occasionally used include: 22# 23# Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences, 24# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), 25# which I found in the UCLA library. 26# 27# Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH), 28# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm"> 29# History of Summer Time 30# </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese) 31 32# 33# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table; 34# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources. 35# Corrections are welcome! 36# std dst 37# LMT Local Mean Time 38# -4:00 AST Atlantic 39# -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland* 40# -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland* 41# 0:00 GMT BST Greenwich, British Summer 42# 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer 43# 0:00 WET WEST Western Europe 44# 0:19:32 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)* 45# 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)* 46# 1:00 CET CEST Central Europe 47# 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)* 48# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe 49# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow 50# 51# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain, 52# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997). 53 54# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-04), 55# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy, 56# Luxembourg, the Netherlands. 57# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom. 58# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece. 59# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal. 60# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for 61# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8% 62# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous 63# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice. 64# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.) 65# ... 66# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT. 67# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards. 68# ... 69# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules]. 70# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact 71# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the 72# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed 73# in the Directive. 74 75 76############################################################################### 77 78# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire) 79 80# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-07-06): 81# 82# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about 83# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo 84# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph 85# of the text said: 86# 87# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands 88# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude 89# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed 90# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They 91# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament, 92# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking 93# along the towpath within a few yards of it.' 94# 95# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's 96# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should 97# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761. 98# 99# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.] 100 101# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18): 102# 103# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time. 104# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time, 105# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country. 106# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828) 107# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903). 108# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway 109# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most 110# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the 111# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be 112# adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it. 113# The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian, 114# and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many 115# railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public 116# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock 117# on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands, 118# one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal 119# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading 120# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13. 121# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition 122# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02. 123# 124# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single 125# transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much 126# about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time. 127 128# From Paul Eggert (1999-01-30): 129# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915), 130# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society 131# who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907) 132# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April, 133# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September. 134# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times, 135# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests. 136# One-hour Summer Time was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916. 137# See: 138# <a href="http://www.the-times.co.uk/news/pages/tim/2000/05/18/x-timcrtcrt01011.html"> 139# Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18) 140# </a> 141# A monument was erected in 1927 to Willett, in an open space in a 45-acre wood 142# near Chiselhurst, Kent that was purchased by popular subscription and open 143# to the public. 144 145# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03): 146# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving'' 147# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this 148# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the 149# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''. 150 151# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19): 152# 153# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's 154# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom. 155 156# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed) 157# From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john> 158# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament. 159# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in 160# politics making a fortune, not computing. 161 162# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-06-14): 163# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the 164# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published 165# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and 166# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T." 167 168# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02): 169# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the 170# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516) 171# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945). 172 173# From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03): 174# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir 175# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any 176# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't 177# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British 178# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally. 179# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png 180# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png 181 182# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21): 183# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time 184# which is to be introduced in May.... 185# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time" 186# which could not be said to run counter to any official description. 187 188# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02): 189# Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common 190# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first, 191# so we use `BDST'. 192 193# Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-04-19) described at length 194# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom. 195# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk> has been updating 196# and extending this list, which can be found in 197# <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/"> 198# History of legal time in Britain 199# </a> (2000-02-12). 200 201# From Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk> (1998-01-06): 202# 203# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC; 204# see Lord Tanlaw's speech 205# <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0"> 206# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976) 207# </a>. 208 209# From Paul Eggert (2001-07-18): 210# 211# For lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948. 212# 213# Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect: 214# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until 215# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain. 216# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880. 217# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1. 218# It actually just had one transition. 219# * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II. 220# Actually, it conformed to Britain. 221# * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18. 222# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time. 223# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change). 224# 225# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks: 226# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT 227# to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to 228# conform with Great Britain. 229# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise. 230# 231# The following claim by Shanks is possible though doubtful; 232# we'll ignore it for now. 233# * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00. 234# 235# 236# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks. 237# Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory 238# (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was 239# to London. For example: 240# 241# "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time." 242# -- James Joyce, Ulysses 243 244# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28): 245# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31) 246# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time 247# (CT), equivalent to French civil time. 248# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that 249# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door) 250# and Frethun run in CT. 251# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities, 252# the French concession operators and the British civil authorities, 253# and that the time depends on who you're talking to. 254# If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason, 255# I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST. 256# This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST. 257 258# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02): 259# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94, 260# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC. 261# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate 262# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of 263# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is 264# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST". 265 266# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 267# Summer Time Act, 1916 268Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST 269Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT 270# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358 271Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST 272Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT 273# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274 274Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST 275Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT 276# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297 277Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST 278Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT 279# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458 280Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST 281# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844 282Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT 283# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363 284Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST 285Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT 286# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264 287Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST 288Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT 289# The Summer Time Act, 1922 290Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 291Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT 292Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 293Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 294# The Summer Time Act, 1925 295Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 296Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 297Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 298Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 299Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 300Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 301Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 302Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 303Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 304Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 305Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 306# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379 307Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT 308# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883 309Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST 310# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476 311Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 312Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST 313# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506 314Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 315# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932 316Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST 317# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312 318Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 319Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST 320# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208 321Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 322Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 323# The Summer Time Act, 1947 324Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST 325Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST 326Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST 327Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT 328# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495) 329Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST 330Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT 331# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373) 332Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST 333Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT 334# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518) 335# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430) 336# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451) 337Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST 338Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT 339# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925 340Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 341Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 342Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 343Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 344Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 345Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 346Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 347# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71) 348# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465) 349# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81) 350Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST 351Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT 352# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101) 353# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201) 354# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148) 355Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST 356# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117) 357Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST 358# The British Standard Time Act, 1968 359# (no summer time) 360# The Summer Time Act, 1972 361Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 362Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT 363# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089) 364# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673) 365# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223) 366# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931) 367Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST 368Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT 369# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985) 370# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729) 371# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798) 372Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT 373# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982) 374# See EU for rules starting in 1996. 375 376# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 377Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 378 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27 379 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 380 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996 381 0:00 EU GMT/BST 382Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 383 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin/Dunsink MT 384 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s # Irish Summer Time 385 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27 386 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 387 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996 388 0:00 EU GMT/BST 389Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 390 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 391 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s 392 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence 393 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00 394 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00 395 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00 396 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00 397 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00 398 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27 399 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 400 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996 401 0:00 EU GMT/IST 402 403############################################################################### 404 405# Continental Europe 406 407# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC, 408# Common Market, etc. 409 410# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 411Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S 412Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - 413Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 - 414Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - 415Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S 416Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 - 417# The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See: 418# <a href="http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/dat/2000/en_300L0084.html" 419# Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council 420# of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements. 421# </a> 422 423# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time. 424Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 425Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 426Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 - 427Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 428Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 429Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 - 430 431# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables. 432# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time. 433Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S 434Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 435Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 436Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - 437Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S 438Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 - 439Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S 440Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 - 441Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S 442# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks. 443Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 - 444Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 445Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 446Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - 447Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 448Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 449Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 - 450 451# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time. 452Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 453Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 454Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 455Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 456Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S 457Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 - 458 459# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 460Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time 461Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time 462Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time 463Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST 464Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST 465Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S 466Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 - 467Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S 468Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 469Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S 470Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 471# Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24): 472Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 473Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 474# Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in 475# Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14): 476Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 477Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 478# 479Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S 480Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 - 481Rule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 482Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 483Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 - 484 485# These are for backward compatibility with older versions. 486 487# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 488Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT 489Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 490Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT 491Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT 492 493# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST 494# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage. 495 496# From Markus Kuhn <mskuhn@unrza3.dialin.rrze.uni-erlangen.de> (1996-07-12): 497# The official German names ... are 498# 499# Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00 500# Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00 501# 502# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG), 503# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111).... 504# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution 505# 506# Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) 507# Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit" 508# Postfach 3345 509# D-38023 Braunschweig 510# phone: +49 531 592-0 511# 512# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB 513# department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the 514# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as 515# 516# Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00 517# Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00 518 519 520# Albania 521# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 522Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S 523Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 - 524Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S 525Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 - 526Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S 527Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 528Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 529Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 530Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S 531Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 532Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S 533Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 534Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S 535Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 536Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S 537Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 538Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S 539Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - 540Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S 541Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 - 542Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S 543Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 544Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S 545Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 546Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 547# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 548Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914 549 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16 550 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul 551 1:00 EU CE%sT 552 553# Andorra 554# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 555Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901 556 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30 557 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00 558 1:00 EU CE%sT 559 560# Austria 561# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 562Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S 563Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 - 564Rule Austria 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 565Rule Austria 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 566Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S 567Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 568Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S 569Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 570# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 571Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr 572 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Jun 16 3:00 573 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00 574 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 575 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981 576 1:00 EU CE%sT 577 578# Belarus 579# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 580Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880 581 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time 582 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 583 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28 584 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3 585 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 586 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 587 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 588 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s 589 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s 590 2:00 Russia EE%sT 591 592# Belgium 593# 594# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02): 595# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from: 596# Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique, 597# Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991 598# (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC), 599# pp 8-9. 600# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium: 601# Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121. 602# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie <pascal@belnet.be> for these references. 603# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium. 604# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect. 605# 606# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 607Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S 608Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 609Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 610Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S 611Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 - 612Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S 613Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - 614Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 615Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 616Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S 617Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S 618Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S 619# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd 620# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier), 621# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15 622# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT. 623Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 624Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 625Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 626Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 - 627Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S 628Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S 629Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S 630Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S 631Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S 632Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S 633Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S 634Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S 635Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S 636Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S 637Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S 638Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 - 639Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S 640Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 - 641Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 642Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 643Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S 644Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - 645# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 646Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880 647 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT 648 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8 649 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00 650 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u 651 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s 652 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3 653 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977 654 1:00 EU CE%sT 655 656# Bosnia and Herzegovina 657# see Yugoslavia 658 659# Bulgaria 660# 661# From Plamen Simenov <P.Simeonov@cnsys.bg> via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09): 662# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says: 663# EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ... 664# EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October 665# 666# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 667Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S 668Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 669Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 S 670Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 - 671Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 - 672# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 673Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880 674 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT? 675 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00 676 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 3:00 677 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00 678 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00 679 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 680 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997 681 2:00 EU EE%sT 682 683# Croatia 684# see Yugosloavia 685 686# Czech Republic 687# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 688Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S 689Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 690Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S 691Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 692Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S 693Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 694Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S 695# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 696Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850 697 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time 698 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s 699 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979 700 1:00 EU CE%sT 701 702# Denmark, Faeroe Islands, and Greenland 703# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 704Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S 705Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 - 706Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S 707Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 708Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 - 709Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S 710Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 - 711Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S 712Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 - 713Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S 714Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 - 715# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways 716# about many of the above dates; go with Shanks. 717# 718# For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman. 719# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 720Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890 721 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time 722 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 723 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 724 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980 725 1:00 EU CE%sT 726Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn 727 0:00 - WET 1981 728 0:00 EU WE%sT 729# 730# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): 731# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01, 732# and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU 733# rules at least through 1984. Shanks says Scoresbysund and Godthab 734# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU 735# rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980. 736 737# From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing 738# <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15), 739# and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen: 740# 741# Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC 742# is according to the following time line: 743# 744# The military zone near Thule UTC-4 745# Standard Greenland time UTC-3 746# Scoresbysund UTC-1 747# Danmarkshavn UTC 748# 749# In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be 750# introduced. 751 752# From Paul Eggert (2001-09-29): 753# The 1997 CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT; the 1995 map as like Godthab. 754# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996. 755# The 2000 IATA shows Thule as observing DST, so assume they stopped in 2001. 756 757# 758# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 759Rule Thule 1993 2000 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D 760Rule Thule 1993 2000 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S 761# 762# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 763Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 764 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 765 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996 766 0:00 - GMT 767Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit 768 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 769 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29 770 -1:00 EU EG%sT 771Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk 772 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 773 -3:00 EU WG%sT 774Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base 775 -4:00 Thule A%sT 776 777# Estonia 778# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15): 779# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards 780# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it, 781# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989.... 782# 783# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-10-28): 784# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s, 785# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:] 786# ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different 787# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules 788# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia.... 789# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on 790# human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to 791# summer time next spring.'' 792 793# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-11-04), heavily edited: 794# <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390"> 795# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law 796# </a> 797# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between 798# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120). 799# 800# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation 801# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg" 802# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time). 803 804# From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09) 805# via Steffen Thorsen: 806# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time, 807# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6.... 808# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European 809# Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory 810# for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do 811# after that. 812 813# From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29): 814# Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation 815# no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all 816# the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01. 817 818# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 819Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880 820 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time 821 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul 822 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May 823 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6 824 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15 825 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22 826 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s 827 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s 828 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22 829 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1 830 2:00 - EET 831 832# Finland 833# 834# From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC): 835# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one, 836# and it's supposed to change at 4am... 837# 838# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994): 839# Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981. 840# Go with Strang instead. 841# 842# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 843Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S 844Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 845# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 846Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31 847 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time 848 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00 849 2:00 EU EE%sT 850 851# France 852 853# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20): 854# 855# Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions 856# Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993 857# 858# Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur, 859# Paris, 1991 860# 861# Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie, 862# Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987 863 864 865# 866# Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman. 867# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 868Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S 869Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 - 870Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S 871Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S 872Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 873Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S 874Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 - 875Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S 876Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - 877Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 878# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st 879# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions 880# were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks. 881Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 882Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S 883Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S 884Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S 885Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 886Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 887Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 888Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 889Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S 890Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 891Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S 892Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 893Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S 894Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S 895Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 896Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S 897Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S 898Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 899Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 - 900Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S 901# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks writes 902# that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations. 903# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez, 904# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La 905# Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Decartes, 906# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin, 907# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois, 908# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collognes (Haute-Savioe). 909Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 910# Shanks says this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00, 911# but go with Denis.Excoffier@ens.fr (1997-12-12), 912# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes 913# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT. 914Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S 915Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M 916Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S 917Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M 918Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S 919Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M 920Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S 921Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M 922Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 - 923# Shanks gives Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00; 924# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT. 925Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S 926Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 - 927# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05, 928# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21. 929# Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based 930# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC. 931# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 932Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01 933 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT 934# Shanks gives 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre. 935 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00 936# Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation; 937# go with Shanks. 938 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25 939 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 940 1:00 France CE%sT 1977 941 1:00 EU CE%sT 942 943# Germany 944 945# From Markus Kuhn <Markus.Kuhn@cl.cam.ac.uk> (1998-09-29): 946# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische 947# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916. 948# 949# <a href="http://www.ptb.de/english/org/4/43/432/lega.htm"> 950# Realisation of Legal Time in Germany 951# </a> 952 953# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 954Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 955# Shanks says 05-24 2:00 to 09-24 3:00 for DDST; go with the PTB, who quotes 956# the Archiv fuer publizist. Arbeit (Munzinger-Archiv) 652 (Zeitsystem) 957# (1961-11-25), which gives dates only. Guess 3:00 transition times. 958Rule Germany 1945 only - May 31 3:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 959Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 23 3:00 1:00 S 960Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 961Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S 962Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - 963Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 964Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S 965# The PTB gives 3:00 CET and 3:00 CEST for the midsummer transition times; 966# go with Shanks. 967Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M 968Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S 969Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 970Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S 971# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 972Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr 973 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 974 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980 975 1:00 EU CE%sT 976 977# Gibraltar 978# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 979Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 980 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00 981 1:00 - CET 1982 982 1:00 EU CE%sT 983 984# Greece 985# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 986# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks. 987Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S 988Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 - 989# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks. 990Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S 991# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks. 992Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 - 993Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S 994Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - 995# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks. 996Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S 997Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 - 998Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S 999Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 - 1000Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S 1001Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 - 1002Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 1003Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 - 1004Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 - 1005Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S 1006Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 - 1007Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 1008Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 1009# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1010Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14 1011 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT 1012 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30 1013 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4 1014 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981 1015 # Shanks says they switched to C-Eur in 1981; 1016 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1. 1017 2:00 EU EE%sT 1018 1019# Hungary 1020# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1021Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S 1022Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 - 1023Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S 1024Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 - 1025Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S 1026Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 - 1027Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S 1028Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 - 1029Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S 1030Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1031Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S 1032Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S 1033Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 - 1034Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S 1035Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 1036Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 1037Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1038Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S 1039Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 - 1040Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S 1041# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1042Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct 1043 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 1044 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00 1045 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00 1046 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s 1047 1:00 EU CE%sT 1048 1049# Iceland 1050# 1051# From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (1993-11-06): 1052# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT. 1053# 1054# (1993-12-05): 1055# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of 1056# Iceland Almanak. 1057# 1058# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour 1059# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts 1060# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which 1061# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT. 1062# 1063# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks 1064# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the 1065# time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always 1066# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars. 1067# 1068# (1993-12-10): 1069# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the 1070# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus 1071# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question. 1072# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day 1073# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday. 1074# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style" 1075# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it 1076# might mean something else (???). 1077# 1078# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29): 1079# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points. 1080# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that 1081# Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that. 1082# 1083# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1084Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S 1085Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 - 1086Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 - 1087Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S 1088Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 - 1089Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S 1090Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 - 1091Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S 1092Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 - 1093Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S 1094Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 - 1095# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter 1096Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 1097Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 - 1098# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter 1099Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 1100# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week 1101Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 - 1102Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 - 1103Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 - 1104# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1105Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837 1106 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time? 1107 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s 1108 0:00 - GMT 1109 1110# Italy 1111# 1112# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06): 1113# Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893, 1114# called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32). 1115# During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time. 1116# But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff, 1117# so record only the time in Rome. 1118# 1119# From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06): 1120# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri 1121# <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html"> 1122# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (1996-03-14) 1123# </a> 1124# (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute 1125# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows: 1126# 1127# year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with: 1128# 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W 1129# 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1130# 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S 1131# 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W 1132# 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S 1133# 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W 1134# 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S 1135# 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1136# 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S 1137# 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1138# 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur) 1139# 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1140# 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1141# 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S 1142# 09-20 09-27 00:00 S 1143# 1144# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1145Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S 1146Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 1147Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S 1148Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - 1149Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S 1150Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 - 1151Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S 1152Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S 1153Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 - 1154Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S 1155Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 - 1156Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S 1157Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 - 1158Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S 1159Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 - 1160Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S 1161Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 - 1162Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S 1163Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 - 1164Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S 1165Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 - 1166Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 1167Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S 1168Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1169Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S 1170Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 1171Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 1172Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S 1173Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1174Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S 1175Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S 1176Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 - 1177Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S 1178Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S 1179Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 1180Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - 1181# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1182Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22 1183 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time 1184 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1185 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 1186 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980 1187 1:00 EU CE%sT 1188 1189Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican 1190Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino 1191 1192# Latvia 1193 1194# From Liene Kanepe <Liene_Kanepe@lm.gov.lv> (1998-09-17): 1195 1196# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy 1197# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the 1198# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about 1199# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981.... 1200# 1201# Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ... 1202# according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24 1203# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning 1204# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00) 1205# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00). 1206# 1207# Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ... 1208# according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13 1209# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning 1210# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00 1211# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of 1212# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day). 1213# 1214# Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ... 1215# according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14 1216# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, 1217# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the 1218# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia 1219# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00 1220# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of 1221# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00 1222# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is 1223# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock.... 1224# 1225# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of 1226# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of 1227# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union. 1228 1229# From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06): 1230# This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in 1231# <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm"> 1232# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of 1233# 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only). 1234 1235# <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html"> 1236# From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow: 1237# </a> 1238# The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will 1239# institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported. 1240# Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their 1241# clocks one hour in the spring.... 1242# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few 1243# daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European 1244# Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving 1245# time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government 1246# urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it 1247# appears that they will not do so.... 1248 1249# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1250Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 1251Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 1252# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1253Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880 1254 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time 1255 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer 1256 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00 1257 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00 1258 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11 1259 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5 1260 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul 1261 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13 1262 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s 1263 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s 1264 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21 1265 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29 1266 2:00 - EET 2001 1267 2:00 EU EE%sT 1268 1269# Liechtenstein 1270# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1271Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun 1272 1:00 - CET 1981 1273 1:00 EU CE%sT 1274 1275# Lithuania 1276 1277# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): 1278# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is 1279# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too. 1280 1281# From Marius Gedminas <mgedmin@pub.osf.lt> (1998-08-07): 1282# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone 1283# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed. 1284 1285# From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29), 1286# via Steffen Thorsen: 1287# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours) 1288# to be valid here starting from October 31, 1289# as decided by the national government on Wednesday.... 1290# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a 1291# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was 1292# already done by Estonia. 1293 1294# From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm"> 1295# Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism 1296# </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving. 1297 1298# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1299Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880 1300 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time 1301 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time 1302 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12 1303 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9 1304 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3 1305 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24 1306 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 1307 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1308 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1309 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 1310 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u 1311 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u 1312 2:00 - EET 1313 1314# Luxembourg 1315# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks. 1316# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1317Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S 1318Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 1319Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S 1320Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 - 1321Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 1322Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - 1323Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S 1324Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 - 1325Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S 1326Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 - 1327Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S 1328Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 - 1329Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S 1330Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 - 1331Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S 1332Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 - 1333Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S 1334Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 - 1335Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S 1336Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S 1337Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S 1338Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S 1339Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S 1340# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1341Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun 1342 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25 1343 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s 1344 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00 1345 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00 1346 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977 1347 1:00 EU CE%sT 1348 1349# Macedonia 1350# see Yugoslavia 1351 1352# Malta 1353# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1354Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S 1355Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 - 1356Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S 1357Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 - 1358Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S 1359Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 - 1360Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S 1361# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1362Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta 1363 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1364 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s 1365 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31 1366 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981 1367 1:00 EU CE%sT 1368 1369# Moldova 1370 1371# From Paul Eggert (2001-02-11): 1372# A previous version of this database followed Shanks, who writes that 1373# Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00. 1374# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence 1375# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree). 1376# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area 1377# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time. 1378# But moldavizolit@tirastel.md and mk@tirastel.md separately reported via 1379# Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau. 1380# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now. 1381 1382# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1383Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880 1384 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT 1385 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT 1386 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15 1387 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17 1388 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24 1389 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 1390 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6 1391 2:00 - EET 1991 1392 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 1393 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997 1394# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules. 1395 2:00 EU EE%sT 1396 1397# Monaco 1398# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21. 1399# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1400Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 1401 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time 1402 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 1403 1:00 France CE%sT 1977 1404 1:00 EU CE%sT 1405 1406# Netherlands 1407 1408# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940, 1409# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time. 1410 1411# However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01): 1412# Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00 1413# Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including 1414# the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time 1415# (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the 1416# common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was 1417# not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law. 1418# On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and 1419# was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd"). 1420# 1421# (2001-04-08): 1422# 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to 1423# observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common 1424# practice of following Amsterdam mean time. 1425# 1426# (2001-04-09): 1427# In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the 1428# municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe 1429# Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was 1430# actually followed. 1431# 1432# From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to 1433# observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of 1434# Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most 1435# places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically 1436# adopted Amsterdam mean time. 1437# 1438# Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety 1439# of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it 1440# was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe 1441# Amsterdam mean time. 1442 1443# The data before 1945 are taken from 1444# <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>. 1445 1446# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1447Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time 1448Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time 1449Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST 1450Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT 1451Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 1452Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT 1453Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST 1454Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT 1455Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 1456Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST 1457Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 1458# From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week 1459# in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend. 1460Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST 1461Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST 1462Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST 1463Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST 1464Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S 1465Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 - 1466Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S 1467Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 1468Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 1469# 1470# Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted 1471# below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer. 1472# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1473Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835 1474 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1 1475 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time 1476 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1477 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977 1478 1:00 EU CE%sT 1479 1480# Norway 1481# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1482# Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks. 1483Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S 1484Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 1485# Whitman says DST observed 1935-08-11/1942-11-01, then 1943-03-29/10-04, 1486# 1944-04-03/10-02, and 1945-04-01/10-01; go with Shanks. 1487Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 1488Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - 1489Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 1490Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 - 1491Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S 1492# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1493Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1 1494 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00 1495 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1496 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980 1497 1:00 EU CE%sT 1498 1499# Svalbard & Jan Mayen 1500 1501# From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01): 1502# Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and 1503# Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the 1504# time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared 1505# as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan 1506# Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From 1507# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and 1508# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation 1509# for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came 1510# into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a 1511# part of this law since 1925/1930. (From 1512# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been 1513# able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100) 1514# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by 1515# Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever 1516# since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since 1517# before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere 1518# between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive). 1519 1520# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01): 1521# 1522# Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II, 1523# so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Olso was 1524# keeping Berlin time. 1525# 1526# <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists 1527# burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in 1528# 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite 1529# frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a 1530# radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly 1531# the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that 1532# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules. 1533# 1534# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an 1535# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says 1536# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ 1537# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were 1538# expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return, 1539# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954) 1540# <http://www.utpress.utoronto.ca/publishing/rights/dege_warnorthof80.htm> 1541# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named 1542# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945. 1543# 1544# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970. Unless we can 1545# come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the 1546# war years it's probably best just do do the following for now: 1547Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen 1548Link Europe/Oslo Atlantic/Jan_Mayen 1549 1550# Poland 1551# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1552Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 1553Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S 1554# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks. 1555Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 - 1556# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks. 1557Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S 1558Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 - 1559Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 S 1560Rule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 - 1561Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S 1562Rule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 - 1563Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S 1564# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks. 1565Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S 1566Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 1567Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S 1568Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S 1569Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 - 1570Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S 1571Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 S 1572Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 1573# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1574Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880 1575 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time 1576 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00 1577 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun 1578 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00 1579 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 1580 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977 Apr 3 1:00 1581 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1999 1582# IATA SSIM (1991/1996) gives EU rules, but the _The Warsaw Voice_ 1583# <a href="http://www.warsawvoice.com.pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml"> 1584# http://www.warsawvoice.com/pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml (1995-09-24) 1585# </a> 1586# says the autumn 1995 switch was at 02:00. 1587# Stick with W-Eur for now. 1588# 1589# From Marcin.Kasperski@softax.com.pl (1999-06-10): 1590# According to my colleagues someone recently decided, that Poland would 1591# follow European Union regulations, so - I think - the matter is not 1592# worth further discussion. 1593# 1594# From Paul Eggert (1999-06-10): 1595# Kasperski also writes that the government futzed with the rules in 1997 1596# or 1998 but he doesn't remember the details. Assume they switched to 1597# EU rules in 1999. 1598 1:00 EU CE%sT 1599 1600# Portugal 1601# 1602# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (1992-11-12): 1603# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone 1604# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC. 1605# 1606# Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve 1607# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring. 1608# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter. 1609# 1610# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12): 1611# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions 1612# at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos. 1613# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00. 1614# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00. 1615# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal 1616# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter. 1617# 1618# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1619# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not 1620# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules. 1621# Go with Shanks. 1622Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S 1623# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks. 1624Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 - 1625Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 1626Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 - 1627Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 1628Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 1629Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S 1630Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 1631Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S 1632Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 - 1633Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 1634Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1635Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 1636Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1637Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 1638Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 1639# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks. 1640Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1641Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S 1642# Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman. 1643Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S 1644# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks. 1645Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1646# Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman. 1647Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S 1648Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 1649# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks. 1650Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S 1651Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S 1652Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 1653# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks. 1654Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 - 1655Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S 1656# Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman. 1657Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 - 1658Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S 1659Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S 1660Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer 1661Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S 1662Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 - 1663Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M 1664Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S 1665Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M 1666Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S 1667Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1668Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 1669Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1670# Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman. 1671# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks. 1672Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 1673Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1674Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S 1675Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 - 1676Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S 1677Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 1678Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 1679Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S 1680Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 1681Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 1682# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1683Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884 1684 -0:36:32 - LMT 1911 May 24 # Lisbon Mean Time 1685 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 1686 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00 1687 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 1688 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s 1689 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u 1690 0:00 EU WE%sT 1691Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada 1692 -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time 1693 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time 1694 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 1695 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s 1696 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u 1697 -1:00 EU AZO%sT 1698Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal 1699 -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time 1700 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time 1701 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 1702 0:00 EU WE%sT 1703 1704# Romania 1705# 1706# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07): 1707# <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html"> 1708# Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at 1709# 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info, 1710# assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997, 1711# the same year as Bulgaria. 1712# 1713# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1714Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S 1715Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 - 1716Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S 1717Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S 1718Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1719Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S 1720Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 1721Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S 1722Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 - 1723# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1724Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct 1725 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT 1726 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s 1727 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 1728 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994 1729 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997 1730 2:00 EU EE%sT 1731 1732# Russia 1733 1734# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-11-12): 1735# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations. 1736# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991, 1737# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks, except we follow 1738# Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat 23:00, not Sun 02:00s. 1739# 1740# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (1994-06-29): 1741# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow! 1742# I do not know why they have decided to make this change; 1743# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching 1744# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch. 1745# 1746# From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@nagual.ru> (1996-10-04): 1747# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with 1748# Unix-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group).... 1749# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor 1750# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there. 1751# 1752# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-10-30): 1753# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from 1754# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ... 1755# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located. 1756# 1757# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from 1758# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07): 1759# News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was 1760# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with 1761# the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began 1762# enforcing curfew at the wrong time. 1763# 1764# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05): 1765# There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in 1766# UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the 1767# SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan 1768# until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok 1769# since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are 1770# administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have 1771# remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan. 1772# 1773# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1774# 1775# Kaliningradskaya oblast'. 1776Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr 1777 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 1778 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946 1779 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1780 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1781# 1782# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 1783# Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast', Astrakhanskaya oblast', 1784# Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast', 1785# Volgogradskaya oblast', Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast', 1786# Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya, 1787# Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya, 1788# Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya, 1789# Respublika Kareliya, Kirovskaya oblast', Respublika Komi, 1790# Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast', 1791# Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El, 1792# Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast', 1793# Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug, 1794# Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast', 1795# Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast', 1796# Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg, Saratovskaya oblast', 1797# Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast', 1798# Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan, 1799# Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast', 1800# Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast', 1801# Yaroslavskaya oblast' 1802Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880 1803 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time 1804 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00 1805 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct 1806 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 1807 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1808 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1809 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1810# 1811# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 1812# Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika 1813Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00 1814 3:00 - KUYT 1930 Jun 21 # Kuybyshev 1815 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s 1816 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1817 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1818 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00 1819 4:00 Russia SAM%sT # Samara Time 1820# 1821# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 1822# Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug, 1823# Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast', 1824# Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast', 1825# Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast', 1826# Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug. 1827Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00 1828 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time 1829 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1830 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1831 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time 1832# 1833# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 1834# Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'. 1835Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14 1836 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme 1837 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1838 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1839 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1840# 1841# Novosibirskaya oblast'. 1842Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00 1843 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time 1844 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1845 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1846 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # says Shanks 1847 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1848# 1849# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 1850# Kemerovskaya oblast', Krasnoyarskij kraj, 1851# Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug, Tomskaya oblast', 1852# Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug. 1853Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6 1854 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time 1855 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1856 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1857 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1858# 1859# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 1860# Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast', 1861# Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug. 1862Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880 1863 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time 1864 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time 1865 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1866 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1867 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1868# 1869# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 1870# Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast', 1871# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'. 1872# 1873# From Alan Pritchard (2001-08-24): [The Sakha districts are:] 1874# Aldansky, Amginsky, Anabarsky, Bulunsky, Churapchinsky, 1875# Eveno-Bytantaisky, Gorny, Khangalassky, Kobyaisky, Lensky, 1876# Megino-Kangalassky, Mirninsky, Namsky, Nyurbinsky, Olenyoksky, 1877# Olyokminsky, Srednekolymsky, Suntarsky, Tattinsky, Ust-Aldansky, 1878# Verkhnekolymsky, Verkhnevilyuisky, Vilyuisky, Zhigansky. 1879Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15 1880 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time 1881 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1882 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1883 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1884# 1885# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 1886# Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj, 1887# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya). 1888# 1889# From Alan Pritchard (2001-08-24): [The Sakha districts are:] 1890# Tomponsky, Ust-Maisky, Ust-Yansky, Verkhoyansky. 1891Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15 1892 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time 1893 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1894 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1895 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1896# 1897# Sakhalinskaya oblast'. 1898# The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long. 1899Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23 1900 9:00 - CJT 1938 1901 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25 1902 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T. 1903 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1904 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s 1905 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1906# 1907# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 1908# Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya). 1909# 1910# From Alan Pritchard (2001-08-24): [The Sakha districts are:] 1911# Abyisky, Allaikhovsky, Momsky, Nizhnekolymsky, Oimyakonsky. 1912Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2 1913 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time 1914 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1915 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1916 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1917# 1918# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 1919# Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug. 1920# 1921# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long. 1922Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10 1923 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time 1924 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1925 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1926 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1927# 1928# Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug 1929Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2 1930 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time 1931 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s 1932 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1933 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1934 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1935 1936# Slovakia 1937Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava 1938 1939# Slovenia 1940# see Yugoslavia 1941 1942# Spain 1943# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1944# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks. 1945Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S 1946Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 - 1947Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 1948Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S 1949# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks. 1950Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S 1951# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks. 1952Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 - 1953Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 1954# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks. 1955Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1956Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 1957Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1958Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 1959# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks. 1960Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S 1961Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1962Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S 1963Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 1964Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S 1965# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks. 1966Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer 1967Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S 1968Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M 1969Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S 1970Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S 1971Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S 1972Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 1973Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S 1974Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 - 1975Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S 1976Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 - 1977Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S 1978Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 1979Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S 1980Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 1981# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978. 1982Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S 1983Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 1984Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S 1985Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 - 1986Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 1987Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 - 1988Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 1989Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 1990Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 - 1991# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1992Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 1993 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30 1994 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979 1995 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901 1997 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00 1998 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00 1999 0:00 - WET 1924 2000 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929 2001 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16 2002 1:00 - CET 1986 2003 1:00 EU CE%sT 2004Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C. 2005 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time 2006 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s 2007 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s 2008 0:00 EU WE%sT 2009# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u. 2010# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU. 2011 2012# Sweden 2013 2014# From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks: 2015# 2016# The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879: 2017# From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all 2018# places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at 2019# three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the 2020# meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31. 2021# 2022# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30" 2023# eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the 2024# national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT.... 2025# 2026# About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk 2027# forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning 2028# of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at 2029# the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English 2030# observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west 2031# from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 2032# 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time 2033# in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT. 2034# 2035# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states 2036# that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is 2037# pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00.... 2038# Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later". 2039# 2040# The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish 2041# Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are 2042# not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available 2043# in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type 2044# "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click 2045# the Sok-button). 2046# 2047# (2001-05-13): 2048# 2049# I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00 2050# summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show 2051# 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some 2052# people thought the switch to standard time would take place already 2053# at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another 2054# hour before the event took place. 2055# 2056# Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left. 2057 2058# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2059Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1 2060 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time 2061 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00 2062 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00 2063 1:00 - CET 1980 2064 1:00 EU CE%sT 2065 2066# Switzerland 2067# From Howse: 2068# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace 2069# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep 2070# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 .... 2071# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 2072# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''): 2073Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S 2074Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 - 2075# From Shanks: 2076Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S 2077Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 - 2078# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2079Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12 2080 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time 2081 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981 2082 1:00 EU CE%sT 2083 2084# Turkey 2085# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 2086Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 2087Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 2088Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S 2089Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 - 2090Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S 2091Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 2092Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S 2093Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 2094# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks. 2095Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S 2096Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 2097Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 2098Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S 2099Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 - 2100Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S 2101Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 - 2102Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 2103# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks. 2104Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 - 2105Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S 2106Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 2107Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 2108Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 2109Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S 2110Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 - 2111Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S 2112Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S 2113Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S 2114Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 2115Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S 2116Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 2117Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S 2118Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 2119Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S 2120Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 - 2121Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S 2122Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 - 2123Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S 2124Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 - 2125Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S 2126Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 - 2127Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 2128Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 2129Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 - 2130Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S 2131Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 - 2132Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S 2133Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S 2134Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 2135Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S 2136Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 2137# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2138Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880 2139 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time? 2140 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15 2141 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time 2142 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1986 2143 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 2144 2:00 EU EE%sT 2145Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents. 2146 2147# Ukraine 2148# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2149# Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev. 2150Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880 2151 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time 2152 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 2153 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20 2154 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6 2155 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 2156 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00 2157 2:00 - EET 1992 2158 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995 2159 2:00 EU EE%sT 2160# Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991. 2161Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct 2162 1:00 - CET 1940 2163 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 2164 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26 2165 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29 2166 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 2167 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00 2168 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00 2169 2:00 - EET 1992 2170 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995 2171 2:00 EU EE%sT 2172# Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991. 2173# Zaporozh'ye has an apostrophe, but Posix file names can't have apostrophes. 2174Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880 2175 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T 2176 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 2177 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25 2178 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25 2179 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00 2180 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995 2181 2:00 EU EE%sT 2182# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997. 2183Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880 2184 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T 2185 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 2186 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov 2187 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13 2188 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 2189 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00 2190 2:00 - EET 1992 2191# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-11-12): 2192# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched 2193# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections. 2194# Shanks says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened 2195# sometime between the 1994 DST switches. For now, guess it changed in May. 2196 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May 2197# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev. 2198 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s 2199 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s 2200# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST. 2201# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks. 2202 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997 2203 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u 2204 2:00 EU EE%sT 2205 2206# Yugoslavia 2207# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2208Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884 2209 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 2210 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s 2211 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 2212# Metod Kozelj <metod.kozelj@rzs-hm.si> reports that the legal date of 2213# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time. 2214# Shanks doesn't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj. 2215 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27 2216 1:00 EU CE%sT 2217Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia 2218Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina 2219Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia 2220Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia 2221 2222############################################################################### 2223 2224# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from 2225# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986. 2226# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else. 2227# 2228# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but 2229# uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules. 2230# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at 2231# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey 2232# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time 2233# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST) 2234 2235# ... 2236# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100 2237# From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann) 2238# Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp> 2239# ... 2240# 2241# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when 2242# most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only 2243# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according 2244# to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on 2245# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following 2246# years... 2247# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions 2248# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST 2249# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep 2250# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now. 2251# 2252# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the 2253# Soviet Union (as far as I know). 2254# 2255# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG, 2256# 4002 Basle, Switzerland 2257# UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho 2258 2259# ... 2260# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100 2261# From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter) 2262# ... 2263# 2264# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct. 2265# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information 2266# about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969. 2267# 2268# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on 2269# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September... 2270# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that 2271# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982 2272# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in 2273# the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch 2274# dates... 2275# 2276# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g. 2277# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST... 2278# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not 2279# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations 2280# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always 2281# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the 2282# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours 2283# in advance of normal time. 2284# 2285# ... 2286# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland 2287# INTERNET : dik@cwi.nl 2288# BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax 2289 2290# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28): 2291# ... 2292# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates). 2293# Since 1978. Change at midnight. 2294# ... 2295# Monaco: has same DST as France. 2296# ... |