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europe (86222) europe (86464)
1# @(#)europe 7.80
2
1# @(#)europe 7.80
2
3# $FreeBSD: head/share/zoneinfo/europe 86222 2001-11-09 19:17:59Z wollman $
4
5# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
6# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
7# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
8
9# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
10# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
11# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
12# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
13#
14# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
15# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
16# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
17# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
18# of the IATA's data after 1990.
19#
20# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1991,
21# and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
22#
23# Other sources occasionally used include:
24#
25# Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
26# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
27# which I found in the UCLA library.
28#
29# Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
30# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
31# History of Summer Time
32# </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
33
34#
35# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
36# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
37# Corrections are welcome!
38# std dst
39# LMT Local Mean Time
40# -4:00 AST Atlantic
41# -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
42# -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
43# 0:00 GMT BST Greenwich, British Summer
44# 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
45# 0:00 WET WEST Western Europe
46# 0:19:32 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
47# 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
48# 1:00 CET CEST Central Europe
49# 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
50# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
51# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
52#
53# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
54# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
55
56# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-04),
57# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
58# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
59# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
60# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
61# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
62# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
63# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
64# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
65# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
66# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
67# ...
68# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
69# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
70# ...
71# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
72# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
73# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
74# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
75# in the Directive.
76
77
78###############################################################################
79
80# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
81
82# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-07-06):
83#
84# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
85# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
86# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
87# of the text said:
88#
89# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
90# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
91# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
92# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
93# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
94# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
95# along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
96#
97# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
98# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
99# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
100#
101# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
102
103# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18):
104#
105# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
106# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
107# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
108# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
109# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
110# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
111# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
112# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
113# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
114# adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
115# The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
116# and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
117# railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
118# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
119# on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
120# one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
121# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
122# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
123# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
124# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
125#
126# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
127# transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
128# about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
129
130# From Paul Eggert (1999-01-30):
131# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
132# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
133# who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
134# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
135# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
136# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
137# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
138# One-hour Summer Time was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
139# See:
140# <a href="http://www.the-times.co.uk/news/pages/tim/2000/05/18/x-timcrtcrt01011.html">
141# Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18)
142# </a>
143# A monument was erected in 1927 to Willett, in an open space in a 45-acre wood
144# near Chiselhurst, Kent that was purchased by popular subscription and open
145# to the public.
146
147# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
148# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
149# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
150# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
151# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
152
153# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
154#
155# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
156# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
157
158# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
159# From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john>
160# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
161# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
162# politics making a fortune, not computing.
163
164# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-06-14):
165# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
166# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
167# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
168# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
169
170# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
171# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
172# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
173# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
174
175# From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
176# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
177# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
178# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
179# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
180# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
181# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
182# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
183
184# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
185# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
186# which is to be introduced in May....
187# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
188# which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
189
190# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
191# Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common
192# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
193# so we use `BDST'.
194
195# Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-04-19) described at length
196# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
197# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk> has been updating
198# and extending this list, which can be found in
199# <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/">
200# History of legal time in Britain
201# </a> (2000-02-12).
202
203# From Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk> (1998-01-06):
204#
205# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
206# see Lord Tanlaw's speech
207# <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
208# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
209# </a>.
210
211# From Paul Eggert (2001-07-18):
212#
213# For lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948.
214#
215# Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect:
216# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
217# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
218# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
219# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
220# It actually just had one transition.
221# * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
222# Actually, it conformed to Britain.
223# * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
224# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
225# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
226#
227# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks:
228# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
229# to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
230# conform with Great Britain.
231# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
232#
233# The following claim by Shanks is possible though doubtful;
234# we'll ignore it for now.
235# * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
236#
237#
238# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.
239# Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
240# (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
241# to London. For example:
242#
243# "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
244# -- James Joyce, Ulysses
245
246# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
247# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
248# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
249# (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
250# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
251# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
252# and Frethun run in CT.
253# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
254# the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
255# and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
256# If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
257# I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
258# This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
259
260# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
261# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
262# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
263# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
264# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
265# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
266# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
267
268# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
269# Summer Time Act, 1916
270Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
271Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
272# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
273Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
274Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
275# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
276Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
277Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
278# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
279Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
280Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
281# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
282Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
283# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
284Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
285# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
286Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
287Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
288# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
289Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
290Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
291# The Summer Time Act, 1922
292Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
293Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
294Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
295Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
296# The Summer Time Act, 1925
297Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
298Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
299Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
300Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
301Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
302Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
303Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
304Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
305Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
306Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
307Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
308# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
309Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
310# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
311Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
312# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
313Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
314Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
315# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
316Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
317# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
318Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
319# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
320Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
321Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
322# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
323Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
324Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
325# The Summer Time Act, 1947
326Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
327Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
328Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
329Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
330# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
331Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
332Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
333# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
334Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
335Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
336# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
337# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
338# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
339Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
340Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
341# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
342Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
343Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
344Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
345Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
346Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
347Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
348Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
349# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
350# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
351# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
352Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
353Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
354# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
355# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
356# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
357Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
358# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
359Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
360# The British Standard Time Act, 1968
361# (no summer time)
362# The Summer Time Act, 1972
363Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
364Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
365# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
366# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
367# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
368# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
369Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
370Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
371# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
372# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
373# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
374Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
375# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
376# See EU for rules starting in 1996.
377
378# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
379Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1
380 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
381 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
382 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
383 0:00 EU GMT/BST
384Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
385 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin/Dunsink MT
386 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s # Irish Summer Time
387 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
388 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
389 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
390 0:00 EU GMT/BST
391Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
392 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
393 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
394 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
395 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
396 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
397 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
398 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
399 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
400 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
401 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
402 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
403 0:00 EU GMT/IST
404
405###############################################################################
406
407# Continental Europe
408
409# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
410# Common Market, etc.
411
412# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
413Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
414Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
415Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
416Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
417Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
418Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
419# The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
420# <a href="http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/dat/2000/en_300L0084.html"
421# Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
422# of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
423# </a>
424
425# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
426Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
427Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
428Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
429Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
430Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
431Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
432
433# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
434# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
435Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
436Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
437Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
438Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
439Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
440Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
441Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
442Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
443Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
444# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
445Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
446Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
447Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
448Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
449Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
450Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
451Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
452
453# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
454Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
455Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
456Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
457Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
458Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
459Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
460
461# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
462Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
463Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
464Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
465Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
466Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
467Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
468Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
469Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
470Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
471Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
472Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
473# Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
474Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
475Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
476# Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
477# Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
478Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
479Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
480#
481Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
482Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
483Rule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
484Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
485Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
486
487# These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
488
489# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
490Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
491Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
492Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
493Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
494
495# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
496# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
497
498# From Markus Kuhn <mskuhn@unrza3.dialin.rrze.uni-erlangen.de> (1996-07-12):
499# The official German names ... are
500#
501# Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
502# Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
503#
504# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
505# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
506# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
507#
508# Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
509# Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
510# Postfach 3345
511# D-38023 Braunschweig
512# phone: +49 531 592-0
513#
514# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
515# department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
516# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
517#
518# Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
519# Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
520
521
522# Albania
523# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
524Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
525Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
526Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
527Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
528Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
529Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
530Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
531Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
532Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
533Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
534Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
535Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
536Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
537Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
538Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
539Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
540Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
541Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
542Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
543Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
544Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
545Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
546Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
547Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
548Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
549# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
550Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
551 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
552 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
553 1:00 EU CE%sT
554
555# Andorra
556# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
557Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
558 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
559 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
560 1:00 EU CE%sT
561
562# Austria
563# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
564Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
565Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
566Rule Austria 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
567Rule Austria 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
568Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
569Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
570Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
571Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
572# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
573Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
574 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Jun 16 3:00
575 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00
576 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
577 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
578 1:00 EU CE%sT
579
580# Belarus
581# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
582Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
583 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
584 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
585 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
586 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
587 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
588 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
589 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
590 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
591 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
592 2:00 Russia EE%sT
593
594# Belgium
595#
596# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
597# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
598# Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
599# Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
600# (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
601# pp 8-9.
602# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
603# Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
604# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie <pascal@belnet.be> for these references.
605# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
606# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
607#
608# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
609Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
610Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
611Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
612Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
613Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
614Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
615Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
616Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
617Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
618Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
619Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
620Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
621# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
622# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
623# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
624# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
625Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
626Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
627Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
628Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
629Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
630Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
631Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
632Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
633Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
634Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
635Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
636Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
637Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
638Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
639Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
640Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
641Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
642Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
643Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
644Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
645Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
646Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
647# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
648Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
649 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
650 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
651 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
652 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
653 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
654 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
655 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
656 1:00 EU CE%sT
657
658# Bosnia and Herzegovina
659# see Yugoslavia
660
661# Bulgaria
662#
663# From Plamen Simenov <P.Simeonov@cnsys.bg> via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
664# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
665# EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
666# EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
667#
668# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
669Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
670Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
671Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 S
672Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
673Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
674# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
675Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
676 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
677 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
678 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 3:00
679 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
680 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
681 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
682 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
683 2:00 EU EE%sT
684
685# Croatia
686# see Yugosloavia
687
688# Czech Republic
689# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
690Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
691Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
692Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
693Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
694Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
695Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
696Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
697# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
698Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
699 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
700 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
701 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
702 1:00 EU CE%sT
703
704# Denmark, Faeroe Islands, and Greenland
705# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
706Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
707Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
708Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
709Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
710Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
711Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
712Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
713Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
714Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
715Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
716Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
717# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways
718# about many of the above dates; go with Shanks.
719#
720# For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman.
721# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
722Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
723 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time
724 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
725 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
726 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
727 1:00 EU CE%sT
728Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
729 0:00 - WET 1981
730 0:00 EU WE%sT
731#
732# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
733# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
734# and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
735# rules at least through 1984. Shanks says Scoresbysund and Godthab
736# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
737# rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
738
739# From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
740# <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
741# and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
742#
743# Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
744# is according to the following time line:
745#
746# The military zone near Thule UTC-4
747# Standard Greenland time UTC-3
748# Scoresbysund UTC-1
749# Danmarkshavn UTC
750#
751# In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
752# introduced.
753
754# From Paul Eggert (2001-09-29):
755# The 1997 CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT; the 1995 map as like Godthab.
756# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.
757# The 2000 IATA shows Thule as observing DST, so assume they stopped in 2001.
758
759#
760# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
761Rule Thule 1993 2000 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
762Rule Thule 1993 2000 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
763#
764# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
765Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
766 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
767 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996
768 0:00 - GMT
769Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
770 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
771 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
772 -1:00 EU EG%sT
773Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
774 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
775 -3:00 EU WG%sT
776Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
777 -4:00 Thule A%sT
778
779# Estonia
780# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15):
781# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
782# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
783# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
784#
785# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-10-28):
786# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
787# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
788# ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
789# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
790# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
791# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
792# human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
793# summer time next spring.''
794
795# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
796# <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
797# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
798# </a>
799# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
800# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
801#
802# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
803# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
804# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
805
806# From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
807# via Steffen Thorsen:
808# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
809# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
810# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
811# Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
812# for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
813# after that.
814
815# From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
816# Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
817# no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
818# the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
819
820# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
821Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
822 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
823 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
824 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
825 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
826 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
827 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
828 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
829 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
830 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
831 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
832 2:00 - EET
833
834# Finland
835#
836# From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC):
837# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
838# and it's supposed to change at 4am...
839#
840# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994):
841# Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981.
842# Go with Strang instead.
843#
844# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
845Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
846Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
847# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
848Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
849 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
850 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00
851 2:00 EU EE%sT
852
853# France
854
855# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
856#
857# Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
858# Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
859#
860# Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
861# Paris, 1991
862#
863# Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
864# Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
865
866
867#
868# Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
869# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
870Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
871Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
872Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
873Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
874Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
875Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
876Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
877Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
878Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
879Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
880# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
881# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
882# were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks.
883Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
884Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
885Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
886Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
887Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
888Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
889Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
890Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
891Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
892Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
893Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
894Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
895Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
896Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
897Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
898Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
899Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
900Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
901Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
902Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
903# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks writes
904# that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
905# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
906# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
907# Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Decartes,
908# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
909# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
910# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collognes (Haute-Savioe).
911Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
912# Shanks says this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
913# but go with Denis.Excoffier@ens.fr (1997-12-12),
914# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
915# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
916Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
917Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
918Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
919Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
920Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
921Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
922Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
923Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
924Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
925# Shanks gives Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
926# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
927Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
928Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
929# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05,
930# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
931# Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
932# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
933# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
934Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
935 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
936# Shanks gives 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
937 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
938# Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
939# go with Shanks.
940 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
941 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
942 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
943 1:00 EU CE%sT
944
945# Germany
946
947# From Markus Kuhn <Markus.Kuhn@cl.cam.ac.uk> (1998-09-29):
948# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
949# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
950#
951# <a href="http://www.ptb.de/english/org/4/43/432/lega.htm">
952# Realisation of Legal Time in Germany
953# </a>
954
955# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
956Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
957# Shanks says 05-24 2:00 to 09-24 3:00 for DDST; go with the PTB, who quotes
958# the Archiv fuer publizist. Arbeit (Munzinger-Archiv) 652 (Zeitsystem)
959# (1961-11-25), which gives dates only. Guess 3:00 transition times.
960Rule Germany 1945 only - May 31 3:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
961Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 23 3:00 1:00 S
962Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
963Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
964Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
965Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
966Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
967# The PTB gives 3:00 CET and 3:00 CEST for the midsummer transition times;
968# go with Shanks.
969Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
970Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
971Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
972Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
973# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
974Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
975 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
976 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
977 1:00 EU CE%sT
978
979# Gibraltar
980# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
981Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
982 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
983 1:00 - CET 1982
984 1:00 EU CE%sT
985
986# Greece
987# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
988# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks.
989Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
990Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
991# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks.
992Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
993# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks.
994Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
995Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
996Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
997# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks.
998Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
999Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1000Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1001Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1002Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1003Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1004Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1005Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1006Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1007Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1008Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1009Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1010Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1011# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1012Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1013 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1014 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1015 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1016 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1017 # Shanks says they switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1018 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1019 2:00 EU EE%sT
1020
1021# Hungary
1022# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1023Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1024Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1025Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1026Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1027Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
1028Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1029Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1030Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1031Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1032Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1033Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1034Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1035Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1036Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1037Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1038Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1039Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1040Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1041Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1042Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1043# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1044Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1045 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1046 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1047 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00
1048 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1049 1:00 EU CE%sT
1050
1051# Iceland
1052#
1053# From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (1993-11-06):
1054# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1055#
1056# (1993-12-05):
1057# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1058# Iceland Almanak.
1059#
1060# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1061# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1062# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1063# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1064#
1065# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1066# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1067# time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1068# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1069#
1070# (1993-12-10):
1071# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1072# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1073# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1074# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1075# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1076# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1077# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1078# might mean something else (???).
1079#
1080# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
1081# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
1082# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
1083# Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1084#
1085# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1086Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1087Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1088Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1089Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1090Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1091Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1092Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1093Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1094Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1095Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1096Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1097# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1098Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1099Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1100# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1101Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1102# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1103Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1104Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1105Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1106# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1107Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1108 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1109 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1110 0:00 - GMT
1111
1112# Italy
1113#
1114# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1115# Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1116# called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1117# During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1118# But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1119# so record only the time in Rome.
1120#
1121# From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06):
1122# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri
1123# <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html">
1124# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (1996-03-14)
1125# </a>
1126# (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1127# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1128#
1129# year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1130# 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1131# 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1132# 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1133# 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1134# 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1135# 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1136# 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1137# 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1138# 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1139# 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1140# 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1141# 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1142# 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1143# 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1144# 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1145#
1146# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1147Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1148Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1149Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1150Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1151Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1152Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1153Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1154Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1155Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1156Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1157Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1158Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1159Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1160Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1161Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1162Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1163Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1164Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1165Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1166Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1167Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1168Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1169Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1170Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1171Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1172Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1173Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1174Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1175Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1176Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1177Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1178Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1179Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1180Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1181Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1182Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1183# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1184Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1185 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time
1186 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1187 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1188 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1189 1:00 EU CE%sT
1190
1191Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1192Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1193
1194# Latvia
1195
1196# From Liene Kanepe <Liene_Kanepe@lm.gov.lv> (1998-09-17):
1197
1198# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1199# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1200# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1201# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1202#
1203# Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1204# according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1205# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1206# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1207# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1208#
1209# Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1210# according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1211# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1212# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1213# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1214# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1215#
1216# Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1217# according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1218# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1219# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1220# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1221# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1222# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1223# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1224# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1225# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1226#
1227# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1228# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1229# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1230
1231# From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1232# This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1233# <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm">
1234# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1235# 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).
1236
1237# <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html">
1238# From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1239# </a>
1240# The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1241# institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1242# Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1243# clocks one hour in the spring....
1244# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
1245# daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1246# Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1247# time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1248# urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1249# appears that they will not do so....
1250
1251# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1252Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1253Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1254# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1255Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1256 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1257 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1258 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1259 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1260 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1261 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1262 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1263 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1264 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1265 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1266 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1267 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1268 2:00 - EET 2001
1269 2:00 EU EE%sT
1270
1271# Liechtenstein
1272# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1273Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1274 1:00 - CET 1981
1275 1:00 EU CE%sT
1276
1277# Lithuania
1278
1279# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1280# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1281# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1282
1283# From Marius Gedminas <mgedmin@pub.osf.lt> (1998-08-07):
1284# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1285# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1286
1287# From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
1288# via Steffen Thorsen:
1289# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1290# to be valid here starting from October 31,
1291# as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1292# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1293# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1294# already done by Estonia.
1295
1296# From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm">
1297# Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1298# </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1299
1300# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1301Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1302 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1303 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1304 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1305 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1306 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1307 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1308 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1309 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1310 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1311 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1312 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1313 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1314 2:00 - EET
1315
1316# Luxembourg
1317# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks.
1318# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1319Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1320Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1321Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1322Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1323Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1324Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1325Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1326Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1327Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1328Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1329Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1330Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1331Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1332Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1333Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1334Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1335Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1336Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1337Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1338Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1339Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1340Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1341Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1342# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1343Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1344 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1345 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1346 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1347 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1348 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1349 1:00 EU CE%sT
1350
1351# Macedonia
1352# see Yugoslavia
1353
1354# Malta
1355# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1356Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1357Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1358Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1359Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1360Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1361Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1362Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1363# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1364Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta
1365 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1366 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1367 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1368 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1369 1:00 EU CE%sT
1370
1371# Moldova
1372
1373# From Paul Eggert (2001-02-11):
1374# A previous version of this database followed Shanks, who writes that
1375# Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1376# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1377# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1378# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1379# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1380# But moldavizolit@tirastel.md and mk@tirastel.md separately reported via
1381# Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1382# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1383
1384# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1385Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1386 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1387 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1388 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1389 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1390 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1391 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1392 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
1393 2:00 - EET 1991
1394 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1395 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1396# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1397 2:00 EU EE%sT
1398
1399# Monaco
1400# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21.
1401# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1402Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1403 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1404 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1405 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1406 1:00 EU CE%sT
1407
1408# Netherlands
1409
1410# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1411# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1412
1413# However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1414# Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1415# Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1416# the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1417# (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1418# common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1419# not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1420# On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1421# was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1422#
1423# (2001-04-08):
1424# 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1425# observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1426# practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1427#
1428# (2001-04-09):
1429# In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1430# municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1431# Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1432# actually followed.
1433#
1434# From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1435# observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1436# Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1437# places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1438# adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1439#
1440# Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1441# of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1442# was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1443# Amsterdam mean time.
1444
1445# The data before 1945 are taken from
1446# <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>.
1447
1448# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1449Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1450Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1451Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1452Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1453Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1454Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1455Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1456Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1457Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1458Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1459Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1460# From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1461# in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1462Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1463Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1464Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1465Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1466Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1467Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1468Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1469Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1470Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1471#
1472# Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1473# below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1474# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1475Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1476 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1477 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1478 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1479 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1480 1:00 EU CE%sT
1481
1482# Norway
1483# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1484# Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks.
1485Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1486Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1487# Whitman says DST observed 1935-08-11/1942-11-01, then 1943-03-29/10-04,
1488# 1944-04-03/10-02, and 1945-04-01/10-01; go with Shanks.
1489Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1490Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1491Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1492Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1493Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1494# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1495Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1496 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1497 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1498 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1499 1:00 EU CE%sT
1500
1501# Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1502
1503# From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1504# Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1505# Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1506# time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
1507# as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1508# Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1509# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and
1510# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation
1511# for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1512# into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1513# part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1514# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been
1515# able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1516# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by
1517# Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1518# since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1519# before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1520# between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1521
1522# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01):
1523#
1524# Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1525# so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Olso was
1526# keeping Berlin time.
1527#
1528# <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1529# burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1530# 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1531# frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
1532# radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
1533# the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1534# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1535#
1536# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1537# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1538# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
1539# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1540# expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
1541# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1542# <http://www.utpress.utoronto.ca/publishing/rights/dege_warnorthof80.htm>
1543# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1544# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1545#
1546# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970. Unless we can
1547# come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the
1548# war years it's probably best just do do the following for now:
1549Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1550Link Europe/Oslo Atlantic/Jan_Mayen
1551
1552# Poland
1553# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1554Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1555Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1556# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks.
1557Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1558# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks.
1559Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1560Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1561Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 S
1562Rule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 -
1563Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
1564Rule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1565Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
1566# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1567Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1568Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1569Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1570Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1571Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1572Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1573Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 S
1574Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1575# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1576Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1577 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1578 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1579 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1580 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1581 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1582 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977 Apr 3 1:00
1583 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1999
1584# IATA SSIM (1991/1996) gives EU rules, but the _The Warsaw Voice_
1585# <a href="http://www.warsawvoice.com.pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml">
1586# http://www.warsawvoice.com/pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml (1995-09-24)
1587# </a>
1588# says the autumn 1995 switch was at 02:00.
1589# Stick with W-Eur for now.
1590#
1591# From Marcin.Kasperski@softax.com.pl (1999-06-10):
1592# According to my colleagues someone recently decided, that Poland would
1593# follow European Union regulations, so - I think - the matter is not
1594# worth further discussion.
1595#
1596# From Paul Eggert (1999-06-10):
1597# Kasperski also writes that the government futzed with the rules in 1997
1598# or 1998 but he doesn't remember the details. Assume they switched to
1599# EU rules in 1999.
1600 1:00 EU CE%sT
1601
1602# Portugal
1603#
1604# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (1992-11-12):
1605# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1606# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1607#
1608# Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1609# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1610# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1611#
1612# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1613# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1614# at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1615# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1616# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1617# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1618# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1619#
1620# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1621# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
1622# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
1623# Go with Shanks.
1624Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1625# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1626Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1627Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1628Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1629Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1630Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1631Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1632Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1633Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1634Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1635Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1636Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1637Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1638Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1639Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1640Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1641# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks.
1642Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1643Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1644# Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman.
1645Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1646# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks.
1647Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1648# Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1649Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1650Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1651# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks.
1652Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1653Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1654Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1655# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
1656Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1657Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1658# Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1659Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
1660Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1661Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
1662Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
1663Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
1664Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
1665Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
1666Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
1667Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
1668Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
1669Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1670Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1671Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1672# Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
1673# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks.
1674Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1675Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1676Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
1677Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
1678Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
1679Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1680Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1681Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1682Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1683Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1684# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1685Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
1686 -0:36:32 - LMT 1911 May 24 # Lisbon Mean Time
1687 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1688 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
1689 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1690 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1691 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
1692 0:00 EU WE%sT
1693Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
1694 -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
1695 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
1696 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1697 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1698 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
1699 -1:00 EU AZO%sT
1700Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
1701 -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
1702 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
1703 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1704 0:00 EU WE%sT
1705
1706# Romania
1707#
1708# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
1709# <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html">
1710# Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
1711# 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
1712# assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
1713# the same year as Bulgaria.
1714#
1715# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1716Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1717Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1718Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
1719Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
1720Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1721Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1722Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1723Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1724Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1725# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1726Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
1727 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1728 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1729 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
1730 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
1731 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1732 2:00 EU EE%sT
1733
1734# Russia
1735
1736# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-11-12):
1737# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
1738# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
1739# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks, except we follow
1740# Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
1741#
1742# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (1994-06-29):
1743# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
1744# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
1745# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
1746# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
1747#
1748# From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@nagual.ru> (1996-10-04):
1749# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
1750# Unix-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
1751# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
1752# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
1753#
1754# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-10-30):
1755# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
1756# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
1757# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
1758#
1759# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
1760# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
1761# News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
1762# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
1763# the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
1764# enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
1765#
1766# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
1767# There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
1768# UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
1769# SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
1770# until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
1771# since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
1772# administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
1773# remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
1774#
1775# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1776#
1777# Kaliningradskaya oblast'.
1778Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
1779 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1780 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
1781 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1782 2:00 Russia EE%sT
1783#
1784# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1785# Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast', Astrakhanskaya oblast',
1786# Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',
1787# Volgogradskaya oblast', Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',
1788# Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,
1789# Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,
1790# Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,
1791# Respublika Kareliya, Kirovskaya oblast', Respublika Komi,
1792# Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',
1793# Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,
1794# Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',
1795# Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,
1796# Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',
1797# Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',
1798# Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg, Saratovskaya oblast',
1799# Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',
1800# Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,
1801# Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',
1802# Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',
1803# Yaroslavskaya oblast'
1804Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
1805 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
1806 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1807 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
1808 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1809 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1810 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1811 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD
1812#
1813# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1814# Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika
1815Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1816 3:00 - KUYT 1930 Jun 21 # Kuybyshev
1817 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1818 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1819 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1820 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
1821 4:00 Russia SAM%sT # Samara Time
1822#
1823# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1824# Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,
1825# Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',
1826# Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',
1827# Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',
1828# Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.
1829Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
1830 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
1831 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1832 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1833 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time
1834#
1835# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1836# Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.
1837Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
1838 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
1839 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1840 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1841 6:00 Russia OMS%sT
1842#
1843# Novosibirskaya oblast'.
1844Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
1845 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
1846 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1847 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1848 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # says Shanks
1849 6:00 Russia NOV%sT
1850#
1851# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1852# Kemerovskaya oblast', Krasnoyarskij kraj,
1853# Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug, Tomskaya oblast',
1854# Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.
1855Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
1856 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
1857 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1858 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1859 7:00 Russia KRA%sT
1860#
1861# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1862# Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',
1863# Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.
1864Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
1865 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
1866 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
1867 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1868 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1869 8:00 Russia IRK%sT
1870#
1871# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1872# Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',
1873# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.
1874#
1875# From Alan Pritchard (2001-08-24): [The Sakha districts are:]
1876# Aldansky, Amginsky, Anabarsky, Bulunsky, Churapchinsky,
1877# Eveno-Bytantaisky, Gorny, Khangalassky, Kobyaisky, Lensky,
1878# Megino-Kangalassky, Mirninsky, Namsky, Nyurbinsky, Olenyoksky,
1879# Olyokminsky, Srednekolymsky, Suntarsky, Tattinsky, Ust-Aldansky,
1880# Verkhnekolymsky, Verkhnevilyuisky, Vilyuisky, Zhigansky.
1881Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
1882 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
1883 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1884 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1885 9:00 Russia YAK%sT
1886#
1887# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1888# Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,
1889# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
1890#
1891# From Alan Pritchard (2001-08-24): [The Sakha districts are:]
1892# Tomponsky, Ust-Maisky, Ust-Yansky, Verkhoyansky.
1893Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
1894 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
1895 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1896 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1897 10:00 Russia VLA%sT
1898#
1899# Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
1900# The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
1901Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
1902 9:00 - CJT 1938
1903 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25
1904 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
1905 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1906 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1907 10:00 Russia SAK%sT
1908#
1909# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1910# Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
1911#
1912# From Alan Pritchard (2001-08-24): [The Sakha districts are:]
1913# Abyisky, Allaikhovsky, Momsky, Nizhnekolymsky, Oimyakonsky.
1914Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
1915 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
1916 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1917 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1918 11:00 Russia MAG%sT
1919#
1920# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1921# Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.
1922#
1923# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
1924Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
1925 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
1926 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1927 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1928 12:00 Russia PET%sT
1929#
1930# Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug
1931Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
1932 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
1933 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
1934 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1935 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1936 12:00 Russia ANA%sT
1937
1938# Slovakia
1939Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
1940
1941# Slovenia
1942# see Yugoslavia
1943
1944# Spain
1945# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1946# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks.
1947Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1948Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
1949Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1950Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1951# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks.
1952Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1953# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks.
1954Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
1955Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1956# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks.
1957Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1958Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1959Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1960Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1961# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks.
1962Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
1963Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1964Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
1965Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1966Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1967# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks.
1968Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
1969Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
1970Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
1971Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
1972Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
1973Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
1974Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1975Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
1976Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
1977Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
1978Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
1979Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
1980Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1981Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
1982Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1983# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
1984Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
1985Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1986Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
1987Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1988Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
1989Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
1990Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1991Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1992Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
1993# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1994Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901
1995 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
1996 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
1997 1:00 EU CE%sT
1998Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
1999 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
2000 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
2001 0:00 - WET 1924
2002 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
2003 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2004 1:00 - CET 1986
2005 1:00 EU CE%sT
2006Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2007 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2008 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2009 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2010 0:00 EU WE%sT
2011# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2012# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2013
2014# Sweden
2015
2016# From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks:
2017#
2018# The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
2019# From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
2020# places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
2021# three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
2022# meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
2023#
2024# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
2025# eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
2026# national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
2027#
2028# About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
2029# forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
2030# of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
2031# the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
2032# observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
2033# from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
2034# 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
2035# in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
2036#
2037# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
2038# that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
2039# pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
2040# Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
2041#
2042# The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
2043# Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
2044# not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
2045# in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
2046# "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
2047# the Sok-button).
2048#
2049# (2001-05-13):
2050#
2051# I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
2052# summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
2053# 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
2054# people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
2055# at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
2056# hour before the event took place.
2057#
2058# Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
2059
2060# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2061Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
2062 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
2063 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
2064 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00
2065 1:00 - CET 1980
2066 1:00 EU CE%sT
2067
2068# Switzerland
2069# From Howse:
2070# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2071# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2072# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
2073# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2074# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
2075Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
2076Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2077# From Shanks:
2078Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
2079Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2080# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2081Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
2082 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
2083 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2084 1:00 EU CE%sT
2085
2086# Turkey
2087# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2088Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2089Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2090Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
2091Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
2092Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
2093Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2094Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2095Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2096# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks.
2097Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
2098Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2099Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2100Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
2101Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
2102Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
2103Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
2104Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2105# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
2106Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2107Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
2108Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2109Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2110Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2111Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
2112Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2113Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
2114Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
2115Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
2116Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2117Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
2118Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2119Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
2120Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2121Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
2122Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2123Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
2124Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
2125Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
2126Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
2127Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
2128Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2129Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2130Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2131Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2132Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
2133Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
2134Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
2135Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
2136Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
2137Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
2138Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2139# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2140Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
2141 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
2142 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
2143 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
2144 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1986
2145 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2146 2:00 EU EE%sT
2147Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
2148
2149# Ukraine
2150# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2151# Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
2152Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
2153 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
2154 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2155 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
2156 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
2157 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2158 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2159 2:00 - EET 1992
2160 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2161 2:00 EU EE%sT
2162# Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
2163Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
2164 1:00 - CET 1940
2165 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2166 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
2167 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
2168 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2169 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2170 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
2171 2:00 - EET 1992
2172 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2173 2:00 EU EE%sT
2174# Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
2175# Zaporozh'ye has an apostrophe, but Posix file names can't have apostrophes.
2176Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
2177 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T
2178 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2179 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
2180 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
2181 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
2182 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2183 2:00 EU EE%sT
2184# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2185Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2186 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2187 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2188 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
2189 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2190 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2191 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2192 2:00 - EET 1992
2193# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-11-12):
2194# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2195# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2196# Shanks says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened
2197# sometime between the 1994 DST switches. For now, guess it changed in May.
2198 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2199# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2200 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
2201 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2202# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2203# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2204 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2205 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2206 2:00 EU EE%sT
2207
2208# Yugoslavia
2209# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2210Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2211 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2212 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
2213 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2214# Metod Kozelj <metod.kozelj@rzs-hm.si> reports that the legal date of
2215# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2216# Shanks doesn't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
2217 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2218 1:00 EU CE%sT
2219Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2220Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2221Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2222Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
2223
2224###############################################################################
2225
2226# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
2227# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
2228# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
2229#
2230# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
2231# uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2232# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2233# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
2234# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2235# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2236
2237# ...
2238# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2239# From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann)
2240# Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp>
2241# ...
2242#
2243# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2244# most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2245# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2246# to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2247# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2248# years...
2249# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2250# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2251# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2252# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2253#
2254# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2255# Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2256#
2257# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2258# 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2259# UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho
2260
2261# ...
2262# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2263# From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter)
2264# ...
2265#
2266# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2267# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2268# about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2269#
2270# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2271# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2272# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2273# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
2274# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
2275# the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
2276# dates...
2277#
2278# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
2279# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
2280# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
2281# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2282# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2283# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2284# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2285# in advance of normal time.
2286#
2287# ...
2288# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2289# INTERNET : dik@cwi.nl
2290# BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax
2291
2292# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
2293# ...
2294# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2295# Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2296# ...
2297# Monaco: has same DST as France.
2298# ...
3# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
4# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
5# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
6
7# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
8# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
9# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
10# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
11#
12# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
13# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
14# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
15# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
16# of the IATA's data after 1990.
17#
18# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1991,
19# and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
20#
21# Other sources occasionally used include:
22#
23# Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
24# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
25# which I found in the UCLA library.
26#
27# Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
28# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
29# History of Summer Time
30# </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
31
32#
33# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
34# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
35# Corrections are welcome!
36# std dst
37# LMT Local Mean Time
38# -4:00 AST Atlantic
39# -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
40# -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
41# 0:00 GMT BST Greenwich, British Summer
42# 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
43# 0:00 WET WEST Western Europe
44# 0:19:32 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
45# 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
46# 1:00 CET CEST Central Europe
47# 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
48# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
49# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
50#
51# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
52# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
53
54# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-04),
55# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
56# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
57# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
58# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
59# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
60# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
61# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
62# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
63# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
64# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
65# ...
66# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
67# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
68# ...
69# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
70# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
71# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
72# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
73# in the Directive.
74
75
76###############################################################################
77
78# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
79
80# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-07-06):
81#
82# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
83# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
84# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
85# of the text said:
86#
87# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
88# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
89# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
90# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
91# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
92# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
93# along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
94#
95# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
96# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
97# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
98#
99# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
100
101# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18):
102#
103# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
104# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
105# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
106# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
107# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
108# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
109# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
110# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
111# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
112# adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
113# The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
114# and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
115# railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
116# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
117# on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
118# one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
119# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
120# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
121# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
122# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
123#
124# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
125# transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
126# about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
127
128# From Paul Eggert (1999-01-30):
129# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
130# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
131# who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
132# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
133# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
134# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
135# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
136# One-hour Summer Time was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
137# See:
138# <a href="http://www.the-times.co.uk/news/pages/tim/2000/05/18/x-timcrtcrt01011.html">
139# Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18)
140# </a>
141# A monument was erected in 1927 to Willett, in an open space in a 45-acre wood
142# near Chiselhurst, Kent that was purchased by popular subscription and open
143# to the public.
144
145# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
146# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
147# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
148# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
149# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
150
151# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
152#
153# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
154# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
155
156# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
157# From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john>
158# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
159# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
160# politics making a fortune, not computing.
161
162# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-06-14):
163# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
164# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
165# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
166# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
167
168# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
169# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
170# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
171# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
172
173# From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
174# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
175# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
176# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
177# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
178# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
179# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
180# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
181
182# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
183# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
184# which is to be introduced in May....
185# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
186# which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
187
188# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
189# Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common
190# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
191# so we use `BDST'.
192
193# Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-04-19) described at length
194# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
195# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk> has been updating
196# and extending this list, which can be found in
197# <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/">
198# History of legal time in Britain
199# </a> (2000-02-12).
200
201# From Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk> (1998-01-06):
202#
203# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
204# see Lord Tanlaw's speech
205# <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
206# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
207# </a>.
208
209# From Paul Eggert (2001-07-18):
210#
211# For lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948.
212#
213# Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect:
214# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
215# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
216# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
217# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
218# It actually just had one transition.
219# * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
220# Actually, it conformed to Britain.
221# * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
222# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
223# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
224#
225# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks:
226# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
227# to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
228# conform with Great Britain.
229# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
230#
231# The following claim by Shanks is possible though doubtful;
232# we'll ignore it for now.
233# * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
234#
235#
236# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.
237# Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
238# (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
239# to London. For example:
240#
241# "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
242# -- James Joyce, Ulysses
243
244# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
245# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
246# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
247# (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
248# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
249# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
250# and Frethun run in CT.
251# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
252# the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
253# and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
254# If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
255# I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
256# This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
257
258# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
259# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
260# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
261# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
262# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
263# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
264# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
265
266# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
267# Summer Time Act, 1916
268Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
269Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
270# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
271Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
272Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
273# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
274Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
275Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
276# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
277Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
278Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
279# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
280Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
281# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
282Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
283# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
284Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
285Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
286# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
287Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
288Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
289# The Summer Time Act, 1922
290Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
291Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
292Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
293Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
294# The Summer Time Act, 1925
295Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
296Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
297Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
298Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
299Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
300Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
301Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
302Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
303Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
304Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
305Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
306# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
307Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
308# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
309Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
310# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
311Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
312Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
313# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
314Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
315# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
316Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
317# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
318Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
319Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
320# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
321Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
322Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
323# The Summer Time Act, 1947
324Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
325Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
326Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
327Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
328# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
329Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
330Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
331# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
332Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
333Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
334# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
335# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
336# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
337Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
338Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
339# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
340Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
341Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
342Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
343Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
344Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
345Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
346Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
347# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
348# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
349# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
350Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
351Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
352# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
353# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
354# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
355Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
356# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
357Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
358# The British Standard Time Act, 1968
359# (no summer time)
360# The Summer Time Act, 1972
361Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
362Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
363# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
364# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
365# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
366# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
367Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
368Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
369# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
370# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
371# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
372Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
373# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
374# See EU for rules starting in 1996.
375
376# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
377Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1
378 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
379 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
380 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
381 0:00 EU GMT/BST
382Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
383 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin/Dunsink MT
384 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s # Irish Summer Time
385 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
386 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
387 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
388 0:00 EU GMT/BST
389Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
390 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
391 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
392 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
393 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
394 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
395 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
396 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
397 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
398 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
399 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
400 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
401 0:00 EU GMT/IST
402
403###############################################################################
404
405# Continental Europe
406
407# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
408# Common Market, etc.
409
410# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
411Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
412Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
413Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
414Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
415Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
416Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
417# The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
418# <a href="http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/dat/2000/en_300L0084.html"
419# Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
420# of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
421# </a>
422
423# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
424Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
425Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
426Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
427Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
428Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
429Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
430
431# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
432# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
433Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
434Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
435Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
436Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
437Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
438Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
439Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
440Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
441Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
442# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
443Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
444Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
445Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
446Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
447Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
448Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
449Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
450
451# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
452Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
453Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
454Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
455Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
456Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
457Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
458
459# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
460Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
461Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
462Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
463Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
464Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
465Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
466Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
467Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
468Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
469Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
470Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
471# Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
472Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
473Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
474# Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
475# Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
476Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
477Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
478#
479Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
480Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
481Rule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
482Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
483Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
484
485# These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
486
487# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
488Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
489Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
490Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
491Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
492
493# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
494# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
495
496# From Markus Kuhn <mskuhn@unrza3.dialin.rrze.uni-erlangen.de> (1996-07-12):
497# The official German names ... are
498#
499# Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
500# Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
501#
502# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
503# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
504# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
505#
506# Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
507# Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
508# Postfach 3345
509# D-38023 Braunschweig
510# phone: +49 531 592-0
511#
512# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
513# department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
514# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
515#
516# Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
517# Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
518
519
520# Albania
521# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
522Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
523Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
524Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
525Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
526Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
527Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
528Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
529Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
530Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
531Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
532Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
533Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
534Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
535Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
536Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
537Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
538Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
539Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
540Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
541Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
542Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
543Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
544Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
545Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
546Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
547# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
548Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
549 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
550 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
551 1:00 EU CE%sT
552
553# Andorra
554# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
555Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
556 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
557 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
558 1:00 EU CE%sT
559
560# Austria
561# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
562Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
563Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
564Rule Austria 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
565Rule Austria 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
566Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
567Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
568Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
569Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
570# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
571Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
572 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Jun 16 3:00
573 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00
574 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
575 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
576 1:00 EU CE%sT
577
578# Belarus
579# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
580Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
581 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
582 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
583 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
584 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
585 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
586 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
587 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
588 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
589 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
590 2:00 Russia EE%sT
591
592# Belgium
593#
594# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
595# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
596# Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
597# Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
598# (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
599# pp 8-9.
600# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
601# Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
602# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie <pascal@belnet.be> for these references.
603# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
604# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
605#
606# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
607Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
608Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
609Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
610Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
611Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
612Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
613Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
614Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
615Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
616Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
617Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
618Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
619# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
620# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
621# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
622# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
623Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
624Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
625Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
626Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
627Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
628Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
629Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
630Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
631Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
632Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
633Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
634Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
635Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
636Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
637Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
638Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
639Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
640Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
641Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
642Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
643Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
644Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
645# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
646Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
647 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
648 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
649 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
650 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
651 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
652 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
653 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
654 1:00 EU CE%sT
655
656# Bosnia and Herzegovina
657# see Yugoslavia
658
659# Bulgaria
660#
661# From Plamen Simenov <P.Simeonov@cnsys.bg> via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
662# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
663# EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
664# EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
665#
666# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
667Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
668Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
669Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 S
670Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
671Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
672# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
673Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
674 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
675 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
676 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 3:00
677 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
678 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
679 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
680 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
681 2:00 EU EE%sT
682
683# Croatia
684# see Yugosloavia
685
686# Czech Republic
687# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
688Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
689Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
690Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
691Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
692Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
693Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
694Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
695# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
696Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
697 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
698 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
699 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
700 1:00 EU CE%sT
701
702# Denmark, Faeroe Islands, and Greenland
703# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
704Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
705Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
706Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
707Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
708Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
709Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
710Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
711Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
712Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
713Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
714Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
715# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways
716# about many of the above dates; go with Shanks.
717#
718# For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman.
719# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
720Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
721 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time
722 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
723 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
724 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
725 1:00 EU CE%sT
726Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
727 0:00 - WET 1981
728 0:00 EU WE%sT
729#
730# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
731# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
732# and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
733# rules at least through 1984. Shanks says Scoresbysund and Godthab
734# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
735# rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
736
737# From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
738# <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
739# and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
740#
741# Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
742# is according to the following time line:
743#
744# The military zone near Thule UTC-4
745# Standard Greenland time UTC-3
746# Scoresbysund UTC-1
747# Danmarkshavn UTC
748#
749# In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
750# introduced.
751
752# From Paul Eggert (2001-09-29):
753# The 1997 CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT; the 1995 map as like Godthab.
754# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.
755# The 2000 IATA shows Thule as observing DST, so assume they stopped in 2001.
756
757#
758# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
759Rule Thule 1993 2000 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
760Rule Thule 1993 2000 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
761#
762# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
763Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
764 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
765 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996
766 0:00 - GMT
767Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
768 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
769 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
770 -1:00 EU EG%sT
771Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
772 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
773 -3:00 EU WG%sT
774Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
775 -4:00 Thule A%sT
776
777# Estonia
778# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15):
779# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
780# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
781# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
782#
783# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-10-28):
784# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
785# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
786# ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
787# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
788# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
789# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
790# human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
791# summer time next spring.''
792
793# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
794# <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
795# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
796# </a>
797# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
798# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
799#
800# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
801# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
802# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
803
804# From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
805# via Steffen Thorsen:
806# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
807# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
808# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
809# Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
810# for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
811# after that.
812
813# From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
814# Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
815# no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
816# the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
817
818# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
819Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
820 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
821 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
822 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
823 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
824 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
825 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
826 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
827 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
828 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
829 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
830 2:00 - EET
831
832# Finland
833#
834# From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC):
835# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
836# and it's supposed to change at 4am...
837#
838# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994):
839# Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981.
840# Go with Strang instead.
841#
842# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
843Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
844Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
845# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
846Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
847 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
848 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00
849 2:00 EU EE%sT
850
851# France
852
853# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
854#
855# Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
856# Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
857#
858# Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
859# Paris, 1991
860#
861# Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
862# Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
863
864
865#
866# Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
867# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
868Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
869Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
870Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
871Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
872Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
873Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
874Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
875Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
876Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
877Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
878# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
879# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
880# were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks.
881Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
882Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
883Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
884Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
885Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
886Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
887Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
888Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
889Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
890Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
891Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
892Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
893Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
894Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
895Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
896Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
897Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
898Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
899Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
900Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
901# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks writes
902# that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
903# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
904# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
905# Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Decartes,
906# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
907# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
908# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collognes (Haute-Savioe).
909Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
910# Shanks says this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
911# but go with Denis.Excoffier@ens.fr (1997-12-12),
912# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
913# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
914Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
915Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
916Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
917Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
918Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
919Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
920Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
921Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
922Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
923# Shanks gives Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
924# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
925Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
926Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
927# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05,
928# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
929# Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
930# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
931# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
932Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
933 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
934# Shanks gives 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
935 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
936# Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
937# go with Shanks.
938 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
939 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
940 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
941 1:00 EU CE%sT
942
943# Germany
944
945# From Markus Kuhn <Markus.Kuhn@cl.cam.ac.uk> (1998-09-29):
946# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
947# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
948#
949# <a href="http://www.ptb.de/english/org/4/43/432/lega.htm">
950# Realisation of Legal Time in Germany
951# </a>
952
953# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
954Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
955# Shanks says 05-24 2:00 to 09-24 3:00 for DDST; go with the PTB, who quotes
956# the Archiv fuer publizist. Arbeit (Munzinger-Archiv) 652 (Zeitsystem)
957# (1961-11-25), which gives dates only. Guess 3:00 transition times.
958Rule Germany 1945 only - May 31 3:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
959Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 23 3:00 1:00 S
960Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
961Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
962Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
963Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
964Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
965# The PTB gives 3:00 CET and 3:00 CEST for the midsummer transition times;
966# go with Shanks.
967Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
968Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
969Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
970Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
971# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
972Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
973 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
974 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
975 1:00 EU CE%sT
976
977# Gibraltar
978# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
979Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
980 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
981 1:00 - CET 1982
982 1:00 EU CE%sT
983
984# Greece
985# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
986# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks.
987Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
988Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
989# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks.
990Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
991# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks.
992Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
993Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
994Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
995# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks.
996Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
997Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
998Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
999Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1000Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1001Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1002Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1003Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1004Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1005Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1006Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1007Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1008Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1009# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1010Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1011 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1012 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1013 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1014 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1015 # Shanks says they switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1016 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1017 2:00 EU EE%sT
1018
1019# Hungary
1020# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1021Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1022Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1023Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1024Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1025Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
1026Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1027Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1028Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1029Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1030Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1031Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1032Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1033Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1034Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1035Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1036Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1037Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1038Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1039Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1040Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1041# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1042Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1043 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1044 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1045 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00
1046 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1047 1:00 EU CE%sT
1048
1049# Iceland
1050#
1051# From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (1993-11-06):
1052# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1053#
1054# (1993-12-05):
1055# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1056# Iceland Almanak.
1057#
1058# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1059# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1060# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1061# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1062#
1063# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1064# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1065# time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1066# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1067#
1068# (1993-12-10):
1069# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1070# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1071# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1072# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1073# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1074# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1075# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1076# might mean something else (???).
1077#
1078# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
1079# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
1080# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
1081# Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1082#
1083# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1084Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1085Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1086Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1087Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1088Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1089Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1090Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1091Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1092Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1093Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1094Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1095# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1096Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1097Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1098# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1099Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1100# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1101Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1102Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1103Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1104# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1105Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1106 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1107 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1108 0:00 - GMT
1109
1110# Italy
1111#
1112# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1113# Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1114# called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1115# During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1116# But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1117# so record only the time in Rome.
1118#
1119# From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06):
1120# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri
1121# <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html">
1122# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (1996-03-14)
1123# </a>
1124# (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1125# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1126#
1127# year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1128# 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1129# 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1130# 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1131# 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1132# 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1133# 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1134# 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1135# 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1136# 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1137# 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1138# 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1139# 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1140# 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1141# 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1142# 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1143#
1144# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1145Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1146Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1147Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1148Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1149Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1150Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1151Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1152Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1153Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1154Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1155Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1156Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1157Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1158Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1159Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1160Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1161Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1162Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1163Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1164Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1165Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1166Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1167Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1168Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1169Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1170Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1171Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1172Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1173Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1174Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1175Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1176Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1177Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1178Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1179Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1180Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1181# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1182Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1183 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time
1184 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1185 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1186 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1187 1:00 EU CE%sT
1188
1189Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1190Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1191
1192# Latvia
1193
1194# From Liene Kanepe <Liene_Kanepe@lm.gov.lv> (1998-09-17):
1195
1196# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1197# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1198# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1199# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1200#
1201# Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1202# according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1203# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1204# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1205# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1206#
1207# Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1208# according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1209# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1210# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1211# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1212# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1213#
1214# Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1215# according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1216# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1217# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1218# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1219# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1220# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1221# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1222# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1223# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1224#
1225# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1226# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1227# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1228
1229# From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1230# This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1231# <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm">
1232# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1233# 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).
1234
1235# <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html">
1236# From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1237# </a>
1238# The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1239# institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1240# Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1241# clocks one hour in the spring....
1242# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
1243# daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1244# Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1245# time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1246# urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1247# appears that they will not do so....
1248
1249# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1250Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1251Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1252# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1253Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1254 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1255 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1256 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1257 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1258 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1259 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1260 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1261 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1262 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1263 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1264 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1265 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1266 2:00 - EET 2001
1267 2:00 EU EE%sT
1268
1269# Liechtenstein
1270# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1271Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1272 1:00 - CET 1981
1273 1:00 EU CE%sT
1274
1275# Lithuania
1276
1277# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1278# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1279# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1280
1281# From Marius Gedminas <mgedmin@pub.osf.lt> (1998-08-07):
1282# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1283# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1284
1285# From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
1286# via Steffen Thorsen:
1287# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1288# to be valid here starting from October 31,
1289# as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1290# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1291# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1292# already done by Estonia.
1293
1294# From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm">
1295# Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1296# </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1297
1298# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1299Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1300 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1301 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1302 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1303 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1304 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1305 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1306 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1307 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1308 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1309 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1310 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1311 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1312 2:00 - EET
1313
1314# Luxembourg
1315# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks.
1316# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1317Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1318Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1319Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1320Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1321Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1322Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1323Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1324Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1325Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1326Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1327Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1328Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1329Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1330Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1331Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1332Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1333Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1334Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1335Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1336Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1337Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1338Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1339Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1340# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1341Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1342 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1343 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1344 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1345 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1346 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1347 1:00 EU CE%sT
1348
1349# Macedonia
1350# see Yugoslavia
1351
1352# Malta
1353# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1354Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1355Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1356Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1357Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1358Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1359Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1360Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1361# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1362Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta
1363 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1364 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1365 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1366 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1367 1:00 EU CE%sT
1368
1369# Moldova
1370
1371# From Paul Eggert (2001-02-11):
1372# A previous version of this database followed Shanks, who writes that
1373# Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1374# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1375# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1376# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1377# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1378# But moldavizolit@tirastel.md and mk@tirastel.md separately reported via
1379# Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1380# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1381
1382# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1383Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1384 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1385 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1386 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1387 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1388 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1389 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1390 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
1391 2:00 - EET 1991
1392 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1393 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1394# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1395 2:00 EU EE%sT
1396
1397# Monaco
1398# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21.
1399# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1400Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1401 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1402 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1403 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1404 1:00 EU CE%sT
1405
1406# Netherlands
1407
1408# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1409# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1410
1411# However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1412# Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1413# Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1414# the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1415# (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1416# common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1417# not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1418# On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1419# was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1420#
1421# (2001-04-08):
1422# 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1423# observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1424# practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1425#
1426# (2001-04-09):
1427# In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1428# municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1429# Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1430# actually followed.
1431#
1432# From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1433# observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1434# Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1435# places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1436# adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1437#
1438# Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1439# of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1440# was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1441# Amsterdam mean time.
1442
1443# The data before 1945 are taken from
1444# <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>.
1445
1446# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1447Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1448Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1449Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1450Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1451Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1452Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1453Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1454Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1455Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1456Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1457Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1458# From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1459# in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1460Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1461Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1462Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1463Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1464Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1465Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1466Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1467Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1468Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1469#
1470# Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1471# below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1472# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1473Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1474 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1475 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1476 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1477 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1478 1:00 EU CE%sT
1479
1480# Norway
1481# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1482# Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks.
1483Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1484Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1485# Whitman says DST observed 1935-08-11/1942-11-01, then 1943-03-29/10-04,
1486# 1944-04-03/10-02, and 1945-04-01/10-01; go with Shanks.
1487Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1488Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1489Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1490Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1491Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1492# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1493Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1494 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1495 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1496 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1497 1:00 EU CE%sT
1498
1499# Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1500
1501# From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1502# Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1503# Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1504# time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
1505# as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1506# Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1507# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and
1508# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation
1509# for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1510# into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1511# part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1512# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been
1513# able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1514# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by
1515# Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1516# since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1517# before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1518# between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1519
1520# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01):
1521#
1522# Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1523# so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Olso was
1524# keeping Berlin time.
1525#
1526# <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1527# burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1528# 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1529# frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
1530# radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
1531# the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1532# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1533#
1534# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1535# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1536# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
1537# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1538# expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
1539# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1540# <http://www.utpress.utoronto.ca/publishing/rights/dege_warnorthof80.htm>
1541# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1542# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1543#
1544# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970. Unless we can
1545# come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the
1546# war years it's probably best just do do the following for now:
1547Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1548Link Europe/Oslo Atlantic/Jan_Mayen
1549
1550# Poland
1551# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1552Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1553Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1554# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks.
1555Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1556# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks.
1557Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1558Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1559Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 S
1560Rule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 -
1561Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
1562Rule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1563Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
1564# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1565Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1566Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1567Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1568Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1569Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1570Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1571Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 S
1572Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1573# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1574Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1575 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1576 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1577 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1578 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1579 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1580 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977 Apr 3 1:00
1581 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1999
1582# IATA SSIM (1991/1996) gives EU rules, but the _The Warsaw Voice_
1583# <a href="http://www.warsawvoice.com.pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml">
1584# http://www.warsawvoice.com/pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml (1995-09-24)
1585# </a>
1586# says the autumn 1995 switch was at 02:00.
1587# Stick with W-Eur for now.
1588#
1589# From Marcin.Kasperski@softax.com.pl (1999-06-10):
1590# According to my colleagues someone recently decided, that Poland would
1591# follow European Union regulations, so - I think - the matter is not
1592# worth further discussion.
1593#
1594# From Paul Eggert (1999-06-10):
1595# Kasperski also writes that the government futzed with the rules in 1997
1596# or 1998 but he doesn't remember the details. Assume they switched to
1597# EU rules in 1999.
1598 1:00 EU CE%sT
1599
1600# Portugal
1601#
1602# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (1992-11-12):
1603# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1604# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1605#
1606# Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1607# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1608# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1609#
1610# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1611# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1612# at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1613# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1614# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1615# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1616# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1617#
1618# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1619# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
1620# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
1621# Go with Shanks.
1622Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1623# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1624Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1625Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1626Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1627Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1628Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1629Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1630Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1631Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1632Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1633Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1634Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1635Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1636Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1637Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1638Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1639# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks.
1640Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1641Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1642# Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman.
1643Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1644# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks.
1645Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1646# Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1647Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1648Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1649# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks.
1650Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1651Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1652Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1653# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
1654Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1655Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1656# Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1657Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
1658Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1659Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
1660Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
1661Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
1662Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
1663Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
1664Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
1665Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
1666Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
1667Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1668Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1669Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1670# Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
1671# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks.
1672Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1673Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1674Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
1675Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
1676Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
1677Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1678Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1679Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1680Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1681Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1682# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1683Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
1684 -0:36:32 - LMT 1911 May 24 # Lisbon Mean Time
1685 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1686 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
1687 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1688 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1689 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
1690 0:00 EU WE%sT
1691Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
1692 -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
1693 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
1694 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1695 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1696 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
1697 -1:00 EU AZO%sT
1698Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
1699 -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
1700 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
1701 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1702 0:00 EU WE%sT
1703
1704# Romania
1705#
1706# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
1707# <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html">
1708# Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
1709# 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
1710# assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
1711# the same year as Bulgaria.
1712#
1713# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1714Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1715Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1716Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
1717Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
1718Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1719Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1720Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1721Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1722Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1723# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1724Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
1725 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1726 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1727 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
1728 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
1729 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1730 2:00 EU EE%sT
1731
1732# Russia
1733
1734# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-11-12):
1735# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
1736# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
1737# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks, except we follow
1738# Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
1739#
1740# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (1994-06-29):
1741# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
1742# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
1743# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
1744# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
1745#
1746# From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@nagual.ru> (1996-10-04):
1747# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
1748# Unix-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
1749# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
1750# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
1751#
1752# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-10-30):
1753# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
1754# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
1755# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
1756#
1757# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
1758# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
1759# News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
1760# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
1761# the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
1762# enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
1763#
1764# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
1765# There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
1766# UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
1767# SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
1768# until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
1769# since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
1770# administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
1771# remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
1772#
1773# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1774#
1775# Kaliningradskaya oblast'.
1776Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
1777 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1778 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
1779 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1780 2:00 Russia EE%sT
1781#
1782# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1783# Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast', Astrakhanskaya oblast',
1784# Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',
1785# Volgogradskaya oblast', Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',
1786# Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,
1787# Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,
1788# Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,
1789# Respublika Kareliya, Kirovskaya oblast', Respublika Komi,
1790# Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',
1791# Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,
1792# Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',
1793# Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,
1794# Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',
1795# Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',
1796# Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg, Saratovskaya oblast',
1797# Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',
1798# Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,
1799# Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',
1800# Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',
1801# Yaroslavskaya oblast'
1802Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
1803 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
1804 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1805 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
1806 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1807 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1808 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1809 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD
1810#
1811# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1812# Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika
1813Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1814 3:00 - KUYT 1930 Jun 21 # Kuybyshev
1815 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1816 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1817 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1818 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
1819 4:00 Russia SAM%sT # Samara Time
1820#
1821# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1822# Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,
1823# Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',
1824# Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',
1825# Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',
1826# Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.
1827Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
1828 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
1829 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1830 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1831 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time
1832#
1833# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1834# Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.
1835Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
1836 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
1837 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1838 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1839 6:00 Russia OMS%sT
1840#
1841# Novosibirskaya oblast'.
1842Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
1843 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
1844 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1845 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1846 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # says Shanks
1847 6:00 Russia NOV%sT
1848#
1849# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1850# Kemerovskaya oblast', Krasnoyarskij kraj,
1851# Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug, Tomskaya oblast',
1852# Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.
1853Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
1854 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
1855 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1856 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1857 7:00 Russia KRA%sT
1858#
1859# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1860# Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',
1861# Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.
1862Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
1863 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
1864 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
1865 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1866 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1867 8:00 Russia IRK%sT
1868#
1869# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1870# Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',
1871# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.
1872#
1873# From Alan Pritchard (2001-08-24): [The Sakha districts are:]
1874# Aldansky, Amginsky, Anabarsky, Bulunsky, Churapchinsky,
1875# Eveno-Bytantaisky, Gorny, Khangalassky, Kobyaisky, Lensky,
1876# Megino-Kangalassky, Mirninsky, Namsky, Nyurbinsky, Olenyoksky,
1877# Olyokminsky, Srednekolymsky, Suntarsky, Tattinsky, Ust-Aldansky,
1878# Verkhnekolymsky, Verkhnevilyuisky, Vilyuisky, Zhigansky.
1879Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
1880 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
1881 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1882 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1883 9:00 Russia YAK%sT
1884#
1885# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1886# Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,
1887# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
1888#
1889# From Alan Pritchard (2001-08-24): [The Sakha districts are:]
1890# Tomponsky, Ust-Maisky, Ust-Yansky, Verkhoyansky.
1891Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
1892 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
1893 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1894 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1895 10:00 Russia VLA%sT
1896#
1897# Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
1898# The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
1899Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
1900 9:00 - CJT 1938
1901 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25
1902 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
1903 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1904 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1905 10:00 Russia SAK%sT
1906#
1907# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1908# Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
1909#
1910# From Alan Pritchard (2001-08-24): [The Sakha districts are:]
1911# Abyisky, Allaikhovsky, Momsky, Nizhnekolymsky, Oimyakonsky.
1912Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
1913 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
1914 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1915 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1916 11:00 Russia MAG%sT
1917#
1918# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1919# Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.
1920#
1921# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
1922Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
1923 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
1924 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1925 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1926 12:00 Russia PET%sT
1927#
1928# Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug
1929Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
1930 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
1931 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
1932 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1933 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1934 12:00 Russia ANA%sT
1935
1936# Slovakia
1937Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
1938
1939# Slovenia
1940# see Yugoslavia
1941
1942# Spain
1943# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1944# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks.
1945Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1946Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
1947Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1948Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1949# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks.
1950Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1951# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks.
1952Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
1953Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1954# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks.
1955Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1956Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1957Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1958Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1959# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks.
1960Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
1961Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1962Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
1963Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1964Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1965# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks.
1966Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
1967Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
1968Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
1969Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
1970Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
1971Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
1972Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1973Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
1974Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
1975Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
1976Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
1977Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
1978Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1979Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
1980Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1981# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
1982Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
1983Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1984Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
1985Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1986Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
1987Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
1988Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1989Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1990Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
1991# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1992Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901
1993 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
1994 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
1995 1:00 EU CE%sT
1996Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
1997 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
1998 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
1999 0:00 - WET 1924
2000 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
2001 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2002 1:00 - CET 1986
2003 1:00 EU CE%sT
2004Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2005 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2006 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2007 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2008 0:00 EU WE%sT
2009# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2010# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2011
2012# Sweden
2013
2014# From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks:
2015#
2016# The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
2017# From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
2018# places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
2019# three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
2020# meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
2021#
2022# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
2023# eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
2024# national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
2025#
2026# About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
2027# forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
2028# of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
2029# the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
2030# observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
2031# from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
2032# 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
2033# in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
2034#
2035# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
2036# that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
2037# pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
2038# Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
2039#
2040# The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
2041# Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
2042# not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
2043# in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
2044# "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
2045# the Sok-button).
2046#
2047# (2001-05-13):
2048#
2049# I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
2050# summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
2051# 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
2052# people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
2053# at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
2054# hour before the event took place.
2055#
2056# Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
2057
2058# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2059Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
2060 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
2061 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
2062 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00
2063 1:00 - CET 1980
2064 1:00 EU CE%sT
2065
2066# Switzerland
2067# From Howse:
2068# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2069# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2070# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
2071# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2072# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
2073Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
2074Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2075# From Shanks:
2076Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
2077Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2078# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2079Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
2080 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
2081 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2082 1:00 EU CE%sT
2083
2084# Turkey
2085# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2086Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2087Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2088Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
2089Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
2090Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
2091Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2092Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2093Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2094# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks.
2095Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
2096Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2097Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2098Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
2099Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
2100Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
2101Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
2102Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2103# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
2104Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2105Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
2106Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2107Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2108Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2109Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
2110Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2111Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
2112Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
2113Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
2114Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2115Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
2116Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2117Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
2118Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2119Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
2120Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2121Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
2122Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
2123Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
2124Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
2125Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
2126Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2127Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2128Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2129Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2130Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
2131Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
2132Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
2133Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
2134Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
2135Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
2136Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2137# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2138Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
2139 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
2140 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
2141 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
2142 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1986
2143 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2144 2:00 EU EE%sT
2145Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
2146
2147# Ukraine
2148# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2149# Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
2150Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
2151 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
2152 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2153 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
2154 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
2155 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2156 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2157 2:00 - EET 1992
2158 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2159 2:00 EU EE%sT
2160# Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
2161Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
2162 1:00 - CET 1940
2163 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2164 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
2165 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
2166 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2167 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2168 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
2169 2:00 - EET 1992
2170 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2171 2:00 EU EE%sT
2172# Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
2173# Zaporozh'ye has an apostrophe, but Posix file names can't have apostrophes.
2174Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
2175 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T
2176 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2177 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
2178 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
2179 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
2180 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2181 2:00 EU EE%sT
2182# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2183Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2184 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2185 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2186 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
2187 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2188 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2189 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2190 2:00 - EET 1992
2191# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-11-12):
2192# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2193# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2194# Shanks says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened
2195# sometime between the 1994 DST switches. For now, guess it changed in May.
2196 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2197# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2198 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
2199 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2200# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2201# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2202 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2203 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2204 2:00 EU EE%sT
2205
2206# Yugoslavia
2207# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2208Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2209 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2210 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
2211 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2212# Metod Kozelj <metod.kozelj@rzs-hm.si> reports that the legal date of
2213# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2214# Shanks doesn't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
2215 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2216 1:00 EU CE%sT
2217Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2218Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2219Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2220Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
2221
2222###############################################################################
2223
2224# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
2225# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
2226# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
2227#
2228# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
2229# uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2230# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2231# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
2232# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2233# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2234
2235# ...
2236# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2237# From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann)
2238# Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp>
2239# ...
2240#
2241# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2242# most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2243# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2244# to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2245# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2246# years...
2247# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2248# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2249# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2250# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2251#
2252# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2253# Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2254#
2255# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2256# 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2257# UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho
2258
2259# ...
2260# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2261# From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter)
2262# ...
2263#
2264# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2265# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2266# about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2267#
2268# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2269# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2270# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2271# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
2272# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
2273# the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
2274# dates...
2275#
2276# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
2277# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
2278# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
2279# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2280# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2281# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2282# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2283# in advance of normal time.
2284#
2285# ...
2286# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2287# INTERNET : dik@cwi.nl
2288# BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax
2289
2290# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
2291# ...
2292# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2293# Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2294# ...
2295# Monaco: has same DST as France.
2296# ...