2
3# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
4# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
5# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
6
7# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
8# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
9# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
10# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
11#
12# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
13# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
14# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
15# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
16# of the IATA's data after 1990.
17#
18# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1991,
19# and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
20#
21# Other sources occasionally used include:
22#
23# Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
24# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
25# which I found in the UCLA library.
26#
27# <a href="http://www.pettswoodvillage.co.uk/Daylight_Savings_William_Willett.pdf">
28# William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
29# </a> (1914-03)
30#
31# Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
32# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
33# History of Summer Time
34# </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
35
36#
37# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
38# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
39# Corrections are welcome!
40# std dst 2dst
41# LMT Local Mean Time
42# -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
43# -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
44# -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
45# 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
46# 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
47# 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
48# 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
49# 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
50# 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
51# 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
52# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
53# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
54#
55# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
56# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
57
58# From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
59# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
60# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
61# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
62# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
63# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
64# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
65# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
66# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
67# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
68# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
69# ...
70# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
71# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
72# ...
73# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
74# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
75# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
76# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
77# in the Directive.
78
79
80###############################################################################
81
82# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
83
84# From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
85#
86# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
87# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
88# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
89# of the text said:
90#
91# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
92# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
93# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
94# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
95# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
96# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
97# along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
98#
99# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
100# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
101# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
102#
103# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
104
105# From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
106#
107# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
108# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
109# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
110# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
111# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
112# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
113# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
114# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
115# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
116# adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
117# The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
118# and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
119# railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
120# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
121# on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
122# one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
123# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
124# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
125# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
126# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
127#
128# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
129# transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
130# about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
131
132# From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27):
133# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
134# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
135# who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
136# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
137# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
138# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
139# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
140# Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
141# it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
142# See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
143# A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
144# a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
145# subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
146# designed by G. W. Miller, is the the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
147# which is permanently set to Summer Time.
148
149# From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
150# It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
151# summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
152# between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
153# plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
154# foundations of civilization throughout the world.
155# -- <a href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/fh114willett.htm">
156# "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly
157# </a>
158
159# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
160# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
161# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
162# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
163# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
164
165# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
166#
167# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
168# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
169
170# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
171# From: Jonathan Leffler
172# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
173# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
174# politics making a fortune, not computing.
175
176# From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
177# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
178# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
179# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
180# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
181
182# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
183# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
184# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
185# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
186
187# From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
188# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
189# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
190# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
191# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
192# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
193# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
194# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
195
196# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
197# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
198# which is to be introduced in May....
199# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
200# which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
201
202# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
203# Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common
204# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
205# so we use `BDST'.
206
207# Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
208# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
209# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
210# and extending this list, which can be found in
211# <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/">
212# History of legal time in Britain
213# </a>
214
215# From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
216#
217# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
218# see Lord Tanlaw's speech
219# <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
220# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
221# </a>.
222
223# From Paul Eggert (2001-07-18):
224#
225# For lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948.
226#
227# Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect:
228# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
229# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
230# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
231# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
232# It actually just had one transition.
233# * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
234# Actually, it conformed to Britain.
235# * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
236# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
237# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
238#
239# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks:
240# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
241# to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
242# conform with Great Britain.
243# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
244#
245# The following claim by Shanks is possible though doubtful;
246# we'll ignore it for now.
247# * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
248#
249#
250# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.
251# Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
252# (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
253# to London. For example:
254#
255# "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
256# -- James Joyce, Ulysses
257
258# From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
259# Irish laws are available online at www.irishstatutebook.ie. These include
260# various relating to legal time, for example:
261#
262# ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
263#
264# ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
265# ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
266#
267# ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
268# ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
269# ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
270#
271# ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
272# ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
273# ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
274#
275# [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
276# <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
277#
278# (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
279# should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
280# the laws applicable in Ireland.)
281#
282# (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
283# in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
284# is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
285# being GMT+1.)
286
287# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
288# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
289# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
290# (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
291# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
292# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
293# and Frethun run in CT.
294# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
295# the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
296# and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
297# If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
298# I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
299# This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
300
301# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
302# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
303# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
304# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
305# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
306# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
307# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
308
309# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
310# Summer Time Act, 1916
311Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
312Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
313# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
314Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
315Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
316# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
317Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
318Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
319# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
320Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
321Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
322# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
323Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
324# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
325Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
326# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
327Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
328Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
329# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
330Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
331Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
332# The Summer Time Act, 1922
333Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
334Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
335Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
336Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
337# The Summer Time Act, 1925
338Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
339Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
340Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
341Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
342Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
343Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
344Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
345Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
346Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
347Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
348Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
349# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
350Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
351# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
352Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
353# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
354Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
355Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
356# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
357Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
358# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
359Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
360# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
361Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
362Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
363# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
364Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
365Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
366# The Summer Time Act, 1947
367Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
368Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
369Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
370Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
371# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
372Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
373Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
374# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
375Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
376Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
377# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
378# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
379# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
380Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
381Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
382# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
383Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
384Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
385Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
386Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
387Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
388Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
389Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
390# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
391# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
392# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
393Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
394Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
395# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
396# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
397# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
398Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
399# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
400Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
401# The British Standard Time Act, 1968
402# (no summer time)
403# The Summer Time Act, 1972
404Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
405Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
406# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
407# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
408# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
409# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
410Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
411Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
412# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
413# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
414# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
415Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
416# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
417# See EU for rules starting in 1996.
418
419# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
420Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1
421 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
422 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
423 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
424 0:00 EU GMT/BST
425Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
426 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
427 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
428 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
429 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
430 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
431 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
432 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
433 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
434 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
435 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
436 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
437 0:00 EU GMT/IST
438
439###############################################################################
440
441# Continental Europe
442
443# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
444# Common Market, etc.
445
446# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
447Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
448Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
449Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
450Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
451Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
452Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
453# The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
454# <a href="http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/dat/2000/en_300L0084.html"
455# Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
456# of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
457# </a>
458
459# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
460Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
461Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
462Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
463Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
464Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
465Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
466
467# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
468# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
469Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
470Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
471Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
472Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
473Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
474Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
475Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
476Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
477Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
478# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
479Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
480Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
481Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
482Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
483Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
484Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
485Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
486
487# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
488Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
489Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
490Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
491Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
492Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
493Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
494
495# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
496Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
497Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
498Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
499Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
500Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
501Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
502Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
503Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
504Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
505Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
506Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
507# Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
508Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
509Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
510# Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
511# Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
512Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
513Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
514#
515Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
516Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
517Rule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
518Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
519Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
520
521# These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
522
523# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
524Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
525Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
526Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
527Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
528
529# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
530# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
531
532# From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
533# The official German names ... are
534#
535# Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
536# Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
537#
538# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
539# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
540# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
541#
542# Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
543# Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
544# Postfach 3345
545# D-38023 Braunschweig
546# phone: +49 531 592-0
547#
548# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
549# department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
550# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
551#
552# Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
553# Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
554
555
556# Albania
557# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
558Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
559Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
560Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
561Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
562Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
563Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
564Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
565Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
566Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
567Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
568Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
569Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
570Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
571Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
572Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
573Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
574Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
575Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
576Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
577Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
578Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
579Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
580Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
581Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
582Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
583# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
584Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
585 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
586 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
587 1:00 EU CE%sT
588
589# Andorra
590# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
591Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
592 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
593 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
594 1:00 EU CE%sT
595
596# Austria
597
598# From Paul Eggert (2003-02-28): Shanks gives 1918-06-16 and
599# 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
600# Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
601# date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
602# Shanks gives 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV, and guess 02:00
603# for 1945-04-12.
604
605# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
606Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
607Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
608Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
609Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
610Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
611Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
612Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
613Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
614# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
615Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
616 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
617 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
618 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
619 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
620 1:00 - CET 1946
621 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
622 1:00 EU CE%sT
623
624# Belarus
625# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
626Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
627 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
628 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
629 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
630 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
631 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
632 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
633 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
634 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
635 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
636 2:00 Russia EE%sT
637
638# Belgium
639#
640# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
641# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
642# Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
643# Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
644# (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
645# pp 8-9.
646# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
647# Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
648# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
649# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
650# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
651#
652# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
653Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
654Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
655Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
656Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
657Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
658Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
659Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
660Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
661Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
662Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
663Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
664Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
665# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
666# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
667# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
668# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
669Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
670Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
671Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
672Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
673Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
674Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
675Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
676Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
677Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
678Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
679Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
680Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
681Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
682Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
683Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
684Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
685Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
686Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
687Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
688Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
689Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
690Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
691# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
692Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
693 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
694 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
695 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
696 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
697 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
698 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
699 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
700 1:00 EU CE%sT
701
702# Bosnia and Herzegovina
703# see Serbia and Montenegro
704
705# Bulgaria
706#
707# From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
708# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
709# EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
710# EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
711#
712# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
713Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
714Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
715Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 S
716Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
717Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
718# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
719Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
720 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
721 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
722 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 3:00
723 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
724 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
725 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
726 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
727 2:00 EU EE%sT
728
729# Croatia
730# see Serbia and Montenegro
731
732# Cyprus
733# Please see the `asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
734
735# Czech Republic
736# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
737Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
738Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
739Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
740Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
741Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
742Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
743Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
744# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
745Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
746 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
747 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
748 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
749 1:00 EU CE%sT
750
751# Denmark, Faeroe Islands, and Greenland
752
753# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
754# http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
755# [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
756# The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
757# confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
758#
759# The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
760# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
761#
762# This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
763# in subsequenet decrees with the law
764# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
765#
766# It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
767# not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
768# changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
769# 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
770# the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
771# when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
772# confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
773# The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
774# working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
775# was suspended on that night):
776# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
777
778# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
779# The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
780# Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
781
782# From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
783# Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
784# wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
785
786# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
787Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
788Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
789Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
790Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
791Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
792Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
793Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
794Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
795Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
796Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
797Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
798#
799# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
800Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
801 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
802 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
803 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
804 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
805 1:00 EU CE%sT
806Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
807 0:00 - WET 1981
808 0:00 EU WE%sT
809#
810# From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
811# During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
812# East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
813# My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
814#
815# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
816# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
817# and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
818# rules at least through 1984. Shanks says Scoresbysund and Godthab
819# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
820# rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
821
822# From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
823# <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
824# and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
825#
826# Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
827# is according to the following time line:
828#
829# The military zone near Thule UTC-4
830# Standard Greenland time UTC-3
831# Scoresbysund UTC-1
832# Danmarkshavn UTC
833#
834# In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
835# introduced.
836
837# From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
838#
839# I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
840# the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
841# not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
842# info from earlier correspondence.]
843#
844# According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
845# Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
846# savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
847#
848# The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
849# uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
850# There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
851# Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
852# email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
853# Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
854# DPC research station at Zackenberg.
855#
856# Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
857# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab).
858#
859# The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it
860# includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
861# UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
862#
863# It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
864# North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
865# maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
866# this area is that it sticks with Godthab time. This area might be
867# considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
868
869# From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
870# I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
871# there at 2:00 AM.
872
873# From Paul Eggert (2001-11-19):
874# The 1997 CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT; the 1995 map as like Godthab.
875# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.
876# startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
877# so go with Shanks for all Thule transitions.
878#
879# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
880Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
881Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
882Rule Thule 1993 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
883Rule Thule 1993 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
884#
885# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
886Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
887 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
888 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996
889 0:00 - GMT
890Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
891 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
892 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
893 -1:00 EU EG%sT
894Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
895 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
896 -3:00 EU WG%sT
897Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
898 -4:00 Thule A%sT
899
900# Estonia
901# From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
902# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
903# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
904# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
905#
906# From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
907# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
908# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
909# ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
910# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
911# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
912# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
913# human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
914# summer time next spring.''
915
916# From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
917# <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
918# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
919# </a>
920# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
921# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
922#
923# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
924# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
925# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
926
927# From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
928# via Steffen Thorsen:
929# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
930# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
931# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
932# Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
933# for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
934# after that.
935
936# From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
937# Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
938# no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
939# the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
940
941# From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
942# The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
943# Now we are using again EU rules.
944#
945# From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28):
946# The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
947
948# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
949Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
950 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
951 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
952 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
953 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
954 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
955 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
956 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
957 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
958 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
959 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
960 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
961 2:00 EU EE%sT
962
963# Finland
964#
965# From Hannu Strang (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC):
966# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
967# and it's supposed to change at 4am...
968#
969# From Paul Eggert (25 Sep 1994):
970# Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981.
971# Go with Strang instead.
972#
973# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
974Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
975Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
976# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
977Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
978 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
979 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00
980 2:00 EU EE%sT
981
982# Aaland Is
983Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
984
985
986# France
987
988# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
989#
990# Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
991# Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
992#
993# Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
994# Paris, 1991
995#
996# Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
997# Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
998
999
1000#
1001# Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
1002# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1003Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1004Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1005Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1006Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1007Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1008Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1009Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1010Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1011Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1012Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1013# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1014# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1015# were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks.
1016Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1017Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1018Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1019Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1020Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1021Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1022Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1023Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1024Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1025Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1026Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1027Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1028Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1029Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1030Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1031Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1032Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1033Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1034Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1035Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1036# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks writes
1037# that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1038# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
1039# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
1040# Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Decartes,
1041# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1042# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
1043# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collognes (Haute-Savioe).
1044Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1045# Shanks says this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1046# but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1047# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1048# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1049Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1050Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1051Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1052Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1053Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1054Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1055Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1056Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1057Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1058# Shanks gives Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1059# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1060Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1061Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1062# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05,
1063# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1064# Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1065# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1066# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1067Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1068 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1069# Shanks gives 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1070 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1071# Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1072# go with Shanks.
1073 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1074 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1075 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1076 1:00 EU CE%sT
1077
1078# Germany
1079
1080# From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1081# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1082# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1083# [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1084
1085# From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1086# In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by <a
1087# href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/">
1088# General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>.
1089
1090# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1091# <a href="http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf">
1092# says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1093# However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1094# this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
1095
1096
1097# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1098Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1099Rule Germany 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1100Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1101Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1102Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1103Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1104Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1105Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
1106Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1107Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1108Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1109Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1110# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1111Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1112 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1113 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1114 1:00 EU CE%sT
1115
1116# Georgia
1117# Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1118# Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1119# is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1120
1121# Gibraltar
1122# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1123Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
1124 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1125 1:00 - CET 1982
1126 1:00 EU CE%sT
1127
1128# Greece
1129# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1130# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks.
1131Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1132Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1133# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks.
1134Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1135# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks.
1136Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1137Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1138Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1139# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1140Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1141Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1142Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1143Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1144Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1145Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1146Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1147Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1148Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1149Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1150Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1151Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1152Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1153# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1154Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1155 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1156 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1157 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1158 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1159 # Shanks says they switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1160 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1161 2:00 EU EE%sT
1162
1163# Hungary
1164# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1165Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1166Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1167Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1168Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1169Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
1170Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1171Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1172Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1173Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1174Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1175Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1176Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1177Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1178Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1179Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1180Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1181Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1182Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1183Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1184Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1185# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1186Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1187 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1188 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1189 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00
1190 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1191 1:00 EU CE%sT
1192
1193# Iceland
1194#
1195# From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1196# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1197#
1198# (1993-12-05):
1199# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1200# Iceland Almanak.
1201#
1202# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1203# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1204# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1205# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1206#
1207# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1208# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1209# time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1210# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1211#
1212# (1993-12-10):
1213# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1214# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1215# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1216# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1217# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1218# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1219# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1220# might mean something else (???).
1221#
1222# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1223# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
1224# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
1225# Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1226#
1227# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1228Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1229Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1230Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1231Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1232Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1233Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1234Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1235Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1236Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1237Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1238Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1239# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1240Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1241Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1242# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1243Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1244# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1245Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1246Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1247Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1248# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1249Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1250 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1251 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1252 0:00 - GMT
1253
1254# Italy
1255#
1256# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1257# Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1258# called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1259# During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1260# But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1261# so record only the time in Rome.
1262#
1263# From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06):
1264# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri
1265# <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html">
1266# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (1996-03-14)
1267# </a>
1268# (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1269# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1270#
1271# year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1272# 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1273# 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1274# 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1275# 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1276# 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1277# 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1278# 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1279# 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1280# 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1281# 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1282# 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1283# 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1284# 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1285# 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1286# 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1287#
1288# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1289Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1290Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1291Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1292Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1293Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1294Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1295Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1296Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1297Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1298Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1299Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1300Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1301Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1302Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1303Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1304Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1305Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1306Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1307Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1308Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1309Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1310Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1311Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1312Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1313Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1314Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1315Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1316Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1317Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1318Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1319Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1320Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1321Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1322Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1323Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1324Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1325# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1326Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1327 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time
1328 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1329 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1330 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1331 1:00 EU CE%sT
1332
1333Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1334Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1335
1336# Latvia
1337
1338# From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1339
1340# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1341# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1342# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1343# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1344#
1345# Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1346# according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1347# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1348# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1349# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1350#
1351# Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1352# according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1353# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1354# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1355# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1356# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1357#
1358# Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1359# according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1360# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1361# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1362# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1363# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1364# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1365# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1366# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1367# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1368#
1369# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1370# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1371# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1372
1373# From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1374# This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1375# <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm">
1376# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1377# 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).
1378
1379# <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html">
1380# From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1381# </a>
1382# The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1383# institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1384# Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1385# clocks one hour in the spring....
1386# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
1387# daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1388# Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1389# time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1390# urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1391# appears that they will not do so....
1392
1393# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1394Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1395Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1396# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1397Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1398 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1399 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1400 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1401 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1402 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1403 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1404 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1405 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1406 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1407 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1408 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1409 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1410 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1411 2:00 EU EE%sT
1412
1413# Liechtenstein
1414# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1415Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1416 1:00 - CET 1981
1417 1:00 EU CE%sT
1418
1419# Lithuania
1420
1421# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1422# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1423# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1424
1425# From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1426# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1427# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1428
1429# From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
1430# via Steffen Thorsen:
1431# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1432# to be valid here starting from October 31,
1433# as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1434# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1435# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1436# already done by Estonia.
1437
1438# From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm">
1439# Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1440# </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1441
1442# From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1443# As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1444# observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1445# down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1446# neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1447# 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1448# http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1449
1450
1451# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1452Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1453 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1454 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1455 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1456 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1457 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1458 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1459 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1460 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1461 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1462 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1463 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1464 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1465 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1466 2:00 EU EE%sT
1467
1468# Luxembourg
1469# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks.
1470# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1471Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1472Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1473Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1474Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1475Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1476Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1477Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1478Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1479Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1480Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1481Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1482Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1483Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1484Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1485Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1486Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1487Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1488Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1489Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1490Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1491Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1492Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1493Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1494# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1495Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1496 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1497 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1498 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1499 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1500 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1501 1:00 EU CE%sT
1502
1503# Macedonia
1504# see Serbia and Montenegro
1505
1506# Malta
1507# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1508Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1509Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1510Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1511Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1512Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1513Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1514Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1515# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1516Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta
1517 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1518 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1519 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1520 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1521 1:00 EU CE%sT
1522
1523# Moldova
1524
1525# From Paul Eggert (2001-02-11):
1526# A previous version of this database followed Shanks, who writes that
1527# Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1528# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1529# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1530# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1531# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1532# But [two people] separately reported via
1533# Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1534# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1535
1536# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1537Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1538 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1539 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1540 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1541 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1542 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1543 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1544 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
1545 2:00 - EET 1991
1546 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1547 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1548# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1549 2:00 EU EE%sT
1550
1551# Monaco
1552# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21.
1553# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1554Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1555 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1556 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1557 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1558 1:00 EU CE%sT
1559
1560# Netherlands
1561
1562# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1563# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1564
1565# However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1566# Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1567# Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1568# the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1569# (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1570# common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1571# not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1572# On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1573# was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1574#
1575# (2001-04-08):
1576# 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1577# observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1578# practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1579#
1580# (2001-04-09):
1581# In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1582# municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1583# Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1584# actually followed.
1585#
1586# From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1587# observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1588# Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1589# places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1590# adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1591#
1592# Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1593# of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1594# was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1595# Amsterdam mean time.
1596
1597# The data before 1945 are taken from
1598# <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>.
1599
1600# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1601Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1602Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1603Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1604Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1605Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1606Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1607Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1608Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1609Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1610Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1611Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1612# From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1613# in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1614Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1615Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1616Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1617Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1618Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1619Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1620Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1621Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1622Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1623#
1624# Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1625# below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1626# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1627Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1628 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1629 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1630 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1631 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1632 1:00 EU CE%sT
1633
1634# Norway
1635# http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks.
1636# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1637Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1638Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1639Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1640Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1641Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1642Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1643Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1644# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1645Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1646 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1647 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1648 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1649 1:00 EU CE%sT
1650
1651# Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1652
1653# From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1654# Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1655# Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1656# time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
1657# as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1658# Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1659# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and
1660# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation
1661# for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1662# into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1663# part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1664# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been
1665# able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1666# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by
1667# Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1668# since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1669# before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1670# between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1671
1672# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01):
1673#
1674# Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1675# so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
1676# keeping Berlin time.
1677#
1678# <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1679# burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1680# 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1681# frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
1682# radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
1683# the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1684# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1685#
1686# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1687# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1688# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
1689# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1690# expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
1691# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1692# <http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html>
1693# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1694# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1695#
1696# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970. Unless we can
1697# come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the
1698# war years it's probably best just do do the following for now:
1699Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1700Link Europe/Oslo Atlantic/Jan_Mayen
1701
1702# Poland
1703# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1704Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1705Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1706# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks.
1707Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1708# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks.
1709Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1710Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1711# For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
1712# Torun Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
1713# <http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1>
1714# Thanks to Przemyslaw Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
1715# He also gives these further references:
1716# Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
1717# Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
1718Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
1719Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1720Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1721Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1722Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1723Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1724Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1725Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1726Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1727Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1728Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1729Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1730Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1731Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1732# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1733Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1734 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1735 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1736 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1737 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1738 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1739 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
1740 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
1741 1:00 EU CE%sT
1742
1743# Portugal
1744#
1745# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
1746# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1747# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1748#
1749# Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1750# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1751# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1752#
1753# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1754# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1755# at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1756# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1757# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1758# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1759# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1760#
1761# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1762# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
1763# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
1764# Go with Shanks.
1765Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1766# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1767Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1768Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1769Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1770Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1771Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1772Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1773Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1774Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1775Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1776Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1777Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1778Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1779Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1780Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1781Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1782# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks.
1783Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1784Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1785# Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman.
1786Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1787# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks.
1788Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1789# Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1790Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1791Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1792# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks.
1793Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1794Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1795Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1796# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
1797Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1798Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1799# Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1800Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
1801Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1802Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
1803Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
1804Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
1805Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
1806Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
1807Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
1808Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
1809Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
1810Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1811Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1812Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1813# Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
1814# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks.
1815Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1816Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1817Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
1818Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
1819Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
1820Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1821Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1822Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1823Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1824Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1825# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1826# Shanks says that the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24;
1827# Willett says 1912-01-01. Go with Willett.
1828Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
1829 -0:36:32 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time
1830 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1831 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
1832 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1833 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1834 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
1835 0:00 EU WE%sT
1836Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
1837 -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
1838 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
1839 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1840 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1841 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
1842 -1:00 EU AZO%sT
1843Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
1844 -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
1845 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
1846 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1847 0:00 EU WE%sT
1848
1849# Romania
1850#
1851# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
1852# <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html">
1853# Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
1854# 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
1855# assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
1856# the same year as Bulgaria.
1857#
1858# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1859Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1860Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1861Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
1862Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
1863Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1864Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1865Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1866Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1867Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1868# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1869Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
1870 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1871 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1872 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
1873 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
1874 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1875 2:00 EU EE%sT
1876
1877# Russia
1878
1879# From Paul Eggert (1999-11-12):
1880# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
1881# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
1882# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks, except we follow
1883# Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
1884#
1885# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
1886# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
1887# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
1888# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
1889# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
1890#
1891# From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
1892# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
1893# UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
1894# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
1895# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
1896#
1897# From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
1898# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
1899# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
1900# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
1901#
1902# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
1903# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
1904# News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
1905# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
1906# the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
1907# enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
1908#
1909# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
1910# There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
1911# UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
1912# SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
1913# until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
1914# since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
1915# administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
1916# remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
1917#
1918# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1919#
1920# Kaliningradskaya oblast'.
1921Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
1922 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1923 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
1924 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1925 2:00 Russia EE%sT
1926#
1927# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1928# Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast', Astrakhanskaya oblast',
1929# Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',
1930# Volgogradskaya oblast', Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',
1931# Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,
1932# Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,
1933# Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,
1934# Respublika Kareliya, Kirovskaya oblast', Respublika Komi,
1935# Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',
1936# Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,
1937# Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',
1938# Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,
1939# Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',
1940# Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',
1941# Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg, Saratovskaya oblast',
1942# Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',
1943# Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,
1944# Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',
1945# Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',
1946# Yaroslavskaya oblast'
1947Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
1948 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
1949 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1950 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
1951 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1952 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1953 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1954 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD
1955#
1956# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1957# Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika
1958Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1959 3:00 - KUYT 1930 Jun 21 # Kuybyshev
1960 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1961 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1962 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1963 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
1964 4:00 Russia SAM%sT # Samara Time
1965#
1966# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1967# Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,
1968# Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',
1969# Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',
1970# Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',
1971# Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.
1972Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
1973 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
1974 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1975 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1976 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time
1977#
1978# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1979# Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.
1980Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
1981 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
1982 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1983 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1984 6:00 Russia OMS%sT
1985#
1986# Novosibirskaya oblast'.
1987Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
1988 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
1989 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1990 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1991 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # says Shanks
1992 6:00 Russia NOV%sT
1993#
1994# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1995# Kemerovskaya oblast', Krasnoyarskij kraj,
1996# Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug, Tomskaya oblast',
1997# Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.
1998Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
1999 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2000 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2001 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2002 7:00 Russia KRA%sT
2003#
2004# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2005# Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',
2006# Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2007Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
2008 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2009 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
2010 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2011 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2012 8:00 Russia IRK%sT
2013#
2014# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2015# Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',
2016# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.
2017# The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij,
2018# Bulunskij, Verkhnekolymskij, Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj,
2019# Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij,
2020# Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenekskij, Olekminskij, Srednekolymskij,
2021# Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij,
2022# Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij.
2023Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2024 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2025 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2026 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2027 9:00 Russia YAK%sT
2028#
2029# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2030# Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,
2031# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2032# The Sakha districts are: Verkhoyanskij, Tomponskij, Ust'-Majskij,
2033# Ust'-Yanskij.
2034Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
2035 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
2036 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2037 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2038 10:00 Russia VLA%sT
2039#
2040# Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
2041# The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
2042Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
2043 9:00 - CJT 1938
2044 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25
2045 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
2046 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2047 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
2048 10:00 Russia SAK%sT
2049#
2050# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2051# Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2052# Probably also: Kuril Islands.
2053# The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Momskij,
2054# Nizhnekolymskij, Ojmyakonskij.
2055Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
2056 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2057 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2058 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2059 11:00 Russia MAG%sT
2060#
2061# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2062# Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2063#
2064# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
2065Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
2066 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
2067 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2068 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2069 12:00 Russia PET%sT
2070#
2071# Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug
2072Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
2073 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
2074 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
2075 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2076 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2077 12:00 Russia ANA%sT
2078
2079# Serbia and Montenegro
2080# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2081Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2082 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2083 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
2084 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2085# Metod Kozelj reports that the legal date of
2086# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2087# Shanks doesn't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
2088 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2089 1:00 EU CE%sT
2090Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2091Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2092Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2093Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
2094
2095# Slovakia
2096Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
2097
2098# Slovenia
2099# see Serbia and Montenegro
2100
2101# Spain
2102# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2103# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks.
2104Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2105Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
2106Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2107Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2108# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks.
2109Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2110# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks.
2111Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
2112Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2113# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks.
2114Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2115Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2116Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2117Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2118# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks.
2119Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2120Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2121Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2122Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2123Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2124# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks.
2125Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2126Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
2127Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
2128Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
2129Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
2130Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
2131Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2132Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
2133Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
2134Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
2135Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
2136Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
2137Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2138Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
2139Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2140# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
2141Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
2142Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2143Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
2144Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2145Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2146Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2147Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2148Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2149Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
2150# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2151Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901
2152 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
2153 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
2154 1:00 EU CE%sT
2155Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
2156 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
2157 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
2158 0:00 - WET 1924
2159 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
2160 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2161 1:00 - CET 1986
2162 1:00 EU CE%sT
2163Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2164 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2165 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2166 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2167 0:00 EU WE%sT
2168# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2169# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2170
2171# Sweden
2172
2173# From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks:
2174#
2175# The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
2176# From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
2177# places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
2178# three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
2179# meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
2180#
2181# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
2182# eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
2183# national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
2184#
2185# About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
2186# forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
2187# of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
2188# the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
2189# observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
2190# from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
2191# 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
2192# in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
2193#
2194# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
2195# that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
2196# pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
2197# Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
2198#
2199# The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
2200# Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
2201# not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
2202# in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
2203# "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
2204# the Sok-button).
2205#
2206# (2001-05-13):
2207#
2208# I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
2209# summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
2210# 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
2211# people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
2212# at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
2213# hour before the event took place.
2214#
2215# Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
2216
2217# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2218Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
2219 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
2220 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
2221 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00
2222 1:00 - CET 1980
2223 1:00 EU CE%sT
2224
2225# Switzerland
2226# From Howse:
2227# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2228# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2229# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
2230# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2231# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
2232Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
2233Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2234# From Shanks:
2235Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
2236Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2237# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2238Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
2239 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
2240 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2241 1:00 EU CE%sT
2242
2243# Turkey
2244# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2245Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2246Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2247Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
2248Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
2249Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
2250Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2251Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2252Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2253# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks.
2254Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
2255Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2256Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2257Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
2258Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
2259Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
2260Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
2261Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2262# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
2263Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2264Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
2265Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2266Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2267Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2268Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
2269Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2270Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
2271Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
2272Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
2273Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2274Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
2275Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2276Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
2277Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2278Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
2279Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2280Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
2281Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
2282Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
2283Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
2284Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
2285Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2286Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2287Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2288Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2289Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
2290Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
2291Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
2292Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
2293Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
2294Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
2295Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2296# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2297Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
2298 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
2299 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
2300 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
2301 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1986
2302 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2303 2:00 EU EE%sT
2304Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
2305
2306# Ukraine
2307#
2308# From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukranian Ministry of Justice,
2309# via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
2310# BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's goverment
2311# regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
2312# "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
2313# of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
2314# October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
2315
2316# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2317# Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
2318Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
2319 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
2320 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2321 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
2322 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
2323 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2324 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2325 2:00 - EET 1992
2326 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2327 2:00 EU EE%sT
2328# Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
2329Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
2330 1:00 - CET 1940
2331 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2332 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
2333 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
2334 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2335 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2336 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
2337 2:00 - EET 1992
2338 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2339 2:00 EU EE%sT
2340# Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
2341# Zaporozh'ye has an apostrophe, but Posix file names can't have apostrophes.
2342Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
2343 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T
2344 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2345 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
2346 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
2347 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
2348 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2349 2:00 EU EE%sT
2350# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2351Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2352 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2353 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2354 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
2355 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2356 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2357 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2358 2:00 - EET 1992
2359# From Paul Eggert (1999-11-12):
2360# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2361# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2362# Shanks says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened
2363# sometime between the 1994 DST switches. For now, guess it changed in May.
2364 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2365# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2366 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
2367 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2368# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2369# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2370 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2371 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2372 2:00 EU EE%sT
2373
2374###############################################################################
2375
2376# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
2377# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
2378# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
2379#
2380# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
2381# uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2382# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2383# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
2384# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2385# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2386
2387# ...
2388# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2389# From: Tom Hofmann
2390# ...
2391#
2392# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2393# most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2394# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2395# to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2396# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2397# years...
2398# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2399# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2400# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2401# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2402#
2403# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2404# Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2405#
2406# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2407# 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2408# ...
2409
2410# ...
2411# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2412# From: Dik T. Winter
2413# ...
2414#
2415# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2416# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2417# about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2418#
2419# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2420# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2421# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2422# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
2423# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
2424# the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
2425# dates...
2426#
2427# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
2428# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
2429# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
2430# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2431# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2432# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2433# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2434# in advance of normal time.
2435#
2436# ...
2437# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2438# ...
2439
2440# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
2441# ...
2442# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2443# Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2444# ...
2445# Monaco: has same DST as France.
2446# ...
| 3
4# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
5# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
6# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
7
8# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
9# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
10# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
11# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
12#
13# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
14# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
15# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
16# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
17# of the IATA's data after 1990.
18#
19# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1991,
20# and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
21#
22# Other sources occasionally used include:
23#
24# Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
25# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
26# which I found in the UCLA library.
27#
28# <a href="http://www.pettswoodvillage.co.uk/Daylight_Savings_William_Willett.pdf">
29# William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
30# </a> (1914-03)
31#
32# Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
33# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
34# History of Summer Time
35# </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
36
37#
38# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
39# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
40# Corrections are welcome!
41# std dst 2dst
42# LMT Local Mean Time
43# -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
44# -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
45# -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
46# 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
47# 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
48# 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
49# 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
50# 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
51# 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
52# 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
53# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
54# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
55#
56# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
57# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
58
59# From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
60# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
61# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
62# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
63# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
64# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
65# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
66# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
67# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
68# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
69# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
70# ...
71# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
72# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
73# ...
74# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
75# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
76# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
77# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
78# in the Directive.
79
80
81###############################################################################
82
83# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
84
85# From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
86#
87# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
88# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
89# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
90# of the text said:
91#
92# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
93# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
94# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
95# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
96# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
97# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
98# along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
99#
100# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
101# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
102# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
103#
104# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
105
106# From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
107#
108# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
109# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
110# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
111# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
112# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
113# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
114# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
115# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
116# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
117# adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
118# The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
119# and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
120# railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
121# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
122# on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
123# one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
124# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
125# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
126# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
127# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
128#
129# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
130# transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
131# about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
132
133# From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27):
134# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
135# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
136# who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
137# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
138# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
139# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
140# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
141# Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
142# it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
143# See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
144# A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
145# a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
146# subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
147# designed by G. W. Miller, is the the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
148# which is permanently set to Summer Time.
149
150# From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
151# It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
152# summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
153# between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
154# plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
155# foundations of civilization throughout the world.
156# -- <a href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/fh114willett.htm">
157# "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly
158# </a>
159
160# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
161# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
162# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
163# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
164# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
165
166# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
167#
168# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
169# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
170
171# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
172# From: Jonathan Leffler
173# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
174# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
175# politics making a fortune, not computing.
176
177# From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
178# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
179# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
180# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
181# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
182
183# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
184# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
185# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
186# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
187
188# From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
189# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
190# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
191# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
192# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
193# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
194# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
195# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
196
197# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
198# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
199# which is to be introduced in May....
200# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
201# which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
202
203# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
204# Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common
205# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
206# so we use `BDST'.
207
208# Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
209# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
210# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
211# and extending this list, which can be found in
212# <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/">
213# History of legal time in Britain
214# </a>
215
216# From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
217#
218# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
219# see Lord Tanlaw's speech
220# <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
221# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
222# </a>.
223
224# From Paul Eggert (2001-07-18):
225#
226# For lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948.
227#
228# Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect:
229# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
230# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
231# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
232# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
233# It actually just had one transition.
234# * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
235# Actually, it conformed to Britain.
236# * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
237# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
238# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
239#
240# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks:
241# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
242# to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
243# conform with Great Britain.
244# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
245#
246# The following claim by Shanks is possible though doubtful;
247# we'll ignore it for now.
248# * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
249#
250#
251# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.
252# Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
253# (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
254# to London. For example:
255#
256# "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
257# -- James Joyce, Ulysses
258
259# From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
260# Irish laws are available online at www.irishstatutebook.ie. These include
261# various relating to legal time, for example:
262#
263# ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
264#
265# ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
266# ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
267#
268# ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
269# ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
270# ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
271#
272# ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
273# ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
274# ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
275#
276# [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
277# <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
278#
279# (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
280# should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
281# the laws applicable in Ireland.)
282#
283# (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
284# in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
285# is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
286# being GMT+1.)
287
288# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
289# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
290# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
291# (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
292# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
293# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
294# and Frethun run in CT.
295# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
296# the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
297# and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
298# If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
299# I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
300# This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
301
302# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
303# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
304# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
305# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
306# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
307# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
308# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
309
310# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
311# Summer Time Act, 1916
312Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
313Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
314# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
315Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
316Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
317# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
318Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
319Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
320# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
321Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
322Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
323# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
324Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
325# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
326Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
327# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
328Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
329Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
330# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
331Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
332Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
333# The Summer Time Act, 1922
334Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
335Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
336Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
337Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
338# The Summer Time Act, 1925
339Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
340Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
341Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
342Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
343Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
344Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
345Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
346Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
347Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
348Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
349Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
350# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
351Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
352# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
353Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
354# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
355Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
356Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
357# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
358Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
359# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
360Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
361# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
362Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
363Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
364# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
365Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
366Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
367# The Summer Time Act, 1947
368Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
369Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
370Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
371Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
372# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
373Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
374Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
375# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
376Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
377Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
378# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
379# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
380# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
381Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
382Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
383# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
384Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
385Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
386Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
387Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
388Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
389Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
390Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
391# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
392# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
393# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
394Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
395Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
396# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
397# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
398# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
399Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
400# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
401Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
402# The British Standard Time Act, 1968
403# (no summer time)
404# The Summer Time Act, 1972
405Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
406Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
407# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
408# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
409# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
410# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
411Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
412Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
413# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
414# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
415# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
416Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
417# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
418# See EU for rules starting in 1996.
419
420# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
421Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1
422 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
423 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
424 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
425 0:00 EU GMT/BST
426Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
427 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
428 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
429 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
430 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
431 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
432 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
433 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
434 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
435 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
436 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
437 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
438 0:00 EU GMT/IST
439
440###############################################################################
441
442# Continental Europe
443
444# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
445# Common Market, etc.
446
447# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
448Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
449Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
450Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
451Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
452Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
453Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
454# The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
455# <a href="http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/dat/2000/en_300L0084.html"
456# Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
457# of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
458# </a>
459
460# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
461Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
462Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
463Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
464Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
465Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
466Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
467
468# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
469# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
470Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
471Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
472Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
473Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
474Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
475Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
476Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
477Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
478Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
479# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
480Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
481Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
482Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
483Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
484Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
485Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
486Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
487
488# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
489Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
490Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
491Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
492Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
493Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
494Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
495
496# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
497Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
498Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
499Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
500Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
501Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
502Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
503Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
504Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
505Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
506Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
507Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
508# Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
509Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
510Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
511# Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
512# Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
513Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
514Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
515#
516Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
517Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
518Rule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
519Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
520Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
521
522# These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
523
524# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
525Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
526Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
527Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
528Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
529
530# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
531# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
532
533# From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
534# The official German names ... are
535#
536# Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
537# Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
538#
539# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
540# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
541# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
542#
543# Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
544# Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
545# Postfach 3345
546# D-38023 Braunschweig
547# phone: +49 531 592-0
548#
549# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
550# department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
551# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
552#
553# Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
554# Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
555
556
557# Albania
558# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
559Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
560Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
561Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
562Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
563Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
564Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
565Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
566Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
567Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
568Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
569Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
570Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
571Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
572Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
573Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
574Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
575Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
576Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
577Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
578Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
579Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
580Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
581Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
582Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
583Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
584# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
585Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
586 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
587 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
588 1:00 EU CE%sT
589
590# Andorra
591# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
592Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
593 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
594 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
595 1:00 EU CE%sT
596
597# Austria
598
599# From Paul Eggert (2003-02-28): Shanks gives 1918-06-16 and
600# 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
601# Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
602# date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
603# Shanks gives 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV, and guess 02:00
604# for 1945-04-12.
605
606# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
607Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
608Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
609Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
610Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
611Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
612Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
613Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
614Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
615# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
616Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
617 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
618 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
619 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
620 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
621 1:00 - CET 1946
622 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
623 1:00 EU CE%sT
624
625# Belarus
626# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
627Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
628 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
629 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
630 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
631 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
632 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
633 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
634 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
635 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
636 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
637 2:00 Russia EE%sT
638
639# Belgium
640#
641# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
642# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
643# Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
644# Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
645# (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
646# pp 8-9.
647# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
648# Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
649# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
650# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
651# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
652#
653# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
654Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
655Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
656Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
657Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
658Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
659Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
660Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
661Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
662Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
663Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
664Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
665Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
666# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
667# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
668# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
669# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
670Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
671Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
672Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
673Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
674Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
675Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
676Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
677Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
678Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
679Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
680Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
681Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
682Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
683Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
684Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
685Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
686Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
687Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
688Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
689Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
690Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
691Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
692# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
693Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
694 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
695 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
696 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
697 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
698 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
699 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
700 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
701 1:00 EU CE%sT
702
703# Bosnia and Herzegovina
704# see Serbia and Montenegro
705
706# Bulgaria
707#
708# From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
709# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
710# EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
711# EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
712#
713# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
714Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
715Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
716Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 S
717Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
718Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
719# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
720Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
721 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
722 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
723 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 3:00
724 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
725 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
726 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
727 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
728 2:00 EU EE%sT
729
730# Croatia
731# see Serbia and Montenegro
732
733# Cyprus
734# Please see the `asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
735
736# Czech Republic
737# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
738Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
739Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
740Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
741Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
742Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
743Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
744Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
745# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
746Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
747 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
748 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
749 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
750 1:00 EU CE%sT
751
752# Denmark, Faeroe Islands, and Greenland
753
754# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
755# http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
756# [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
757# The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
758# confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
759#
760# The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
761# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
762#
763# This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
764# in subsequenet decrees with the law
765# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
766#
767# It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
768# not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
769# changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
770# 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
771# the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
772# when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
773# confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
774# The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
775# working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
776# was suspended on that night):
777# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
778
779# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
780# The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
781# Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
782
783# From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
784# Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
785# wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
786
787# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
788Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
789Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
790Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
791Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
792Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
793Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
794Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
795Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
796Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
797Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
798Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
799#
800# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
801Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
802 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
803 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
804 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
805 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
806 1:00 EU CE%sT
807Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
808 0:00 - WET 1981
809 0:00 EU WE%sT
810#
811# From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
812# During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
813# East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
814# My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
815#
816# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
817# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
818# and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
819# rules at least through 1984. Shanks says Scoresbysund and Godthab
820# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
821# rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
822
823# From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
824# <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
825# and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
826#
827# Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
828# is according to the following time line:
829#
830# The military zone near Thule UTC-4
831# Standard Greenland time UTC-3
832# Scoresbysund UTC-1
833# Danmarkshavn UTC
834#
835# In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
836# introduced.
837
838# From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
839#
840# I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
841# the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
842# not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
843# info from earlier correspondence.]
844#
845# According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
846# Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
847# savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
848#
849# The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
850# uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
851# There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
852# Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
853# email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
854# Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
855# DPC research station at Zackenberg.
856#
857# Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
858# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab).
859#
860# The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it
861# includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
862# UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
863#
864# It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
865# North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
866# maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
867# this area is that it sticks with Godthab time. This area might be
868# considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
869
870# From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
871# I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
872# there at 2:00 AM.
873
874# From Paul Eggert (2001-11-19):
875# The 1997 CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT; the 1995 map as like Godthab.
876# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.
877# startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
878# so go with Shanks for all Thule transitions.
879#
880# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
881Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
882Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
883Rule Thule 1993 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
884Rule Thule 1993 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
885#
886# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
887Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
888 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
889 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996
890 0:00 - GMT
891Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
892 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
893 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
894 -1:00 EU EG%sT
895Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
896 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
897 -3:00 EU WG%sT
898Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
899 -4:00 Thule A%sT
900
901# Estonia
902# From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
903# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
904# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
905# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
906#
907# From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
908# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
909# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
910# ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
911# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
912# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
913# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
914# human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
915# summer time next spring.''
916
917# From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
918# <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
919# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
920# </a>
921# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
922# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
923#
924# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
925# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
926# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
927
928# From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
929# via Steffen Thorsen:
930# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
931# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
932# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
933# Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
934# for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
935# after that.
936
937# From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
938# Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
939# no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
940# the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
941
942# From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
943# The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
944# Now we are using again EU rules.
945#
946# From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28):
947# The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
948
949# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
950Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
951 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
952 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
953 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
954 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
955 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
956 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
957 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
958 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
959 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
960 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
961 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
962 2:00 EU EE%sT
963
964# Finland
965#
966# From Hannu Strang (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC):
967# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
968# and it's supposed to change at 4am...
969#
970# From Paul Eggert (25 Sep 1994):
971# Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981.
972# Go with Strang instead.
973#
974# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
975Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
976Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
977# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
978Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
979 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
980 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00
981 2:00 EU EE%sT
982
983# Aaland Is
984Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
985
986
987# France
988
989# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
990#
991# Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
992# Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
993#
994# Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
995# Paris, 1991
996#
997# Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
998# Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
999
1000
1001#
1002# Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
1003# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1004Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1005Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1006Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1007Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1008Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1009Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1010Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1011Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1012Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1013Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1014# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1015# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1016# were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks.
1017Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1018Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1019Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1020Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1021Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1022Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1023Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1024Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1025Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1026Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1027Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1028Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1029Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1030Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1031Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1032Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1033Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1034Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1035Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1036Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1037# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks writes
1038# that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1039# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
1040# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
1041# Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Decartes,
1042# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1043# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
1044# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collognes (Haute-Savioe).
1045Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1046# Shanks says this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1047# but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1048# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1049# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1050Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1051Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1052Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1053Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1054Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1055Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1056Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1057Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1058Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1059# Shanks gives Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1060# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1061Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1062Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1063# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05,
1064# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1065# Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1066# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1067# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1068Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1069 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1070# Shanks gives 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1071 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1072# Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1073# go with Shanks.
1074 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1075 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1076 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1077 1:00 EU CE%sT
1078
1079# Germany
1080
1081# From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1082# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1083# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1084# [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1085
1086# From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1087# In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by <a
1088# href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/">
1089# General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>.
1090
1091# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1092# <a href="http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf">
1093# says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1094# However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1095# this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
1096
1097
1098# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1099Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1100Rule Germany 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1101Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1102Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1103Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1104Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1105Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1106Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
1107Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1108Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1109Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1110Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1111# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1112Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1113 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1114 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1115 1:00 EU CE%sT
1116
1117# Georgia
1118# Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1119# Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1120# is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1121
1122# Gibraltar
1123# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1124Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
1125 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1126 1:00 - CET 1982
1127 1:00 EU CE%sT
1128
1129# Greece
1130# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1131# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks.
1132Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1133Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1134# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks.
1135Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1136# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks.
1137Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1138Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1139Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1140# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1141Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1142Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1143Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1144Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1145Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1146Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1147Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1148Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1149Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1150Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1151Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1152Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1153Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1154# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1155Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1156 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1157 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1158 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1159 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1160 # Shanks says they switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1161 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1162 2:00 EU EE%sT
1163
1164# Hungary
1165# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1166Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1167Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1168Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1169Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1170Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
1171Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1172Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1173Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1174Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1175Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1176Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1177Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1178Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1179Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1180Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1181Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1182Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1183Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1184Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1185Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1186# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1187Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1188 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1189 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1190 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00
1191 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1192 1:00 EU CE%sT
1193
1194# Iceland
1195#
1196# From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1197# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1198#
1199# (1993-12-05):
1200# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1201# Iceland Almanak.
1202#
1203# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1204# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1205# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1206# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1207#
1208# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1209# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1210# time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1211# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1212#
1213# (1993-12-10):
1214# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1215# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1216# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1217# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1218# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1219# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1220# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1221# might mean something else (???).
1222#
1223# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1224# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
1225# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
1226# Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1227#
1228# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1229Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1230Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1231Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1232Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1233Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1234Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1235Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1236Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1237Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1238Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1239Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1240# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1241Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1242Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1243# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1244Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1245# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1246Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1247Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1248Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1249# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1250Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1251 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1252 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1253 0:00 - GMT
1254
1255# Italy
1256#
1257# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1258# Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1259# called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1260# During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1261# But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1262# so record only the time in Rome.
1263#
1264# From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06):
1265# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri
1266# <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html">
1267# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (1996-03-14)
1268# </a>
1269# (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1270# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1271#
1272# year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1273# 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1274# 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1275# 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1276# 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1277# 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1278# 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1279# 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1280# 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1281# 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1282# 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1283# 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1284# 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1285# 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1286# 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1287# 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1288#
1289# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1290Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1291Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1292Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1293Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1294Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1295Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1296Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1297Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1298Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1299Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1300Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1301Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1302Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1303Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1304Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1305Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1306Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1307Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1308Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1309Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1310Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1311Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1312Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1313Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1314Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1315Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1316Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1317Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1318Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1319Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1320Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1321Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1322Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1323Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1324Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1325Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1326# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1327Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1328 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time
1329 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1330 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1331 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1332 1:00 EU CE%sT
1333
1334Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1335Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1336
1337# Latvia
1338
1339# From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1340
1341# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1342# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1343# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1344# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1345#
1346# Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1347# according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1348# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1349# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1350# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1351#
1352# Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1353# according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1354# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1355# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1356# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1357# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1358#
1359# Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1360# according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1361# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1362# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1363# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1364# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1365# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1366# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1367# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1368# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1369#
1370# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1371# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1372# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1373
1374# From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1375# This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1376# <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm">
1377# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1378# 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).
1379
1380# <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html">
1381# From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1382# </a>
1383# The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1384# institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1385# Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1386# clocks one hour in the spring....
1387# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
1388# daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1389# Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1390# time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1391# urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1392# appears that they will not do so....
1393
1394# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1395Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1396Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1397# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1398Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1399 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1400 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1401 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1402 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1403 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1404 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1405 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1406 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1407 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1408 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1409 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1410 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1411 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1412 2:00 EU EE%sT
1413
1414# Liechtenstein
1415# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1416Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1417 1:00 - CET 1981
1418 1:00 EU CE%sT
1419
1420# Lithuania
1421
1422# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1423# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1424# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1425
1426# From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1427# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1428# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1429
1430# From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
1431# via Steffen Thorsen:
1432# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1433# to be valid here starting from October 31,
1434# as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1435# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1436# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1437# already done by Estonia.
1438
1439# From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm">
1440# Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1441# </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1442
1443# From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1444# As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1445# observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1446# down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1447# neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1448# 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1449# http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1450
1451
1452# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1453Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1454 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1455 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1456 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1457 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1458 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1459 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1460 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1461 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1462 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1463 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1464 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1465 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1466 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1467 2:00 EU EE%sT
1468
1469# Luxembourg
1470# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks.
1471# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1472Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1473Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1474Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1475Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1476Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1477Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1478Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1479Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1480Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1481Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1482Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1483Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1484Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1485Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1486Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1487Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1488Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1489Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1490Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1491Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1492Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1493Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1494Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1495# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1496Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1497 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1498 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1499 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1500 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1501 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1502 1:00 EU CE%sT
1503
1504# Macedonia
1505# see Serbia and Montenegro
1506
1507# Malta
1508# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1509Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1510Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1511Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1512Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1513Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1514Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1515Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1516# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1517Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta
1518 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1519 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1520 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1521 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1522 1:00 EU CE%sT
1523
1524# Moldova
1525
1526# From Paul Eggert (2001-02-11):
1527# A previous version of this database followed Shanks, who writes that
1528# Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1529# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1530# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1531# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1532# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1533# But [two people] separately reported via
1534# Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1535# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1536
1537# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1538Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1539 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1540 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1541 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1542 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1543 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1544 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1545 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
1546 2:00 - EET 1991
1547 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1548 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1549# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1550 2:00 EU EE%sT
1551
1552# Monaco
1553# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21.
1554# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1555Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1556 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1557 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1558 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1559 1:00 EU CE%sT
1560
1561# Netherlands
1562
1563# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1564# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1565
1566# However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1567# Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1568# Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1569# the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1570# (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1571# common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1572# not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1573# On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1574# was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1575#
1576# (2001-04-08):
1577# 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1578# observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1579# practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1580#
1581# (2001-04-09):
1582# In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1583# municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1584# Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1585# actually followed.
1586#
1587# From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1588# observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1589# Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1590# places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1591# adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1592#
1593# Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1594# of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1595# was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1596# Amsterdam mean time.
1597
1598# The data before 1945 are taken from
1599# <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>.
1600
1601# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1602Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1603Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1604Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1605Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1606Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1607Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1608Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1609Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1610Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1611Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1612Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1613# From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1614# in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1615Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1616Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1617Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1618Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1619Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1620Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1621Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1622Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1623Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1624#
1625# Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1626# below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1627# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1628Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1629 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1630 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1631 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1632 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1633 1:00 EU CE%sT
1634
1635# Norway
1636# http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks.
1637# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1638Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1639Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1640Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1641Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1642Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1643Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1644Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1645# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1646Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1647 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1648 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1649 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1650 1:00 EU CE%sT
1651
1652# Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1653
1654# From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1655# Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1656# Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1657# time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
1658# as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1659# Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1660# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and
1661# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation
1662# for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1663# into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1664# part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1665# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been
1666# able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1667# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by
1668# Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1669# since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1670# before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1671# between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1672
1673# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01):
1674#
1675# Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1676# so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
1677# keeping Berlin time.
1678#
1679# <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1680# burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1681# 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1682# frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
1683# radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
1684# the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1685# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1686#
1687# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1688# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1689# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
1690# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1691# expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
1692# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1693# <http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html>
1694# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1695# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1696#
1697# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970. Unless we can
1698# come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the
1699# war years it's probably best just do do the following for now:
1700Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1701Link Europe/Oslo Atlantic/Jan_Mayen
1702
1703# Poland
1704# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1705Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1706Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1707# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks.
1708Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1709# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks.
1710Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1711Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1712# For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
1713# Torun Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
1714# <http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1>
1715# Thanks to Przemyslaw Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
1716# He also gives these further references:
1717# Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
1718# Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
1719Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
1720Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1721Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1722Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1723Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1724Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1725Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1726Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1727Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1728Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1729Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1730Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1731Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1732Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1733# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1734Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1735 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1736 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1737 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1738 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1739 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1740 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
1741 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
1742 1:00 EU CE%sT
1743
1744# Portugal
1745#
1746# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
1747# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1748# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1749#
1750# Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1751# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1752# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1753#
1754# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1755# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1756# at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1757# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1758# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1759# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1760# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1761#
1762# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1763# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
1764# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
1765# Go with Shanks.
1766Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1767# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1768Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1769Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1770Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1771Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1772Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1773Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1774Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1775Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1776Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1777Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1778Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1779Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1780Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1781Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1782Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1783# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks.
1784Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1785Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1786# Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman.
1787Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1788# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks.
1789Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1790# Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1791Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1792Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1793# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks.
1794Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1795Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1796Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1797# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
1798Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1799Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1800# Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1801Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
1802Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1803Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
1804Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
1805Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
1806Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
1807Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
1808Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
1809Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
1810Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
1811Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1812Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1813Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1814# Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
1815# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks.
1816Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1817Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1818Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
1819Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
1820Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
1821Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1822Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1823Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1824Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1825Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1826# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1827# Shanks says that the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24;
1828# Willett says 1912-01-01. Go with Willett.
1829Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
1830 -0:36:32 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time
1831 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1832 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
1833 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1834 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1835 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
1836 0:00 EU WE%sT
1837Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
1838 -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
1839 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
1840 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1841 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1842 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
1843 -1:00 EU AZO%sT
1844Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
1845 -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
1846 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
1847 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1848 0:00 EU WE%sT
1849
1850# Romania
1851#
1852# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
1853# <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html">
1854# Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
1855# 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
1856# assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
1857# the same year as Bulgaria.
1858#
1859# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1860Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1861Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1862Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
1863Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
1864Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1865Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1866Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1867Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1868Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1869# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1870Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
1871 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1872 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1873 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
1874 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
1875 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1876 2:00 EU EE%sT
1877
1878# Russia
1879
1880# From Paul Eggert (1999-11-12):
1881# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
1882# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
1883# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks, except we follow
1884# Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
1885#
1886# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
1887# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
1888# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
1889# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
1890# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
1891#
1892# From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
1893# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
1894# UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
1895# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
1896# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
1897#
1898# From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
1899# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
1900# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
1901# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
1902#
1903# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
1904# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
1905# News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
1906# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
1907# the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
1908# enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
1909#
1910# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
1911# There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
1912# UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
1913# SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
1914# until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
1915# since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
1916# administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
1917# remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
1918#
1919# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1920#
1921# Kaliningradskaya oblast'.
1922Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
1923 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1924 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
1925 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1926 2:00 Russia EE%sT
1927#
1928# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1929# Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast', Astrakhanskaya oblast',
1930# Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',
1931# Volgogradskaya oblast', Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',
1932# Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,
1933# Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,
1934# Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,
1935# Respublika Kareliya, Kirovskaya oblast', Respublika Komi,
1936# Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',
1937# Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,
1938# Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',
1939# Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,
1940# Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',
1941# Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',
1942# Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg, Saratovskaya oblast',
1943# Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',
1944# Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,
1945# Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',
1946# Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',
1947# Yaroslavskaya oblast'
1948Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
1949 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
1950 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1951 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
1952 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1953 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1954 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1955 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD
1956#
1957# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1958# Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika
1959Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1960 3:00 - KUYT 1930 Jun 21 # Kuybyshev
1961 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1962 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1963 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1964 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
1965 4:00 Russia SAM%sT # Samara Time
1966#
1967# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1968# Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,
1969# Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',
1970# Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',
1971# Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',
1972# Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.
1973Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
1974 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
1975 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1976 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1977 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time
1978#
1979# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1980# Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.
1981Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
1982 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
1983 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1984 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1985 6:00 Russia OMS%sT
1986#
1987# Novosibirskaya oblast'.
1988Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
1989 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
1990 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1991 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1992 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # says Shanks
1993 6:00 Russia NOV%sT
1994#
1995# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1996# Kemerovskaya oblast', Krasnoyarskij kraj,
1997# Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug, Tomskaya oblast',
1998# Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.
1999Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
2000 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2001 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2002 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2003 7:00 Russia KRA%sT
2004#
2005# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2006# Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',
2007# Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2008Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
2009 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2010 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
2011 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2012 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2013 8:00 Russia IRK%sT
2014#
2015# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2016# Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',
2017# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.
2018# The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij,
2019# Bulunskij, Verkhnekolymskij, Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj,
2020# Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij,
2021# Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenekskij, Olekminskij, Srednekolymskij,
2022# Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij,
2023# Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij.
2024Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2025 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2026 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2027 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2028 9:00 Russia YAK%sT
2029#
2030# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2031# Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,
2032# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2033# The Sakha districts are: Verkhoyanskij, Tomponskij, Ust'-Majskij,
2034# Ust'-Yanskij.
2035Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
2036 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
2037 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2038 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2039 10:00 Russia VLA%sT
2040#
2041# Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
2042# The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
2043Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
2044 9:00 - CJT 1938
2045 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25
2046 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
2047 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2048 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
2049 10:00 Russia SAK%sT
2050#
2051# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2052# Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2053# Probably also: Kuril Islands.
2054# The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Momskij,
2055# Nizhnekolymskij, Ojmyakonskij.
2056Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
2057 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2058 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2059 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2060 11:00 Russia MAG%sT
2061#
2062# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2063# Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2064#
2065# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
2066Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
2067 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
2068 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2069 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2070 12:00 Russia PET%sT
2071#
2072# Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug
2073Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
2074 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
2075 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
2076 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2077 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2078 12:00 Russia ANA%sT
2079
2080# Serbia and Montenegro
2081# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2082Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2083 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2084 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
2085 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2086# Metod Kozelj reports that the legal date of
2087# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2088# Shanks doesn't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
2089 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2090 1:00 EU CE%sT
2091Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2092Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2093Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2094Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
2095
2096# Slovakia
2097Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
2098
2099# Slovenia
2100# see Serbia and Montenegro
2101
2102# Spain
2103# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2104# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks.
2105Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2106Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
2107Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2108Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2109# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks.
2110Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2111# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks.
2112Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
2113Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2114# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks.
2115Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2116Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2117Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2118Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2119# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks.
2120Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2121Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2122Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2123Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2124Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2125# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks.
2126Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2127Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
2128Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
2129Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
2130Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
2131Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
2132Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2133Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
2134Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
2135Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
2136Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
2137Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
2138Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2139Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
2140Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2141# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
2142Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
2143Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2144Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
2145Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2146Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2147Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2148Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2149Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2150Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
2151# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2152Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901
2153 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
2154 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
2155 1:00 EU CE%sT
2156Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
2157 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
2158 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
2159 0:00 - WET 1924
2160 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
2161 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2162 1:00 - CET 1986
2163 1:00 EU CE%sT
2164Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2165 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2166 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2167 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2168 0:00 EU WE%sT
2169# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2170# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2171
2172# Sweden
2173
2174# From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks:
2175#
2176# The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
2177# From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
2178# places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
2179# three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
2180# meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
2181#
2182# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
2183# eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
2184# national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
2185#
2186# About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
2187# forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
2188# of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
2189# the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
2190# observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
2191# from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
2192# 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
2193# in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
2194#
2195# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
2196# that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
2197# pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
2198# Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
2199#
2200# The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
2201# Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
2202# not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
2203# in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
2204# "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
2205# the Sok-button).
2206#
2207# (2001-05-13):
2208#
2209# I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
2210# summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
2211# 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
2212# people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
2213# at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
2214# hour before the event took place.
2215#
2216# Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
2217
2218# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2219Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
2220 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
2221 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
2222 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00
2223 1:00 - CET 1980
2224 1:00 EU CE%sT
2225
2226# Switzerland
2227# From Howse:
2228# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2229# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2230# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
2231# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2232# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
2233Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
2234Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2235# From Shanks:
2236Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
2237Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2238# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2239Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
2240 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
2241 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2242 1:00 EU CE%sT
2243
2244# Turkey
2245# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2246Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2247Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2248Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
2249Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
2250Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
2251Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2252Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2253Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2254# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks.
2255Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
2256Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2257Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2258Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
2259Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
2260Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
2261Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
2262Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2263# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
2264Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2265Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
2266Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2267Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2268Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2269Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
2270Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2271Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
2272Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
2273Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
2274Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2275Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
2276Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2277Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
2278Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2279Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
2280Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2281Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
2282Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
2283Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
2284Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
2285Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
2286Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2287Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2288Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2289Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2290Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
2291Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
2292Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
2293Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
2294Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
2295Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
2296Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2297# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2298Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
2299 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
2300 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
2301 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
2302 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1986
2303 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2304 2:00 EU EE%sT
2305Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
2306
2307# Ukraine
2308#
2309# From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukranian Ministry of Justice,
2310# via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
2311# BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's goverment
2312# regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
2313# "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
2314# of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
2315# October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
2316
2317# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2318# Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
2319Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
2320 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
2321 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2322 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
2323 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
2324 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2325 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2326 2:00 - EET 1992
2327 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2328 2:00 EU EE%sT
2329# Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
2330Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
2331 1:00 - CET 1940
2332 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2333 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
2334 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
2335 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2336 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2337 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
2338 2:00 - EET 1992
2339 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2340 2:00 EU EE%sT
2341# Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
2342# Zaporozh'ye has an apostrophe, but Posix file names can't have apostrophes.
2343Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
2344 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T
2345 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2346 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
2347 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
2348 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
2349 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2350 2:00 EU EE%sT
2351# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2352Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2353 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2354 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2355 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
2356 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2357 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2358 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2359 2:00 - EET 1992
2360# From Paul Eggert (1999-11-12):
2361# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2362# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2363# Shanks says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened
2364# sometime between the 1994 DST switches. For now, guess it changed in May.
2365 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2366# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2367 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
2368 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2369# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2370# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2371 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2372 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2373 2:00 EU EE%sT
2374
2375###############################################################################
2376
2377# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
2378# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
2379# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
2380#
2381# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
2382# uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2383# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2384# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
2385# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2386# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2387
2388# ...
2389# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2390# From: Tom Hofmann
2391# ...
2392#
2393# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2394# most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2395# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2396# to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2397# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2398# years...
2399# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2400# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2401# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2402# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2403#
2404# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2405# Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2406#
2407# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2408# 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2409# ...
2410
2411# ...
2412# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2413# From: Dik T. Winter
2414# ...
2415#
2416# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2417# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2418# about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2419#
2420# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2421# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2422# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2423# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
2424# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
2425# the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
2426# dates...
2427#
2428# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
2429# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
2430# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
2431# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2432# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2433# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2434# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2435# in advance of normal time.
2436#
2437# ...
2438# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2439# ...
2440
2441# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
2442# ...
2443# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2444# Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2445# ...
2446# Monaco: has same DST as France.
2447# ...
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