1.\" Copyright (c) 1989 The Regents of the University of California.
2.\" All rights reserved.
| 1.\" $NetBSD: glob.3,v 1.17 2001/03/16 21:09:05 christos Exp $
|
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| 2.\"
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| 3.\" Copyright (c) 1989, 1991, 1993, 1994
4.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
5.\"
|
4.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
5.\" Guido van Rossum.
| 6.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
7.\" Guido van Rossum.
|
| 8.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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18.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
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| 24.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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20.\"
| 35.\"
|
21.\" @(#)glob.3 5.3 (Berkeley) 3/19/91
| 36.\" @(#)glob.3 8.3 (Berkeley) 4/16/94
|
22.\"
| 37.\"
|
23.TH GLOB 3 "March 19, 1991"
24.UC 7
25.SH NAME
26glob, globfree \- generate pathnames matching a pattern
27.SH SYNOPSIS
28.nf
29#include <glob.h>
30
31glob(const char *pattern, int flags,
32 const int (*errfunc)(char *, int), glob_t *pglob);
33
34void globfree(glob_t *pglob);
35.fi
36.SH DESCRIPTION
37.I Glob
| 38.Dd March 31, 1998
39.Dt GLOB 3
40.Os
41.Sh NAME
42.Nm glob ,
43.Nm globfree
44.Nd generate pathnames matching a pattern
45.Sh LIBRARY
46.Lb libc
47.Sh SYNOPSIS
48.Fd #include <glob.h>
49.Ft int
50.Fn glob "const char *pattern" "int flags" "const int (*errfunc)(const char *, int)" "glob_t *pglob"
51.Ft void
52.Fn globfree "glob_t *pglob"
53.Sh DESCRIPTION
54The
55.Fn glob
56function
|
38is a pathname generator that implements the rules for file name pattern
39matching used by the shell.
| 57is a pathname generator that implements the rules for file name pattern
58matching used by the shell.
|
40.PP
| 59.Pp
|
41The include file
| 60The include file
|
42.I glob.h
| 61.Pa glob.h
|
43defines the structure type
| 62defines the structure type
|
44.IR glob_t ,
| 63.Fa glob_t ,
|
45which contains at least the following fields:
| 64which contains at least the following fields:
|
46.sp
47.RS
48.nf
49.ta .5i +\w'char **gl_pathv;\0\0\0'u
| 65.Bd -literal
|
50typedef struct {
51 int gl_pathc; /* count of total paths so far */
52 int gl_matchc; /* count of paths matching pattern */
53 int gl_offs; /* reserved at beginning of gl_pathv */
54 int gl_flags; /* returned flags */
55 char **gl_pathv; /* list of paths matching pattern */
56} glob_t;
| 66typedef struct {
67 int gl_pathc; /* count of total paths so far */
68 int gl_matchc; /* count of paths matching pattern */
69 int gl_offs; /* reserved at beginning of gl_pathv */
70 int gl_flags; /* returned flags */
71 char **gl_pathv; /* list of paths matching pattern */
72} glob_t;
|
57.fi
58.RE
59.PP
| 73.Ed
74.Pp
|
60The argument
| 75The argument
|
61.I pattern
| 76.Fa pattern
|
62is a pointer to a pathname pattern to be expanded.
| 77is a pointer to a pathname pattern to be expanded.
|
63.I Glob
| 78The
79.Fn glob
80argument
|
64matches all accessible pathnames against the pattern and creates
65a list of the pathnames that match.
66In order to have access to a pathname,
| 81matches all accessible pathnames against the pattern and creates
82a list of the pathnames that match.
83In order to have access to a pathname,
|
67.I glob
| 84.Fn glob
|
68requires search permission on every component of a path except the last
69and read permission on each directory of any filename component of
| 85requires search permission on every component of a path except the last
86and read permission on each directory of any filename component of
|
70.I pattern
71that contains any of the special characters ``*'', ``?'' or ``[''.
72.PP
73.I Glob
| 87.Fa pattern
88that contains any of the special characters
89.Ql * ,
90.Ql ?
91or
92.Ql [ .
93.Pp
94The
95.Fn glob
96argument
|
74stores the number of matched pathnames into the
| 97stores the number of matched pathnames into the
|
75.I gl_pathc
| 98.Fa gl_pathc
|
76field, and a pointer to a list of pointers to pathnames into the
| 99field, and a pointer to a list of pointers to pathnames into the
|
77.I gl_pathv
| 100.Fa gl_pathv
|
78field.
| 101field.
|
79The first pointer after the last pathname is NULL.
| 102The first pointer after the last pathname is
103.Dv NULL .
|
80If the pattern does not match any pathnames, the returned number of
81matched paths is set to zero.
| 104If the pattern does not match any pathnames, the returned number of
105matched paths is set to zero.
|
82.PP
| 106.Pp
|
83It is the caller's responsibility to create the structure pointed to by
| 107It is the caller's responsibility to create the structure pointed to by
|
84.IR pglob .
| 108.Fa pglob .
|
85The
| 109The
|
86.I glob
| 110.Fn glob
|
87function allocates other space as needed, including the memory pointed
88to by
| 111function allocates other space as needed, including the memory pointed
112to by
|
89.IR gl_pathv .
90.PP
| 113.Fa gl_pathv .
114.Pp
|
91The argument
| 115The argument
|
92.I flags
| 116.Fa flags
|
93is used to modify the behavior of
| 117is used to modify the behavior of
|
94.IR glob .
| 118.Fn glob .
|
95The value of
| 119The value of
|
96.I flags
97is the bitwise inclusive OR of any of the following
| 120.Fa flags
121is the bitwise inclusive
122.Tn OR
123of any of the following
|
98values defined in
| 124values defined in
|
99.IR glob.h :
100.TP
101GLOB_APPEND
| 125.Pa glob.h :
126.Bl -tag -width GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC
127.It Dv GLOB_APPEND
|
102Append pathnames generated to the ones from a previous call (or calls)
103to
| 128Append pathnames generated to the ones from a previous call (or calls)
129to
|
104.IR glob .
| 130.Fn glob .
|
105The value of
| 131The value of
|
106.I gl_pathc
| 132.Fa gl_pathc
|
107will be the total matches found by this call and the previous call(s).
108The pathnames are appended to, not merged with the pathnames returned by
109the previous call(s).
110Between calls, the caller must not change the setting of the
| 133will be the total matches found by this call and the previous call(s).
134The pathnames are appended to, not merged with the pathnames returned by
135the previous call(s).
136Between calls, the caller must not change the setting of the
|
111GLOB_DOOFFS flag, nor change the value of
112.I gl_offs
| 137.Dv GLOB_DOOFFS
138flag, nor change the value of
139.Fa gl_offs
|
113when
| 140when
|
114GLOB_DOOFFS is set, nor (obviously) call
115.I globfree
| 141.Dv GLOB_DOOFFS
142is set, nor (obviously) call
143.Fn globfree
|
116for
| 144for
|
117.I pglob.
118.TP
119GLOB_DOOFFS
| 145.Fa pglob .
146.It Dv GLOB_DOOFFS
|
120Make use of the
| 147Make use of the
|
121.I gl_offs
| 148.Fa gl_offs
|
122field.
123If this flag is set,
| 149field.
150If this flag is set,
|
124.I gl_offs
125is used to specify how many NULL pointers to prepend to the beginning
| 151.Fa gl_offs
152is used to specify how many
153.Dv NULL
154pointers to prepend to the beginning
|
126of the
| 155of the
|
127.I gl_pathv
| 156.Fa gl_pathv
|
128field.
129In other words,
| 157field.
158In other words,
|
130.I gl_pathv
| 159.Fa gl_pathv
|
131will point to
| 160will point to
|
132.I gl_offs
133NULL pointers,
| 161.Fa gl_offs
162.Dv NULL
163pointers,
|
134followed by
| 164followed by
|
135.I gl_pathc
136pathname pointers, followed by a NULL pointer.
137.TP
138GLOB_ERR
| 165.Fa gl_pathc
166pathname pointers, followed by a
167.Dv NULL
168pointer.
169.It Dv GLOB_ERR
|
139Causes
| 170Causes
|
140.I glob
| 171.Fn glob
|
141to return when it encounters a directory that it cannot open or read.
142Ordinarily,
| 172to return when it encounters a directory that it cannot open or read.
173Ordinarily,
|
143.I glob
| 174.Fn glob
|
144continues to find matches.
| 175continues to find matches.
|
145.TP
146GLOB_MARK
| 176.It Dv GLOB_MARK
|
147Each pathname that is a directory that matches
| 177Each pathname that is a directory that matches
|
148.I pattern
| 178.Fa pattern
|
149has a slash
150appended.
| 179has a slash
180appended.
|
151.TP
152GLOB_NOSORT
153By default, the pathnames are sorted in ascending ASCII order;
154this flag prevents that sorting (speeding up
155.IR glob ).
156.TP
157GLOB_NOCHECK
| 181.It Dv GLOB_NOCHECK
|
158If
| 182If
|
159.I pattern
| 183.Fa pattern
|
160does not match any pathname, then
| 184does not match any pathname, then
|
161.I glob
| 185.Fn glob
|
162returns a list
163consisting of only
| 186returns a list
187consisting of only
|
164.IR pattern ,
| 188.Fa pattern ,
|
165with the number of total pathnames is set to 1, and the number of matched
166pathnames set to 0.
| 189with the number of total pathnames is set to 1, and the number of matched
190pathnames set to 0.
|
167If
168.I GLOB_QUOTE
169is set, its effect is present in the pattern returned.
170.TP
171GLOB_QUOTE
172Use the backslash (``\e'') character for quoting: every occurrence of
173a backslash followed by a character in the pattern is replaced by that
174character, avoiding any special interpretation of the character.
175.TP
176GLOB_NOMAGIC
177Is the same as GLOB_NOCHECK but it only appends the
178.IR pattern
| 191.It Dv GLOB_NOSORT
192By default, the pathnames are sorted in ascending
193.Tn ASCII
194order;
195this flag prevents that sorting (speeding up
196.Fn glob ) .
197.El
198.Pp
199The following values may also be included in
200.Fa flags ,
201however, they are non-standard extensions to
202.St -p1003.2 .
203.Bl -tag -width GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC
204.It Dv GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC
205The following additional fields in the pglob structure have been
206initialized with alternate functions for glob to use to open, read,
207and close directories and to get stat information on names found
208in those directories.
209.Bd -literal
210 void *(*gl_opendir)(const char * name);
211 struct dirent *(*gl_readdir)(void *);
212 void (*gl_closedir)(void *);
213 int (*gl_lstat)(const char *name, struct stat *st);
214 int (*gl_stat)(const char *name, struct stat *st);
215.Ed
216.Pp
217This extension is provided to allow programs such as
218.Xr restore 8
219to provide globbing from directories stored on tape.
220.It Dv GLOB_BRACE
221Pre-process the pattern string to expand
222.Ql {pat,pat,...}
223strings like
224.Xr csh 1 .
225The pattern
226.Ql {}
227is left unexpanded for historical reasons
228.Po
229.Xr csh 1
230does the same thing to ease typing of
231.Xr find 1
232patterns
233.Pc .
234.It Dv GLOB_MAGCHAR
235Set by the
236.Fn glob
237function if the pattern included globbing characters.
238See the description of the usage of the
239.Fa gl_matchc
240structure member for more details.
241.It Dv GLOB_NOMAGIC
242Is the same as
243.Dv GLOB_NOCHECK
244but it only appends the
245.Fa pattern
|
179if it does not contain any of the special characters ``*'', ``?'' or ``[''.
| 246if it does not contain any of the special characters ``*'', ``?'' or ``[''.
|
180GLOB_NOMAGIC is used to simplify implementing the globbing behavior in
181.IR csh(1).
182.PP
| 247.Dv GLOB_NOMAGIC
248is provided to simplify implementing the historic
249.Xr csh 1
250globbing behavior and should probably not be used anywhere else.
251.It Dv GLOB_NOESCAPE
252Disable the use of the backslash
253.Pq Ql \e
254character for quoting.
255.It Dv GLOB_TILDE
256Expand patterns that start with
257.Ql ~
258to user name home directories.
259.It Dv GLOB_LIMIT
260Limit the amount of memory used by matches to
261.Li ARG_MAX
262This option should be set for programs that can be coerced to a denial of
263service attack via patterns that expand to a very large number of matches,
264such as a long string of
265.Li */../*/..
266.El
267.Pp
|
183If, during the search, a directory is encountered that cannot be opened
184or read and
| 268If, during the search, a directory is encountered that cannot be opened
269or read and
|
185.I errfunc
186is non-NULL,
187.I glob
188calls (*\fIerrfunc\fP)(\fIpath\fP, \fIerrno\fP).
189This may be unintuitive: a pattern like ``*/Makefile'' will try to
190.IR stat (2)
191``foo/Makefile'' even if ``foo'' is not a directory, resulting in a
| 270.Fa errfunc
271is
272.Pf non- Dv NULL ,
273.Fn glob
274calls
275.Fa (*errfunc)(path, errno) .
276This may be unintuitive: a pattern like
277.Ql */Makefile
278will try to
279.Xr stat 2
280.Ql foo/Makefile
281even if
282.Ql foo
283is not a directory, resulting in a
|
192call to
| 284call to
|
193.IR errfunc .
194The error routine can suppress this action by testing for ENOENT and
195ENOTDIR; however, the GLOB_ERR flag will still cause an immediate
| 285.Fa errfunc .
286The error routine can suppress this action by testing for
287.Dv ENOENT
288and
289.Dv ENOTDIR ;
290however, the
291.Dv GLOB_ERR
292flag will still cause an immediate
|
196return when this happens.
| 293return when this happens.
|
197.PP
| 294.Pp
|
198If
| 295If
|
199.I errfunc
| 296.Fa errfunc
|
200returns non-zero,
| 297returns non-zero,
|
201.I glob
| 298.Fn glob
|
202stops the scan and returns
| 299stops the scan and returns
|
203.I GLOB_ABEND
| 300.Dv GLOB_ABORTED
|
204after setting
| 301after setting
|
205.I gl_pathc
| 302.Fa gl_pathc
|
206and
| 303and
|
207.I gl_pathv
| 304.Fa gl_pathv
|
208to reflect any paths already matched.
209This also happens if an error is encountered and
| 305to reflect any paths already matched.
306This also happens if an error is encountered and
|
210.I GLOB_ERR
| 307.Dv GLOB_ERR
|
211is set in
| 308is set in
|
212.IR flags ,
| 309.Fa flags ,
|
213regardless of the return value of
| 310regardless of the return value of
|
214.IR errfunc ,
| 311.Fa errfunc ,
|
215if called.
216If
| 312if called.
313If
|
217.I GLOB_ERR
| 314.Dv GLOB_ERR
|
218is not set and either
| 315is not set and either
|
219.I errfunc
220is NULL or
221.I errfunc
| 316.Fa errfunc
317is
318.Dv NULL
319or
320.Fa errfunc
|
222returns zero, the error is ignored.
| 321returns zero, the error is ignored.
|
223.PP
| 322.Pp
|
224The
| 323The
|
225.I globfree
| 324.Fn globfree
|
226function frees any space associated with
| 325function frees any space associated with
|
227.I pglob
| 326.Fa pglob
|
228from a previous call(s) to
| 327from a previous call(s) to
|
229.IR glob .
230.SH RETURNS
| 328.Fn glob .
329.Pp
330The historical
331.Dv GLOB_QUOTE
332flag is no longer supported.
333Per
334.St -p1003.2-92 ,
335backslash escaping of special characters is the default behaviour;
336it may be disabled by specifying the
337.Dv GLOB_NOESCAPE
338flag.
339.Sh RETURN VALUES
|
231On successful completion,
| 340On successful completion,
|
232.I glob
| 341.Fn glob
|
233returns zero.
234In addition the fields of
| 342returns zero.
343In addition the fields of
|
235.I pglob
| 344.Fa pglob
|
236contain the values described below:
| 345contain the values described below:
|
237.TP
238.I gl_pathc
| 346.Bl -tag -width GLOB_NOCHECK
347.It Fa gl_pathc
|
239contains the total number of matched pathnames so far.
| 348contains the total number of matched pathnames so far.
|
240This includes other matches from previous invocations of
241.I glob
242if
243.I GLOB_APPEND
| 349This includes other matches from previous invocations of
350.Fn glob
351if
352.Dv GLOB_APPEND
|
244was specified.
| 353was specified.
|
245.TP
246.I gl_matchc
| 354.It Fa gl_matchc
|
247contains the number of matched pathnames in the current invocation of
| 355contains the number of matched pathnames in the current invocation of
|
248.I glob.
249.TP
250.I gl_flags
251contains a copy of the
252.I flags
253parameter with the bit GLOB_MAGCHAR set if
254.I pattern
| 356.Fn glob .
357.It Fa gl_flags
358contains a copy of the
359.Fa flags
360parameter with the bit
361.Dv GLOB_MAGCHAR
362set if
363.Fa pattern
|
255contained any of the special characters ``*'', ``?'' or ``['', cleared
256if not.
| 364contained any of the special characters ``*'', ``?'' or ``['', cleared
365if not.
|
257.TP
258.I gl_pathv
259contains a pointer to a NULL-terminated list of matched pathnames.
| 366.It Fa gl_pathv
367contains a pointer to a
368.Dv NULL Ns -terminated
369list of matched pathnames.
|
260However, if
| 370However, if
|
261.I gl_pathc
| 371.Fa gl_pathc
|
262is zero, the contents of
| 372is zero, the contents of
|
263.I gl_pathv
| 373.Fa gl_pathv
|
264are undefined.
| 374are undefined.
|
265.PP
| 375.El
376.Pp
|
266If
| 377If
|
267.I glob
268terminates due to an error, it sets errno and returns one of the
269following non-zero constants, which are defined in the include
270file <glob.h>:
271.TP
272GLOB_NOSPACE
273An attempt to allocate memory failed.
274.TP
275GLOB_ABEND
| 378.Fn glob
379terminates due to an error, it sets
380.Va errno
381and returns one of the following non-zero constants, which are defined
382in the include file
383.Aq Pa glob.h :
384.Bl -tag -width GLOB_ABORTEDXXX
385.It Dv GLOB_ABORTED
|
276The scan was stopped because an error was encountered and either
| 386The scan was stopped because an error was encountered and either
|
277GLOB_ERR was set or (*\fIerrfunc\fR)() returned non-zero.
278.PP
| 387.Dv GLOB_ERR
388was set or
389.Fa (*errfunc)()
390returned non-zero.
391.It Dv GLOB_NOMATCH
392The pattern does not match any existing pathname, and
393.Dv GLOB_NOCHECK
394was not set int
395.Dv flags .
396.It Dv GLOB_NOSPACE
397An attempt to allocate memory failed, or if
398.Va errno
399was 0
400.Li GLOB_LIMIT
401was specified in the flags and
402.Li ARG_MAX
403patterns were matched.
404.El
405.Pp
406The historical
407.Dv GLOB_ABEND
408return constant is no longer supported. Portable applications should use the
409.Dv GLOB_ABORTED
410constant instead.
411.Pp
|
279The arguments
| 412The arguments
|
280.I pglob->gl_pathc
| 413.Fa pglob\->gl_pathc
|
281and
| 414and
|
282.I pglob->gl_pathv
| 415.Fa pglob\->gl_pathv
|
283are still set as specified above.
| 416are still set as specified above.
|
284.SH STANDARDS
285The
286.I glob
287function is expected to be POSIX 1003.2 compatible with the exception
288that the flag
289.I GLOB_QUOTE
290and the fields
291.I gl_matchc
292and
293.I gl_flags
294should not be used by applications striving for strict POSIX conformance.
295.SH EXAMPLE
296A rough equivalent of ``ls -l *.c *.h'' can be obtained with the
| 417.Sh ENVIRONMENT
418.Bl -tag -width HOME -compact
419.It Ev HOME
420If defined, used as the home directory of the current user in
421tilde expansions.
422.El
423.Sh EXAMPLE
424A rough equivalent of
425.Ql "ls -l *.c *.h"
426can be obtained with the
|
297following code:
| 427following code:
|
298.sp
299.nf
300.RS
| 428.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
301glob_t g;
302
303g.gl_offs = 2;
304glob("*.c", GLOB_DOOFFS, NULL, &g);
305glob("*.h", GLOB_DOOFFS | GLOB_APPEND, NULL, &g);
306g.gl_pathv[0] = "ls";
307g.gl_pathv[1] = "-l";
308execvp("ls", g.gl_pathv);
| 429glob_t g;
430
431g.gl_offs = 2;
432glob("*.c", GLOB_DOOFFS, NULL, &g);
433glob("*.h", GLOB_DOOFFS | GLOB_APPEND, NULL, &g);
434g.gl_pathv[0] = "ls";
435g.gl_pathv[1] = "-l";
436execvp("ls", g.gl_pathv);
|
309.RE
310.fi
311.SH SEE ALSO
312sh(1), fnmatch(3), wordexp(3), regexp(3)
313.SH BUGS
314Patterns longer than MAXPATHLEN may cause unchecked errors.
315.PP
316.I Glob
317may fail and set errno for any of the errors specified for the
318library routines
319.I stat (2),
320.I closedir (3),
321.I opendir (3),
322.I readdir (3),
323.I malloc (3),
| 437.Ed
438.Sh SEE ALSO
439.Xr sh 1 ,
440.Xr fnmatch 3 ,
441.Xr regexp 3
442.Sh STANDARDS
443The
444.Fn glob
445function is expected to be
446.St -p1003.2
447compatible with the exception
448that the flags
449.Dv GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC,
450.Dv GLOB_BRACE
451.Dv GLOB_MAGCHAR,
452.Dv GLOB_NOMAGIC,
453.Dv GLOB_TILDE,
|
324and
| 454and
|
325.I free (3).
326
| 455.Dv GLOB_LIMIT
456and the fields
457.Fa gl_matchc
458and
459.Fa gl_flags
460should not be used by applications striving for strict
461.Tn POSIX
462conformance.
463.Sh HISTORY
464The
465.Fn glob
466and
467.Fn globfree
468functions first appeared in
469.Bx 4.4 .
470.Sh BUGS
471Patterns longer than
472.Dv MAXPATHLEN
473may cause unchecked errors.
474.Pp
475The
476.Fn glob
477function may fail and set
478.Va errno
479for any of the errors specified for the library routines
480.Xr stat 2 ,
481.Xr closedir 3 ,
482.Xr opendir 3 ,
483.Xr readdir 3 ,
484.Xr malloc 3 ,
485and
486.Xr free 3 .
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