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1# @(#)europe 7.74
1# @(#)europe 7.78
2
2
3# $FreeBSD: head/share/zoneinfo/europe 67578 2000-10-25 19:36:49Z wollman $
3# $FreeBSD: head/share/zoneinfo/europe 75267 2001-04-06 16:46:52Z wollman $
4
5# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
6# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
7# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
8
9# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
10# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
11# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),

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132# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
133# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
134# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
135# One-hour Summer Time was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
136# See:
137# <a href="http://www.the-times.co.uk/news/pages/tim/2000/05/18/x-timcrtcrt01011.html">
138# Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18)
139# </a>
4
5# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
6# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
7# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
8
9# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
10# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
11# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),

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132# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
133# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
134# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
135# One-hour Summer Time was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
136# See:
137# <a href="http://www.the-times.co.uk/news/pages/tim/2000/05/18/x-timcrtcrt01011.html">
138# Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18)
139# </a>
140# A monument was erected in 1927 to Willett, in an open space in a 45-acre wood
141# near Chiselhurst, Kent that was purchased by popular subscription and open
142# to the public.
140
141# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
142# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
143# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
144# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
145# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
146
147# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):

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161# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
162# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
163
164# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
165# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
166# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
167# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
168
143
144# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
145# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
146# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
147# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
148# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
149
150# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):

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164# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
165# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
166
167# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
168# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
169# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
170# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
171
169# From Joseph S. Meyers (2000-08-10):
172# From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
170# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
171# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
172# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
173# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
174# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
173# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
174# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
175# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
176# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
177# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
175# I've put a copy of the Home Office letter at
178# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
176# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
179# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
177# and the BBC letter may follow if I get permission from the BBC.
178
179# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
180# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
181# which is to be introduced in May....
182# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
183# which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
184
185# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):

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214# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
215# It actually just had one transition.
216# * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
217# Actually, it conformed to Britain.
218# * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
219# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
220# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
221#
180
181# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
182# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
183# which is to be introduced in May....
184# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
185# which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
186
187# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):

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216# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
217# It actually just had one transition.
218# * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
219# Actually, it conformed to Britain.
220# * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
221# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
222# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
223#
222# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks:
224# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks:
223# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
224# to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
225# conform with Great Britain.
226# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
227#
228# The following claim by Shanks is possible though doubtful;
229# we'll ignore it for now.
230# * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.

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400
401# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
402Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
403Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
404Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
405Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
406Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
407Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
225# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
226# to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
227# conform with Great Britain.
228# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
229#
230# The following claim by Shanks is possible though doubtful;
231# we'll ignore it for now.
232# * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.

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402
403# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
404Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
405Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
406Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
407Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
408Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
409Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
410# The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
411# <a href="http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/dat/2000/en_300L0084.html"
412# Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
413# of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
414# </a>
408
409# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
410Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
411Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
412Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
413Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
414Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
415Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -

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583# Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
584# (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
585# pp 8-9.
586# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
587# Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
588# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie <pascal@belnet.be> for these references.
589# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
590# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
415
416# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
417Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
418Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
419Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
420Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
421Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
422Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -

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590# Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
591# (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
592# pp 8-9.
593# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
594# Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
595# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie <pascal@belnet.be> for these references.
596# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
597# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
591#
598#
592# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
593Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
594Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
595Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
596Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
597Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
598Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
599Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -

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765
766# From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
767# via Steffen Thorsen:
768# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
769# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
770# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
771# Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
772# for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
599# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
600Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
601Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
602Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
603Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
604Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
605Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
606Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -

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772
773# From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
774# via Steffen Thorsen:
775# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
776# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
777# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
778# Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
779# for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
773# after that.
780# after that.
774
775# From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
776# Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
777# no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
778# the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
779
780# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
781Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880

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806Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
807# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
808Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
809 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
810 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00
811 2:00 EU EE%sT
812
813# France
781
782# From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
783# Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
784# no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
785# the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
786
787# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
788Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880

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813Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
814# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
815Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
816 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
817 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00
818 2:00 EU EE%sT
819
820# France
821
822# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
814#
823#
824# Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
825# Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
826#
827# Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
828# Paris, 1991
829#
830# Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
831# Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
832
833
834#
815# Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
816# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
817Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
818Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
819Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
820Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
821Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
822Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S

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842Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
843Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
844Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
845Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
846Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
847Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
848Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
849Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
835# Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
836# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
837Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
838Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
839Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
840Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
841Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
842Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S

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862Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
863Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
864Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
865Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
866Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
867Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
868Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
869Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
850# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris,
851# but were used in other places (e.g. Monaco).
870# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks writes
871# that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
872# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
873# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
874# Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Decartes,
875# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
876# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
877# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collognes (Haute-Savioe).
852Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
853# Shanks says this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
854# but go with Denis.Excoffier@ens.fr (1997-12-12),
855# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
856# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
857Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
858Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
859Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S

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868Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
869Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
870# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05,
871# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
872# Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
873# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
874# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
875Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
878Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
879# Shanks says this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
880# but go with Denis.Excoffier@ens.fr (1997-12-12),
881# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
882# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
883Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
884Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
885Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S

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894Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
895Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
896# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05,
897# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
898# Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
899# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
900# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
901Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
876 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
877# Shanks gives 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier's 14/6/40 22hUT.
902 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
903# Shanks gives 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
878 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
904 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
905# Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
906# go with Shanks.
879 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
880 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
881 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
882 1:00 EU CE%sT
883
884# Germany
885
886# From Markus Kuhn <Markus.Kuhn@cl.cam.ac.uk> (1998-09-29):

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1045# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1046Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1047 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1048 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1049 0:00 - GMT
1050
1051# Italy
1052#
907 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
908 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
909 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
910 1:00 EU CE%sT
911
912# Germany
913
914# From Markus Kuhn <Markus.Kuhn@cl.cam.ac.uk> (1998-09-29):

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1073# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1074Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1075 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1076 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1077 0:00 - GMT
1078
1079# Italy
1080#
1081# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1082# Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1083# called ``Palermo Time'' (+0053) and ``Cagliari Time'' (+0038).
1084# During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1085# But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1086# so record only the time in Rome.
1087#
1053# From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06):
1054# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri
1088# From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06):
1089# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri
1055# <a href="http://pisolo.cstv.to.cnr.it/toi/uk/ienitlt.html">
1090# <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html">
1056# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (1996-03-14)
1057# </a>
1058# (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1059# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1060#
1061# year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1062# 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1063# 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s

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1161# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1162
1163# From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1164# This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1165# <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm">
1166# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1167# 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).
1168
1091# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (1996-03-14)
1092# </a>
1093# (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1094# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1095#
1096# year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1097# 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1098# 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s

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1196# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1197
1198# From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1199# This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1200# <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm">
1201# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1202# 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).
1203
1204# <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html">
1205# From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1206# </a>
1207# The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1208# institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1209# Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1210# clocks one hour in the spring....
1211# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
1212# daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1213# Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1214# time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1215# urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1216# appears that they will not do so....
1217
1169# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1170Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1171Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1172# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1173Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1174 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1175 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1176 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1177 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1178 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1179 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1180 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1181 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1182 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1183 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1184 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1185 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1218# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1219Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1220Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1221# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1222Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1223 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1224 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1225 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1226 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1227 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1228 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1229 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1230 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1231 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1232 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1233 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1234 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1186 2:00 - EET
1235 2:00 - EET 2001
1236 2:00 EU EE%sT
1187
1188# Liechtenstein
1189# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1190Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1191 1:00 - CET 1981
1192 1:00 EU CE%sT
1193
1194# Lithuania

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1203
1204# From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
1205# via Steffen Thorsen:
1206# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1207# to be valid here starting from October 31,
1208# as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1209# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1210# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1237
1238# Liechtenstein
1239# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1240Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1241 1:00 - CET 1981
1242 1:00 EU CE%sT
1243
1244# Lithuania

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1253
1254# From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
1255# via Steffen Thorsen:
1256# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1257# to be valid here starting from October 31,
1258# as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1259# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1260# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1211# already done by Estonia.
1261# already done by Estonia.
1212
1213# From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm">
1214# Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1215# </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1216
1217# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1218Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1219 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time

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1281Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta
1282 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1283 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1284 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1285 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1286 1:00 EU CE%sT
1287
1288# Moldova
1262
1263# From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm">
1264# Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1265# </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1266
1267# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1268Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1269 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time

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1331Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta
1332 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1333 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1334 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1335 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1336 1:00 EU CE%sT
1337
1338# Moldova
1339
1340# From Paul Eggert (2001-02-11):
1341# A previous version of this database followed Shanks, who writes that
1342# Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1343# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1344# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1345# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1346# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1347# But moldavizolit@tirastel.md and mk@tirastel.md separately reported via
1348# Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1349# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1350
1289# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1290Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1291 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1292 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1293 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1294 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1295 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1296 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1297 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
1298 2:00 - EET 1991
1299 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1300 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1301# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1302 2:00 EU EE%sT
1351# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1352Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1353 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1354 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1355 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1356 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1357 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1358 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1359 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
1360 2:00 - EET 1991
1361 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1362 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1363# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1364 2:00 EU EE%sT
1303Zone Europe/Tiraspol 1:58:32 - LMT 1880
1304 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1305 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1306 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1307 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1308 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1309 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
1310 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00
1311 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD
1312
1313# Monaco
1314# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21.
1315# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1316Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1317 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1318 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1319 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1320 1:00 EU CE%sT
1321
1322# Netherlands
1323# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1324# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1365
1366# Monaco
1367# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21.
1368# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1369Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1370 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1371 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1372 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1373 1:00 EU CE%sT
1374
1375# Netherlands
1376# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1377# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1378# The data before 1945 is taken from
1379# <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>.
1325# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1380# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1326# Shanks gives 1916 Apr 30 24:00 and 1916 Oct 1 00:00; go with Whitman.
1327Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1328Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1381Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1382Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1329Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1330Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1383Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1384Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1331# Whitman gives 1918 Apr 14, 1918 Oct 31, and 1921 Sep 28; go with Shanks.
1332Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1385Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1333Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep Mon>=24 2:00s 0 AMT
1334Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 NST
1335# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1386Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 AMT
1387Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1336Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1388Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1337Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun 1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1338Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 NST
1339# Whitman gives 1925 Apr 5; go with Shanks.
1340Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun 5 2:00s 1:00 NST
1341# For 1926 through 1930 Whitman gives Apr 15; go with Shanks.
1389Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1390Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1391Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1342Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1343Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1344Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1345Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1346Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1347Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1392Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1393Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1394Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1395Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1396Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1397Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1348# Whitman gives 1939 Apr 15 and 1940 Apr 19; go with Shanks.
1349Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1350Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1398Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1399Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1351Rule Neth 1945 only - May 20 2:00s 0 -
1400Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1352# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1353Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:28 - LMT 1892 May
1354 0:19:28 Neth %s 1937 Jul
1401# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1402Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:28 - LMT 1892 May
1403 0:19:28 Neth %s 1937 Jul
1355 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:40
1404 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 17 0:00
1356 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1357 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1358 1:00 EU CE%sT
1359
1360# Norway
1361# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1362# Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks.
1363Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S

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1578# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
1579# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
1580#
1581# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-10-30):
1582# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
1583# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
1584# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
1585#
1405 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1406 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1407 1:00 EU CE%sT
1408
1409# Norway
1410# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1411# Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks.
1412Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S

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1627# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
1628# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
1629#
1630# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-10-30):
1631# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
1632# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
1633# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
1634#
1635# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
1636# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
1637# News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
1638# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
1639# the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
1640# enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
1641#
1586# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1587Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
1588 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1589 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
1590 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1591 2:00 Russia EE%sT
1592Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
1593 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time

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1643Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
1644 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1645 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
1646 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1647 2:00 Russia EE%sT
1648Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
1649 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time

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