1# <pre>
2# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
3# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
4
5# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
6# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
7# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).
8
9# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
10# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
11# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
12# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
13#
14# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
15# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
16# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
17# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
18# of the IATA's data after 1990.
19#
20# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
21# entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
22#
23# Other sources occasionally used include:
24#
25# Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
26# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
27# which I found in the UCLA library.
28#
29# <a href="http://www.pettswoodvillage.co.uk/Daylight_Savings_William_Willett.pdf">
30# William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
31# </a> (1914-03)
32#
33# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
34# <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>. He writes:
35# "It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
36# may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
37# Savile Row, London." Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
38#
39# Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
40# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
41# History of Summer Time
42# </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
43
44#
45# I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
46# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
47# Corrections are welcome!
48# std dst 2dst
49# LMT Local Mean Time
50# -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
51# -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
52# -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
53# 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
54# 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
55# 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
56# 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
57# 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
58# 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
59# 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
60# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
61# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
62#
63# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
64# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
65
66# From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
67# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
68# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
69# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
70# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
71# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
72# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
73# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
74# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
75# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
76# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
77# ...
78# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
79# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
80# ...
81# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
82# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
83# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
84# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
85# in the Directive.
86
87
88###############################################################################
89
90# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
91
92# From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
93#
94# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
95# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
96# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
97# of the text said:
98#
99# 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
100# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
101# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
102# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
103# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
104# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
105# along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
106#
107# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
108# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
109# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
110#
111# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
112
113# From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
114#
115# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
116# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
117# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
118# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
119# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
120# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
121# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
122# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
123# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
124# adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
125# The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
126# and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
127# railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
128# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
129# on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
130# one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
131# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
132# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
133# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
134# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
135#
136# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
137# transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
138# about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
139
140# From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27):
141# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
142# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
143# who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
144# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
145# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
146# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
147# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
148# Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
149# it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
150# See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
151# A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
152# a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
153# subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
154# designed by G. W. Miller, is the...William Willett Memorial Sundial,
155# which is permanently set to Summer Time.
156
157# From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
158# It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
159# summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
160# between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
161# plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
162# foundations of civilization throughout the world.
163# -- <a href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/fh114willett.htm">
164# "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly
165# </a>
166
167# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
168# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
169# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
170# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
171# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".
172
173# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
174#
175# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
176# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
177
178# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
179# From: Jonathan Leffler
180# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
181# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
182# politics making a fortune, not computing.
183
184# From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
185# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
186# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
187# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
188# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
189
190# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
191# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
192# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
193# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
194
195# From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
196# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
197# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
198# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
199# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
200# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
201# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
202# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
203
204# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
205# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
206# which is to be introduced in May....
207# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
208# which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
209
210# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
211# Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common
212# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
213# so we use 'BDST'.
214
215# Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
216# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
217# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
218# and extending this list, which can be found in
219# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/
220# <a href="http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/">
221# History of legal time in Britain
222# </a>
223# Rob Crowther (2012-01-04) reports that that URL no longer
224# exists, and the article can now be found at:
225# <a href="http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/">
226# http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
227# </a>
228
229# From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
230#
231# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
232# see Lord Tanlaw's speech
233# <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
234# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
235# </a>.
236
237# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
238#
239# For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
240#
241# Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
242# are incorrect:
243# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
244# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
245# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
246# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
247# It actually just had one transition.
248# * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
249# Actually, it conformed to Britain.
250# * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
251# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
252# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
253#
254# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
255# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
256# to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
257# conform with Great Britain.
258# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
259#
260# The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
261# we'll ignore it for now.
262# * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
263#
264#
265# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
266# Shanks & Pottenger.
267# Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
268# (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
269# to London. For example:
270#
271# "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
272# -- James Joyce, Ulysses
273
274# From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
275# Irish laws are available online at www.irishstatutebook.ie. These include
276# various relating to legal time, for example:
277#
278# ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
279#
280# ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
281# ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
282#
283# ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
284# ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
285# ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
286#
287# ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
288# ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
289# ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
290#
291# [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
292# <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
293#
294# (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
295# should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
296# the laws applicable in Ireland.)
297#
298# (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
299# in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
300# is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
301# being GMT+1.)
302
303# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
304# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
305# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
306# (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
307# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
308# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
309# and Frethun run in CT.
310# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
311# the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
312# and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
313# If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
314# I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
315# This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
316
317# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
318# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
319# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
320# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
321# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
322# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
323# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
324
325# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
326# Summer Time Act, 1916
327Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
328Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
329# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
330Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
331Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
332# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
333Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
334Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
335# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
336Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
337Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
338# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
339Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
340# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
341Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
342# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
343Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
344Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
345# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
346Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
347Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
348# The Summer Time Act, 1922
349Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
350Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
351Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
352Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
353# The Summer Time Act, 1925
354Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
355Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
356Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
357Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
358Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
359Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
360Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
361Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
362Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
363Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
364Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
365# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
366Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
367# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
368Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
369# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
370Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
371Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
372# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
373Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
374# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
375Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
376# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
377Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
378Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
379# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
380Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
381Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
382# The Summer Time Act, 1947
383Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
384Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
385Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
386Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
387# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
388Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
389Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
390# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
391Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
392Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
393# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
394# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
395# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
396Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
397Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
398# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
399Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
400Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
401Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
402Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
403Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
404Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
405Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
406# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
407# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
408# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
409Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
410Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
411# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
412# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
413# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
414Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
415# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
416Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
417# The British Standard Time Act, 1968
418# (no summer time)
419# The Summer Time Act, 1972
420Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
421Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
422# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
423# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
424# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
425# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
426Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
427Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
428# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
429# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
430# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
431Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
432# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
433# See EU for rules starting in 1996.
434#
435# Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
436
437# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
438Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
439 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
440 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
441 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
442 0:00 EU GMT/BST
443Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
444Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
445Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
446Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
447 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
448 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
449 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
450 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
451 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
452 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
453 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
454 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
455 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
456 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
457 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
458 0:00 EU GMT/IST
459
460###############################################################################
461
462# Europe
463
464# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
465# Common Market, etc.
466
467# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
468Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
469Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
470Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
471Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
472Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
473Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
474# The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
475# <a="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT">
476# Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
477# of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
478# </a>
479
480# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
481Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
482Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
483Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
484Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
485Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
486Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
487
488# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
489# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
490Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
491Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
492Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
493Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
494Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
495Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
496Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
497Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
498Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
499# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
500Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
501# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
502#
503# I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
504# in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
505# corrected in version 2008d). The circumstancial evidence is simply the
506# tz database itself, as seen below:
507#
508# Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
509# 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
510#
511# Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
512# 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
513#
514# Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
515# 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
516#
517# Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
518# Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
519# Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
520#
521# The rule line to be changed is:
522#
523# Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 -
524#
525# It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
526# 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time. However there are no
527# countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
528# affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms
529# CET and MET:
530#
531# Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
532# Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
533#
534# It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
535#
536# Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
537#
538# A small step for mankind though 8-)
539Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
540Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
541Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
542Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
543Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
544Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
545Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
546
547# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
548Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
549Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
550Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
551Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
552Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
553Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
554
555# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
556Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
557Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
558Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
559Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
560Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
561Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
562Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
563Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
564Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
565Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
566Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
567# Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
568Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
569Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
570# Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
571# Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
572Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
573Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
574#
575Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
576Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
577Rule Russia 1993 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
578Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
579Rule Russia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
580
581# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
582# According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
583# signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
584# According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
585#
586# Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
587# <a href="http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583">
588# http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
589# </a>
590#
591# Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
592# <a href="http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html">
593# http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
594# </a>
595
596# From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
597# Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
598# to be standard.
599
600# These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
601
602# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
603Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
604Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
605Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
606Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
607
608# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
609# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
610
611# From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
612# The official German names ... are
613#
614# Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
615# Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
616#
617# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
618# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
619# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
620#
621# Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
622# Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
623# Postfach 3345
624# D-38023 Braunschweig
625# phone: +49 531 592-0
626#
627# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
628# department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
629# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
630#
631# Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
632# Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
633
634
635# Albania
636# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
637Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
638Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
639Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
640Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
641Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
642Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
643Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
644Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
645Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
646Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
647Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
648Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
649Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
650Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
651Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
652Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
653Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
654Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
655Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
656Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
657Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
658Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
659Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
660Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
661Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
662# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
663Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
664 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
665 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
666 1:00 EU CE%sT
667
668# Andorra
669# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
670Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
671 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
672 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
673 1:00 EU CE%sT
674
675# Austria
676
677# Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21.
678
679# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
680# 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
681# Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
682# date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
683# Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV,
684# and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
685
686# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
687Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
688Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
689Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
690Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
691Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
692Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
693Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
694Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
695# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
696Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:21 - LMT 1893 Apr
697 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
698 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
699 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
700 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
701 1:00 - CET 1946
702 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
703 1:00 EU CE%sT
704
705# Belarus
706# From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
707# By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
708# GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
709#
710# Sources (Russian language):
711# 1.
712# <a href="http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html">
713# http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
714# </a>
715# 2.
716# <a href="http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/">
717# http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
718# </a>
719# 3.
720# <a href="http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html">
721# http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
722# </a>
723# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
724Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
725 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
726 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
727 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
728 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
729 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
730 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
731 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
732 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
733 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
734 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
735 3:00 - FET # Further-eastern European Time
736
737# Belgium
738#
739# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
740# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
741# Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
742# Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
743# (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
744# pp 8-9.
745# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
746# Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
747# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
748# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
749# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
750#
751# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
752Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
753Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
754Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
755Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
756Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
757Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
758Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
759Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
760Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
761Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
762Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
763Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
764# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
765# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
766# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
767# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
768Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
769Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
770Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
771Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
772Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
773Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
774Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
775Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
776Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
777Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
778Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
779Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
780Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
781Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
782Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
783Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
784Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
785Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
786Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
787Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
788Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
789Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
790# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
791Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
792 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
793 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
794 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
795 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
796 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
797 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
798 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
799 1:00 EU CE%sT
800
801# Bosnia and Herzegovina
802# See Europe/Belgrade.
803
804# Bulgaria
805#
806# From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
807# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
808# EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
809# EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
810#
811# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
812Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
813Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
814Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S
815Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
816Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
817# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
818Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
819 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
820 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
821 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
822 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00
823 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
824 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
825 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
826 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
827 2:00 EU EE%sT
828
829# Croatia
830# See Europe/Belgrade.
831
832# Cyprus
833# Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
834
835# Czech Republic
836# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
837Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
838Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
839Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
840Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
841Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
842Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
843Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
844# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
845Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
846 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
847 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
848 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
849 1:00 EU CE%sT
850# Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.
851
852# Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
853
854# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
855# http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
856# [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
857# The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
858# confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
859#
860# The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
861# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
862#
863# This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
864# in subsequenet decrees with the law
865# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
866#
867# It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
868# not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
869# changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
870# 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
871# the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
872# when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
873# confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
874# The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
875# working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
876# was suspended on that night):
877# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
878
879# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
880# The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
881# Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
882
883# From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
884# Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
885# wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
886
887# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
888Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
889Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
890Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
891Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
892Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
893Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
894Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
895Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
896Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
897Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
898Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
899#
900# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
901Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
902 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
903 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
904 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
905 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
906 1:00 EU CE%sT
907Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
908 0:00 - WET 1981
909 0:00 EU WE%sT
910#
911# From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
912# During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
913# East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
914# My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
915#
916# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
917# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
918# and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
919# rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthab
920# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
921# rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
922
923# From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
924# <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
925# and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
926#
927# Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
928# is according to the following time line:
929#
930# The military zone near Thule UTC-4
931# Standard Greenland time UTC-3
932# Scoresbysund UTC-1
933# Danmarkshavn UTC
934#
935# In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
936# introduced.
937
938# From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
939#
940# I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
941# the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
942# not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
943# info from earlier correspondence.]
944#
945# According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
946# Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
947# savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
948#
949# The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
950# uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
951# There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
952# Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
953# email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
954# Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
955# DPC research station at Zackenberg.
956#
957# Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
958# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab).
959#
960# The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it
961# includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
962# UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
963#
964# It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
965# North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
966# maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
967# this area is that it sticks with Godthab time. This area might be
968# considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
969
970# From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
971# I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
972# there at 2:00 AM.
973
974# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
975# From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
976# the 1995 map as like Godthab.
977# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.
978# startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
979# so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
980# For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
981#
982# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
983Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
984Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
985Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
986Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
987Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
988Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
989#
990# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
991Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
992 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
993 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996
994 0:00 - GMT
995Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
996 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
997 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
998 -1:00 EU EG%sT
999Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
1000 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1001 -3:00 EU WG%sT
1002Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
1003 -4:00 Thule A%sT
1004
1005# Estonia
1006# From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
1007# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1008# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1009# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1010#
1011# From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
1012# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
1013# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
1014# "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
1015# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1016# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1017# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1018# human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1019# summer time next spring."
1020
1021# From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
1022# <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
1023# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
1024# </a>
1025# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
1026# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
1027#
1028# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
1029# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
1030# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
1031
1032# From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
1033# via Steffen Thorsen:
1034# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
1035# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
1036# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
1037# Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
1038# for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
1039# after that.
1040
1041# From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
1042# Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
1043# no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
1044# the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
1045
1046# From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
1047# The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
1048# Now we are using again EU rules.
1049#
1050# From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28):
1051# The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
1052
1053# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1054Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1055 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1056 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1057 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1058 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1059 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1060 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1061 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1062 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1063 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
1064 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
1065 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
1066 2:00 EU EE%sT
1067
1068# Finland
1069
1070# From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1071# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1072# and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1073
1074# From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15):
1075#
1076# I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
1077# During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
1078# earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
1079# according to the central European standards.
1080#
1081# This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
1082# Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
1083# Finnish) at
1084#
1085# <a href="http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf">
1086# http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
1087# </a>
1088#
1089# Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
1090# transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
1091#
1092# This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
1093#
1094# <a href="http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401">
1095# http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
1096# </a>
1097#
1098# The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
1099# exist tonight."
1100
1101# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1102Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
1103Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1104Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1105Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1106# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1107Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
1108 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1109 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1983
1110 2:00 EU EE%sT
1111
1112# Aaland Is
1113Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
1114
1115
1116# France
1117
1118# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
1119#
1120# Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
1121# Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1122#
1123# Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
1124# Paris, 1991
1125#
1126# Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
1127# Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
1128
1129
1130#
1131# Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1132# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1133Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1134Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1135Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1136Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1137Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1138Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1139Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1140Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1141Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1142Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1143# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1144# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1145# were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1146Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1147Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1148Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1149Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1150Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1151Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1152Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1153Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1154Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1155Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1156Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1157Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1158Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1159Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1160Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1161Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1162Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1163Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1164Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1165Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1166# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1167# write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1168# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
1169# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
1170# Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
1171# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1172# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
1173# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
1174Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1175# Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1176# but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1177# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1178# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1179Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1180Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1181Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1182Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1183Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1184Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1185Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1186Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1187Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1188# Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1189# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1190Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1191Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1192# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1193# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1194# Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1195# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1196# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1197Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1198 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1199# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1200 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1201# Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1202# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1203 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1204 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1205 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1206 1:00 EU CE%sT
1207
1208# Germany
1209
1210# From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1211# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1212# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1213# [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1214
1215# From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1216# In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1217# <a href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/">
1218# General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>.
1219
1220# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1221# <a href="http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf">
1222# http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
1223# </a>
1224# says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1225# However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1226# this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
1227
1228
1229# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1230Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1231Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1232Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1233# http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1234# occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1235# Go with the PTB.
1236Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S
1237Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1238Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1239Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1240Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1241
1242Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1243Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1244Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1245
1246# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1247Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1248 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00
1249 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946
1250 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1251 1:00 EU CE%sT
1252
1253# From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
1254# Busingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton
1255# Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
1256# (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
1257# DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
1258# which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
1259#
1260# Source for the time in Busingen 1980:
1261# http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
1262
1263# From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
1264# Busingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
1265
1266Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Busingen
1267
1268# Georgia
1269# Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1270# Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1271# is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1272
1273# Gibraltar
1274# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1275Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s
1276 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1277 1:00 - CET 1982
1278 1:00 EU CE%sT
1279
1280# Greece
1281# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1282# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1283Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1284Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1285# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1286Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1287# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1288Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1289Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1290Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1291# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1292Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1293Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1294Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1295Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1296Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1297Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1298Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1299Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1300Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1301Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1302Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1303Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1304Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1305# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1306Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1307 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1308 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1309 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1310 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1311 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1312 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1313 2:00 EU EE%sT
1314
1315# Hungary
1316# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1317Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1318Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1319Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1320Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1321Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
1322Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1323Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1324Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1325Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1326Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1327Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1328Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1329Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1330Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1331Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1332Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1333Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1334Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1335Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1336Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1337# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1338Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1339 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1340 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1341 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1342 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1343 1:00 EU CE%sT
1344
1345# Iceland
1346#
1347# From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1348# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1349#
1350# (1993-12-05):
1351# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1352# Iceland Almanak.
1353#
1354# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1355# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1356# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1357# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1358#
1359# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1360# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1361# time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1362# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1363#
1364# (1993-12-10):
1365# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1366# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1367# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1368# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1369# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1370# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1371# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1372# might mean something else (???).
1373#
1374# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1375# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks & Pottenger, and Whitman disagree on many points.
1376# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks & Pottenger, namely
1377# that Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1378#
1379# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1380Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1381Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1382Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1383Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1384Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1385Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1386Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1387Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1388Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1389Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1390Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1391# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1392Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1393Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1394# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1395Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1396# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1397Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1398Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1399Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1400# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1401Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1402 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1403 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1404 0:00 - GMT
1405
1406# Italy
1407#
1408# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1409# Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1410# called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1411# During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1412# But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1413# so record only the time in Rome.
1414#
1415# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1416# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and
1417# F. Pollastri
1418# <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html">
1419# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)
1420# </a>
1421# ('FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1422# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1423#
1424# year FP Shanks&P. (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1425# 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1426# 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1427# 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1428# 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1429# 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1430# 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1431# 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1432# 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1433# 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1434# 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1435# 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1436# 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1437# 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1438# 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1439# 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1440#
1441# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1442Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1443Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1444Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1445Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1446Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1447Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1448Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1449Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1450Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1451Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1452Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1453Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1454Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1455Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1456Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1457Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1458Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1459Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1460Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1461Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1462Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1463Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1464Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1465Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1466Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1467Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1468Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1469Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1470Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1471Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1472Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1473Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1474Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1475Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1476Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1477Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1478# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1479Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1480 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov 1 0:00s # Rome Mean
1481 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1482 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1483 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1484 1:00 EU CE%sT
1485
1486Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1487Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1488
1489# Latvia
1490
1491# From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1492
1493# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1494# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1495# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1496# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1497#
1498# Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1499# according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1500# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1501# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1502# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1503#
1504# Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1505# according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1506# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1507# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1508# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1509# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1510#
1511# Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1512# according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1513# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1514# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1515# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1516# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1517# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1518# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1519# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1520# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1521#
1522# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1523# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1524# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1525
1526# From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1527# This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1528# <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm">
1529# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1530# 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).
1531
1532# <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html">
1533# From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1534# </a>
1535# The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1536# institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1537# Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1538# clocks one hour in the spring....
1539# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
1540# daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1541# Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1542# time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1543# urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1544# appears that they will not do so....
1545
1546# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1547Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1548Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1549# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1550Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1551 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1552 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1553 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1554 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1555 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1556 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1557 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1558 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1559 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1560 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1561 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1562 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1563 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1564 2:00 EU EE%sT
1565
1566# Liechtenstein
1567
1568# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09):
1569# Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich.
1570
1571# From Alois Treindl (2013-09-18):
1572# http://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/LIJ/1978/1938-1978/1941.pdf
1573# ... confirms on p. 6 that Liechtenstein followed Switzerland in 1941 and 1942.
1574# I ... translate only the last two paragraphs:
1575# ... during second world war, in the years 1941 and 1942, Liechtenstein
1576# introduced daylight saving time, adapting to Switzerland. From 1943 on
1577# central European time was in force throughout the year.
1578# From a report of the duke's government to the high council,
1579# regarding the introduction of a time law, of 31 May 1977.
1580
1581Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz
1582
1583
1584# Lithuania
1585
1586# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1587# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1588# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1589
1590# From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1591# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1592# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1593
1594# From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
1595# via Steffen Thorsen:
1596# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1597# to be valid here starting from October 31,
1598# as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1599# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1600# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1601# already done by Estonia.
1602
1603# From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm">
1604# Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1605# </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1606
1607# From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1608# As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1609# observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1610# down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1611# neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1612# 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1613# http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1614
1615
1616# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1617Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1618 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1619 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1620 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1621 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1622 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1623 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1624 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1625 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1626 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1627 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1628 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1629 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1630 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1631 2:00 EU EE%sT
1632
1633# Luxembourg
1634# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
1635# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1636# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1637Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1638Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1639Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1640Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1641Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1642Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1643Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1644Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1645Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1646Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1647Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1648Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1649Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1650Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1651Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1652Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1653Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1654Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1655Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1656Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1657Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1658Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1659Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1660# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1661Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1662 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1663 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1664 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1665 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1666 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1667 1:00 EU CE%sT
1668
1669# Macedonia
1670# See Europe/Belgrade.
1671
1672# Malta
1673# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1674Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1675Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1676Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1677Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1678Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1679Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1680Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1681# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1682Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta
1683 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1684 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1685 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1686 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1687 1:00 EU CE%sT
1688
1689# Moldova
1690
1691# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1692# A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1693# that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1694# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1695# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1696# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1697# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1698# But [two people] separately reported via
1699# Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1700# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1701#
1702# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
1703# Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
1704# "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
1705# to the Winter Time).
1706#
1707# News (in Russian):
1708# <a href="http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html">
1709# http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
1710# </a>
1711#
1712# <a href="http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html">
1713# http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
1714# </a>
1715#
1716# The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
1717# is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
1718#
1719# From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
1720# In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
1721# a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
1722#
1723# (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
1724#
1725# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
1726# NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
1727# As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
1728# decision to abolish DST this winter.
1729# Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
1730# Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
1731# News from Moldova (in russian):
1732# <a href="http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html">
1733# http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
1734# </a>
1735
1736
1737# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1738Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1739 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1740 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1741 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1742 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1743 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1744 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1745 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
1746 2:00 - EET 1991
1747 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1748 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1749# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1750 2:00 EU EE%sT
1751
1752# Monaco
1753# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
1754# more precise 0:09:21.
1755# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1756Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1757 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1758 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1759 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1760 1:00 EU CE%sT
1761
1762# Montenegro
1763# See Europe/Belgrade.
1764
1765# Netherlands
1766
1767# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1768# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1769
1770# However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1771# Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1772# Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1773# the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1774# (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1775# common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1776# not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1777# On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1778# was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1779#
1780# (2001-04-08):
1781# 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1782# observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1783# practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1784#
1785# (2001-04-09):
1786# In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1787# municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1788# Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1789# actually followed.
1790#
1791# From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1792# observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1793# Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1794# places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1795# adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1796#
1797# Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1798# of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1799# was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1800# Amsterdam mean time.
1801
1802# The data before 1945 are taken from
1803# <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>.
1804
1805# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1806Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1807Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1808Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1809Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1810Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1811Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1812Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1813Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1814Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1815Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1816Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1817# From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1818# in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1819Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1820Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1821Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1822Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1823Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1824Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1825Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1826Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1827Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1828#
1829# Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1830# below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1831# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1832Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1833 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1834 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1835 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1836 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1837 1:00 EU CE%sT
1838
1839# Norway
1840# http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
1841# Pottenger.
1842# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1843Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1844Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1845Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1846Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1847Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1848Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1849Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1850# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1851Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1852 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1853 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1854 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1855 1:00 EU CE%sT
1856
1857# Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1858
1859# From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1860# Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1861# Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1862# time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
1863# as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1864# Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1865# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and
1866# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation
1867# for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1868# into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1869# part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1870# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been
1871# able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1872# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by
1873# Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1874# since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1875# before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1876# between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1877
1878# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
1879#
1880# Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1881# so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
1882# keeping Berlin time.
1883#
1884# <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1885# burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1886# 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1887# frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
1888# radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
1889# the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1890# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1891#
1892# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1893# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1894# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
1895# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1896# expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
1897# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1898# <http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html>
1899# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1900# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1901#
1902# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo
1903# for these regions.
1904Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1905
1906# Poland
1907# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1908Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1909Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1910Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
1911# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1912Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1913# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1914Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1915Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1916# For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
1917# Torun Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
1918# <http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1>
1919# Thanks to Przemyslaw Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
1920# He also gives these further references:
1921# Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
1922# Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
1923Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
1924Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1925Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1926Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1927Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1928Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1929Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1930Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1931Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1932Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1933Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1934Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1935Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1936Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1937# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1938Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1939 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1940 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1941 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1942 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1943 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1944 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
1945 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
1946 1:00 EU CE%sT
1947
1948# Portugal
1949#
1950# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
1951# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1952# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1953#
1954# Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1955# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1956# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1957#
1958# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1959# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1960# at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1961# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1962# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1963# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1964# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1965#
1966# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1967# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
1968# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
1969# Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1970Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1971# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1972Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1973Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1974Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1975Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1976Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1977Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1978Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1979Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1980Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1981Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1982Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1983Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1984Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1985Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1986Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1987# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1988Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1989Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1990Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1991# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1992Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1993# Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1994Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1995Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1996# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1997Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1998Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1999Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2000# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2001Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
2002Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
2003# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
2004Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
2005Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2006Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
2007Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2008Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
2009Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
2010Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
2011Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
2012Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
2013Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
2014Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2015Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2016Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2017# Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
2018# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2019Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2020Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2021Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
2022Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
2023Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
2024Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
2025Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2026Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2027Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2028Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2029# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2030# Shanks & Pottenger say the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24;
2031# Willett says 1912-01-01. Go with Willett.
2032Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
2033 -0:36:32 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time
2034 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2035 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
2036 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2037 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2038 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
2039 0:00 EU WE%sT
2040Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
2041 -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
2042 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
2043 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2044 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2045 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
2046 -1:00 EU AZO%sT
2047Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
2048 -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
2049 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
2050 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2051 0:00 EU WE%sT
2052
2053# Romania
2054#
2055# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
2056# <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html">
2057# Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
2058# 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
2059# assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
2060# the same year as Bulgaria.
2061#
2062# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2063Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
2064Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
2065Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
2066Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
2067Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2068Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
2069Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2070Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2071Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
2072# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2073Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
2074 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
2075 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
2076 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2077 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
2078 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
2079 2:00 EU EE%sT
2080
2081# Russia
2082
2083# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
2084# Based on last Russian Government Decree # 725 on August 31, 2011
2085# (Government document
2086# <a href="http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/">
2087# http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
2088# </a>
2089# in Russian)
2090# there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
2091# All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
2092# by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
2093# <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm">
2094# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
2095# </a>
2096
2097# From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
2098# Scans of [Decree #23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
2099# <a href="http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966">
2100# http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
2101# They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
2102
2103# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2104# Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
2105# changed in September 2011:
2106#
2107# One source is
2108# < a href="http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/>
2109# http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
2110# </a>
2111# which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
2112# 2011 No 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
2113#
2114# Another source is
2115# <a href="http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html">
2116# http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
2117# </a>
2118# which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
2119# Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
2120# contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
2121# in the 'RG' - Federal Issue number 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
2122# does not contain any "effective date" information.
2123#
2124# Another source is
2125# <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7">
2126# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
2127# </a>
2128# which, in note 8, contains "Resolution #725 of August 31, 2011...
2129# Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2130# but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
2131#
2132# The Wikipedia article refers to
2133# <a href="http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896">
2134# http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
2135# </a>
2136# which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
2137#
2138# Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
2139# "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2140# with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to get
2141# September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias Conradi notes).
2142#
2143# None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
2144#
2145# Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
2146
2147# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2148# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
2149# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
2150# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
2151# except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
2152# 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
2153#
2154# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2155# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
2156# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
2157# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
2158# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
2159#
2160# From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
2161# 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
2162# UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
2163# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
2164# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
2165#
2166# From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
2167# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
2168# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
2169# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
2170#
2171# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
2172# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
2173# News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
2174# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
2175# the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
2176# enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
2177#
2178# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
2179# There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
2180# UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
2181# SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
2182# until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
2183# since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
2184# administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
2185# remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
2186#
2187# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2188#
2189# Kaliningradskaya oblast'.
2190Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
2191 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2192 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
2193 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2194 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2195 3:00 - FET # Further-eastern European Time
2196#
2197# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2198# Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast',
2199# Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',
2200# Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',
2201# Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,
2202# Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,
2203# Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,
2204# Respublika Kareliya, Respublika Komi,
2205# Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',
2206# Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,
2207# Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',
2208# Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,
2209# Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',
2210# Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',
2211# Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg,
2212# Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',
2213# Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,
2214# Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',
2215# Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',
2216# Yaroslavskaya oblast'
2217Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
2218 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
2219 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2220 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2221 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2222 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2223 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2224 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2225 4:00 - MSK
2226#
2227# Astrakhanskaya oblast', Kirovskaya oblast', Saratovskaya oblast',
2228# Volgogradskaya oblast'. Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400
2229# but Wikipedia (2006-05-09) says +0300. Perhaps it switched after the
2230# others? But we have no data.
2231Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3
2232 3:00 - TSAT 1925 Apr 6 # Tsaritsyn Time
2233 3:00 - STAT 1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time
2234 4:00 - STAT 1961 Nov 11
2235 4:00 Russia VOL%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Volgograd T
2236 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2237 4:00 - VOLT 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2238 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2239 4:00 - VOLT
2240#
2241# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2242# Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika
2243Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2244 3:00 - SAMT 1930 Jun 21
2245 4:00 - SAMT 1935 Jan 27
2246 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev
2247 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2248 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2249 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
2250 4:00 Russia SAM%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s # Samara Time
2251 3:00 Russia SAM%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2252 4:00 - SAMT
2253
2254#
2255# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2256# Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,
2257# Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',
2258# Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',
2259# Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',
2260# Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2261Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
2262 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
2263 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2264 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2265 5:00 Russia YEK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2266 6:00 - YEKT # Yekaterinburg Time
2267#
2268# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2269# Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.
2270Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
2271 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
2272 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2273 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2274 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2275 7:00 - OMST
2276#
2277# From Paul Eggert (2006-08-19): I'm guessing about Tomsk here; it's
2278# not clear when it switched from +7 to +6.
2279# Novosibirskaya oblast', Tomskaya oblast'.
2280Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
2281 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
2282 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2283 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2284 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
2285 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2286 7:00 - NOVT
2287
2288# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
2289# Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
2290# March 28, 2010:
2291# from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
2292# to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
2293#
2294# This is according to Government of Russia decree # 740, on September
2295# 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
2296# time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
2297#
2298# Russian Government web site (Russian language)
2299# <a href="http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archiv">
2300# http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
2301# </a>
2302# or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
2303# map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
2304# <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html">
2305# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
2306# </a>
2307#
2308# Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
2309# Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
2310#
2311# As a result, Kemerovo oblast' will be in the same time zone as
2312# Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Barnaul and Altai Republic.
2313
2314Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk 5:48:48 - NMT 1920 Jan 6
2315 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2316 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2317 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2318 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2319 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2320 7:00 - NOVT # Novosibirsk/Novokuznetsk Time
2321
2322#
2323# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2324# Krasnoyarskij kraj,
2325# Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug,
2326# Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2327Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
2328 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2329 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2330 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2331 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2332 8:00 - KRAT
2333#
2334# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2335# Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',
2336# Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2337Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
2338 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2339 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
2340 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2341 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2342 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2343 9:00 - IRKT
2344#
2345# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2346# Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',
2347# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.
2348
2349# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2350# ...some regions of [Russia] were merged with others since 2005...
2351# Some names were changed, no big deal, except for one instance: a new name.
2352# YAK/YAKST: UTC+9 Zabajkal'skij kraj.
2353
2354# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2355# The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij,
2356# Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj,
2357# Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij,
2358# Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenyokskij, Olyokminskij,
2359# Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij,
2360# Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij Natsional'nij.
2361
2362Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2363 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2364 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2365 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2366 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2367 10:00 - YAKT
2368#
2369# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2370# Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,
2371# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2372
2373# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2374# The Sakha districts are: Bulunskij, Verkhoyanskij, ... Ust'-Yanskij.
2375Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
2376 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
2377 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2378 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2379 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2380 11:00 - VLAT
2381
2382# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2383# Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
2384# in 2011.
2385#
2386# From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
2387# Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
2388# Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
2389# This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.
2390#
2391Zone Asia/Khandyga 9:02:13 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2392 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2393 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2394 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2395 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2004
2396 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2397 11:00 - VLAT 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
2398 10:00 - YAKT
2399
2400#
2401# Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
2402# The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
2403Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
2404 9:00 - CJT 1938
2405 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25
2406 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
2407 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2408 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
2409 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2410 11:00 - SAKT
2411#
2412# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2413# Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2414# Probably also: Kuril Islands.
2415
2416# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2417# The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Verkhhhnekolymskij, Momskij,
2418# Nizhnekolymskij, ... Srednekolymskij.
2419Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
2420 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2421 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2422 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2423 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2424 12:00 - MAGT
2425
2426# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2427# Ojmyakonskij and the Kuril Islands switched from
2428# Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
2429Zone Asia/Ust-Nera 9:32:54 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2430 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2431 9:00 Russia YAKT 1981 Apr 1
2432 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2433 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2434 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2435 12:00 - MAGT 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
2436 11:00 - VLAT
2437
2438# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2439# Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2440#
2441# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
2442Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
2443 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
2444 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2445 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2446 12:00 Russia PET%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2447 11:00 Russia PET%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2448 12:00 - PETT
2449#
2450# Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug
2451Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
2452 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
2453 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
2454 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2455 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2456 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2457 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2458 12:00 - ANAT
2459
2460# San Marino
2461# See Europe/Rome.
2462
2463# Serbia
2464# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2465Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2466 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2467 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2468 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s
2469 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2470# Metod Kozelj reports that the legal date of
2471# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2472# Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
2473 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2474 1:00 EU CE%sT
2475Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2476Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro
2477Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2478Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2479Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
2480
2481# Slovakia
2482Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
2483
2484# Slovenia
2485# See Europe/Belgrade.
2486
2487# Spain
2488# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2489# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1;
2490# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2491Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2492Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
2493Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2494Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2495# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2496Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2497# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2498Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
2499Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2500# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2501Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2502Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2503Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2504Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2505# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13;
2506# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2507Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2508Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2509Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2510Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2511Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2512# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2513Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2514Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
2515Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
2516Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
2517Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
2518Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
2519Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2520Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
2521Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
2522Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
2523Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
2524Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
2525Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2526Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
2527Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2528# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
2529Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
2530Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2531Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
2532Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2533Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2534Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2535Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2536Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2537Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
2538# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2539Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 Jan 1 0:00s
2540 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
2541 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
2542 1:00 EU CE%sT
2543Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
2544 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
2545 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
2546 0:00 - WET 1924
2547 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
2548 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2549 1:00 - CET 1986
2550 1:00 EU CE%sT
2551Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2552 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2553 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2554 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2555 0:00 EU WE%sT
2556# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2557# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2558
2559# Sweden
2560
2561# From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
2562#
2563# The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
2564# From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
2565# places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
2566# three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
2567# meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
2568#
2569# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
2570# eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
2571# national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
2572#
2573# About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
2574# forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
2575# of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
2576# the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
2577# observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
2578# from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
2579# 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
2580# in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
2581#
2582# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
2583# that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
2584# pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
2585# Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
2586#
2587# The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
2588# Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
2589# not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
2590# in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
2591# "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
2592# the Sok-button).
2593#
2594# (2001-05-13):
2595#
2596# I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
2597# summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
2598# 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
2599# people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
2600# at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
2601# hour before the event took place.
2602#
2603# Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
2604
2605# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2606Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
2607 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
2608 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
2609 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00
2610 1:00 - CET 1980
2611 1:00 EU CE%sT
2612
2613# Switzerland
2614# From Howse:
2615# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2616# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2617# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
2618# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2619# From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
2620# Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
2621# Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2622# From Shanks & Pottenger:
2623# Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
2624# Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2625
2626# From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
2627# I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
2628#
2629# As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
2630# to be wrong. This is now verified.
2631#
2632# I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
2633# government, in 'Eidgen[o]ssische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
2634# federal law collection)...
2635#
2636# DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
2637# DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
2638#
2639# DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
2640# DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
2641#
2642# There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
2643# It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
2644# collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
2645# other years are made.
2646#
2647# Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
2648# about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
2649# night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
2650# a thing had happened in Switzerland.
2651#
2652# I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traite de
2653# l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
2654# false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
2655# by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
2656#
2657# The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
2658# Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
2659# Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
2660#
2661# The 1940 rules must be deleted.
2662#
2663# One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
2664# most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
2665# describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
2666# the Cantone Geneve (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneve did not
2667# follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
2668# To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
2669#
2670# From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
2671# The Federal regulations say
2672# http://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
2673# ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7 degrees 26'22.50".
2674# Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
2675
2676# From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
2677# the "Circulaire du conseil federal" (December 11 1893)
2678# <http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353> ...
2679# clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
2680# but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
2681# hour before the beginning of service.
2682
2683# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
2684# Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
2685#
2686# We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
2687# except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12. This book:
2688#
2689# Jakob Messerli. Gleichmassig, punktlich, schnell: Zeiteinteilung und
2690# Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
2691# ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
2692#
2693# suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
2694# agree about civil time during the transition. The timekeeping it gives the
2695# most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the
2696# "Bundesgesetz uber die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
2697# 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
2698# (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859). On p 72 Messerli writes that in
2699# practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
2700# offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
2701# (Google translation). For now, model this transition as occurring on
2702# 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
2703# legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.
2704
2705# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2706Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
2707Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
2708# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2709Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
2710 0:29:46 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
2711 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2712 1:00 EU CE%sT
2713
2714# Turkey
2715
2716# From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03):
2717# The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now.
2718# ... The latest rules are available at -
2719# http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107
2720# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03):
2721# I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that
2722# DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time. I am not sure
2723# what happened before that. One example for each year from 1996 to 2001:
2724# http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm
2725# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT
2726# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM
2727# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016
2728# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021
2729# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027
2730# From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03):
2731# Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990.
2732
2733# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
2734# Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
2735# start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
2736# http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
2737# The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
2738# http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
2739# I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
2740# (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
2741# http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
2742
2743# From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
2744#
2745# According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
2746# time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
2747# This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
| 1# <pre>
2# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
3# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
4
5# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
6# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
7# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).
8
9# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
10# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
11# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
12# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
13#
14# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
15# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
16# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
17# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
18# of the IATA's data after 1990.
19#
20# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
21# entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
22#
23# Other sources occasionally used include:
24#
25# Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
26# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
27# which I found in the UCLA library.
28#
29# <a href="http://www.pettswoodvillage.co.uk/Daylight_Savings_William_Willett.pdf">
30# William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
31# </a> (1914-03)
32#
33# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
34# <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>. He writes:
35# "It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
36# may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
37# Savile Row, London." Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
38#
39# Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
40# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
41# History of Summer Time
42# </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
43
44#
45# I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
46# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
47# Corrections are welcome!
48# std dst 2dst
49# LMT Local Mean Time
50# -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
51# -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
52# -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
53# 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
54# 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
55# 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
56# 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
57# 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
58# 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
59# 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
60# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
61# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
62#
63# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
64# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
65
66# From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
67# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
68# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
69# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
70# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
71# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
72# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
73# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
74# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
75# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
76# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
77# ...
78# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
79# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
80# ...
81# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
82# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
83# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
84# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
85# in the Directive.
86
87
88###############################################################################
89
90# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
91
92# From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
93#
94# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
95# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
96# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
97# of the text said:
98#
99# 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
100# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
101# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
102# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
103# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
104# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
105# along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
106#
107# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
108# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
109# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
110#
111# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
112
113# From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
114#
115# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
116# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
117# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
118# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
119# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
120# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
121# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
122# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
123# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
124# adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
125# The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
126# and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
127# railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
128# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
129# on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
130# one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
131# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
132# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
133# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
134# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
135#
136# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
137# transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
138# about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
139
140# From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27):
141# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
142# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
143# who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
144# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
145# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
146# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
147# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
148# Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
149# it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
150# See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
151# A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
152# a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
153# subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
154# designed by G. W. Miller, is the...William Willett Memorial Sundial,
155# which is permanently set to Summer Time.
156
157# From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
158# It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
159# summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
160# between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
161# plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
162# foundations of civilization throughout the world.
163# -- <a href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/fh114willett.htm">
164# "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly
165# </a>
166
167# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
168# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
169# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
170# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
171# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".
172
173# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
174#
175# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
176# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
177
178# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
179# From: Jonathan Leffler
180# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
181# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
182# politics making a fortune, not computing.
183
184# From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
185# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
186# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
187# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
188# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
189
190# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
191# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
192# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
193# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
194
195# From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
196# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
197# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
198# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
199# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
200# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
201# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
202# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
203
204# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
205# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
206# which is to be introduced in May....
207# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
208# which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
209
210# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
211# Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common
212# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
213# so we use 'BDST'.
214
215# Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
216# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
217# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
218# and extending this list, which can be found in
219# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/
220# <a href="http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/">
221# History of legal time in Britain
222# </a>
223# Rob Crowther (2012-01-04) reports that that URL no longer
224# exists, and the article can now be found at:
225# <a href="http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/">
226# http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
227# </a>
228
229# From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
230#
231# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
232# see Lord Tanlaw's speech
233# <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
234# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
235# </a>.
236
237# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
238#
239# For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
240#
241# Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
242# are incorrect:
243# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
244# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
245# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
246# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
247# It actually just had one transition.
248# * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
249# Actually, it conformed to Britain.
250# * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
251# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
252# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
253#
254# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
255# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
256# to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
257# conform with Great Britain.
258# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
259#
260# The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
261# we'll ignore it for now.
262# * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
263#
264#
265# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
266# Shanks & Pottenger.
267# Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
268# (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
269# to London. For example:
270#
271# "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
272# -- James Joyce, Ulysses
273
274# From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
275# Irish laws are available online at www.irishstatutebook.ie. These include
276# various relating to legal time, for example:
277#
278# ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
279#
280# ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
281# ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
282#
283# ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
284# ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
285# ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
286#
287# ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
288# ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
289# ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
290#
291# [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
292# <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
293#
294# (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
295# should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
296# the laws applicable in Ireland.)
297#
298# (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
299# in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
300# is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
301# being GMT+1.)
302
303# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
304# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
305# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
306# (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
307# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
308# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
309# and Frethun run in CT.
310# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
311# the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
312# and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
313# If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
314# I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
315# This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
316
317# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
318# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
319# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
320# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
321# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
322# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
323# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
324
325# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
326# Summer Time Act, 1916
327Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
328Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
329# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
330Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
331Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
332# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
333Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
334Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
335# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
336Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
337Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
338# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
339Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
340# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
341Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
342# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
343Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
344Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
345# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
346Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
347Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
348# The Summer Time Act, 1922
349Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
350Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
351Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
352Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
353# The Summer Time Act, 1925
354Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
355Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
356Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
357Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
358Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
359Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
360Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
361Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
362Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
363Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
364Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
365# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
366Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
367# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
368Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
369# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
370Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
371Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
372# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
373Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
374# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
375Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
376# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
377Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
378Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
379# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
380Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
381Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
382# The Summer Time Act, 1947
383Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
384Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
385Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
386Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
387# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
388Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
389Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
390# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
391Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
392Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
393# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
394# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
395# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
396Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
397Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
398# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
399Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
400Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
401Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
402Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
403Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
404Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
405Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
406# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
407# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
408# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
409Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
410Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
411# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
412# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
413# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
414Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
415# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
416Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
417# The British Standard Time Act, 1968
418# (no summer time)
419# The Summer Time Act, 1972
420Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
421Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
422# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
423# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
424# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
425# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
426Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
427Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
428# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
429# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
430# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
431Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
432# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
433# See EU for rules starting in 1996.
434#
435# Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
436
437# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
438Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
439 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
440 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
441 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
442 0:00 EU GMT/BST
443Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
444Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
445Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
446Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
447 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
448 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
449 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
450 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
451 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
452 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
453 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
454 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
455 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
456 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
457 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
458 0:00 EU GMT/IST
459
460###############################################################################
461
462# Europe
463
464# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
465# Common Market, etc.
466
467# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
468Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
469Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
470Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
471Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
472Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
473Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
474# The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
475# <a="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT">
476# Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
477# of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
478# </a>
479
480# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
481Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
482Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
483Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
484Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
485Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
486Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
487
488# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
489# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
490Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
491Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
492Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
493Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
494Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
495Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
496Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
497Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
498Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
499# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
500Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
501# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
502#
503# I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
504# in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
505# corrected in version 2008d). The circumstancial evidence is simply the
506# tz database itself, as seen below:
507#
508# Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
509# 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
510#
511# Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
512# 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
513#
514# Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
515# 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
516#
517# Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
518# Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
519# Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
520#
521# The rule line to be changed is:
522#
523# Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 -
524#
525# It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
526# 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time. However there are no
527# countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
528# affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms
529# CET and MET:
530#
531# Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
532# Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
533#
534# It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
535#
536# Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
537#
538# A small step for mankind though 8-)
539Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
540Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
541Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
542Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
543Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
544Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
545Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
546
547# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
548Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
549Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
550Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
551Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
552Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
553Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
554
555# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
556Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
557Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
558Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
559Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
560Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
561Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
562Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
563Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
564Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
565Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
566Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
567# Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
568Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
569Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
570# Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
571# Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
572Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
573Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
574#
575Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
576Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
577Rule Russia 1993 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
578Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
579Rule Russia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
580
581# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
582# According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
583# signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
584# According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
585#
586# Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
587# <a href="http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583">
588# http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
589# </a>
590#
591# Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
592# <a href="http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html">
593# http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
594# </a>
595
596# From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
597# Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
598# to be standard.
599
600# These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
601
602# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
603Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
604Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
605Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
606Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
607
608# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
609# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
610
611# From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
612# The official German names ... are
613#
614# Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
615# Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
616#
617# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
618# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
619# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
620#
621# Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
622# Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
623# Postfach 3345
624# D-38023 Braunschweig
625# phone: +49 531 592-0
626#
627# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
628# department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
629# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
630#
631# Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
632# Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
633
634
635# Albania
636# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
637Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
638Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
639Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
640Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
641Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
642Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
643Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
644Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
645Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
646Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
647Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
648Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
649Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
650Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
651Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
652Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
653Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
654Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
655Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
656Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
657Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
658Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
659Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
660Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
661Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
662# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
663Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
664 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
665 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
666 1:00 EU CE%sT
667
668# Andorra
669# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
670Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
671 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
672 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
673 1:00 EU CE%sT
674
675# Austria
676
677# Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21.
678
679# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
680# 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
681# Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
682# date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
683# Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV,
684# and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
685
686# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
687Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
688Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
689Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
690Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
691Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
692Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
693Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
694Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
695# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
696Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:21 - LMT 1893 Apr
697 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
698 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
699 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
700 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
701 1:00 - CET 1946
702 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
703 1:00 EU CE%sT
704
705# Belarus
706# From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
707# By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
708# GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
709#
710# Sources (Russian language):
711# 1.
712# <a href="http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html">
713# http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
714# </a>
715# 2.
716# <a href="http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/">
717# http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
718# </a>
719# 3.
720# <a href="http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html">
721# http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
722# </a>
723# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
724Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
725 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
726 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
727 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
728 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
729 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
730 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
731 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
732 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
733 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
734 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
735 3:00 - FET # Further-eastern European Time
736
737# Belgium
738#
739# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
740# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
741# Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
742# Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
743# (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
744# pp 8-9.
745# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
746# Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
747# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
748# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
749# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
750#
751# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
752Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
753Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
754Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
755Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
756Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
757Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
758Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
759Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
760Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
761Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
762Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
763Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
764# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
765# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
766# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
767# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
768Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
769Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
770Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
771Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
772Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
773Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
774Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
775Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
776Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
777Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
778Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
779Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
780Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
781Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
782Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
783Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
784Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
785Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
786Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
787Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
788Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
789Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
790# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
791Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
792 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
793 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
794 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
795 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
796 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
797 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
798 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
799 1:00 EU CE%sT
800
801# Bosnia and Herzegovina
802# See Europe/Belgrade.
803
804# Bulgaria
805#
806# From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
807# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
808# EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
809# EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
810#
811# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
812Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
813Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
814Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S
815Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
816Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
817# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
818Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
819 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
820 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
821 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
822 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00
823 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
824 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
825 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
826 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
827 2:00 EU EE%sT
828
829# Croatia
830# See Europe/Belgrade.
831
832# Cyprus
833# Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
834
835# Czech Republic
836# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
837Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
838Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
839Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
840Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
841Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
842Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
843Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
844# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
845Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
846 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
847 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
848 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
849 1:00 EU CE%sT
850# Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.
851
852# Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
853
854# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
855# http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
856# [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
857# The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
858# confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
859#
860# The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
861# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
862#
863# This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
864# in subsequenet decrees with the law
865# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
866#
867# It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
868# not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
869# changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
870# 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
871# the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
872# when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
873# confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
874# The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
875# working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
876# was suspended on that night):
877# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
878
879# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
880# The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
881# Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
882
883# From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
884# Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
885# wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
886
887# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
888Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
889Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
890Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
891Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
892Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
893Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
894Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
895Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
896Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
897Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
898Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
899#
900# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
901Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
902 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
903 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
904 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
905 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
906 1:00 EU CE%sT
907Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
908 0:00 - WET 1981
909 0:00 EU WE%sT
910#
911# From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
912# During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
913# East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
914# My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
915#
916# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
917# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
918# and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
919# rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthab
920# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
921# rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
922
923# From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
924# <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
925# and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
926#
927# Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
928# is according to the following time line:
929#
930# The military zone near Thule UTC-4
931# Standard Greenland time UTC-3
932# Scoresbysund UTC-1
933# Danmarkshavn UTC
934#
935# In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
936# introduced.
937
938# From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
939#
940# I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
941# the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
942# not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
943# info from earlier correspondence.]
944#
945# According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
946# Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
947# savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
948#
949# The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
950# uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
951# There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
952# Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
953# email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
954# Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
955# DPC research station at Zackenberg.
956#
957# Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
958# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab).
959#
960# The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it
961# includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
962# UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
963#
964# It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
965# North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
966# maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
967# this area is that it sticks with Godthab time. This area might be
968# considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
969
970# From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
971# I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
972# there at 2:00 AM.
973
974# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
975# From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
976# the 1995 map as like Godthab.
977# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.
978# startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
979# so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
980# For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
981#
982# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
983Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
984Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
985Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
986Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
987Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
988Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
989#
990# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
991Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
992 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
993 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996
994 0:00 - GMT
995Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
996 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
997 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
998 -1:00 EU EG%sT
999Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
1000 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1001 -3:00 EU WG%sT
1002Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
1003 -4:00 Thule A%sT
1004
1005# Estonia
1006# From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
1007# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1008# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1009# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1010#
1011# From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
1012# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
1013# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
1014# "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
1015# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1016# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1017# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1018# human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1019# summer time next spring."
1020
1021# From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
1022# <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
1023# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
1024# </a>
1025# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
1026# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
1027#
1028# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
1029# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
1030# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
1031
1032# From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
1033# via Steffen Thorsen:
1034# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
1035# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
1036# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
1037# Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
1038# for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
1039# after that.
1040
1041# From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
1042# Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
1043# no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
1044# the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
1045
1046# From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
1047# The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
1048# Now we are using again EU rules.
1049#
1050# From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28):
1051# The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
1052
1053# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1054Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1055 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1056 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1057 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1058 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1059 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1060 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1061 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1062 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1063 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
1064 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
1065 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
1066 2:00 EU EE%sT
1067
1068# Finland
1069
1070# From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1071# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1072# and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1073
1074# From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15):
1075#
1076# I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
1077# During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
1078# earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
1079# according to the central European standards.
1080#
1081# This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
1082# Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
1083# Finnish) at
1084#
1085# <a href="http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf">
1086# http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
1087# </a>
1088#
1089# Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
1090# transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
1091#
1092# This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
1093#
1094# <a href="http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401">
1095# http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
1096# </a>
1097#
1098# The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
1099# exist tonight."
1100
1101# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1102Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
1103Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1104Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1105Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1106# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1107Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
1108 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1109 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1983
1110 2:00 EU EE%sT
1111
1112# Aaland Is
1113Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
1114
1115
1116# France
1117
1118# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
1119#
1120# Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
1121# Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1122#
1123# Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
1124# Paris, 1991
1125#
1126# Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
1127# Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
1128
1129
1130#
1131# Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1132# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1133Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1134Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1135Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1136Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1137Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1138Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1139Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1140Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1141Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1142Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1143# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1144# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1145# were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1146Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1147Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1148Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1149Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1150Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1151Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1152Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1153Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1154Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1155Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1156Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1157Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1158Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1159Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1160Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1161Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1162Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1163Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1164Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1165Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1166# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1167# write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1168# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
1169# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
1170# Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
1171# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1172# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
1173# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
1174Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1175# Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1176# but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1177# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1178# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1179Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1180Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1181Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1182Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1183Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1184Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1185Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1186Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1187Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1188# Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1189# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1190Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1191Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1192# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1193# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1194# Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1195# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1196# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1197Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1198 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1199# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1200 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1201# Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1202# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1203 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1204 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1205 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1206 1:00 EU CE%sT
1207
1208# Germany
1209
1210# From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1211# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1212# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1213# [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1214
1215# From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1216# In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1217# <a href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/">
1218# General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>.
1219
1220# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1221# <a href="http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf">
1222# http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
1223# </a>
1224# says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1225# However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1226# this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
1227
1228
1229# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1230Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1231Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1232Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1233# http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1234# occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1235# Go with the PTB.
1236Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S
1237Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1238Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1239Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1240Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1241
1242Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1243Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1244Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1245
1246# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1247Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1248 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00
1249 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946
1250 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1251 1:00 EU CE%sT
1252
1253# From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
1254# Busingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton
1255# Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
1256# (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
1257# DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
1258# which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
1259#
1260# Source for the time in Busingen 1980:
1261# http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
1262
1263# From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
1264# Busingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
1265
1266Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Busingen
1267
1268# Georgia
1269# Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1270# Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1271# is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1272
1273# Gibraltar
1274# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1275Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s
1276 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1277 1:00 - CET 1982
1278 1:00 EU CE%sT
1279
1280# Greece
1281# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1282# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1283Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1284Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1285# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1286Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1287# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1288Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1289Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1290Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1291# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1292Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1293Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1294Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1295Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1296Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1297Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1298Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1299Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1300Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1301Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1302Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1303Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1304Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1305# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1306Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1307 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1308 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1309 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1310 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1311 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1312 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1313 2:00 EU EE%sT
1314
1315# Hungary
1316# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1317Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1318Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1319Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1320Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1321Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
1322Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1323Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1324Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1325Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1326Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1327Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1328Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1329Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1330Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1331Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1332Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1333Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1334Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1335Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1336Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1337# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1338Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1339 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1340 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1341 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1342 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1343 1:00 EU CE%sT
1344
1345# Iceland
1346#
1347# From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1348# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1349#
1350# (1993-12-05):
1351# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1352# Iceland Almanak.
1353#
1354# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1355# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1356# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1357# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1358#
1359# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1360# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1361# time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1362# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1363#
1364# (1993-12-10):
1365# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1366# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1367# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1368# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1369# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1370# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1371# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1372# might mean something else (???).
1373#
1374# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1375# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks & Pottenger, and Whitman disagree on many points.
1376# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks & Pottenger, namely
1377# that Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1378#
1379# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1380Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1381Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1382Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1383Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1384Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1385Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1386Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1387Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1388Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1389Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1390Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1391# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1392Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1393Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1394# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1395Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1396# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1397Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1398Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1399Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1400# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1401Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1402 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1403 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1404 0:00 - GMT
1405
1406# Italy
1407#
1408# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1409# Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1410# called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1411# During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1412# But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1413# so record only the time in Rome.
1414#
1415# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1416# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and
1417# F. Pollastri
1418# <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html">
1419# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)
1420# </a>
1421# ('FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1422# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1423#
1424# year FP Shanks&P. (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1425# 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1426# 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1427# 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1428# 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1429# 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1430# 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1431# 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1432# 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1433# 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1434# 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1435# 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1436# 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1437# 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1438# 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1439# 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1440#
1441# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1442Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1443Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1444Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1445Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1446Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1447Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1448Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1449Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1450Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1451Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1452Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1453Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1454Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1455Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1456Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1457Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1458Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1459Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1460Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1461Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1462Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1463Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1464Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1465Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1466Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1467Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1468Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1469Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1470Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1471Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1472Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1473Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1474Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1475Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1476Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1477Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1478# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1479Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1480 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov 1 0:00s # Rome Mean
1481 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1482 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1483 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1484 1:00 EU CE%sT
1485
1486Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1487Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1488
1489# Latvia
1490
1491# From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1492
1493# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1494# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1495# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1496# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1497#
1498# Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1499# according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1500# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1501# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1502# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1503#
1504# Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1505# according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1506# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1507# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1508# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1509# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1510#
1511# Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1512# according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1513# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1514# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1515# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1516# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1517# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1518# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1519# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1520# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1521#
1522# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1523# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1524# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1525
1526# From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1527# This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1528# <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm">
1529# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1530# 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).
1531
1532# <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html">
1533# From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1534# </a>
1535# The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1536# institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1537# Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1538# clocks one hour in the spring....
1539# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
1540# daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1541# Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1542# time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1543# urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1544# appears that they will not do so....
1545
1546# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1547Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1548Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1549# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1550Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1551 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1552 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1553 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1554 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1555 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1556 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1557 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1558 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1559 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1560 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1561 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1562 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1563 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1564 2:00 EU EE%sT
1565
1566# Liechtenstein
1567
1568# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09):
1569# Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich.
1570
1571# From Alois Treindl (2013-09-18):
1572# http://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/LIJ/1978/1938-1978/1941.pdf
1573# ... confirms on p. 6 that Liechtenstein followed Switzerland in 1941 and 1942.
1574# I ... translate only the last two paragraphs:
1575# ... during second world war, in the years 1941 and 1942, Liechtenstein
1576# introduced daylight saving time, adapting to Switzerland. From 1943 on
1577# central European time was in force throughout the year.
1578# From a report of the duke's government to the high council,
1579# regarding the introduction of a time law, of 31 May 1977.
1580
1581Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz
1582
1583
1584# Lithuania
1585
1586# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1587# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1588# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1589
1590# From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1591# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1592# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1593
1594# From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
1595# via Steffen Thorsen:
1596# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1597# to be valid here starting from October 31,
1598# as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1599# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1600# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1601# already done by Estonia.
1602
1603# From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm">
1604# Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1605# </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1606
1607# From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1608# As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1609# observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1610# down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1611# neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1612# 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1613# http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1614
1615
1616# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1617Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1618 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1619 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1620 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1621 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1622 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1623 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1624 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1625 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1626 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1627 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1628 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1629 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1630 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1631 2:00 EU EE%sT
1632
1633# Luxembourg
1634# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
1635# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1636# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1637Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1638Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1639Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1640Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1641Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1642Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1643Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1644Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1645Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1646Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1647Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1648Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1649Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1650Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1651Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1652Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1653Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1654Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1655Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1656Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1657Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1658Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1659Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1660# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1661Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1662 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1663 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1664 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1665 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1666 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1667 1:00 EU CE%sT
1668
1669# Macedonia
1670# See Europe/Belgrade.
1671
1672# Malta
1673# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1674Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1675Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1676Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1677Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1678Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1679Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1680Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1681# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1682Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta
1683 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1684 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1685 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1686 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1687 1:00 EU CE%sT
1688
1689# Moldova
1690
1691# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1692# A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1693# that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1694# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1695# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1696# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1697# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1698# But [two people] separately reported via
1699# Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1700# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1701#
1702# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
1703# Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
1704# "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
1705# to the Winter Time).
1706#
1707# News (in Russian):
1708# <a href="http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html">
1709# http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
1710# </a>
1711#
1712# <a href="http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html">
1713# http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
1714# </a>
1715#
1716# The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
1717# is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
1718#
1719# From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
1720# In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
1721# a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
1722#
1723# (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
1724#
1725# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
1726# NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
1727# As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
1728# decision to abolish DST this winter.
1729# Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
1730# Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
1731# News from Moldova (in russian):
1732# <a href="http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html">
1733# http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
1734# </a>
1735
1736
1737# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1738Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1739 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1740 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1741 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1742 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1743 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1744 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1745 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
1746 2:00 - EET 1991
1747 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1748 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1749# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1750 2:00 EU EE%sT
1751
1752# Monaco
1753# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
1754# more precise 0:09:21.
1755# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1756Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1757 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1758 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1759 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1760 1:00 EU CE%sT
1761
1762# Montenegro
1763# See Europe/Belgrade.
1764
1765# Netherlands
1766
1767# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1768# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1769
1770# However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1771# Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1772# Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1773# the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1774# (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1775# common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1776# not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1777# On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1778# was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1779#
1780# (2001-04-08):
1781# 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1782# observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1783# practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1784#
1785# (2001-04-09):
1786# In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1787# municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1788# Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1789# actually followed.
1790#
1791# From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1792# observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1793# Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1794# places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1795# adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1796#
1797# Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1798# of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1799# was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1800# Amsterdam mean time.
1801
1802# The data before 1945 are taken from
1803# <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>.
1804
1805# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1806Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1807Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1808Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1809Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1810Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1811Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1812Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1813Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1814Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1815Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1816Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1817# From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1818# in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1819Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1820Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1821Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1822Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1823Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1824Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1825Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1826Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1827Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1828#
1829# Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1830# below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1831# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1832Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1833 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1834 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1835 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1836 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1837 1:00 EU CE%sT
1838
1839# Norway
1840# http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
1841# Pottenger.
1842# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1843Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1844Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1845Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1846Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1847Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1848Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1849Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1850# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1851Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1852 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1853 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1854 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1855 1:00 EU CE%sT
1856
1857# Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1858
1859# From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1860# Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1861# Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1862# time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
1863# as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1864# Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1865# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and
1866# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation
1867# for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1868# into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1869# part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1870# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been
1871# able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1872# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by
1873# Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1874# since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1875# before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1876# between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1877
1878# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
1879#
1880# Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1881# so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
1882# keeping Berlin time.
1883#
1884# <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1885# burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1886# 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1887# frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
1888# radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
1889# the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1890# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1891#
1892# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1893# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1894# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
1895# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1896# expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
1897# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1898# <http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html>
1899# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1900# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1901#
1902# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo
1903# for these regions.
1904Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1905
1906# Poland
1907# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1908Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1909Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1910Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
1911# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1912Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1913# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1914Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1915Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1916# For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
1917# Torun Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
1918# <http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1>
1919# Thanks to Przemyslaw Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
1920# He also gives these further references:
1921# Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
1922# Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
1923Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
1924Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1925Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1926Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1927Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1928Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1929Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1930Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1931Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1932Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1933Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1934Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1935Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1936Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1937# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1938Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1939 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1940 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1941 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1942 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1943 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1944 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
1945 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
1946 1:00 EU CE%sT
1947
1948# Portugal
1949#
1950# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
1951# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1952# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1953#
1954# Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1955# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1956# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1957#
1958# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1959# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1960# at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1961# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1962# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1963# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1964# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1965#
1966# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1967# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
1968# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
1969# Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1970Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1971# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1972Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1973Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1974Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1975Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1976Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1977Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1978Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1979Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1980Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1981Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1982Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1983Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1984Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1985Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1986Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1987# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1988Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1989Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1990Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1991# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1992Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1993# Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1994Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1995Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1996# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1997Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1998Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1999Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2000# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2001Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
2002Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
2003# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
2004Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
2005Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2006Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
2007Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2008Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
2009Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
2010Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
2011Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
2012Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
2013Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
2014Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2015Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2016Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2017# Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
2018# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2019Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2020Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2021Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
2022Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
2023Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
2024Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
2025Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2026Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2027Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2028Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2029# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2030# Shanks & Pottenger say the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24;
2031# Willett says 1912-01-01. Go with Willett.
2032Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
2033 -0:36:32 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time
2034 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2035 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
2036 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2037 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2038 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
2039 0:00 EU WE%sT
2040Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
2041 -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
2042 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
2043 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2044 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2045 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
2046 -1:00 EU AZO%sT
2047Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
2048 -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
2049 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
2050 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2051 0:00 EU WE%sT
2052
2053# Romania
2054#
2055# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
2056# <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html">
2057# Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
2058# 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
2059# assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
2060# the same year as Bulgaria.
2061#
2062# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2063Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
2064Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
2065Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
2066Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
2067Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2068Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
2069Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2070Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2071Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
2072# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2073Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
2074 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
2075 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
2076 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2077 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
2078 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
2079 2:00 EU EE%sT
2080
2081# Russia
2082
2083# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
2084# Based on last Russian Government Decree # 725 on August 31, 2011
2085# (Government document
2086# <a href="http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/">
2087# http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
2088# </a>
2089# in Russian)
2090# there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
2091# All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
2092# by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
2093# <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm">
2094# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
2095# </a>
2096
2097# From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
2098# Scans of [Decree #23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
2099# <a href="http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966">
2100# http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
2101# They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
2102
2103# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2104# Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
2105# changed in September 2011:
2106#
2107# One source is
2108# < a href="http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/>
2109# http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
2110# </a>
2111# which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
2112# 2011 No 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
2113#
2114# Another source is
2115# <a href="http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html">
2116# http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
2117# </a>
2118# which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
2119# Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
2120# contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
2121# in the 'RG' - Federal Issue number 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
2122# does not contain any "effective date" information.
2123#
2124# Another source is
2125# <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7">
2126# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
2127# </a>
2128# which, in note 8, contains "Resolution #725 of August 31, 2011...
2129# Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2130# but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
2131#
2132# The Wikipedia article refers to
2133# <a href="http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896">
2134# http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
2135# </a>
2136# which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
2137#
2138# Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
2139# "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2140# with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to get
2141# September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias Conradi notes).
2142#
2143# None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
2144#
2145# Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
2146
2147# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2148# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
2149# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
2150# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
2151# except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
2152# 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
2153#
2154# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2155# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
2156# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
2157# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
2158# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
2159#
2160# From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
2161# 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
2162# UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
2163# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
2164# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
2165#
2166# From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
2167# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
2168# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
2169# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
2170#
2171# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
2172# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
2173# News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
2174# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
2175# the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
2176# enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
2177#
2178# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
2179# There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
2180# UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
2181# SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
2182# until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
2183# since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
2184# administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
2185# remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
2186#
2187# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2188#
2189# Kaliningradskaya oblast'.
2190Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
2191 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2192 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
2193 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2194 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2195 3:00 - FET # Further-eastern European Time
2196#
2197# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2198# Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast',
2199# Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',
2200# Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',
2201# Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,
2202# Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,
2203# Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,
2204# Respublika Kareliya, Respublika Komi,
2205# Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',
2206# Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,
2207# Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',
2208# Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,
2209# Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',
2210# Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',
2211# Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg,
2212# Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',
2213# Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,
2214# Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',
2215# Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',
2216# Yaroslavskaya oblast'
2217Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
2218 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
2219 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2220 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2221 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2222 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2223 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2224 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2225 4:00 - MSK
2226#
2227# Astrakhanskaya oblast', Kirovskaya oblast', Saratovskaya oblast',
2228# Volgogradskaya oblast'. Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400
2229# but Wikipedia (2006-05-09) says +0300. Perhaps it switched after the
2230# others? But we have no data.
2231Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3
2232 3:00 - TSAT 1925 Apr 6 # Tsaritsyn Time
2233 3:00 - STAT 1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time
2234 4:00 - STAT 1961 Nov 11
2235 4:00 Russia VOL%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Volgograd T
2236 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2237 4:00 - VOLT 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2238 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2239 4:00 - VOLT
2240#
2241# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2242# Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika
2243Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2244 3:00 - SAMT 1930 Jun 21
2245 4:00 - SAMT 1935 Jan 27
2246 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev
2247 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2248 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2249 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
2250 4:00 Russia SAM%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s # Samara Time
2251 3:00 Russia SAM%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2252 4:00 - SAMT
2253
2254#
2255# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2256# Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,
2257# Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',
2258# Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',
2259# Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',
2260# Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2261Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
2262 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
2263 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2264 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2265 5:00 Russia YEK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2266 6:00 - YEKT # Yekaterinburg Time
2267#
2268# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2269# Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.
2270Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
2271 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
2272 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2273 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2274 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2275 7:00 - OMST
2276#
2277# From Paul Eggert (2006-08-19): I'm guessing about Tomsk here; it's
2278# not clear when it switched from +7 to +6.
2279# Novosibirskaya oblast', Tomskaya oblast'.
2280Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
2281 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
2282 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2283 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2284 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
2285 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2286 7:00 - NOVT
2287
2288# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
2289# Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
2290# March 28, 2010:
2291# from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
2292# to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
2293#
2294# This is according to Government of Russia decree # 740, on September
2295# 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
2296# time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
2297#
2298# Russian Government web site (Russian language)
2299# <a href="http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archiv">
2300# http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
2301# </a>
2302# or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
2303# map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
2304# <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html">
2305# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
2306# </a>
2307#
2308# Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
2309# Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
2310#
2311# As a result, Kemerovo oblast' will be in the same time zone as
2312# Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Barnaul and Altai Republic.
2313
2314Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk 5:48:48 - NMT 1920 Jan 6
2315 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2316 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2317 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2318 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2319 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2320 7:00 - NOVT # Novosibirsk/Novokuznetsk Time
2321
2322#
2323# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2324# Krasnoyarskij kraj,
2325# Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug,
2326# Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2327Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
2328 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2329 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2330 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2331 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2332 8:00 - KRAT
2333#
2334# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2335# Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',
2336# Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2337Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
2338 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2339 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
2340 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2341 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2342 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2343 9:00 - IRKT
2344#
2345# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2346# Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',
2347# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.
2348
2349# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2350# ...some regions of [Russia] were merged with others since 2005...
2351# Some names were changed, no big deal, except for one instance: a new name.
2352# YAK/YAKST: UTC+9 Zabajkal'skij kraj.
2353
2354# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2355# The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij,
2356# Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj,
2357# Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij,
2358# Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenyokskij, Olyokminskij,
2359# Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij,
2360# Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij Natsional'nij.
2361
2362Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2363 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2364 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2365 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2366 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2367 10:00 - YAKT
2368#
2369# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2370# Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,
2371# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2372
2373# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2374# The Sakha districts are: Bulunskij, Verkhoyanskij, ... Ust'-Yanskij.
2375Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
2376 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
2377 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2378 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2379 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2380 11:00 - VLAT
2381
2382# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2383# Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
2384# in 2011.
2385#
2386# From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
2387# Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
2388# Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
2389# This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.
2390#
2391Zone Asia/Khandyga 9:02:13 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2392 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2393 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2394 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2395 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2004
2396 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2397 11:00 - VLAT 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
2398 10:00 - YAKT
2399
2400#
2401# Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
2402# The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
2403Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
2404 9:00 - CJT 1938
2405 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25
2406 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
2407 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2408 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
2409 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2410 11:00 - SAKT
2411#
2412# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2413# Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2414# Probably also: Kuril Islands.
2415
2416# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2417# The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Verkhhhnekolymskij, Momskij,
2418# Nizhnekolymskij, ... Srednekolymskij.
2419Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
2420 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2421 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2422 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2423 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2424 12:00 - MAGT
2425
2426# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2427# Ojmyakonskij and the Kuril Islands switched from
2428# Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
2429Zone Asia/Ust-Nera 9:32:54 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2430 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2431 9:00 Russia YAKT 1981 Apr 1
2432 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2433 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2434 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2435 12:00 - MAGT 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
2436 11:00 - VLAT
2437
2438# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2439# Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2440#
2441# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
2442Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
2443 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
2444 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2445 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2446 12:00 Russia PET%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2447 11:00 Russia PET%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2448 12:00 - PETT
2449#
2450# Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug
2451Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
2452 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
2453 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
2454 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2455 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2456 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2457 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2458 12:00 - ANAT
2459
2460# San Marino
2461# See Europe/Rome.
2462
2463# Serbia
2464# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2465Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2466 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2467 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2468 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s
2469 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2470# Metod Kozelj reports that the legal date of
2471# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2472# Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
2473 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2474 1:00 EU CE%sT
2475Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2476Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro
2477Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2478Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2479Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
2480
2481# Slovakia
2482Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
2483
2484# Slovenia
2485# See Europe/Belgrade.
2486
2487# Spain
2488# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2489# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1;
2490# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2491Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2492Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
2493Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2494Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2495# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2496Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2497# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2498Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
2499Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2500# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2501Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2502Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2503Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2504Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2505# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13;
2506# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2507Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2508Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2509Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2510Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2511Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2512# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2513Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2514Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
2515Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
2516Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
2517Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
2518Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
2519Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2520Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
2521Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
2522Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
2523Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
2524Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
2525Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2526Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
2527Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2528# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
2529Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
2530Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2531Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
2532Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2533Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2534Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2535Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2536Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2537Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
2538# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2539Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 Jan 1 0:00s
2540 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
2541 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
2542 1:00 EU CE%sT
2543Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
2544 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
2545 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
2546 0:00 - WET 1924
2547 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
2548 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2549 1:00 - CET 1986
2550 1:00 EU CE%sT
2551Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2552 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2553 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2554 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2555 0:00 EU WE%sT
2556# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2557# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2558
2559# Sweden
2560
2561# From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
2562#
2563# The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
2564# From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
2565# places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
2566# three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
2567# meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
2568#
2569# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
2570# eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
2571# national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
2572#
2573# About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
2574# forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
2575# of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
2576# the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
2577# observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
2578# from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
2579# 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
2580# in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
2581#
2582# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
2583# that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
2584# pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
2585# Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
2586#
2587# The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
2588# Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
2589# not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
2590# in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
2591# "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
2592# the Sok-button).
2593#
2594# (2001-05-13):
2595#
2596# I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
2597# summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
2598# 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
2599# people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
2600# at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
2601# hour before the event took place.
2602#
2603# Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
2604
2605# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2606Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
2607 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
2608 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
2609 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00
2610 1:00 - CET 1980
2611 1:00 EU CE%sT
2612
2613# Switzerland
2614# From Howse:
2615# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2616# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2617# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
2618# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2619# From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
2620# Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
2621# Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2622# From Shanks & Pottenger:
2623# Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
2624# Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2625
2626# From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
2627# I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
2628#
2629# As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
2630# to be wrong. This is now verified.
2631#
2632# I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
2633# government, in 'Eidgen[o]ssische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
2634# federal law collection)...
2635#
2636# DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
2637# DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
2638#
2639# DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
2640# DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
2641#
2642# There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
2643# It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
2644# collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
2645# other years are made.
2646#
2647# Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
2648# about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
2649# night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
2650# a thing had happened in Switzerland.
2651#
2652# I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traite de
2653# l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
2654# false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
2655# by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
2656#
2657# The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
2658# Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
2659# Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
2660#
2661# The 1940 rules must be deleted.
2662#
2663# One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
2664# most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
2665# describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
2666# the Cantone Geneve (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneve did not
2667# follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
2668# To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
2669#
2670# From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
2671# The Federal regulations say
2672# http://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
2673# ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7 degrees 26'22.50".
2674# Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
2675
2676# From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
2677# the "Circulaire du conseil federal" (December 11 1893)
2678# <http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353> ...
2679# clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
2680# but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
2681# hour before the beginning of service.
2682
2683# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
2684# Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
2685#
2686# We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
2687# except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12. This book:
2688#
2689# Jakob Messerli. Gleichmassig, punktlich, schnell: Zeiteinteilung und
2690# Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
2691# ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
2692#
2693# suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
2694# agree about civil time during the transition. The timekeeping it gives the
2695# most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the
2696# "Bundesgesetz uber die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
2697# 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
2698# (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859). On p 72 Messerli writes that in
2699# practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
2700# offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
2701# (Google translation). For now, model this transition as occurring on
2702# 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
2703# legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.
2704
2705# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2706Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
2707Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
2708# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2709Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
2710 0:29:46 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
2711 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2712 1:00 EU CE%sT
2713
2714# Turkey
2715
2716# From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03):
2717# The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now.
2718# ... The latest rules are available at -
2719# http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107
2720# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03):
2721# I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that
2722# DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time. I am not sure
2723# what happened before that. One example for each year from 1996 to 2001:
2724# http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm
2725# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT
2726# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM
2727# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016
2728# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021
2729# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027
2730# From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03):
2731# Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990.
2732
2733# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
2734# Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
2735# start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
2736# http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
2737# The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
2738# http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
2739# I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
2740# (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
2741# http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
2742
2743# From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
2744#
2745# According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
2746# time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
2747# This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
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