1# @(#)europe 7.41
| 1# @(#)europe 7.42
|
2
3# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
4# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
5# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
6
7# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22):
8# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
9# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (3rd edition),
10# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1991).
11#
12# Gwillim Law <LAW@encmail.encompass.com> writes that a good source
13# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
14# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
15# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
16# of the IATA's data after 1990.
17#
18# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1990,
19# and IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
20#
21# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
22# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
23# I found in the UCLA library.
24#
25# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
26# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
27# Corrections are welcome!
28# std dst
29# LMT Local Mean Time
30# -4:00 AST Atlantic
31# -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
32# -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
33# 0:00 GMT BST Greenwich, British Summer
34# 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
35# 0:00 WET WEST Western Europe
36# 1:00 CET CEST Central Europe
37# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
38# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
39#
40# See the `africa' file for time zone naming and abbreviation conventions.
41#
42# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
43# is Derek Howse, Greenwich time and the discovery of the longitude,
44# Oxford University Press (1980).
45
46# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-04),
47# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
48# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
49# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
50# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
51# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
52# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
53# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
54# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
55# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
56# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
57# ...
58# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
59# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
60# ...
61# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
62# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
63# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
64# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
65# in the Directive.
66
67
68###############################################################################
69
70# United Kingdom
71# The UK and its colonies adopted the Gregorian calendar on 1752-09-14.
72
73# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-07-06):
74#
75# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
76# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
77# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
78# of the text said:
79#
80# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
| 2
3# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
4# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
5# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
6
7# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22):
8# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
9# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (3rd edition),
10# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1991).
11#
12# Gwillim Law <LAW@encmail.encompass.com> writes that a good source
13# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
14# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
15# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
16# of the IATA's data after 1990.
17#
18# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1990,
19# and IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
20#
21# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
22# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
23# I found in the UCLA library.
24#
25# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
26# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
27# Corrections are welcome!
28# std dst
29# LMT Local Mean Time
30# -4:00 AST Atlantic
31# -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
32# -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
33# 0:00 GMT BST Greenwich, British Summer
34# 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
35# 0:00 WET WEST Western Europe
36# 1:00 CET CEST Central Europe
37# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
38# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
39#
40# See the `africa' file for time zone naming and abbreviation conventions.
41#
42# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
43# is Derek Howse, Greenwich time and the discovery of the longitude,
44# Oxford University Press (1980).
45
46# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-04),
47# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
48# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
49# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
50# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
51# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
52# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
53# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
54# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
55# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
56# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
57# ...
58# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
59# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
60# ...
61# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
62# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
63# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
64# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
65# in the Directive.
66
67
68###############################################################################
69
70# United Kingdom
71# The UK and its colonies adopted the Gregorian calendar on 1752-09-14.
72
73# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-07-06):
74#
75# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
76# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
77# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
78# of the text said:
79#
80# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
|
81# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longditude
| 81# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
|
82# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
83# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
84# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
85# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
86# along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
87#
88# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
| 82# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
83# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
84# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
85# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
86# along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
87#
88# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
|
89# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longditude should
| 89# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
|
90# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
91#
92# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
93
94# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18):
95#
96# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
97# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
98# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
99# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828);
100# it was popularized in 1840 by Capt. Basil Hall, RN (1788-1844),
101# famed explorer and former Commissioner for Longitude.
102# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
103# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
104# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847 Sep 22 the
105# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
106# adopted at all stations; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists most major
107# railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
108# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the Great Clock
109# in Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
110# one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
111# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
112# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
113# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
114# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880 Aug 2.
115#
116# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
117# transition date for London, namely 1847 Sep 22. We don't know as much
118# about Dublin, so we use 1880 Aug 2, the legal transition time.
119
120# From Paul Eggert (1996-06-12):
121# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
122# a London builder who circulated a pamphlet ``Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
123# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
124# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
125# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
126# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
127# One-hour Summer Time was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
128
129# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
130# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
131# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
132# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
133# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
134
135# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
136#
137# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
138# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
139
140# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
141# From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john>
142# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
143# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
144# politics making a fortune, not computing.
145
146# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-09-03):
147#
148# Our Government...couldn't...make a decision after the 1989 consultation
149# exercise about the UK changing its timezone so it just let things drift
150# (different from deciding to keep the status quo). According to the
151# Summer Time Order 1992 (SI 1992/1729) the dates of Summer Time for 1993
152# and 1994 are:
153# Start End
154# 1993 28 March 24 October
155# 1994 27 March 23 October
156# All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT.
157#
158# There [was] an error in your tables for the start and end times prior to 1981.
159# The UK always used to change at 02:00 GMT. In 1981 it changed to 01:00 GMT
160# as a part of EC harmonisation and has remained at that time since.
161#
162# I have found the default algorithm for UK Summer Time, it is in the
163# Summer Time Act 1972. Section 1 states that in the absence of an Order
164# in Council Summer Time starts at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day
165# after the third Saturday in March, unless that day is Easter Day, in
166# which case it is the morning of the day after the second Saturday.
167# It ends at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day after the fourth Saturday
168# in October. (All the redundant `morning of the day ...' is in the Act.)
169# This is only of passing interest now as it will always be overridden by
| 90# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
91#
92# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
93
94# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18):
95#
96# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
97# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
98# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
99# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828);
100# it was popularized in 1840 by Capt. Basil Hall, RN (1788-1844),
101# famed explorer and former Commissioner for Longitude.
102# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
103# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
104# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847 Sep 22 the
105# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
106# adopted at all stations; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists most major
107# railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
108# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the Great Clock
109# in Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
110# one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
111# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
112# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
113# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
114# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880 Aug 2.
115#
116# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
117# transition date for London, namely 1847 Sep 22. We don't know as much
118# about Dublin, so we use 1880 Aug 2, the legal transition time.
119
120# From Paul Eggert (1996-06-12):
121# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
122# a London builder who circulated a pamphlet ``Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
123# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
124# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
125# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
126# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
127# One-hour Summer Time was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
128
129# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
130# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
131# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
132# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
133# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
134
135# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
136#
137# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
138# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
139
140# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
141# From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john>
142# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
143# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
144# politics making a fortune, not computing.
145
146# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-09-03):
147#
148# Our Government...couldn't...make a decision after the 1989 consultation
149# exercise about the UK changing its timezone so it just let things drift
150# (different from deciding to keep the status quo). According to the
151# Summer Time Order 1992 (SI 1992/1729) the dates of Summer Time for 1993
152# and 1994 are:
153# Start End
154# 1993 28 March 24 October
155# 1994 27 March 23 October
156# All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT.
157#
158# There [was] an error in your tables for the start and end times prior to 1981.
159# The UK always used to change at 02:00 GMT. In 1981 it changed to 01:00 GMT
160# as a part of EC harmonisation and has remained at that time since.
161#
162# I have found the default algorithm for UK Summer Time, it is in the
163# Summer Time Act 1972. Section 1 states that in the absence of an Order
164# in Council Summer Time starts at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day
165# after the third Saturday in March, unless that day is Easter Day, in
166# which case it is the morning of the day after the second Saturday.
167# It ends at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day after the fourth Saturday
168# in October. (All the redundant `morning of the day ...' is in the Act.)
169# This is only of passing interest now as it will always be overridden by
|
170# an Order in Council (a Statutary Instrument, the SI thing mentioned above)
| 170# an Order in Council (a Statutory Instrument, the SI thing mentioned above)
|
171# to specify the EC specified dates.
172
173# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-10-18):
174#
175# My contact in the Ministry of Defence Public Relations department
176# accepted the challenge of looking into this and produced the following,
177# from Hansard (the official record of the UK Parliament), Oral Answers,
178# 1 March 1945, cols 1559--60:
179#
180# `58. Major Sir Goronwy Owen asked the Secretary of State for the Home
181# Department if he is now able to state the Government's proposals
182# regarding double summer time.
183#
184# [two other similar questions omitted]
185#
186# Mr. H. Morrison: The Government, in reviewing the matter, have
187# considered, [...] the conclusion has been reached that the adoption of
188# double summer time from the beginning of April is essential to the
189# maintenance of the war effort. [...] As 1st April is Easter Sunday,
190# when very early services are held in many churches, it is proposed that
191# double summer time shall start not in the night preceding Easter
192# Sunday, but in the night of Sunday- Monday so that it will operate from
193# Monday, 2nd April.'
194
195# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-06-14):
196# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
197# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
198# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
199# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
200
201# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-09-03):
202#
203# > # Current rules
204# > Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 BST
205# > Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Oct Sun>=23 1:00s 0 GMT
206#
207# The ending rule here doesn't match the EC rules, which specify the fourth
208# Sunday in October for the UK and Eire. The `fourth Sunday' rule wasn't
209# followed in 1989, but then the sixth EC directive wasn't in force then
210# and I don't know what previous ones said. 1995 is the next year with
211# the 4th Sun on 22 Oct, but that year isn't covered by the UK Summer Time
212# Order or the sixth EC directive. Your Oct Sun>=23 rule matches history
213# and with things only announced for 2 years or so in advance who knows
214# what will happen.
215#
216# There are renewed rumours that the Government here will make another
217# attempt at resolving this issue, which is what prompted me to start
218# asking the Home Office and the EC about it again. The EC categorically
219# state they are not asking anybody to change timezone, they only want
220# common start/end dates. The UK Govt. seem to want to change our zone
221# and blame the resulting fuss on the EC. Me, I think we should scrap
222# summer time completely, noon is when the Sun is overhead, and that should
223# be the end of it.
224
225# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-10-22):
226#
227# I now have the text of the Summer Time Act 1916, the granddaddy of them all.
228# It is headed: `An Act to provide for the Time in Great Britain and Ireland
229# being in advance of Greenwich and Dublin mean time respectively in the
230# summer months'.
231#
232# It specifies 21 May and 1 October for 1916 (both at 02:00 GMT) and whatever
233# dates an Order in Council may specify for subsequent years.
234#
235# Section 4 states: `This act shall apply to Ireland in like manner as it
236# applies to Great Britain, with the substitution however of references
237# to Dublin mean time for references to Greenwich mean time.'
238#
239# Lorna, my learned legal friend who supplied it, also offers this quote
240# from Halsbury's Statutes on the extent of Acts:
241#
242# `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie
243# to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside.
244# [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since
245# 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland,
246# but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.'
247#
248# She goes on to say the seminal event of 1922 was the establishment of
249# the Irish Free State, now called Eire.
250#
251# The Act doesn't say anything about Wales (or Scotland) so I would assert
252# that Shanks is wrong here. I would like to know why he thinks Wales
253# was different.
254#
255# It also confirms the fact that Ireland followed Dublin time back then,
256# and 25 minutes behind Greenwich, as Shanks has it, would be correct.
257
258# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-10-28):
259#
260# I now have before me, thanks to my learned legal friend Lorna, the text of
261# the Time (Ireland) Act 1916.
262#
263# It says that as from 2 AM Dublin Mean Time on 1 October 1916 the time
264# for general purposes in Ireland shall be the same as the rest of Great
265# Britain (ie. GMT with the Summer Time periods specified by the Summer Time
266# Act 1916).... As Ireland was behind GMT/BST at 02:00 DMT on 1 Oct GB would
267# have already put the clocks back. Using DST as Dublin Summer Time the
268# sequence would have been:
269# Dublin London
270# 02:34 DST 02:59 BST
271# 02:35 DST 02:00 GMT
272# 02:59 DST 02:24 GMT
273# 02:25 GMT 02:25 GMT
274# with the transition 03:00 DST -> 02:00 DMT -> 02:25 GMT all at once.
275#
276# In a table of repeals in the Schedule to the Act it mentions the
277# Statutes (Definition of Time) Act 1880. This is presumably the source
278# of the 1880 date in Shanks. The little bit of it that is repealed
279# also refers solely to Ireland and Dublin Mean Time.
280
281# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-10-29):
282#
283# My case is that, with the sole exception of Ireland in 1916 using Dublin
284# Mean Time, Summer Time has been uniform throughout the United Kingdom
285# ever since it first started in 1916.
286#
287# The United Kingdom is England, Wales and Scotland plus all of Ireland from
288# 1916 up to and including 1921, or plus Northern Ireland from 1922 to date.
289#
290# The dates used are those specified in the table in Summer Time: A Consultation
291# Document (Cm 722, 1989) that are now included in the europe file, with a
292# change to a single date, the start in 1924. I made a typo in my 1989 mail
293# and the table itself is also wrong. The correct date is 13 April.
294# The times were 02:00 GMT up to and including 1980, 01:00 GMT from 1981 on,
295# except for wartime double summer time.
296#
297# As evidence I would cite:
298#
299# - The Summer Time Act, 1916.
300#
301# This specifically states that it applies to Ireland, specifies dates of
302# 21 May and 1 October and times of 02:00, and says that in Ireland the
303# times relate to Dublin mean time. It specifies an offset of 1 hour.
304#
305# - The Time (Ireland) Act, 1916
306#
307# This abolishes Dublin mean time on 02:00 DMT 1 October 1916.
308# It repeals that section of the Statutes (Definition of Time) Act, 1880
309# that specifies DMT. It is therefore a safe bet that DMT existed at least
310# from 1880 and was the only alternative standard time in the UK.
311#
312# - The Summer Time Act, 1922
313#
314# This specifies an offset of 1 hour and dates of the day after the third
315# Saturday in April, unless that be Easter, in which case it is the day after
316# the second Saturday, and the day after the third Saturday in September.
317# The time is 02:00 GMT. It applied in 1922 and 1923, and longer if Parliament
318# so approved.
319#
320# It specifically states that it applies to Northern Ireland, the Channel
321# Islands, and the Isle of Man.
322#
323# - The Summer Time Act, 1925
324#
325# This makes the 1922 Act permanent, with a change to the end date to the
326# day after the first Saturday in October. It says nothing about extent,
327# so that part of the 1922 Act will still apply.
328#
329# - The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939, SR&O 1939 No. 1379
| 171# to specify the EC specified dates.
172
173# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-10-18):
174#
175# My contact in the Ministry of Defence Public Relations department
176# accepted the challenge of looking into this and produced the following,
177# from Hansard (the official record of the UK Parliament), Oral Answers,
178# 1 March 1945, cols 1559--60:
179#
180# `58. Major Sir Goronwy Owen asked the Secretary of State for the Home
181# Department if he is now able to state the Government's proposals
182# regarding double summer time.
183#
184# [two other similar questions omitted]
185#
186# Mr. H. Morrison: The Government, in reviewing the matter, have
187# considered, [...] the conclusion has been reached that the adoption of
188# double summer time from the beginning of April is essential to the
189# maintenance of the war effort. [...] As 1st April is Easter Sunday,
190# when very early services are held in many churches, it is proposed that
191# double summer time shall start not in the night preceding Easter
192# Sunday, but in the night of Sunday- Monday so that it will operate from
193# Monday, 2nd April.'
194
195# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-06-14):
196# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
197# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
198# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
199# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
200
201# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-09-03):
202#
203# > # Current rules
204# > Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 BST
205# > Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Oct Sun>=23 1:00s 0 GMT
206#
207# The ending rule here doesn't match the EC rules, which specify the fourth
208# Sunday in October for the UK and Eire. The `fourth Sunday' rule wasn't
209# followed in 1989, but then the sixth EC directive wasn't in force then
210# and I don't know what previous ones said. 1995 is the next year with
211# the 4th Sun on 22 Oct, but that year isn't covered by the UK Summer Time
212# Order or the sixth EC directive. Your Oct Sun>=23 rule matches history
213# and with things only announced for 2 years or so in advance who knows
214# what will happen.
215#
216# There are renewed rumours that the Government here will make another
217# attempt at resolving this issue, which is what prompted me to start
218# asking the Home Office and the EC about it again. The EC categorically
219# state they are not asking anybody to change timezone, they only want
220# common start/end dates. The UK Govt. seem to want to change our zone
221# and blame the resulting fuss on the EC. Me, I think we should scrap
222# summer time completely, noon is when the Sun is overhead, and that should
223# be the end of it.
224
225# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-10-22):
226#
227# I now have the text of the Summer Time Act 1916, the granddaddy of them all.
228# It is headed: `An Act to provide for the Time in Great Britain and Ireland
229# being in advance of Greenwich and Dublin mean time respectively in the
230# summer months'.
231#
232# It specifies 21 May and 1 October for 1916 (both at 02:00 GMT) and whatever
233# dates an Order in Council may specify for subsequent years.
234#
235# Section 4 states: `This act shall apply to Ireland in like manner as it
236# applies to Great Britain, with the substitution however of references
237# to Dublin mean time for references to Greenwich mean time.'
238#
239# Lorna, my learned legal friend who supplied it, also offers this quote
240# from Halsbury's Statutes on the extent of Acts:
241#
242# `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie
243# to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside.
244# [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since
245# 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland,
246# but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.'
247#
248# She goes on to say the seminal event of 1922 was the establishment of
249# the Irish Free State, now called Eire.
250#
251# The Act doesn't say anything about Wales (or Scotland) so I would assert
252# that Shanks is wrong here. I would like to know why he thinks Wales
253# was different.
254#
255# It also confirms the fact that Ireland followed Dublin time back then,
256# and 25 minutes behind Greenwich, as Shanks has it, would be correct.
257
258# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-10-28):
259#
260# I now have before me, thanks to my learned legal friend Lorna, the text of
261# the Time (Ireland) Act 1916.
262#
263# It says that as from 2 AM Dublin Mean Time on 1 October 1916 the time
264# for general purposes in Ireland shall be the same as the rest of Great
265# Britain (ie. GMT with the Summer Time periods specified by the Summer Time
266# Act 1916).... As Ireland was behind GMT/BST at 02:00 DMT on 1 Oct GB would
267# have already put the clocks back. Using DST as Dublin Summer Time the
268# sequence would have been:
269# Dublin London
270# 02:34 DST 02:59 BST
271# 02:35 DST 02:00 GMT
272# 02:59 DST 02:24 GMT
273# 02:25 GMT 02:25 GMT
274# with the transition 03:00 DST -> 02:00 DMT -> 02:25 GMT all at once.
275#
276# In a table of repeals in the Schedule to the Act it mentions the
277# Statutes (Definition of Time) Act 1880. This is presumably the source
278# of the 1880 date in Shanks. The little bit of it that is repealed
279# also refers solely to Ireland and Dublin Mean Time.
280
281# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-10-29):
282#
283# My case is that, with the sole exception of Ireland in 1916 using Dublin
284# Mean Time, Summer Time has been uniform throughout the United Kingdom
285# ever since it first started in 1916.
286#
287# The United Kingdom is England, Wales and Scotland plus all of Ireland from
288# 1916 up to and including 1921, or plus Northern Ireland from 1922 to date.
289#
290# The dates used are those specified in the table in Summer Time: A Consultation
291# Document (Cm 722, 1989) that are now included in the europe file, with a
292# change to a single date, the start in 1924. I made a typo in my 1989 mail
293# and the table itself is also wrong. The correct date is 13 April.
294# The times were 02:00 GMT up to and including 1980, 01:00 GMT from 1981 on,
295# except for wartime double summer time.
296#
297# As evidence I would cite:
298#
299# - The Summer Time Act, 1916.
300#
301# This specifically states that it applies to Ireland, specifies dates of
302# 21 May and 1 October and times of 02:00, and says that in Ireland the
303# times relate to Dublin mean time. It specifies an offset of 1 hour.
304#
305# - The Time (Ireland) Act, 1916
306#
307# This abolishes Dublin mean time on 02:00 DMT 1 October 1916.
308# It repeals that section of the Statutes (Definition of Time) Act, 1880
309# that specifies DMT. It is therefore a safe bet that DMT existed at least
310# from 1880 and was the only alternative standard time in the UK.
311#
312# - The Summer Time Act, 1922
313#
314# This specifies an offset of 1 hour and dates of the day after the third
315# Saturday in April, unless that be Easter, in which case it is the day after
316# the second Saturday, and the day after the third Saturday in September.
317# The time is 02:00 GMT. It applied in 1922 and 1923, and longer if Parliament
318# so approved.
319#
320# It specifically states that it applies to Northern Ireland, the Channel
321# Islands, and the Isle of Man.
322#
323# - The Summer Time Act, 1925
324#
325# This makes the 1922 Act permanent, with a change to the end date to the
326# day after the first Saturday in October. It says nothing about extent,
327# so that part of the 1922 Act will still apply.
328#
329# - The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939, SR&O 1939 No. 1379
|
330# [SR&O == Statutary Regulation and Order]
| 330# [SR&O == Statutory Regulation and Order]
|
331#
332# These were made under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939.
333# It changes the end date to be the day after the third Saturday in November.
334# It makes consequential changes to some vehicle lighting legislation,
335# which includes the Motor Vehicles and Road Traffic (Northern Ireland) Act,
336# 1934, so it seems clear it applies in Northern Ireland.
337#
338# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
339# 1939, SR&O 1940 No. 1883
340#
341# This continues summer time throughout the year after it starts in 1940.
342# It says nothing about extent and has no consequential changes.
343#
344# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
345# 1939, SR&O 1941 No. 476
346#
347# This introduces double summer time, starting at 01:00 GMT on the day after
348# the first Saturday in May and ending at 01:00 GMT on the day after the
349# second Saturday in August, offset another hour from normal summer time,
350# which continues throughout the rest of the year. It goes on a lot about
351# consequential changes to agricultural wages legislation, and says in part
352# `... and in its application to Northern Ireland have effect as
353# if for the references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation) Acts, 1924 and
354# 1940, there were substituted references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation)
355# Acts (Northern Ireland), 1939 and 1940, ...'. It also has a similar section
356# for Scotland. Both sections substitute the local Agricultural Wages Board
357# for the Agricultural Wages Board for England and Wales, showing that
358# England and Wales were indivisible.
359#
360# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
361# 1939, SR&O 1942 No. 506
362#
363# This changes the start date of double summer time to the day after the first
364# Saturday in April. It says nothing about extent.
365#
366# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
367# 1939, SR&O 1944 No. 932
368#
369# This changed the end date of double summer time to 17 September 1944.
370# (I don't have the text of this, just a note of what it did, the text almost
371# certainly had the `day after the nth Saturday' form.)
372#
373# (I am missing whatever regulations there were to change things in 1945
374# and the Summer Time Act, 1947.)
375#
376# - The British Standard Time Act, 1968
377#
378# This came into force on 27 October 1968 and continued summer time throughout
379# the year as an experiment until it expired on 31 October 1971.
380# There was no double summer time so we didn't have to change the clocks at all.
381# It specifically said it applied to Northern Ireland. It also said it
382# applied to Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man unless they passed
383# measures saying it didn't.
384#
385# - The Manx Time Act, 1968
386#
387# This is an Act of Tynwald (the Isle of Man Parliament) that said that
388# henceforth Manx time would be the same as the time in Great Britain.
389#
390# - The Summer Time Act, 1972
391#
392# This specified a reversion to normal summer time behaviour with a start
393# date of the day after the third Saturday in March, unless that is Easter,
394# when it is the day after the second Saturday, and an end date of the day
395# after the fourth Saturday in October. Times are at 02:00 GMT, offset is
396# 1 hour.
397#
398# It has the same wording about extent as the British Standard Time Act, 1968,
399# applying to Northern Ireland unconditionally and to Jersey, Guernsey and the
400# Isle of Man if they don't do something about it.
401#
402# (I am missing various Summer Time Orders that modified the 1972 Act to
403# harmonise with the EC since 1981. The major change is that the time changes
404# to 01:00 GMT.)
405#
| 331#
332# These were made under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939.
333# It changes the end date to be the day after the third Saturday in November.
334# It makes consequential changes to some vehicle lighting legislation,
335# which includes the Motor Vehicles and Road Traffic (Northern Ireland) Act,
336# 1934, so it seems clear it applies in Northern Ireland.
337#
338# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
339# 1939, SR&O 1940 No. 1883
340#
341# This continues summer time throughout the year after it starts in 1940.
342# It says nothing about extent and has no consequential changes.
343#
344# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
345# 1939, SR&O 1941 No. 476
346#
347# This introduces double summer time, starting at 01:00 GMT on the day after
348# the first Saturday in May and ending at 01:00 GMT on the day after the
349# second Saturday in August, offset another hour from normal summer time,
350# which continues throughout the rest of the year. It goes on a lot about
351# consequential changes to agricultural wages legislation, and says in part
352# `... and in its application to Northern Ireland have effect as
353# if for the references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation) Acts, 1924 and
354# 1940, there were substituted references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation)
355# Acts (Northern Ireland), 1939 and 1940, ...'. It also has a similar section
356# for Scotland. Both sections substitute the local Agricultural Wages Board
357# for the Agricultural Wages Board for England and Wales, showing that
358# England and Wales were indivisible.
359#
360# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
361# 1939, SR&O 1942 No. 506
362#
363# This changes the start date of double summer time to the day after the first
364# Saturday in April. It says nothing about extent.
365#
366# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
367# 1939, SR&O 1944 No. 932
368#
369# This changed the end date of double summer time to 17 September 1944.
370# (I don't have the text of this, just a note of what it did, the text almost
371# certainly had the `day after the nth Saturday' form.)
372#
373# (I am missing whatever regulations there were to change things in 1945
374# and the Summer Time Act, 1947.)
375#
376# - The British Standard Time Act, 1968
377#
378# This came into force on 27 October 1968 and continued summer time throughout
379# the year as an experiment until it expired on 31 October 1971.
380# There was no double summer time so we didn't have to change the clocks at all.
381# It specifically said it applied to Northern Ireland. It also said it
382# applied to Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man unless they passed
383# measures saying it didn't.
384#
385# - The Manx Time Act, 1968
386#
387# This is an Act of Tynwald (the Isle of Man Parliament) that said that
388# henceforth Manx time would be the same as the time in Great Britain.
389#
390# - The Summer Time Act, 1972
391#
392# This specified a reversion to normal summer time behaviour with a start
393# date of the day after the third Saturday in March, unless that is Easter,
394# when it is the day after the second Saturday, and an end date of the day
395# after the fourth Saturday in October. Times are at 02:00 GMT, offset is
396# 1 hour.
397#
398# It has the same wording about extent as the British Standard Time Act, 1968,
399# applying to Northern Ireland unconditionally and to Jersey, Guernsey and the
400# Isle of Man if they don't do something about it.
401#
402# (I am missing various Summer Time Orders that modified the 1972 Act to
403# harmonise with the EC since 1981. The major change is that the time changes
404# to 01:00 GMT.)
405#
|
406# - The Summer Time Order, 1992, SI 1992/1729 [SI == Statutary Instrument]
| 406# - The Summer Time Order, 1992, SI 1992/1729 [SI == Statutory Instrument]
|
407#
408# This specifies dates of:
409# Start End
410# 1993 28 March 24 October
411# 1994 27 March 23 October
412# All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT....
413#
414# - Some text on the extent of Acts, from Halsbury's Statutes
415#
416# `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie
417# to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside.
418# [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since
419# 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland,
420# but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.'
421#
422# So, many of these measures specifically include Northern Ireland,
423# the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. None of them exclude any
424# part of the UK. The default interpretation of Acts is that they apply
425# throughout the UK.
426#
427# With that, I rest my case Milud :-)
428#
429# Thanks are due to my learned legal friend Lorna Montgomerie, who dug out
430# the dusty old statutes, and to Melanie Allison of the Ministry of Defence,
431# who provided the wartime regulations and a snippet of Hansard explaining
432# why double summer time started on a Monday in 1945 (it was Easter).
433
434# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-05-29):
435# I have now got a copy of the British Standard Time Act 1968.
436# It says (S4(2)) that it expires at 02:00 GMT on 31 October 1971 unless
437# an Order in Council was passed in Parliament to make the Act permanent.
438# No Order was passed, so 02:00 1971-10-31 it is...
439#
440# Interestingly, it says baldly `This Act shall come into force on
441# 27 October 1968', without giving a time. As S1 of the Act merely
442# stated that `The time for general purposes in the United Kingdom
443# (to be known as British standard time) shall be one hour in
444# advance of Greenwich mean time throughout the year; ...' you could
445# possibly argue that the start time of BStandardT was 00:00 1968-10-27,
446# especially as the Act repealed the Summer Time Acts 1916--1947 in toto,
447# thereby destroying the authority of the Summer Time Order specifying
448# summer time in 1968....
449
450# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-11-18)
451#
452# Here is a revised version of my tabrules file for the perl script I sent
453# before. I have personally verified the various Orders back to 1953 and
454# all the Acts.
455#
456# There are no changes to the dates we already have.
457#
458# My doubt about an early start in 1967 on 18 Feb was misplaced, the Order
459# does say 18 Feb. This is an interesting case as the first Order gave a
460# different date of 7 April 1967 for the Isle of Man but this was changed
461# before it came into effect by another Order for the Isle of Man alone.
462#
463# I don't think I will be able to find any more of the earlier Orders.
464# The annual volumes for 1949--52 do not contain the various Summer Time
465# Orders. They therefore don't appear in the index. They rate a mention in
466# italics in the numerical list at the start but that is all.
467# I think what happens is that the annual volume is produced well after the
468# end of the year in question, by which time the Summer Time Order is spent.
469# They assume that nobody would ever be stupid enough to want to see it
470# again so they leave it out.
471#
472# It might be a good idea to put this table, or the output of tabscript
473# showing all the moves because of Easter, in the europe file comments in
474# place of my old transcription of the Green Paper table [the UK Government
475# paper "Summer Time: A Consultation Document" (HMSO Cm722 June 1989)].
476#
477# Peter Ilieve peter@memex.co.uk
478#
479#
480# ## control file for tabscript, a program to generate UK summer time dates
481# ## matching the table in Cm 722, the 1989 Green Paper.
482# ## Lines like this are comments.
483# ## Lines with a single # at the start are copied into the output
484# ## Control lines are of the form
485# ## <years> <start date> <end date> <flags> <double start> <double end>
486# ## <years> is either a single year or a hyphen separated range, with --
487# ## also accepted as I use this in TeX a lot.
488# ## <start date> and <end date> are a digit followed bu a month name.
489# ## It is either an nth Saturday or an explicit date, depending on <flags>.
490# ## 0 and/or none are used when there is no date, as during 1968--71.
491# ## <flags> can contain `fixed' to indicate explicit dates and `double'
492# ## to indicate double summer time dates are present.
493# ## At present double requires fixed as well.
494# ## <double start> and <double end> are like the start and end dates, with
495# ## the exception of the 0 and/or none feature.
496#
497# ## Blank lines are also ignored.
498#
499# ## Places where I am uncertain, not having personally verified the dates
500# ## against the Act or Order, are marked ???
501# ## These dates are taken from the Cm 722 table.
502#
503# # Summer Time Act, 1916
504# 1916 21 May 1 October fixed
505#
506# ## I haven't yet looked for Orders for 1916--22 and I doubt I will find them.
507# # unknown Order or Orders ???
508# 1917 8 apr 17 sep fixed
509# 1918 24 mar 30 sep fixed
510# 1919 30 mar 29 sep fixed
511# # end date extended in 1920 from 27 Sep because of coal strike (from Cm 722)
512# 1920 28 mar 25 oct fixed
513# 1921 3 apr 3 oct fixed
514#
515# # Summer Time Act, 1922
516# # came into force 22 July 1922, too late for 1922, so missing Order ???
517# 1922 26 mar 8 oct fixed
518# 1923-1924 3 April 3 September
519#
520# # Summer Time Act, 1925
521# 1925--1938 3 April 1 October
522#
523# # Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939
524# 1939 3 April 3 November
525# # 1940 amendment (SR&O 1940 Nos. 172 & 1883)
526# 1940 4 feb 0 none
527# # 1941 amendment (SR&O 1941 No. 476)
528# 1941 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 may 10 aug
529# # 1942 amendment (SR&O 1942 No. 506)
530# 1942 0 none 0 none fixed,double 5 apr 9 aug
531# 1943 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 apr 15 aug
532# # 1944 amendment (SR&O 1944 No. 932)
533# 1944 0 none 0 none fixed,double 2 apr 17 sep
534# # 1945 dates from Hansard, Oral Answers, 1 March 1945
535# 1945 0 none 7 oct fixed,double 2 apr 15 jul
536#
537# # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925
538# 1946 3 April 1 October
539#
540# # Summer Time Act, 1947
541# # Fixed dates for 1947 only, gives power to have double summer time
542# 1947 16 mar 2 nov fixed,double 13 apr 10 aug
543# ## I can't find any trace of the Order for 1948.
544# # Unknown Order ???
545# 1948 14 mar 31 oct fixed
546# ## I know the numbers for the 1949--52 ones but the text is missing from the
547# ## annual volumes. I also don't know if the 49 Order was for 49 or 50, etc.
548# # Summer Time Order, 1949 (SI1949/373) ???
549# 1949 3 apr 30 oct fixed
550# # Summer Time Order, 1950 (SI1950/518) ???
551# 1950 16 apr 22 oct fixed
552# # Summer Time Order, 1951 (SI1951/430) ???
553# 1951 15 apr 21 oct fixed
554# # Summer Time Order, 1952 (SI1952/451) ???
555# 1952 20 apr 26 oct fixed
556#
557# # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925
558# 1953--1960 3 April 1 October
559#
560# ## All Orders from here on specify fixed dates, not day after nth Sunday
561# ## Start pattern looks like Mar lastSun up to 1963, Mar Sun>=19 up to 1967.
562# ## End pattern looks like Oct Sun>=23 up to 1967.
563# # Summer Time Order, 1961 (SI1961/71)
564# 1961 26 March 29 October fixed
565# # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (SI1961/2465)
566# 1962 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
567# # Summer Time Order, 1963 (SI1963/81)
568# 1963 31 March 27 October fixed
569# # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (SI1963/2101)
570# 1964 22 March 25 October fixed
571# # Summer Time Order, 1964 (SI1964/1201)
572# 1965 21 Mar 24 Oct fixed
573# 1966 20 Mar 23 Oct fixed
574# 1967 19 Mar 29 Oct fixed
575# # Summer Time Order, 1967 (SI1967/1148)
576# # Specifies different start date of 7 April for Isle of Man
577# # Summer Time Order, 1968 (SI1968/117)
578# # Changes Isle of Man start date to 18 Feb to match rest of UK
579# # British Standard Time Act, 1968
580# 1968 18 feb 0 none fixed
581# 1969--1970 0 none 0 none
582# 1971 0 none 31 oct fixed
583#
584# # Summer Time Act, 1972
585# 1972-1980 3 March 4 October
586#
587# # The pattern here looks like Last Sun in Mar, day after 4th Sat in Oct
588# # First EC Directive ???
589# # Summer Time Order, 1980 (SI1980/1089)
590# 1981 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed
591# 1982 28 Mar 24 Oct fixed
592# # Second EC Directive ???
593# # Summer Time Order, 1982 (SI1982/1673)
594# 1983 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed
595# 1984 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
596# 1985 31 Mar 27 Oct fixed
597# # Third EC Directive ???
598# # Summer Time Order, 1986 (SI1986/223)
599# 1986 30 Mar 26 Oct fixed
600# 1987 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed
601# 1988 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed
602# # Fourth EC Directive ???
603# # Summer Time Order, 1988 (SI1988/931)
604# 1989 26 Mar 29 Oct fixed
605# # Fifth EC Directive ???
606# # Summer Time Order, 1989 (SI1989/985)
607# 1990 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
608# 1991 31 Mar 27 Oct fixed
609# 1992 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed
610# # Sixth EC Directive
611# # Summer Time Order, 1992 (SI1992/1729)
612# 1993 28 Mar 24 Oct fixed
613# 1994 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed
614
615# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-08-18):
616# I now have the text of the 7th EC directive on summer time arrangements
617# (94/21/EC), which was approved on 30 May....
618# The major changes from existing practice are that 1995 will be the last year
619# that the UK and Eire finish on a different date from everyone else,
620# and the common end date from 1996 onwards will be the last Sunday in October.
621# Year Start End End (UK & Eire, 1995 only)
622# (rule) (last Sun) (last Sun) (4th Sun)
623# 1995 26 March 24 September 22 October
624# 1996 31 March 27 October
625# 1997 30 March 26 October
626#
627# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-01):
628# The final piece of the legislative jigsaw for summer time in the UK for
629# 1995-97 is now in place. The Summer Time Order 1994 (SI 1994/2798)
630# came into force on 16 November. It restates the dates from the EC
631# seventh Summer Time Directive....
632#
633# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-04-20):
634# Proposals for the eighth directive were supposed to have been produced
635# by the Commission by 1 Jan 96. They have not yet appeared (I asked just
636# before Easter).
637
638# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-03-28):
639# The [GB-Eire] end date of 22 October [1995] conflicts with your current rule
640# of Oct Sun>=23, and the historical UK formula of Sun after 4th Sat.
641# The last time 4th Sun and Sun after 4th Sat differed was in 1989,
642# when 29 October was used. That year was covered by a UK Summer Time Order
643# for only a single year and it looks as though there was a matching 4th EC
644# directive for just this year. I don't have the text of the 5th EC
645# directive (for 1990--92) but my guess would be it said 4th Sun.
646# To maintain strict historical accuracy you could start a new UK ending rule
647# of Oct Sun>=22 in 1990.
648
649# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-06-12):
650#
651# As Ilieve remarks, the date `20 April 1924' in the table of ``Summer Time: A
652# Consultation Document'' (Cm 722, 1989) table is a transcription error;
653# 20 April was an Easter Sunday. Shanks has 13 April, the correct date.
654# Also, the table is not quite right for 1925 through 1938; the correct rules
655# (which Shanks uses) are given in the Summer Time Acts of 1922 and 1925.
656# Shanks and the UK Government paper disagree about the Apr 1956 transition;
657# since we have no other data, and since Shanks was correct in the other
658# points of disagreement about London, we'll believe Shanks for now.
659# Also, for lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948.
660#
661# Given Peter Ilieve's comments, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect:
662# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight savings time until
663# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
664# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
665# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
666# It actually just had one transition.
667# * Northern Ireland used single daylight savings time throughout WW II.
668# Actually, it conformed to Britain.
669# * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
670# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
671# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
672#
673# The following claims by Shanks are possible though doubtful;
674# we'll ignore them for now.
675# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
676# to daylight savings time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
677# conform with Great Britain.
678# * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
679#
680#
681# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.
682
683# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
684# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
685# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
686# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
687# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
688# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
689# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
690
691# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
692# 1916 to 1925--irregular
693Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
694Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
695Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
696Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
697Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
698Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
699Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
700Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
701Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
702Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
703Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
704Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
705Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
706Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
707Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
708Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
709Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 BST
710# 1925 to 1939 start--regular, except for avoiding Easter
711Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
712Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
713Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST
714Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
715Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 BST
716Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
717Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 BST
718Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
719Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
720Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
721Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST
722Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
723# 1939 end to 1947--irregular, and with double summer time
724Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 GMT
725Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 BST
726Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
727Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
728Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
729Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
730# Double daylight starts on a Monday in 1945--see above.
731Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr 2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
732Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul 15 1:00s 1:00 BST
733Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 GMT
734Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
735Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 GMT
736Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
737Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
738Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
739Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
740# So much for double saving time. 1948 and 1949, irregular.
741Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
742Rule GB-Eire 1948 1949 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 GMT
743Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
744# 1950 through start of 1953, regular.
745Rule GB-Eire 1950 1953 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
746Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
747# 1954 to 1980, starting rules
748Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 BST
749Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
750Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
751Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
752Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST
753Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
754Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
755Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
756Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
757# 1953 to 1980, ending rules
758Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 GMT
759Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
760Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
761# 1981 on
762Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
763Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
764Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
765# See EU for rules starting in 1996.
766
767# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
768Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Sep 22
769 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
770 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
771 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
772 0:00 EU GMT/BST
773Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
774 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
775 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 3:00 # Irish Summer Time
776 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
777 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
778 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
779 0:00 EU GMT/BST
780Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:21 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
781 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
782 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 3:00
783 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
784 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
785 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
786 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
787 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
788 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
789 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
790 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
791 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
792 0:00 EU GMT/IST
793
794###############################################################################
795
796# Continental Europe
797
798# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
799# Common Market, etc.
800
801# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
802Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
803Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
804Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
805Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
806Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
807Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
808
809# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
810Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
811Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
812Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
813Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
814Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
815Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
816
817# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
818# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
819Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
820Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
821Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
822Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
823Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
824# Whitman says 1941 DST was only from Feb 25 to Oct 5; go with Shanks.
825Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
826Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
827Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
828Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
829# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
830Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
831Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
832Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
833Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
834Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
835Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
836Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
837
838# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
839Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
840Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
841Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
842Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
843Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
844Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
845
846# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
847Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
848Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
849Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
850Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 MST
851Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
852Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
853Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
854Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
855# Shanks gives 1921 Mar 21 for the following transition.
856# From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (1993-11-12):
857# My sources says, that it is Mar 20, not 21.
858Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 DS
859Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
860Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
861Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
862Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
863Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
864Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
865Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
866Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
867Rule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
868Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
869Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
870
871# These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
872
873# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
874Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
875Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
876Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
877Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
878
879# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
880# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
881
882# From Markus Kuhn <mskuhn@unrza3.dialin.rrze.uni-erlangen.de> (1996-07-12):
883# The official German names ... are
884#
885# Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
886# Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
887#
888# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
889# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
890# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
891#
892# Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
893# Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
894# Postfach 3345
895# D-38023 Braunschweig
896# phone: +49 531 592-0
897#
898# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
899# department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
900# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
901#
902# Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
903# Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
904
905
906# Albania
907# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
908Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
909Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
910Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
911Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
912Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
913Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
914Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
915Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
916Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
917Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
918Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
919Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
920Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
921Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
922Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
923Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
924Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
925Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
926Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
927Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
928Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
929Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
930Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
931Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
932Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
933Rule Albania 1984 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
934# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
935Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
936 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
937 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1985 Mar 31 1:00
938 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1991
939 1:00 EU CE%sT
940
941# Andorra
942# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
943Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
944 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
945 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
946 1:00 EU CE%sT
947
948# Austria
949# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
950Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
951Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
952Rule Austria 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
953Rule Austria 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
954Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
955Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
956Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
957Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
958# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
959Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
960 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Jun 16 3:00
961 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00
962 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
963 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
964 1:00 EU CE%sT
965
966# Belarus
967# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
968Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
969 2:30:20 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
970 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
971 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
972 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
973 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
974 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00
975 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00
976 2:00 Russia EE%sT
977
978# Belgium
979# Whitman and Shanks disagree; go with Shanks, usually.
980# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
981# From Whitman:
982Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
983Rule Belgium 1919 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
984# Shanks gives 1920 Feb 14 23:00s; go with Whitman.
985Rule Belgium 1920 1921 - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
986Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
987Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
988Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
989# Whitman gives 1927 Oct 1 2:00s and 1928 Oct 7 2:00s; go with Shanks.
990Rule Belgium 1922 1928 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
991Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
992Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
993Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
994Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
995Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
996Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
997Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
998Rule Belgium 1929 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
999Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
1000Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
1001Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1002Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
1003Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
1004Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1005Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
1006# Whitman says 1937 Apr 18 2:00s; go with Shanks.
1007Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1008# Whitman says 1938 Apr 10 2:00s; go with Shanks.
1009Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
1010Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
1011Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
1012Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1013Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1014Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
1015Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1016# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1017Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:20 - LMT 1880
1018 0:17:20 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
1019 0:00 - WET 1914 Aug 4
1020 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Mar 1 23:00
1021 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 Feb 24 23:00
1022 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1023 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1024 1:00 EU CE%sT
1025
1026# Bosnia and Herzegovina
1027# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1028Zone Europe/Sarajevo 1:13:40 - LMT 1884
1029 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1030 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
1031 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1032 1:00 - CET 1983
1033 1:00 EU CE%sT
1034
1035# Bulgaria
1036# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1037Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
1038Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1039Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 S
1040Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
1041Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
1042# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1043Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
1044 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
1045 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
1046 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 3:00
1047 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
1048 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
1049 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
1050 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT
1051
1052# Croatia
1053# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1054Zone Europe/Zagreb 1:03:52 - LMT 1884
1055 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1056 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
1057 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1058 1:00 - CET 1983
1059 1:00 EU CE%sT
1060
1061# Czech Republic
1062# Gregorian calendar adopted 1584-01-17.
1063# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1064Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
1065Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1066Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
1067Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1068Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
1069Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1070Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
1071# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1072Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
1073 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
1074 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
1075 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
1076 1:00 EU CE%sT
1077
1078# Denmark
1079# Gregorian calendar adopted 1700-03-01.
1080# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1081Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1082Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
1083Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
1084Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1085Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
1086Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
1087Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
1088Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1089Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
1090Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
1091Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
1092# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways
1093# about many of the above dates; go with Shanks.
1094#
1095# For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman.
1096# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1097Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
1098 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time
1099 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1100 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1101 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
1102 1:00 EU CE%sT
1103Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
1104 0:00 - WET 1981
1105 0:00 EU WE%sT
1106#
1107# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1108# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
1109# and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
1110# rules at least through 1984. Shanks says Scoresbysund and Godthab
1111# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
1112# rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
1113
1114#
1115# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1116Rule Thule 1993 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1117Rule Thule 1993 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
1118#
1119# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1120Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormit
1121 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1122 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
1123 -1:00 EU EG%sT
1124Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
1125 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1126 -3:00 EU WG%sT
1127Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik
1128 -4:00 Thule A%sT
1129
1130# Estonia
1131# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15):
1132# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1133# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1134# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1135#
1136# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-10-28):
1137# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
1138# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
1139# ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
1140# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1141# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1142# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1143# human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1144# summer time next spring.''
1145# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1146Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1147 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1148 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1149 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1150 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1151 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1152 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1153 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1154 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1155 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT
1156
1157# Finland
1158# See Sweden for when the Gregorian calendar was adopted.
1159#
1160# From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC):
1161# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1162# and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1163#
1164# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994):
1165# Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981.
1166# Go with Strang instead.
1167#
1168# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1169Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
1170Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1171# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1172Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
1173 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1174 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00
1175 2:00 EU EE%sT
1176
1177# France
1178# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-12-20.
1179# French Revolutionary calendar used 1792-09-22 - 1805-12-31.
1180#
1181# Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
1182# From Shanks (1991):
1183# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1184Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1185Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1186Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1187Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1188Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1189Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1190Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1191Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1192Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1193Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1194Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1195Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1196Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1197Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1198Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1199Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1200Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1201Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1202Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1203Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1204Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1205Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1206Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1207Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1208Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1209Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1210Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1211Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1212Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1213Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1214# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris,
1215# but were used in other places (e.g. Monaco).
1216Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 DS
1217Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 1:00 1:00 S
1218Rule France 1942 only - Mar 8 0:00 2:00 DS
1219Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1220Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 DS
1221Rule France 1943 only - Nov 4 3:00 1:00 S
1222Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 DS
1223Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1224Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 DS
1225Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1226Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 S
1227Rule France 1976 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1228# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05,
1229# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1230# Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1231# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1232# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1233Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1234 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1235 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14
1236 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1237 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1238 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1239 1:00 EU CE%sT
1240
1241# Germany
1242
1243# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1244Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1245Rule Germany 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 DS
1246Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1247Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1248Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1249# Whitman gives 1948 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1250Rule Germany 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1251Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
1252Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 DS
1253Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1254Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1255Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1256# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1257Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1258 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1259 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1260 1:00 EU CE%sT
1261
1262# Gibraltar
1263# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1264Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
1265 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1266 1:00 - CET 1982
1267 1:00 EU CE%sT
1268
1269# Greece
1270# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1271# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks.
1272Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1273Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1274# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks.
1275Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1276# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks.
1277Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1278Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1279Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1280# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1281Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1282Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1283Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1284Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1285Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1286Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1287Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1288Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1289Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1290Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1291Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1292Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1293Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1294# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1295Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1296 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1297 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1298 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1299 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1300 # Shanks says they switched to C-Eur in 1981;
| 407#
408# This specifies dates of:
409# Start End
410# 1993 28 March 24 October
411# 1994 27 March 23 October
412# All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT....
413#
414# - Some text on the extent of Acts, from Halsbury's Statutes
415#
416# `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie
417# to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside.
418# [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since
419# 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland,
420# but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.'
421#
422# So, many of these measures specifically include Northern Ireland,
423# the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. None of them exclude any
424# part of the UK. The default interpretation of Acts is that they apply
425# throughout the UK.
426#
427# With that, I rest my case Milud :-)
428#
429# Thanks are due to my learned legal friend Lorna Montgomerie, who dug out
430# the dusty old statutes, and to Melanie Allison of the Ministry of Defence,
431# who provided the wartime regulations and a snippet of Hansard explaining
432# why double summer time started on a Monday in 1945 (it was Easter).
433
434# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-05-29):
435# I have now got a copy of the British Standard Time Act 1968.
436# It says (S4(2)) that it expires at 02:00 GMT on 31 October 1971 unless
437# an Order in Council was passed in Parliament to make the Act permanent.
438# No Order was passed, so 02:00 1971-10-31 it is...
439#
440# Interestingly, it says baldly `This Act shall come into force on
441# 27 October 1968', without giving a time. As S1 of the Act merely
442# stated that `The time for general purposes in the United Kingdom
443# (to be known as British standard time) shall be one hour in
444# advance of Greenwich mean time throughout the year; ...' you could
445# possibly argue that the start time of BStandardT was 00:00 1968-10-27,
446# especially as the Act repealed the Summer Time Acts 1916--1947 in toto,
447# thereby destroying the authority of the Summer Time Order specifying
448# summer time in 1968....
449
450# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-11-18)
451#
452# Here is a revised version of my tabrules file for the perl script I sent
453# before. I have personally verified the various Orders back to 1953 and
454# all the Acts.
455#
456# There are no changes to the dates we already have.
457#
458# My doubt about an early start in 1967 on 18 Feb was misplaced, the Order
459# does say 18 Feb. This is an interesting case as the first Order gave a
460# different date of 7 April 1967 for the Isle of Man but this was changed
461# before it came into effect by another Order for the Isle of Man alone.
462#
463# I don't think I will be able to find any more of the earlier Orders.
464# The annual volumes for 1949--52 do not contain the various Summer Time
465# Orders. They therefore don't appear in the index. They rate a mention in
466# italics in the numerical list at the start but that is all.
467# I think what happens is that the annual volume is produced well after the
468# end of the year in question, by which time the Summer Time Order is spent.
469# They assume that nobody would ever be stupid enough to want to see it
470# again so they leave it out.
471#
472# It might be a good idea to put this table, or the output of tabscript
473# showing all the moves because of Easter, in the europe file comments in
474# place of my old transcription of the Green Paper table [the UK Government
475# paper "Summer Time: A Consultation Document" (HMSO Cm722 June 1989)].
476#
477# Peter Ilieve peter@memex.co.uk
478#
479#
480# ## control file for tabscript, a program to generate UK summer time dates
481# ## matching the table in Cm 722, the 1989 Green Paper.
482# ## Lines like this are comments.
483# ## Lines with a single # at the start are copied into the output
484# ## Control lines are of the form
485# ## <years> <start date> <end date> <flags> <double start> <double end>
486# ## <years> is either a single year or a hyphen separated range, with --
487# ## also accepted as I use this in TeX a lot.
488# ## <start date> and <end date> are a digit followed bu a month name.
489# ## It is either an nth Saturday or an explicit date, depending on <flags>.
490# ## 0 and/or none are used when there is no date, as during 1968--71.
491# ## <flags> can contain `fixed' to indicate explicit dates and `double'
492# ## to indicate double summer time dates are present.
493# ## At present double requires fixed as well.
494# ## <double start> and <double end> are like the start and end dates, with
495# ## the exception of the 0 and/or none feature.
496#
497# ## Blank lines are also ignored.
498#
499# ## Places where I am uncertain, not having personally verified the dates
500# ## against the Act or Order, are marked ???
501# ## These dates are taken from the Cm 722 table.
502#
503# # Summer Time Act, 1916
504# 1916 21 May 1 October fixed
505#
506# ## I haven't yet looked for Orders for 1916--22 and I doubt I will find them.
507# # unknown Order or Orders ???
508# 1917 8 apr 17 sep fixed
509# 1918 24 mar 30 sep fixed
510# 1919 30 mar 29 sep fixed
511# # end date extended in 1920 from 27 Sep because of coal strike (from Cm 722)
512# 1920 28 mar 25 oct fixed
513# 1921 3 apr 3 oct fixed
514#
515# # Summer Time Act, 1922
516# # came into force 22 July 1922, too late for 1922, so missing Order ???
517# 1922 26 mar 8 oct fixed
518# 1923-1924 3 April 3 September
519#
520# # Summer Time Act, 1925
521# 1925--1938 3 April 1 October
522#
523# # Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939
524# 1939 3 April 3 November
525# # 1940 amendment (SR&O 1940 Nos. 172 & 1883)
526# 1940 4 feb 0 none
527# # 1941 amendment (SR&O 1941 No. 476)
528# 1941 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 may 10 aug
529# # 1942 amendment (SR&O 1942 No. 506)
530# 1942 0 none 0 none fixed,double 5 apr 9 aug
531# 1943 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 apr 15 aug
532# # 1944 amendment (SR&O 1944 No. 932)
533# 1944 0 none 0 none fixed,double 2 apr 17 sep
534# # 1945 dates from Hansard, Oral Answers, 1 March 1945
535# 1945 0 none 7 oct fixed,double 2 apr 15 jul
536#
537# # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925
538# 1946 3 April 1 October
539#
540# # Summer Time Act, 1947
541# # Fixed dates for 1947 only, gives power to have double summer time
542# 1947 16 mar 2 nov fixed,double 13 apr 10 aug
543# ## I can't find any trace of the Order for 1948.
544# # Unknown Order ???
545# 1948 14 mar 31 oct fixed
546# ## I know the numbers for the 1949--52 ones but the text is missing from the
547# ## annual volumes. I also don't know if the 49 Order was for 49 or 50, etc.
548# # Summer Time Order, 1949 (SI1949/373) ???
549# 1949 3 apr 30 oct fixed
550# # Summer Time Order, 1950 (SI1950/518) ???
551# 1950 16 apr 22 oct fixed
552# # Summer Time Order, 1951 (SI1951/430) ???
553# 1951 15 apr 21 oct fixed
554# # Summer Time Order, 1952 (SI1952/451) ???
555# 1952 20 apr 26 oct fixed
556#
557# # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925
558# 1953--1960 3 April 1 October
559#
560# ## All Orders from here on specify fixed dates, not day after nth Sunday
561# ## Start pattern looks like Mar lastSun up to 1963, Mar Sun>=19 up to 1967.
562# ## End pattern looks like Oct Sun>=23 up to 1967.
563# # Summer Time Order, 1961 (SI1961/71)
564# 1961 26 March 29 October fixed
565# # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (SI1961/2465)
566# 1962 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
567# # Summer Time Order, 1963 (SI1963/81)
568# 1963 31 March 27 October fixed
569# # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (SI1963/2101)
570# 1964 22 March 25 October fixed
571# # Summer Time Order, 1964 (SI1964/1201)
572# 1965 21 Mar 24 Oct fixed
573# 1966 20 Mar 23 Oct fixed
574# 1967 19 Mar 29 Oct fixed
575# # Summer Time Order, 1967 (SI1967/1148)
576# # Specifies different start date of 7 April for Isle of Man
577# # Summer Time Order, 1968 (SI1968/117)
578# # Changes Isle of Man start date to 18 Feb to match rest of UK
579# # British Standard Time Act, 1968
580# 1968 18 feb 0 none fixed
581# 1969--1970 0 none 0 none
582# 1971 0 none 31 oct fixed
583#
584# # Summer Time Act, 1972
585# 1972-1980 3 March 4 October
586#
587# # The pattern here looks like Last Sun in Mar, day after 4th Sat in Oct
588# # First EC Directive ???
589# # Summer Time Order, 1980 (SI1980/1089)
590# 1981 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed
591# 1982 28 Mar 24 Oct fixed
592# # Second EC Directive ???
593# # Summer Time Order, 1982 (SI1982/1673)
594# 1983 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed
595# 1984 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
596# 1985 31 Mar 27 Oct fixed
597# # Third EC Directive ???
598# # Summer Time Order, 1986 (SI1986/223)
599# 1986 30 Mar 26 Oct fixed
600# 1987 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed
601# 1988 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed
602# # Fourth EC Directive ???
603# # Summer Time Order, 1988 (SI1988/931)
604# 1989 26 Mar 29 Oct fixed
605# # Fifth EC Directive ???
606# # Summer Time Order, 1989 (SI1989/985)
607# 1990 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
608# 1991 31 Mar 27 Oct fixed
609# 1992 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed
610# # Sixth EC Directive
611# # Summer Time Order, 1992 (SI1992/1729)
612# 1993 28 Mar 24 Oct fixed
613# 1994 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed
614
615# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-08-18):
616# I now have the text of the 7th EC directive on summer time arrangements
617# (94/21/EC), which was approved on 30 May....
618# The major changes from existing practice are that 1995 will be the last year
619# that the UK and Eire finish on a different date from everyone else,
620# and the common end date from 1996 onwards will be the last Sunday in October.
621# Year Start End End (UK & Eire, 1995 only)
622# (rule) (last Sun) (last Sun) (4th Sun)
623# 1995 26 March 24 September 22 October
624# 1996 31 March 27 October
625# 1997 30 March 26 October
626#
627# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-01):
628# The final piece of the legislative jigsaw for summer time in the UK for
629# 1995-97 is now in place. The Summer Time Order 1994 (SI 1994/2798)
630# came into force on 16 November. It restates the dates from the EC
631# seventh Summer Time Directive....
632#
633# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-04-20):
634# Proposals for the eighth directive were supposed to have been produced
635# by the Commission by 1 Jan 96. They have not yet appeared (I asked just
636# before Easter).
637
638# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-03-28):
639# The [GB-Eire] end date of 22 October [1995] conflicts with your current rule
640# of Oct Sun>=23, and the historical UK formula of Sun after 4th Sat.
641# The last time 4th Sun and Sun after 4th Sat differed was in 1989,
642# when 29 October was used. That year was covered by a UK Summer Time Order
643# for only a single year and it looks as though there was a matching 4th EC
644# directive for just this year. I don't have the text of the 5th EC
645# directive (for 1990--92) but my guess would be it said 4th Sun.
646# To maintain strict historical accuracy you could start a new UK ending rule
647# of Oct Sun>=22 in 1990.
648
649# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-06-12):
650#
651# As Ilieve remarks, the date `20 April 1924' in the table of ``Summer Time: A
652# Consultation Document'' (Cm 722, 1989) table is a transcription error;
653# 20 April was an Easter Sunday. Shanks has 13 April, the correct date.
654# Also, the table is not quite right for 1925 through 1938; the correct rules
655# (which Shanks uses) are given in the Summer Time Acts of 1922 and 1925.
656# Shanks and the UK Government paper disagree about the Apr 1956 transition;
657# since we have no other data, and since Shanks was correct in the other
658# points of disagreement about London, we'll believe Shanks for now.
659# Also, for lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948.
660#
661# Given Peter Ilieve's comments, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect:
662# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight savings time until
663# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
664# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
665# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
666# It actually just had one transition.
667# * Northern Ireland used single daylight savings time throughout WW II.
668# Actually, it conformed to Britain.
669# * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
670# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
671# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
672#
673# The following claims by Shanks are possible though doubtful;
674# we'll ignore them for now.
675# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
676# to daylight savings time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
677# conform with Great Britain.
678# * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
679#
680#
681# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.
682
683# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
684# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
685# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
686# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
687# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
688# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
689# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
690
691# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
692# 1916 to 1925--irregular
693Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
694Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
695Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
696Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
697Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
698Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
699Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
700Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
701Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
702Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
703Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
704Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
705Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
706Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
707Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
708Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
709Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 BST
710# 1925 to 1939 start--regular, except for avoiding Easter
711Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
712Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
713Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST
714Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
715Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 BST
716Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
717Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 BST
718Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
719Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
720Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
721Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST
722Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
723# 1939 end to 1947--irregular, and with double summer time
724Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 GMT
725Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 BST
726Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
727Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
728Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
729Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
730# Double daylight starts on a Monday in 1945--see above.
731Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr 2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
732Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul 15 1:00s 1:00 BST
733Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 GMT
734Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
735Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 GMT
736Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
737Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
738Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
739Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
740# So much for double saving time. 1948 and 1949, irregular.
741Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
742Rule GB-Eire 1948 1949 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 GMT
743Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
744# 1950 through start of 1953, regular.
745Rule GB-Eire 1950 1953 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
746Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
747# 1954 to 1980, starting rules
748Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 BST
749Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
750Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
751Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
752Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST
753Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
754Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
755Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
756Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
757# 1953 to 1980, ending rules
758Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 GMT
759Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
760Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
761# 1981 on
762Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
763Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
764Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
765# See EU for rules starting in 1996.
766
767# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
768Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Sep 22
769 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
770 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
771 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
772 0:00 EU GMT/BST
773Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
774 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
775 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 3:00 # Irish Summer Time
776 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
777 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
778 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
779 0:00 EU GMT/BST
780Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:21 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
781 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
782 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 3:00
783 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
784 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
785 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
786 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
787 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
788 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
789 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
790 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
791 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
792 0:00 EU GMT/IST
793
794###############################################################################
795
796# Continental Europe
797
798# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
799# Common Market, etc.
800
801# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
802Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
803Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
804Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
805Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
806Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
807Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
808
809# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
810Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
811Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
812Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
813Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
814Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
815Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
816
817# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
818# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
819Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
820Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
821Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
822Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
823Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
824# Whitman says 1941 DST was only from Feb 25 to Oct 5; go with Shanks.
825Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
826Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
827Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
828Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
829# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
830Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
831Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
832Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
833Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
834Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
835Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
836Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
837
838# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
839Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
840Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
841Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
842Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
843Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
844Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
845
846# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
847Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
848Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
849Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
850Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 MST
851Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
852Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
853Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
854Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
855# Shanks gives 1921 Mar 21 for the following transition.
856# From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (1993-11-12):
857# My sources says, that it is Mar 20, not 21.
858Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 DS
859Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
860Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
861Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
862Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
863Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
864Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
865Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
866Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
867Rule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
868Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
869Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
870
871# These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
872
873# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
874Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
875Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
876Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
877Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
878
879# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
880# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
881
882# From Markus Kuhn <mskuhn@unrza3.dialin.rrze.uni-erlangen.de> (1996-07-12):
883# The official German names ... are
884#
885# Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
886# Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
887#
888# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
889# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
890# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
891#
892# Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
893# Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
894# Postfach 3345
895# D-38023 Braunschweig
896# phone: +49 531 592-0
897#
898# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
899# department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
900# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
901#
902# Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
903# Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
904
905
906# Albania
907# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
908Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
909Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
910Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
911Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
912Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
913Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
914Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
915Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
916Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
917Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
918Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
919Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
920Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
921Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
922Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
923Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
924Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
925Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
926Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
927Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
928Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
929Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
930Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
931Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
932Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
933Rule Albania 1984 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
934# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
935Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
936 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
937 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1985 Mar 31 1:00
938 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1991
939 1:00 EU CE%sT
940
941# Andorra
942# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
943Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
944 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
945 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
946 1:00 EU CE%sT
947
948# Austria
949# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
950Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
951Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
952Rule Austria 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
953Rule Austria 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
954Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
955Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
956Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
957Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
958# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
959Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
960 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Jun 16 3:00
961 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00
962 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
963 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
964 1:00 EU CE%sT
965
966# Belarus
967# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
968Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
969 2:30:20 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
970 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
971 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
972 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
973 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
974 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00
975 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00
976 2:00 Russia EE%sT
977
978# Belgium
979# Whitman and Shanks disagree; go with Shanks, usually.
980# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
981# From Whitman:
982Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
983Rule Belgium 1919 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
984# Shanks gives 1920 Feb 14 23:00s; go with Whitman.
985Rule Belgium 1920 1921 - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
986Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
987Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
988Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
989# Whitman gives 1927 Oct 1 2:00s and 1928 Oct 7 2:00s; go with Shanks.
990Rule Belgium 1922 1928 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
991Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
992Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
993Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
994Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
995Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
996Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
997Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
998Rule Belgium 1929 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
999Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
1000Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
1001Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1002Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
1003Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
1004Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1005Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
1006# Whitman says 1937 Apr 18 2:00s; go with Shanks.
1007Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1008# Whitman says 1938 Apr 10 2:00s; go with Shanks.
1009Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
1010Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
1011Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
1012Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1013Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1014Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
1015Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1016# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1017Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:20 - LMT 1880
1018 0:17:20 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
1019 0:00 - WET 1914 Aug 4
1020 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Mar 1 23:00
1021 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 Feb 24 23:00
1022 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1023 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1024 1:00 EU CE%sT
1025
1026# Bosnia and Herzegovina
1027# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1028Zone Europe/Sarajevo 1:13:40 - LMT 1884
1029 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1030 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
1031 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1032 1:00 - CET 1983
1033 1:00 EU CE%sT
1034
1035# Bulgaria
1036# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1037Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
1038Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1039Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 S
1040Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
1041Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
1042# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1043Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
1044 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
1045 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
1046 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 3:00
1047 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
1048 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
1049 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
1050 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT
1051
1052# Croatia
1053# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1054Zone Europe/Zagreb 1:03:52 - LMT 1884
1055 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1056 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
1057 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1058 1:00 - CET 1983
1059 1:00 EU CE%sT
1060
1061# Czech Republic
1062# Gregorian calendar adopted 1584-01-17.
1063# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1064Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
1065Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1066Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
1067Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1068Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
1069Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1070Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
1071# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1072Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
1073 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
1074 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
1075 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
1076 1:00 EU CE%sT
1077
1078# Denmark
1079# Gregorian calendar adopted 1700-03-01.
1080# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1081Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1082Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
1083Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
1084Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1085Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
1086Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
1087Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
1088Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1089Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
1090Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
1091Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
1092# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways
1093# about many of the above dates; go with Shanks.
1094#
1095# For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman.
1096# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1097Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
1098 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time
1099 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1100 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1101 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
1102 1:00 EU CE%sT
1103Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
1104 0:00 - WET 1981
1105 0:00 EU WE%sT
1106#
1107# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1108# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
1109# and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
1110# rules at least through 1984. Shanks says Scoresbysund and Godthab
1111# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
1112# rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
1113
1114#
1115# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1116Rule Thule 1993 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1117Rule Thule 1993 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
1118#
1119# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1120Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormit
1121 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1122 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
1123 -1:00 EU EG%sT
1124Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
1125 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1126 -3:00 EU WG%sT
1127Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik
1128 -4:00 Thule A%sT
1129
1130# Estonia
1131# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15):
1132# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1133# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1134# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1135#
1136# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-10-28):
1137# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
1138# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
1139# ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
1140# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1141# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1142# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1143# human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1144# summer time next spring.''
1145# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1146Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1147 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1148 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1149 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1150 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1151 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1152 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1153 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1154 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1155 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT
1156
1157# Finland
1158# See Sweden for when the Gregorian calendar was adopted.
1159#
1160# From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC):
1161# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1162# and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1163#
1164# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994):
1165# Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981.
1166# Go with Strang instead.
1167#
1168# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1169Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
1170Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1171# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1172Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
1173 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1174 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00
1175 2:00 EU EE%sT
1176
1177# France
1178# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-12-20.
1179# French Revolutionary calendar used 1792-09-22 - 1805-12-31.
1180#
1181# Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
1182# From Shanks (1991):
1183# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1184Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1185Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1186Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1187Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1188Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1189Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1190Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1191Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1192Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1193Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1194Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1195Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1196Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1197Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1198Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1199Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1200Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1201Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1202Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1203Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1204Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1205Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1206Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1207Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1208Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1209Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1210Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1211Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1212Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1213Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1214# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris,
1215# but were used in other places (e.g. Monaco).
1216Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 DS
1217Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 1:00 1:00 S
1218Rule France 1942 only - Mar 8 0:00 2:00 DS
1219Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1220Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 DS
1221Rule France 1943 only - Nov 4 3:00 1:00 S
1222Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 DS
1223Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1224Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 DS
1225Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1226Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 S
1227Rule France 1976 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1228# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05,
1229# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1230# Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1231# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1232# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1233Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1234 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1235 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14
1236 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1237 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1238 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1239 1:00 EU CE%sT
1240
1241# Germany
1242
1243# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1244Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1245Rule Germany 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 DS
1246Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1247Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1248Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1249# Whitman gives 1948 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1250Rule Germany 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1251Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
1252Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 DS
1253Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1254Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1255Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1256# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1257Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1258 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1259 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1260 1:00 EU CE%sT
1261
1262# Gibraltar
1263# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1264Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
1265 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1266 1:00 - CET 1982
1267 1:00 EU CE%sT
1268
1269# Greece
1270# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1271# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks.
1272Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1273Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1274# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks.
1275Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1276# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks.
1277Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1278Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1279Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1280# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1281Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1282Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1283Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1284Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1285Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1286Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1287Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1288Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1289Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1290Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1291Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1292Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1293Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1294# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1295Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1296 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1297 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1298 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1299 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1300 # Shanks says they switched to C-Eur in 1981;
|
1301 # go with EU intead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
| 1301 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
|
1302 2:00 EU EE%sT
1303
1304# Hungary
1305# Gregorian calendar adopted 1587-11-01.
1306# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1307Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1308Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1309Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1310Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1311Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
1312Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1313Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1314Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1315Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1316Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1317Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1318Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1319Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1320Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1321Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1322Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1323Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1324Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1325Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1326Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1327# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1328Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1329 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1330 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1331 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00
1332 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1333 1:00 EU CE%sT
1334
1335# Iceland
1336#
1337# From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (1993-11-06):
1338# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1339#
1340# (1993-12-05):
1341# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1342# Iceland Almanak.
1343#
1344# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1345# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1346# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1347# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1348#
1349# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1350# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1351# time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1352# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1353#
1354# (1993-12-10):
1355# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1356# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1357# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1358# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1359# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1360# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1361# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1362# might mean something else (???).
1363#
1364# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-12-09):
1365# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
1366# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
1367# Reykavik was -1:28 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1368#
1369# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1370Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1371Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1372Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1373Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1374Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1375Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1376Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1377Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1378Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1379Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1380Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1381# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1382Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1383Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1384# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1385Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1386# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1387Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1388Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1389Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1390# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1391Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1392 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1393 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1394 0:00 - GMT
1395
1396# Italy
1397# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15.
1398#
1399# From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06):
1400# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri
1401# <URL:http://pisolo.cstv.to.cnr.it/toi/uk/ienitlt.html> (1996-03-14) (`FP'
1402# below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute publication.
1403# When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1404#
1405# year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1406# 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1407# 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1408# 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1409# 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1410# 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1411# 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1412# 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1413# 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1414# 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1415# 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1416# 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1417# 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1418# 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1419# 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1420# 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1421#
1422# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1423Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1424Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1425Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1426Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1427Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1428Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1429Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1430Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1431Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1432Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1433Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1434Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1435Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1436Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1437Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1438Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1439Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1440Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1441Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1442Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1443Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1444Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1445Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1446Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1447Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1448Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1449Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1450Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1451Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1452Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1453Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1454Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1455Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1456Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1457Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1458Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1459# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1460Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1461 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time
1462 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1463 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1464 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1465 1:00 EU CE%sT
1466
1467Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1468Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1469
1470# Latvia
1471# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1472# Rules after 1991 are by extension from Shanks. They contradict
1473# IATA SSIM (1992/1996), which claims Latvia uses W-Eur rules, but
1474# Peter Ilieve's relative writes that Latvia switched in September this year,
1475# so we'll assume that the old C-Eur-style rules still apply.
1476# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1477Rule Latvia 1992 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1478Rule Latvia 1992 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1479# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1480Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1481 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1482 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1483 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1484 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1485 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1486 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1487 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1488 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 8
1489 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1490 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1491 2:00 Latvia EE%sT
1492
1493# Liechtenstein
1494# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1495Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1496 1:00 - CET 1981
1497 1:00 EU CE%sT
1498
1499# Lithuania
1500# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1501Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1502 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1503 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1504 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1505 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1506 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1507 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1508 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1509 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1510 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1511 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT
1512# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1513# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1514# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1515
1516# Luxembourg
1517# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks.
1518# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1519Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1520Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1521Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1522Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1523Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1524Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1525Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1526Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1527Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1528Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1529Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1530Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1531Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1532Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1533Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1534Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1535Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1536Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1537Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1538Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1539Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1540Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1541Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1542# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1543Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1544 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1545 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1546 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1547 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1548 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1549 1:00 EU CE%sT
1550
1551# Macedonia
1552# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1553Zone Europe/Skopje 1:25:44 - LMT 1884
1554 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1555 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
1556 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1557 1:00 - CET 1983
1558 1:00 EU CE%sT
1559
1560# Malta
1561# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1562Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1563Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1564Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1565Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1566Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1567Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1568Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1569# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1570Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta
1571 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1572 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1573 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1574 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1575 1:00 EU CE%sT
1576
1577# Moldova
1578# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1579Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1924 May 2
1580 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1581 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1582 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1583 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT
1584
1585# Monaco
1586# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21.
1587# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1588Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1589 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1590 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1591 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1592 1:00 EU CE%sT
1593
1594# Netherlands
1595# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1596# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1597# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1598# Shanks gives 1916 May 1 0:00 and 1916 Oct 1 0:00; go with Whitman.
1599Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1600Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1601Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1602Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1603# Whitman gives 1918 Apr 14, 1918 Oct 31, and 1921 Sep 28; go with Shanks.
1604Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1605Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep Mon>=24 2:00s 0 AMT
1606Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 NST
1607# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1608Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1609Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun 1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1610Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 NST
1611# Whitman gives 1925 Apr 5; go with Shanks.
1612Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun 5 2:00s 1:00 NST
1613# For 1926 through 1930 Whitman gives Apr 15; go with Shanks.
1614Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1615Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1616Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1617Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1618Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1619Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1620# Whitman gives 1939 Apr 15 and 1940 Apr 19; go with Shanks.
1621Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1622Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1623Rule Neth 1945 only - May 20 2:00s 0 -
1624# Before 1937, Shanks says just `0:20'; we use Whitman's more precise figure.
1625# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1626Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:28 - LMT 1892 May
1627 0:19:28 Neth %s 1937 Jul
1628 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:40
1629 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1630 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1631 1:00 EU CE%sT
1632
1633# Norway
1634# Gregorian calendar adopted 1700-03-01.
1635# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1636# Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks.
1637Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1638Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1639# Shanks omits the following transition; go with Whitman.
1640Rule Norway 1935 only - Aug 11 0:00 1:00 S
1641# Whitman says DST observed until 1942 Nov 1, then 1943 Mar 29 - Oct 4,
1642# 1944 Apr 3 - Oct 2, and 1945 Apr 1 - Oct 1; go with Shanks after 1940.
1643Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1644Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1645Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1646Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1647Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1648# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1649Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895
1650 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1651 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1652 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1653 1:00 EU CE%sT
1654#
1655# Svalbard
1656Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1657#
1658# Jan Mayen
1659# From Whitman:
1660# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1661Zone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen -1:00 - EGT
1662
1663# Poland
1664# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1665Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1666Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1667# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks.
1668Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1669# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks.
1670Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1671Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1672Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 S
1673Rule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 -
1674Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
1675Rule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1676Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
1677# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1678Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1679Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1680Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1681Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1682Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1683Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1684Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 S
1685Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1686# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1687Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1688 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1689 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1690 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1691 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1692 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1693 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977 Apr 3 1:00
1694 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT
1695# IATA SSIM (1991/1996) gives EU rules, but the _The Warsaw Voice_
1696# <URL:http://www.contact.waw.pl/voice/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml>
1697# (1995-09-24) says the autumn 1995 switch was at 02:00.
1698# Stick with W-Eur for now.
1699
1700# Portugal
1701# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15.
1702#
1703# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (1992-11-12):
1704# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1705# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1706#
1707# Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1708# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1709# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1710#
1711# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1712# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1713# at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1714# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1715# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1716# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1717# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1718#
1719# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1720Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1721# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1722Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1723Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1724Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1725Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1726Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1727Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1728Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1729Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1730Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1731Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1732Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1733Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1734Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1735Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1736Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1737# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks.
1738Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1739Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1740# Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman.
1741Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1742# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks.
1743Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1744# Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1745Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1746Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1747# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks.
1748Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1749Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1750Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1751# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
1752Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1753Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1754# Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1755Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
1756Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1757Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
1758Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 DS
1759Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
1760Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
1761Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 DS
1762Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
1763Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 DS
1764Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
1765Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1766Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1767Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1768# Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
1769# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks.
1770Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1771Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1772Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
1773Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
1774Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
1775Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1776Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1777Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1778Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1779Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1780# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1781Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
1782 -0:36:32 - LMT 1911 May 24 # Lisbon Mean Time
1783 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1784 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
1785 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1786 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1787 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
1788 0:00 EU WE%sT
1789Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
1790 -1:55 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
1791 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
1792 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1793 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1794 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
1795 -1:00 EU AZO%sT
1796Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
1797 -1:08 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
1798 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
1799 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1800 0:00 EU WE%sT
1801
1802# Romania
1803# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1804Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1805Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1806Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
1807Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
1808Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1809Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1810Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1811Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1812Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1813# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1814Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
1815 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1816 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1817 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
1818 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
1819 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT
1820
1821# Russia
| 1302 2:00 EU EE%sT
1303
1304# Hungary
1305# Gregorian calendar adopted 1587-11-01.
1306# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1307Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1308Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1309Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1310Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1311Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
1312Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1313Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1314Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1315Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1316Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1317Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1318Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1319Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1320Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1321Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1322Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1323Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1324Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1325Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1326Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1327# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1328Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1329 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1330 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1331 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00
1332 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1333 1:00 EU CE%sT
1334
1335# Iceland
1336#
1337# From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (1993-11-06):
1338# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1339#
1340# (1993-12-05):
1341# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1342# Iceland Almanak.
1343#
1344# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1345# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1346# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1347# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1348#
1349# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1350# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1351# time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1352# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1353#
1354# (1993-12-10):
1355# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1356# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1357# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1358# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1359# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1360# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1361# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1362# might mean something else (???).
1363#
1364# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-12-09):
1365# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
1366# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
1367# Reykavik was -1:28 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1368#
1369# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1370Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1371Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1372Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1373Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1374Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1375Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1376Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1377Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1378Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1379Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1380Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1381# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1382Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1383Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1384# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1385Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1386# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1387Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1388Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1389Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1390# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1391Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1392 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1393 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1394 0:00 - GMT
1395
1396# Italy
1397# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15.
1398#
1399# From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06):
1400# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri
1401# <URL:http://pisolo.cstv.to.cnr.it/toi/uk/ienitlt.html> (1996-03-14) (`FP'
1402# below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute publication.
1403# When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1404#
1405# year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1406# 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1407# 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1408# 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1409# 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1410# 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1411# 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1412# 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1413# 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1414# 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1415# 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1416# 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1417# 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1418# 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1419# 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1420# 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1421#
1422# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1423Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1424Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1425Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1426Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1427Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1428Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1429Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1430Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1431Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1432Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1433Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1434Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1435Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1436Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1437Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1438Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1439Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1440Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1441Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1442Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1443Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1444Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1445Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1446Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1447Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1448Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1449Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1450Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1451Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1452Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1453Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1454Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1455Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1456Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1457Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1458Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1459# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1460Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1461 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time
1462 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1463 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1464 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1465 1:00 EU CE%sT
1466
1467Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1468Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1469
1470# Latvia
1471# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1472# Rules after 1991 are by extension from Shanks. They contradict
1473# IATA SSIM (1992/1996), which claims Latvia uses W-Eur rules, but
1474# Peter Ilieve's relative writes that Latvia switched in September this year,
1475# so we'll assume that the old C-Eur-style rules still apply.
1476# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1477Rule Latvia 1992 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1478Rule Latvia 1992 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1479# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1480Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1481 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1482 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1483 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1484 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1485 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1486 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1487 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1488 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 8
1489 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1490 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1491 2:00 Latvia EE%sT
1492
1493# Liechtenstein
1494# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1495Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1496 1:00 - CET 1981
1497 1:00 EU CE%sT
1498
1499# Lithuania
1500# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1501Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1502 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1503 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1504 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1505 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1506 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1507 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1508 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1509 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1510 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1511 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT
1512# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1513# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1514# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1515
1516# Luxembourg
1517# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks.
1518# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1519Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1520Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1521Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1522Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1523Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1524Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1525Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1526Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1527Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1528Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1529Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1530Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1531Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1532Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1533Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1534Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1535Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1536Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1537Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1538Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1539Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1540Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1541Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1542# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1543Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1544 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1545 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1546 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1547 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1548 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1549 1:00 EU CE%sT
1550
1551# Macedonia
1552# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1553Zone Europe/Skopje 1:25:44 - LMT 1884
1554 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1555 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
1556 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1557 1:00 - CET 1983
1558 1:00 EU CE%sT
1559
1560# Malta
1561# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1562Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1563Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1564Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1565Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1566Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1567Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1568Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1569# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1570Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta
1571 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1572 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1573 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1574 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1575 1:00 EU CE%sT
1576
1577# Moldova
1578# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1579Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1924 May 2
1580 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1581 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1582 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1583 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT
1584
1585# Monaco
1586# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21.
1587# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1588Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1589 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1590 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1591 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1592 1:00 EU CE%sT
1593
1594# Netherlands
1595# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1596# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1597# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1598# Shanks gives 1916 May 1 0:00 and 1916 Oct 1 0:00; go with Whitman.
1599Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1600Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1601Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1602Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1603# Whitman gives 1918 Apr 14, 1918 Oct 31, and 1921 Sep 28; go with Shanks.
1604Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1605Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep Mon>=24 2:00s 0 AMT
1606Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 NST
1607# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1608Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1609Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun 1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1610Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 NST
1611# Whitman gives 1925 Apr 5; go with Shanks.
1612Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun 5 2:00s 1:00 NST
1613# For 1926 through 1930 Whitman gives Apr 15; go with Shanks.
1614Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1615Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1616Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1617Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1618Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1619Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1620# Whitman gives 1939 Apr 15 and 1940 Apr 19; go with Shanks.
1621Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1622Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1623Rule Neth 1945 only - May 20 2:00s 0 -
1624# Before 1937, Shanks says just `0:20'; we use Whitman's more precise figure.
1625# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1626Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:28 - LMT 1892 May
1627 0:19:28 Neth %s 1937 Jul
1628 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:40
1629 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1630 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1631 1:00 EU CE%sT
1632
1633# Norway
1634# Gregorian calendar adopted 1700-03-01.
1635# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1636# Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks.
1637Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1638Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1639# Shanks omits the following transition; go with Whitman.
1640Rule Norway 1935 only - Aug 11 0:00 1:00 S
1641# Whitman says DST observed until 1942 Nov 1, then 1943 Mar 29 - Oct 4,
1642# 1944 Apr 3 - Oct 2, and 1945 Apr 1 - Oct 1; go with Shanks after 1940.
1643Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1644Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1645Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1646Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1647Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1648# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1649Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895
1650 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1651 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1652 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1653 1:00 EU CE%sT
1654#
1655# Svalbard
1656Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1657#
1658# Jan Mayen
1659# From Whitman:
1660# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1661Zone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen -1:00 - EGT
1662
1663# Poland
1664# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1665Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1666Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1667# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks.
1668Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1669# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks.
1670Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1671Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1672Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 S
1673Rule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 -
1674Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
1675Rule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1676Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
1677# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1678Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1679Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1680Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1681Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1682Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1683Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1684Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 S
1685Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1686# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1687Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1688 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1689 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1690 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1691 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1692 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1693 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977 Apr 3 1:00
1694 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT
1695# IATA SSIM (1991/1996) gives EU rules, but the _The Warsaw Voice_
1696# <URL:http://www.contact.waw.pl/voice/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml>
1697# (1995-09-24) says the autumn 1995 switch was at 02:00.
1698# Stick with W-Eur for now.
1699
1700# Portugal
1701# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15.
1702#
1703# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (1992-11-12):
1704# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1705# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1706#
1707# Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1708# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1709# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1710#
1711# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1712# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1713# at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1714# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1715# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1716# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1717# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1718#
1719# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1720Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1721# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1722Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1723Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1724Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1725Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1726Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1727Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1728Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1729Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1730Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1731Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1732Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1733Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1734Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1735Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1736Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1737# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks.
1738Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1739Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1740# Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman.
1741Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1742# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks.
1743Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1744# Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1745Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1746Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1747# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks.
1748Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1749Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1750Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1751# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
1752Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1753Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1754# Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1755Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
1756Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1757Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
1758Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 DS
1759Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
1760Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
1761Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 DS
1762Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
1763Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 DS
1764Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
1765Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1766Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1767Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1768# Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
1769# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks.
1770Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1771Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1772Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
1773Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
1774Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
1775Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1776Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1777Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1778Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1779Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1780# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1781Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
1782 -0:36:32 - LMT 1911 May 24 # Lisbon Mean Time
1783 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1784 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
1785 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1786 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1787 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
1788 0:00 EU WE%sT
1789Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
1790 -1:55 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
1791 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
1792 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1793 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1794 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
1795 -1:00 EU AZO%sT
1796Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
1797 -1:08 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
1798 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
1799 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1800 0:00 EU WE%sT
1801
1802# Romania
1803# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1804Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1805Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1806Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
1807Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
1808Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1809Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1810Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1811Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1812Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1813# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1814Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
1815 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1816 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1817 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
1818 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
1819 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT
1820
1821# Russia
|
1822# From Shanks (1991):
1823# In 1929 the Soviet Union instituted a 5 day week; in 1932 it instituted
1824# a 6 day week; on 1940-06-27 it returned to the Gregorian week.
| 1822
1823# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-12-02):
1824# On 1929-10-01 the Soviet Union instituted an ``Eternal Calendar''
1825# with 30-day months plus 5 holidays, with a 5-day week.
1826# On 1931-12-01 it changed to a 6-day week; in 1934 it reverted to the
1827# Gregorian calendar while retaining the 6-day week; on 1940-06-27 it
1828# reverted to the 7-day week. With the 6-day week the usual days
1829# off were the 6th, 12th, 18th, 24th and 30th of the month.
1830# (Source: Evitiar Zerubavel, _The Seven Day Circle_)
|
1825#
1826# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22):
1827# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations,
1828# and (unless otherwise specified) guessed what happened after 1991.
1829# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
1830# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks and the IATA.
1831#
1832# From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@nagual.ru> (1996-10-04):
1833# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
1834# Unix-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
1835# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
1836# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
1837#
1838# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-10-30):
1839# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
1840# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
1841# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
1842#
1843# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1844Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
1845 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1846 2:00 Poland CET 1946
1847 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1848 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1849 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1850 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1994
1851# IATA SSIM (1994-02) says Kaliningrad is at UTC+2; guess 1994 change.
1852 2:00 Russia EE%sT
1853Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
1854 2:30:20 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1855 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
1856 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1857 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1858 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1859 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1860 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD
1861Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
1862 3:00 - KUYT 1957 Mar # Kuybyshev Time
1863 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1864 3:00 1:00 KUYST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1865 3:00 - SAMT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s # Samara Time
1866 4:00 Russia SAM%sT
1867Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:34 - LMT 1924 May 2
1868 4:00 - SSK 1957 Mar
1869 5:00 Russia SS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1870 4:00 1:00 SSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1871 4:00 - SSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1872 5:00 Russia ES%s # name change from Sverdlovsk
1873Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
1874 5:00 - OSK 1957 Mar
1875 6:00 Russia OS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1876 5:00 1:00 OSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1877 5:00 - OSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1878 6:00 Russia OS%s
1879# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (1994-06-29):
1880# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
1881# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
1882# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
1883# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
1884Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
1885 6:00 - NSK 1957 Mar
1886 7:00 Russia NS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1887 6:00 1:00 NSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1888 6:00 - NSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1889 7:00 Russia NS%s 1994 Mar 27 2:00s
1890 6:00 1:00 NSD 1994 Sep 25 2:00s
1891 6:00 Russia NS%s
1892Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1924 May 2
1893 6:00 - KRSK 1957 Mar
1894 7:00 Russia KRS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1895 6:00 1:00 KRSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1896 6:00 - KRSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1897 7:00 Russia KRS%s
1898Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
1899 6:57 - LST 1924 May 2
1900 7:00 - ISK 1957 Mar
1901 8:00 Russia IS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1902 7:00 1:00 ISD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1903 7:00 - ISK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1904 8:00 Russia IS%s
1905Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
1906 8:00 - YSK 1957 Mar
1907 9:00 Russia YS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1908 8:00 1:00 YSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1909 8:00 - YSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1910 9:00 Russia YS%s
1911Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1880
1912 8:48 - LST 1924 May 2
1913 9:00 - VSK 1957 Mar
1914 10:00 Russia VS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1915 9:00 1:00 VSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1916 9:00 - VSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1917 10:00 Russia VS%s
1918Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
1919 10:00 - MGK 1957 Mar
1920 11:00 Russia MG%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1921 10:00 1:00 MGD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1922 10:00 - MGK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1923 11:00 Russia MG%s
1924# This name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
1925Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
1926 11:00 - PSK 1957 Mar
1927 12:00 Russia PS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1928 11:00 1:00 PSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1929 11:00 - PSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1930 12:00 Russia PS%s
1931Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
1932 12:00 - ASK 1957 Mar
1933 13:00 Russia AS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1934 12:00 1:00 ASD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1935 12:00 - ASK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1936 13:00 Russia AS%s
1937
1938# Slovakia
1939Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
1940
1941# Slovenia
1942# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1943Zone Europe/Ljubljana 0:58:04 - LMT 1884
1944 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1945 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
1946 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1947 1:00 - CET 1983
1948 1:00 EU CE%sT
1949
1950# Spain
1951# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15.
1952# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1953# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks.
1954Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1955Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
1956Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1957Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1958# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks.
1959Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1960# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks.
1961Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
1962Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1963# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks.
1964Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1965Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1966Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1967Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1968# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks.
1969Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
1970Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1971Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
1972Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1973Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1974# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks.
1975Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 DS
1976Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
1977Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 DS
1978Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
1979Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
1980Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
1981Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1982Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
1983Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
1984Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
1985Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
1986Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
1987Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1988Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
1989Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1990# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
1991Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
1992Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1993Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
1994Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1995Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
1996Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
1997Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1998Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1999Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
2000# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2001Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901
2002 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
2003 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
2004 1:00 EU CE%sT
2005Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
2006 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
2007 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
2008 0:00 - WET 1924
2009 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
2010 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2011 1:00 - CET 1986
2012 1:00 EU CE%sT
2013Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2014 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2015 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2016 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2017 0:00 EU WE%sT
2018# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2019# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2020
2021# Sweden
2022
2023# From: msb@sq.com (Mark Brader) <URL:news:1996Jul6.012937.29190@sq.com>:
2024#
2025# In 1700, Denmark made the transition from Julian to Gregorian. Sweden
2026# decided to *start* a transition in 1700 as well, but rather than have one of
2027# those unsightly calendar gaps :-), they simply decreed that the next leap
2028# year after 1696 would be in 1744 -- putting the whole country on a calendar
2029# different from both Julian and Gregorian for a period of 40 years.
2030#
2031# However, in 1704 something went wrong and the plan was not carried through;
2032# they did, after all, have a leap year that year. And one in 1708. In 1712
2033# they gave it up and went back to Julian, putting 30 days in February that
2034# year!...
2035#
2036# Then in 1753, Sweden made the transition to Gregorian in the usual manner,
2037# getting there only 13 years behind the original schedule.
2038#
2039# (A previous posting of this story was challenged, and Swedish readers
2040# produced the following references to support it: "Tiderakning och historia"
2041# by Natanael Beckman (1924) and "Tid, en bok om tiderakning och
2042# kalendervasen" by Lars-Olof Lode'n (no date was given).)
2043
2044# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2045Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1878 May 31
2046 1:12:12 - SMT 1900 Jan 1 1:00 # Stockholm MT
2047 1:00 - CET 1916 Apr 14 23:00s
2048 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Sep 30 23:00s
2049 1:00 - CET 1980
2050 1:00 EU CE%sT
2051
2052# Switzerland
2053# From Howse (1988), p 82:
2054# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2055# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2056# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
2057# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2058# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
2059Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
2060Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2061# From Shanks (1991):
2062Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
2063Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2064# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2065Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
2066 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
2067 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2068 1:00 EU CE%sT
2069
2070# Turkey
2071# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2072Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2073Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2074Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
2075Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
2076Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
2077Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2078Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2079Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2080# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks.
2081Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
2082Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2083Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2084# Shanks omits the first two transitions in 1940; go with Whitman.
2085Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
2086Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
2087Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
2088Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
2089Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2090# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
2091Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2092Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
2093Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2094Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2095Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2096Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
2097Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2098Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
2099Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
2100Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
2101Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2102Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
2103Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2104Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
2105Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2106Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
2107Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2108Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
2109Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
2110Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
2111Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
2112Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
2113Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2114Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2115Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2116Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2117Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
2118Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
2119Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
2120Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
2121Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
2122Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
2123Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2124# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2125Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
2126 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
2127 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
2128 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
2129 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1986
2130 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2131 2:00 EU EE%sT
2132Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
2133
2134# Ukraine
2135# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2136Rule Ukraine 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 UST # Ukrainian Summer Time
| 1831#
1832# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22):
1833# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations,
1834# and (unless otherwise specified) guessed what happened after 1991.
1835# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
1836# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks and the IATA.
1837#
1838# From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@nagual.ru> (1996-10-04):
1839# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
1840# Unix-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
1841# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
1842# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
1843#
1844# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-10-30):
1845# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
1846# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
1847# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
1848#
1849# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1850Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
1851 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1852 2:00 Poland CET 1946
1853 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1854 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1855 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1856 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1994
1857# IATA SSIM (1994-02) says Kaliningrad is at UTC+2; guess 1994 change.
1858 2:00 Russia EE%sT
1859Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
1860 2:30:20 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1861 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
1862 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1863 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1864 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1865 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1866 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD
1867Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
1868 3:00 - KUYT 1957 Mar # Kuybyshev Time
1869 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1870 3:00 1:00 KUYST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1871 3:00 - SAMT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s # Samara Time
1872 4:00 Russia SAM%sT
1873Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:34 - LMT 1924 May 2
1874 4:00 - SSK 1957 Mar
1875 5:00 Russia SS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1876 4:00 1:00 SSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1877 4:00 - SSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1878 5:00 Russia ES%s # name change from Sverdlovsk
1879Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
1880 5:00 - OSK 1957 Mar
1881 6:00 Russia OS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1882 5:00 1:00 OSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1883 5:00 - OSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1884 6:00 Russia OS%s
1885# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (1994-06-29):
1886# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
1887# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
1888# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
1889# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
1890Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
1891 6:00 - NSK 1957 Mar
1892 7:00 Russia NS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1893 6:00 1:00 NSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1894 6:00 - NSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1895 7:00 Russia NS%s 1994 Mar 27 2:00s
1896 6:00 1:00 NSD 1994 Sep 25 2:00s
1897 6:00 Russia NS%s
1898Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1924 May 2
1899 6:00 - KRSK 1957 Mar
1900 7:00 Russia KRS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1901 6:00 1:00 KRSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1902 6:00 - KRSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1903 7:00 Russia KRS%s
1904Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
1905 6:57 - LST 1924 May 2
1906 7:00 - ISK 1957 Mar
1907 8:00 Russia IS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1908 7:00 1:00 ISD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1909 7:00 - ISK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1910 8:00 Russia IS%s
1911Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
1912 8:00 - YSK 1957 Mar
1913 9:00 Russia YS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1914 8:00 1:00 YSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1915 8:00 - YSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1916 9:00 Russia YS%s
1917Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1880
1918 8:48 - LST 1924 May 2
1919 9:00 - VSK 1957 Mar
1920 10:00 Russia VS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1921 9:00 1:00 VSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1922 9:00 - VSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1923 10:00 Russia VS%s
1924Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
1925 10:00 - MGK 1957 Mar
1926 11:00 Russia MG%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1927 10:00 1:00 MGD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1928 10:00 - MGK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1929 11:00 Russia MG%s
1930# This name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
1931Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
1932 11:00 - PSK 1957 Mar
1933 12:00 Russia PS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1934 11:00 1:00 PSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1935 11:00 - PSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1936 12:00 Russia PS%s
1937Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
1938 12:00 - ASK 1957 Mar
1939 13:00 Russia AS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1940 12:00 1:00 ASD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1941 12:00 - ASK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1942 13:00 Russia AS%s
1943
1944# Slovakia
1945Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
1946
1947# Slovenia
1948# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1949Zone Europe/Ljubljana 0:58:04 - LMT 1884
1950 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1951 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
1952 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1953 1:00 - CET 1983
1954 1:00 EU CE%sT
1955
1956# Spain
1957# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15.
1958# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1959# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks.
1960Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1961Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
1962Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1963Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1964# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks.
1965Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1966# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks.
1967Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
1968Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1969# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks.
1970Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1971Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1972Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1973Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1974# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks.
1975Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
1976Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1977Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
1978Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1979Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1980# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks.
1981Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 DS
1982Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
1983Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 DS
1984Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
1985Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
1986Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
1987Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1988Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
1989Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
1990Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
1991Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
1992Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
1993Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1994Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
1995Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1996# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
1997Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
1998Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1999Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
2000Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2001Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2002Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2003Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2004Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2005Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
2006# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2007Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901
2008 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
2009 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
2010 1:00 EU CE%sT
2011Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
2012 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
2013 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
2014 0:00 - WET 1924
2015 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
2016 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2017 1:00 - CET 1986
2018 1:00 EU CE%sT
2019Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2020 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2021 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2022 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2023 0:00 EU WE%sT
2024# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2025# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2026
2027# Sweden
2028
2029# From: msb@sq.com (Mark Brader) <URL:news:1996Jul6.012937.29190@sq.com>:
2030#
2031# In 1700, Denmark made the transition from Julian to Gregorian. Sweden
2032# decided to *start* a transition in 1700 as well, but rather than have one of
2033# those unsightly calendar gaps :-), they simply decreed that the next leap
2034# year after 1696 would be in 1744 -- putting the whole country on a calendar
2035# different from both Julian and Gregorian for a period of 40 years.
2036#
2037# However, in 1704 something went wrong and the plan was not carried through;
2038# they did, after all, have a leap year that year. And one in 1708. In 1712
2039# they gave it up and went back to Julian, putting 30 days in February that
2040# year!...
2041#
2042# Then in 1753, Sweden made the transition to Gregorian in the usual manner,
2043# getting there only 13 years behind the original schedule.
2044#
2045# (A previous posting of this story was challenged, and Swedish readers
2046# produced the following references to support it: "Tiderakning och historia"
2047# by Natanael Beckman (1924) and "Tid, en bok om tiderakning och
2048# kalendervasen" by Lars-Olof Lode'n (no date was given).)
2049
2050# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2051Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1878 May 31
2052 1:12:12 - SMT 1900 Jan 1 1:00 # Stockholm MT
2053 1:00 - CET 1916 Apr 14 23:00s
2054 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Sep 30 23:00s
2055 1:00 - CET 1980
2056 1:00 EU CE%sT
2057
2058# Switzerland
2059# From Howse (1988), p 82:
2060# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2061# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2062# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
2063# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2064# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
2065Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
2066Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2067# From Shanks (1991):
2068Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
2069Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2070# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2071Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
2072 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
2073 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2074 1:00 EU CE%sT
2075
2076# Turkey
2077# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2078Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2079Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2080Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
2081Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
2082Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
2083Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2084Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2085Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2086# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks.
2087Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
2088Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2089Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2090# Shanks omits the first two transitions in 1940; go with Whitman.
2091Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
2092Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
2093Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
2094Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
2095Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2096# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
2097Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2098Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
2099Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2100Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2101Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2102Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
2103Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2104Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
2105Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
2106Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
2107Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2108Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
2109Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2110Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
2111Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2112Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
2113Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2114Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
2115Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
2116Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
2117Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
2118Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
2119Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2120Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2121Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2122Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2123Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
2124Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
2125Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
2126Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
2127Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
2128Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
2129Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2130# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2131Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
2132 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
2133 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
2134 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
2135 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1986
2136 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2137 2:00 EU EE%sT
2138Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
2139
2140# Ukraine
2141# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2142Rule Ukraine 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 UST # Ukrainian Summer Time
|
2137Rule Ukraine 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 KMT # Kiev Mean TIme
| 2143Rule Ukraine 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 KMT # Kiev Mean Time
|
2138Rule Ukraine 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 UDST # Ukrainian Double Summer Time
2139Rule Ukraine 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 UST
2140Rule Ukraine 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 UDST
2141Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 UST
2142Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 KMT
2143Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 UST
2144Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 UDST
2145Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 UST
2146Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 KMT
2147Rule Crimea 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 CST # Crimean Summer Time
2148Rule Crimea 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 NMT # Nikolayev Mean Time
2149Rule Crimea 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 CDST # Crimean Double Summer Time
2150Rule Crimea 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 CST
2151Rule Crimea 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 CDST
2152Rule Crimea 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 CST
2153Rule Crimea 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 NMT
2154Rule Crimea 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 CST
2155Rule Crimea 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 CDST
2156Rule Crimea 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 CST
2157Rule Crimea 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 NMT
2158Rule Crimea 1996 max - Mar lastSun 0:00u 1:00 -
2159Rule Crimea 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00u 0 -
2160# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2161Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
2162 2:02:04 Ukraine %s 1924 May 2
2163 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2164 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 17
2165 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1996
2166 2:00 EU EE%sT
2167Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2168 2:08:00 Crimea %s 1924 May 2
2169 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2170 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2171 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2172# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-10-21):
2173# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that most of Crimea switched
2174# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2175# For now, guess it changed Feb 1.
2176 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1994 Feb
2177# From IATA SSIM (1994/1996), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2178 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996
2179 3:00 Crimea MSK/MSD
2180
2181# Yugoslavia
2182# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2183Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2184 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2185 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
2186 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2187 1:00 - CET 1983
2188 1:00 EU CE%sT
2189
2190###############################################################################
2191
2192# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
2193# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
2194# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
2195#
2196# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
2197# uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2198# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2199# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
2200# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2201# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2202
2203# ...
2204# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2205# From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann)
2206# Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp>
2207# ...
2208#
2209# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2210# most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2211# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2212# to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2213# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2214# years...
2215# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2216# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2217# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2218# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2219#
2220# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2221# Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2222#
2223# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2224# 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2225# UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho
2226
2227# ...
2228# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2229# From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter)
2230# ...
2231#
2232# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2233# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2234# about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2235#
2236# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2237# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2238# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2239# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
2240# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
2241# the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
2242# dates...
2243#
2244# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
2245# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
2246# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
2247# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2248# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2249# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2250# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2251# in advance of normal time.
2252#
2253# ...
2254# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2255# INTERNET : dik@cwi.nl
2256# BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax
2257
2258# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
2259# ...
2260# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2261# Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2262# ...
2263# Monaco: has same DST as France.
2264# ...
2265
2266# ...
2267# Date: Fri, 3 Sep 93 13:43:41 BST
2268# From: Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk>
2269# ...
2270# Turning to Europe, I now have a copy of the `Sixth Council Directive 92/20/EEC
2271# of 26 March 1992 on summertime arrangements'. This only covers 1993 and
2272# 1994, a seventh one is in the works but I doubt that the algorithm will
2273# change. This says summertime starts at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in March
2274# and ends at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in September, except for the UK
2275# and Eire where it ends at 01:00 GMT on the fourth Sunday in October.
2276# It says the arrangements for 1995 onwards will be decided by 1 January 1994,
2277# but as the sixth directive was supposed to appear by 1 Jan 92 and didn't
2278# arrive til March I wouldn't hold your breath.
2279#
2280# The first summertime directive was adopted in 1980, although the UK didn't
2281# seem to use it until 1981. I suspect it would be safe to move your start
2282# dates for the -Eur rules back to 1981.
| 2144Rule Ukraine 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 UDST # Ukrainian Double Summer Time
2145Rule Ukraine 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 UST
2146Rule Ukraine 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 UDST
2147Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 UST
2148Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 KMT
2149Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 UST
2150Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 UDST
2151Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 UST
2152Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 KMT
2153Rule Crimea 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 CST # Crimean Summer Time
2154Rule Crimea 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 NMT # Nikolayev Mean Time
2155Rule Crimea 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 CDST # Crimean Double Summer Time
2156Rule Crimea 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 CST
2157Rule Crimea 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 CDST
2158Rule Crimea 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 CST
2159Rule Crimea 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 NMT
2160Rule Crimea 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 CST
2161Rule Crimea 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 CDST
2162Rule Crimea 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 CST
2163Rule Crimea 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 NMT
2164Rule Crimea 1996 max - Mar lastSun 0:00u 1:00 -
2165Rule Crimea 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00u 0 -
2166# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2167Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
2168 2:02:04 Ukraine %s 1924 May 2
2169 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2170 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 17
2171 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1996
2172 2:00 EU EE%sT
2173Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2174 2:08:00 Crimea %s 1924 May 2
2175 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2176 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2177 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2178# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-10-21):
2179# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that most of Crimea switched
2180# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2181# For now, guess it changed Feb 1.
2182 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1994 Feb
2183# From IATA SSIM (1994/1996), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2184 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996
2185 3:00 Crimea MSK/MSD
2186
2187# Yugoslavia
2188# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2189Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2190 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2191 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
2192 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2193 1:00 - CET 1983
2194 1:00 EU CE%sT
2195
2196###############################################################################
2197
2198# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
2199# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
2200# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
2201#
2202# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
2203# uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2204# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2205# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
2206# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2207# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2208
2209# ...
2210# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2211# From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann)
2212# Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp>
2213# ...
2214#
2215# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2216# most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2217# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2218# to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2219# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2220# years...
2221# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2222# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2223# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2224# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2225#
2226# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2227# Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2228#
2229# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2230# 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2231# UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho
2232
2233# ...
2234# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2235# From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter)
2236# ...
2237#
2238# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2239# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2240# about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2241#
2242# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2243# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2244# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2245# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
2246# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
2247# the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
2248# dates...
2249#
2250# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
2251# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
2252# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
2253# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2254# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2255# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2256# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2257# in advance of normal time.
2258#
2259# ...
2260# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2261# INTERNET : dik@cwi.nl
2262# BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax
2263
2264# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
2265# ...
2266# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2267# Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2268# ...
2269# Monaco: has same DST as France.
2270# ...
2271
2272# ...
2273# Date: Fri, 3 Sep 93 13:43:41 BST
2274# From: Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk>
2275# ...
2276# Turning to Europe, I now have a copy of the `Sixth Council Directive 92/20/EEC
2277# of 26 March 1992 on summertime arrangements'. This only covers 1993 and
2278# 1994, a seventh one is in the works but I doubt that the algorithm will
2279# change. This says summertime starts at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in March
2280# and ends at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in September, except for the UK
2281# and Eire where it ends at 01:00 GMT on the fourth Sunday in October.
2282# It says the arrangements for 1995 onwards will be decided by 1 January 1994,
2283# but as the sixth directive was supposed to appear by 1 Jan 92 and didn't
2284# arrive til March I wouldn't hold your breath.
2285#
2286# The first summertime directive was adopted in 1980, although the UK didn't
2287# seem to use it until 1981. I suspect it would be safe to move your start
2288# dates for the -Eur rules back to 1981.
|