1# <pre>
2# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
3# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
4
5# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
6# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
7# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).
8
9# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
10# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
11# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
12# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
13#
14# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
15# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
16# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
17# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
18# of the IATA's data after 1990.
19#
20# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
21# entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
22#
23# Other sources occasionally used include:
24#
25# Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
26# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
27# which I found in the UCLA library.
28#
29# <a href="http://www.pettswoodvillage.co.uk/Daylight_Savings_William_Willett.pdf">
30# William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
31# </a> (1914-03)
32#
33# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
34# <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>. He writes:
35# "It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
36# may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
37# Savile Row, London." Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
38#
39# Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
40# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
41# History of Summer Time
42# </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
43
44#
45# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
46# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
47# Corrections are welcome!
48# std dst 2dst
49# LMT Local Mean Time
50# -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
51# -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
52# -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
53# 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
54# 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
55# 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
56# 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
57# 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
58# 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
59# 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
60# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
61# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
62#
63# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
64# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
65
66# From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
67# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
68# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
69# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
70# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
71# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
72# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
73# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
74# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
75# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
76# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
77# ...
78# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
79# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
80# ...
81# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
82# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
83# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
84# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
85# in the Directive.
86
87
88###############################################################################
89
90# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
91
92# From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
93#
94# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
95# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
96# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
97# of the text said:
98#
99# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
100# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
101# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
102# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
103# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
104# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
105# along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
106#
107# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
108# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
109# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
110#
111# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
112
113# From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
114#
115# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
116# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
117# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
118# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
119# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
120# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
121# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
122# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
123# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
124# adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
125# The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
126# and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
127# railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
128# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
129# on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
130# one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
131# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
132# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
133# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
134# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
135#
136# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
137# transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
138# about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
139
140# From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27):
141# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
142# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
143# who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
144# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
145# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
146# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
147# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
148# Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
149# it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
150# See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
151# A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
152# a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
153# subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
154# designed by G. W. Miller, is the...William Willett Memorial Sundial,
155# which is permanently set to Summer Time.
156
157# From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
158# It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
159# summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
160# between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
161# plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
162# foundations of civilization throughout the world.
163# -- <a href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/fh114willett.htm">
164# "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly
165# </a>
166
167# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
168# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
169# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
170# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
171# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
172
173# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
174#
175# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
176# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
177
178# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
179# From: Jonathan Leffler
180# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
181# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
182# politics making a fortune, not computing.
183
184# From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
185# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
186# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
187# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
188# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
189
190# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
191# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
192# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
193# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
194
195# From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
196# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
197# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
198# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
199# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
200# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
201# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
202# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
203
204# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
205# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
206# which is to be introduced in May....
207# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
208# which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
209
210# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
211# Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common
212# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
213# so we use `BDST'.
214
215# Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
216# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
217# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
218# and extending this list, which can be found in
219# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/
220# <a href="http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/">
221# History of legal time in Britain
222# </a>
223# Rob Crowther (2012-01-04) reports that that URL no longer
224# exists, and the article can now be found at:
225# <a href="http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/">
226# http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
227# </a>
228
229# From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
230#
231# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
232# see Lord Tanlaw's speech
233# <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
234# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
235# </a>.
236
237# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
238#
239# For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
240#
241# Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
242# are incorrect:
243# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
244# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
245# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
246# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
247# It actually just had one transition.
248# * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
249# Actually, it conformed to Britain.
250# * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
251# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
252# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
253#
254# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
255# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
256# to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
257# conform with Great Britain.
258# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
259#
260# The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
261# we'll ignore it for now.
262# * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
263#
264#
265# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
266# Shanks & Pottenger.
267# Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
268# (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
269# to London. For example:
270#
271# "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
272# -- James Joyce, Ulysses
273
274# From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
275# Irish laws are available online at www.irishstatutebook.ie. These include
276# various relating to legal time, for example:
277#
278# ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
279#
280# ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
281# ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
282#
283# ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
284# ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
285# ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
286#
287# ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
288# ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
289# ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
290#
291# [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
292# <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
293#
294# (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
295# should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
296# the laws applicable in Ireland.)
297#
298# (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
299# in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
300# is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
301# being GMT+1.)
302
303# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
304# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
305# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
306# (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
307# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
308# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
309# and Frethun run in CT.
310# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
311# the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
312# and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
313# If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
314# I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
315# This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
316
317# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
318# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
319# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
320# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
321# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
322# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
323# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
324
325# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
326# Summer Time Act, 1916
327Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
328Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
329# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
330Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
331Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
332# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
333Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
334Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
335# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
336Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
337Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
338# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
339Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
340# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
341Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
342# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
343Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
344Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
345# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
346Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
347Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
348# The Summer Time Act, 1922
349Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
350Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
351Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
352Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
353# The Summer Time Act, 1925
354Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
355Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
356Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
357Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
358Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
359Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
360Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
361Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
362Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
363Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
364Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
365# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
366Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
367# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
368Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
369# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
370Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
371Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
372# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
373Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
374# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
375Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
376# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
377Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
378Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
379# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
380Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
381Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
382# The Summer Time Act, 1947
383Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
384Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
385Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
386Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
387# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
388Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
389Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
390# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
391Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
392Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
393# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
394# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
395# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
396Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
397Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
398# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
399Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
400Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
401Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
402Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
403Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
404Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
405Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
406# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
407# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
408# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
409Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
410Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
411# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
412# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
413# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
414Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
415# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
416Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
417# The British Standard Time Act, 1968
418# (no summer time)
419# The Summer Time Act, 1972
420Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
421Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
422# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
423# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
424# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
425# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
426Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
427Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
428# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
429# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
430# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
431Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
432# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
433# See EU for rules starting in 1996.
434
435# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
436Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
437 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
438 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
439 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
440 0:00 EU GMT/BST
441Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
442Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
443Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
444Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
445 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
446 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
447 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
448 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
449 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
450 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
451 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
452 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
453 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
454 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
455 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
456 0:00 EU GMT/IST
457
458###############################################################################
459
460# Europe
461
462# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
463# Common Market, etc.
464
465# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
466Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
467Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
468Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
469Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
470Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
471Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
472# The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
473# <a="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT">
474# Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
475# of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
476# </a>
477
478# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
479Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
480Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
481Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
482Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
483Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
484Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
485
486# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
487# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
488Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
489Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
490Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
491Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
492Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
493Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
494Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
495Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
496Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
497# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
498Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
499# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
500#
501# I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
502# in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
503# corrected in version 2008d). The circumstancial evidence is simply the
504# tz database itself, as seen below:
505#
506# Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
507# 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
508#
509# Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
510# 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
511#
512# Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
513# 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
514#
515# Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
516# Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
517# Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
518#
519# The rule line to be changed is:
520#
521# Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 -
522#
523# It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
524# 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time. However there are no
525# countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
526# affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms
527# CET and MET:
528#
529# Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
530# Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
531#
532# It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
533#
534# Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
535#
536# A small step for mankind though 8-)
537Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
538Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
539Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
540Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
541Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
542Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
543Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
544
545# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
546Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
547Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
548Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
549Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
550Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
551Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
552
553# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
554Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
555Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
556Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
557Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
558Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
559Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
560Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
561Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
562Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
563Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
564Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
565# Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
566Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
567Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
568# Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
569# Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
570Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
571Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
572#
573Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
574Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
575Rule Russia 1993 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
576Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
577Rule Russia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
578
579# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
580# According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
581# signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
582# According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
583#
584# Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
585# <a href="http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583">
586# http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
587# </a>
588#
589# Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
590# <a href="http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html">
591# http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
592# </a>
593
594# From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
595# Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
596# to be standard.
597
598# These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
599
600# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
601Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
602Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
603Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
604Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
605
606# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
607# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
608
609# From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
610# The official German names ... are
611#
612# Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
613# Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
614#
615# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
616# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
617# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
618#
619# Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
620# Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
621# Postfach 3345
622# D-38023 Braunschweig
623# phone: +49 531 592-0
624#
625# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
626# department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
627# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
628#
629# Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
630# Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
631
632
633# Albania
634# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
635Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
636Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
637Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
638Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
639Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
640Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
641Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
642Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
643Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
644Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
645Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
646Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
647Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
648Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
649Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
650Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
651Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
652Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
653Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
654Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
655Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
656Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
657Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
658Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
659Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
660# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
661Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
662 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
663 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
664 1:00 EU CE%sT
665
666# Andorra
667# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
668Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
669 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
670 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
671 1:00 EU CE%sT
672
673# Austria
674
675# Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21.
676
677# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
678# 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
679# Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
680# date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
681# Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV,
682# and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
683
684# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
685Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
686Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
687Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
688Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
689Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
690Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
691Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
692Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
693# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
694Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:21 - LMT 1893 Apr
695 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
696 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
697 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
698 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
699 1:00 - CET 1946
700 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
701 1:00 EU CE%sT
702
703# Belarus
704# From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
705# By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
706# GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
707#
708# Sources (Russian language):
709# 1.
710# <a href="http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html">
711# http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
712# </a>
713# 2.
714# <a href="http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/">
715# http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
716# </a>
717# 3.
718# <a href="http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html">
719# http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
720# </a>
721# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
722Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
723 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
724 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
725 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
726 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
727 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
728 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
729 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
730 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
731 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
732 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
733 3:00 - FET # Further-eastern European Time
734
735# Belgium
736#
737# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
738# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
739# Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
740# Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
741# (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
742# pp 8-9.
743# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
744# Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
745# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
746# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
747# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
748#
749# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
750Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
751Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
752Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
753Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
754Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
755Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
756Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
757Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
758Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
759Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
760Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
761Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
762# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
763# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
764# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
765# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
766Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
767Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
768Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
769Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
770Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
771Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
772Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
773Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
774Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
775Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
776Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
777Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
778Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
779Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
780Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
781Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
782Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
783Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
784Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
785Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
786Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
787Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
788# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
789Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
790 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
791 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
792 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
793 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
794 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
795 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
796 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
797 1:00 EU CE%sT
798
799# Bosnia and Herzegovina
800# see Serbia
801
802# Bulgaria
803#
804# From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
805# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
806# EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
807# EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
808#
809# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
810Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
811Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
812Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S
813Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
814Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
815# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
816Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
817 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
818 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
819 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
820 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00
821 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
822 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
823 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
824 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
825 2:00 EU EE%sT
826
827# Croatia
828# see Serbia
829
830# Cyprus
831# Please see the `asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
832
833# Czech Republic
834# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
835Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
836Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
837Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
838Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
839Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
840Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
841Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
842# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
843Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
844 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
845 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
846 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
847 1:00 EU CE%sT
848
849# Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
850
851# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
852# http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
853# [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
854# The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
855# confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
856#
857# The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
858# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
859#
860# This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
861# in subsequenet decrees with the law
862# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
863#
864# It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
865# not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
866# changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
867# 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
868# the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
869# when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
870# confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
871# The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
872# working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
873# was suspended on that night):
874# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
875
876# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
877# The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
878# Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
879
880# From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
881# Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
882# wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
883
884# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
885Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
886Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
887Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
888Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
889Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
890Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
891Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
892Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
893Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
894Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
895Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
896#
897# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
898Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
899 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
900 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
901 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
902 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
903 1:00 EU CE%sT
904Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
905 0:00 - WET 1981
906 0:00 EU WE%sT
907#
908# From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
909# During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
910# East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
911# My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
912#
913# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
914# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
915# and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
916# rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthab
917# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
918# rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
919
920# From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
921# <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
922# and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
923#
924# Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
925# is according to the following time line:
926#
927# The military zone near Thule UTC-4
928# Standard Greenland time UTC-3
929# Scoresbysund UTC-1
930# Danmarkshavn UTC
931#
932# In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
933# introduced.
934
935# From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
936#
937# I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
938# the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
939# not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
940# info from earlier correspondence.]
941#
942# According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
943# Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
944# savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
945#
946# The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
947# uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
948# There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
949# Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
950# email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
951# Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
952# DPC research station at Zackenberg.
953#
954# Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
955# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab).
956#
957# The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it
958# includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
959# UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
960#
961# It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
962# North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
963# maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
964# this area is that it sticks with Godthab time. This area might be
965# considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
966
967# From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
968# I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
969# there at 2:00 AM.
970
971# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
972# From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
973# the 1995 map as like Godthab.
974# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.
975# startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
976# so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
977# For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
978#
979# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
980Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
981Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
982Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
983Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
984Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
985Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
986#
987# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
988Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
989 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
990 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996
991 0:00 - GMT
992Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
993 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
994 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
995 -1:00 EU EG%sT
996Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
997 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
998 -3:00 EU WG%sT
999Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
1000 -4:00 Thule A%sT
1001
1002# Estonia
1003# From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
1004# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1005# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1006# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1007#
1008# From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
1009# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
1010# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
1011# ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
1012# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1013# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1014# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1015# human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1016# summer time next spring.''
1017
1018# From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
1019# <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
1020# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
1021# </a>
1022# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
1023# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
1024#
1025# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
1026# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
1027# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
1028
1029# From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
1030# via Steffen Thorsen:
1031# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
1032# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
1033# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
1034# Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
1035# for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
1036# after that.
1037
1038# From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
1039# Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
1040# no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
1041# the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
1042
1043# From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
1044# The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
1045# Now we are using again EU rules.
1046#
1047# From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28):
1048# The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
1049
1050# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1051Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1052 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1053 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1054 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1055 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1056 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1057 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1058 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1059 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1060 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
1061 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
1062 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
1063 2:00 EU EE%sT
1064
1065# Finland
1066
1067# From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1068# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1069# and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1070
1071# From Janne Snabb (2010-0715):
1072#
1073# I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
1074# During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
1075# earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
1076# according to the central European standards.
1077#
1078# This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
1079# Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
1080# Finnish) at
1081#
1082# <a href="http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf">
1083# http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
1084# </a>
1085#
1086# Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
1087# transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
1088#
1089# This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
1090#
1091# <a href="http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401">
1092# http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
1093# </a>
1094#
1095# The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
1096# exist tonight."
1097
1098# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1099Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
1100Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1101Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1102Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1103# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1104Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
1105 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1106 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1983
1107 2:00 EU EE%sT
1108
1109# Aaland Is
1110Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
1111
1112
1113# France
1114
1115# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
1116#
1117# Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
1118# Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1119#
1120# Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
1121# Paris, 1991
1122#
1123# Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
1124# Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
1125
1126
1127#
1128# Shank & Pottenger seem to use `24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1129# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1130Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1131Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1132Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1133Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1134Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1135Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1136Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1137Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1138Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1139Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1140# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1141# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1142# were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1143Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1144Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1145Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1146Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1147Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1148Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1149Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1150Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1151Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1152Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1153Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1154Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1155Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1156Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1157Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1158Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1159Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1160Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1161Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1162Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1163# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1164# write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1165# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
1166# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
1167# Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
1168# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1169# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
1170# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
1171Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1172# Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1173# but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1174# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1175# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1176Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1177Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1178Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1179Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1180Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1181Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1182Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1183Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1184Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1185# Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1186# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1187Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1188Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1189# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1190# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1191# Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1192# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1193# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1194Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1195 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1196# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1197 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1198# Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1199# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1200 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1201 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1202 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1203 1:00 EU CE%sT
1204
1205# Germany
1206
1207# From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1208# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1209# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1210# [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1211
1212# From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1213# In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1214# <a href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/">
1215# General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>.
1216
1217# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1218# <a href="http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf">
1219# http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
1220# </a>
1221# says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1222# However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1223# this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
1224
1225
1226# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1227Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1228Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1229Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1230# http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1231# occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1232# Go with the PTB.
1233Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S
1234Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1235Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1236Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1237Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1238
1239Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1240Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1241Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1242
1243# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1244Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1245 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00
1246 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946
1247 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1248 1:00 EU CE%sT
1249
1250# From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
1251# Busingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton
1252# Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
1253# (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
1254# DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
1255# which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
1256#
1257# Source for the time in Busingen 1980:
1258# http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
1259
1260# From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
1261# Busingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
1262
1263Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Busingen
1264
1265# Georgia
1266# Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1267# Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1268# is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1269
1270# Gibraltar
1271# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1272Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s
1273 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1274 1:00 - CET 1982
1275 1:00 EU CE%sT
1276
1277# Greece
1278# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1279# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1280Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1281Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1282# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1283Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1284# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1285Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1286Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1287Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1288# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1289Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1290Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1291Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1292Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1293Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1294Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1295Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1296Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1297Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1298Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1299Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1300Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1301Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1302# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1303Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1304 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1305 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1306 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1307 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1308 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1309 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1310 2:00 EU EE%sT
1311
1312# Hungary
1313# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1314Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1315Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1316Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1317Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1318Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
1319Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1320Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1321Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1322Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1323Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1324Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1325Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1326Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1327Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1328Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1329Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1330Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1331Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1332Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1333Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1334# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1335Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1336 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1337 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1338 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1339 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1340 1:00 EU CE%sT
1341
1342# Iceland
1343#
1344# From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1345# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1346#
1347# (1993-12-05):
1348# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1349# Iceland Almanak.
1350#
1351# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1352# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1353# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1354# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1355#
1356# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1357# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1358# time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1359# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1360#
1361# (1993-12-10):
1362# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1363# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1364# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1365# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1366# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1367# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1368# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1369# might mean something else (???).
1370#
1371# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1372# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks & Pottenger, and Whitman disagree on many points.
1373# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks & Pottenger, namely
1374# that Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1375#
1376# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1377Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1378Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1379Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1380Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1381Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1382Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1383Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1384Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1385Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1386Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1387Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1388# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1389Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1390Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1391# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1392Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1393# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1394Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1395Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1396Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1397# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1398Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1399 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1400 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1401 0:00 - GMT
1402
1403# Italy
1404#
1405# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1406# Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1407# called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1408# During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1409# But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1410# so record only the time in Rome.
1411#
1412# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1413# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and
1414# F. Pollastri
1415# <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html">
1416# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)
1417# </a>
1418# (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1419# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1420#
1421# year FP Shanks&P. (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1422# 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1423# 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1424# 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1425# 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1426# 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1427# 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1428# 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1429# 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1430# 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1431# 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1432# 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1433# 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1434# 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1435# 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1436# 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1437#
1438# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1439Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1440Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1441Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1442Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1443Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1444Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1445Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1446Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1447Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1448Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1449Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1450Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1451Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1452Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1453Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1454Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1455Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1456Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1457Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1458Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1459Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1460Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1461Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1462Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1463Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1464Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1465Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1466Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1467Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1468Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1469Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1470Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1471Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1472Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1473Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1474Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1475# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1476Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1477 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov 1 0:00s # Rome Mean
1478 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1479 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1480 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1481 1:00 EU CE%sT
1482
1483Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1484Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1485
1486# Latvia
1487
1488# From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1489
1490# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1491# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1492# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1493# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1494#
1495# Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1496# according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1497# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1498# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1499# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1500#
1501# Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1502# according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1503# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1504# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1505# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1506# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1507#
1508# Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1509# according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1510# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1511# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1512# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1513# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1514# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1515# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1516# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1517# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1518#
1519# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1520# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1521# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1522
1523# From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1524# This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1525# <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm">
1526# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1527# 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).
1528
1529# <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html">
1530# From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1531# </a>
1532# The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1533# institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1534# Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1535# clocks one hour in the spring....
1536# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
1537# daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1538# Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1539# time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1540# urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1541# appears that they will not do so....
1542
1543# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1544Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1545Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1546# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1547Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1548 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1549 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1550 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1551 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1552 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1553 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1554 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1555 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1556 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1557 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1558 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1559 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1560 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1561 2:00 EU EE%sT
1562
1563# Liechtenstein
1564# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1565Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1566 1:00 - CET 1981
1567 1:00 EU CE%sT
1568
1569# Lithuania
1570
1571# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1572# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1573# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1574
1575# From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1576# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1577# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1578
1579# From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
1580# via Steffen Thorsen:
1581# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1582# to be valid here starting from October 31,
1583# as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1584# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1585# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1586# already done by Estonia.
1587
1588# From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm">
1589# Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1590# </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1591
1592# From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1593# As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1594# observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1595# down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1596# neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1597# 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1598# http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1599
1600
1601# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1602Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1603 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1604 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1605 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1606 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1607 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1608 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1609 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1610 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1611 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1612 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1613 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1614 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1615 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1616 2:00 EU EE%sT
1617
1618# Luxembourg
1619# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
1620# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1621# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1622Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1623Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1624Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1625Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1626Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1627Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1628Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1629Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1630Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1631Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1632Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1633Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1634Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1635Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1636Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1637Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1638Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1639Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1640Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1641Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1642Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1643Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1644Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1645# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1646Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1647 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1648 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1649 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1650 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1651 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1652 1:00 EU CE%sT
1653
1654# Macedonia
1655# see Serbia
1656
1657# Malta
1658# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1659Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1660Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1661Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1662Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1663Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1664Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1665Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1666# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1667Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta
1668 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1669 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1670 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1671 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1672 1:00 EU CE%sT
1673
1674# Moldova
1675
1676# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1677# A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1678# that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1679# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1680# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1681# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1682# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1683# But [two people] separately reported via
1684# Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1685# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1686#
1687# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
1688# Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
1689# "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
1690# to the Winter Time).
1691#
1692# News (in Russian):
1693# <a href="http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html">
1694# http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
1695# </a>
1696#
1697# <a href="http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html">
1698# http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
1699# </a>
1700#
1701# The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
1702# is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
1703#
1704# From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
1705# In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
1706# a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
1707#
1708# (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
1709#
1710# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
1711# NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
1712# As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
1713# decision to abolish DST this winter.
1714# Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
1715# Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
1716# News from Moldova (in russian):
1717# <a href="http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html">
1718# http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
1719# </a>
1720
1721
1722# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1723Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1724 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1725 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1726 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1727 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1728 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1729 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1730 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
1731 2:00 - EET 1991
1732 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1733 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1734# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1735 2:00 EU EE%sT
1736
1737# Monaco
1738# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
1739# more precise 0:09:21.
1740# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1741Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1742 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1743 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1744 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1745 1:00 EU CE%sT
1746
1747# Montenegro
1748# see Serbia
1749
1750# Netherlands
1751
1752# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1753# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1754
1755# However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1756# Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1757# Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1758# the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1759# (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1760# common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1761# not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1762# On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1763# was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1764#
1765# (2001-04-08):
1766# 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1767# observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1768# practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1769#
1770# (2001-04-09):
1771# In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1772# municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1773# Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1774# actually followed.
1775#
1776# From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1777# observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1778# Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1779# places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1780# adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1781#
1782# Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1783# of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1784# was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1785# Amsterdam mean time.
1786
1787# The data before 1945 are taken from
1788# <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>.
1789
1790# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1791Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1792Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1793Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1794Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1795Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1796Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1797Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1798Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1799Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1800Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1801Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1802# From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1803# in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1804Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1805Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1806Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1807Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1808Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1809Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1810Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1811Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1812Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1813#
1814# Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1815# below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1816# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1817Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1818 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1819 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1820 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1821 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1822 1:00 EU CE%sT
1823
1824# Norway
1825# http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
1826# Pottenger.
1827# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1828Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1829Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1830Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1831Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1832Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1833Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1834Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1835# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1836Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1837 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1838 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1839 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1840 1:00 EU CE%sT
1841
1842# Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1843
1844# From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1845# Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1846# Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1847# time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
1848# as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1849# Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1850# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and
1851# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation
1852# for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1853# into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1854# part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1855# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been
1856# able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1857# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by
1858# Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1859# since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1860# before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1861# between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1862
1863# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01):
1864#
1865# Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1866# so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
1867# keeping Berlin time.
1868#
1869# <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1870# burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1871# 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1872# frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
1873# radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
1874# the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1875# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1876#
1877# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1878# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1879# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
1880# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1881# expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
1882# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1883# <http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html>
1884# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1885# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1886#
1887# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970. Unless we can
1888# come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the
1889# war years it's probably best just do...the following for now:
1890Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1891
1892# Poland
1893# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1894Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1895Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1896Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
1897# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1898Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1899# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1900Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1901Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1902# For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
1903# Torun Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
1904# <http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1>
1905# Thanks to Przemyslaw Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
1906# He also gives these further references:
1907# Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
1908# Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
1909Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
1910Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1911Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1912Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1913Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1914Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1915Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1916Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1917Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1918Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1919Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1920Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1921Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1922Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1923# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1924Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1925 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1926 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1927 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1928 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1929 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1930 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
1931 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
1932 1:00 EU CE%sT
1933
1934# Portugal
1935#
1936# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
1937# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1938# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1939#
1940# Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1941# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1942# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1943#
1944# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1945# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1946# at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1947# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1948# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1949# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1950# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1951#
1952# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1953# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
1954# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
1955# Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1956Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1957# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1958Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1959Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1960Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1961Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1962Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1963Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1964Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1965Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1966Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1967Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1968Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1969Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1970Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1971Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1972Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1973# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1974Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1975Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1976Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1977# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1978Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1979# Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1980Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1981Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1982# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1983Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1984Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1985Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1986# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1987Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1988Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1989# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1990Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
1991Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1992Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
1993Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
1994Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
1995Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
1996Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
1997Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
1998Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
1999Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
2000Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2001Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2002Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2003# Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
2004# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2005Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2006Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2007Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
2008Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
2009Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
2010Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
2011Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2012Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2013Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2014Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2015# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2016# Shanks & Pottenger say the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24;
2017# Willett says 1912-01-01. Go with Willett.
2018Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
2019 -0:36:32 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time
2020 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2021 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
2022 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2023 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2024 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
2025 0:00 EU WE%sT
2026Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
2027 -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
2028 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
2029 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2030 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2031 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
2032 -1:00 EU AZO%sT
2033Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
2034 -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
2035 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
2036 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2037 0:00 EU WE%sT
2038
2039# Romania
2040#
2041# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
2042# <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html">
2043# Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
2044# 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
2045# assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
2046# the same year as Bulgaria.
2047#
2048# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2049Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
2050Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
2051Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
2052Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
2053Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2054Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
2055Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2056Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2057Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
2058# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2059Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
2060 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
2061 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
2062 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2063 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
2064 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
2065 2:00 EU EE%sT
2066
2067# Russia
2068
2069# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
2070# Based on last Russian Government Decree # 725 on August 31, 2011
2071# (Government document
2072# <a href="http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/">
2073# http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
2074# </a>
2075# in Russian)
2076# there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
2077# All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
2078# by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
2079# <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm">
2080# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
2081# </a>
2082
2083# From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
2084# Scans of [Decree #23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
2085# <a href="http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966">
2086# http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
2087# They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
2088
2089# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2090# Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
2091# changed in September 2011:
2092#
2093# One source is
2094# < a href="http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/>
2095# http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
2096# </a>
2097# which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
2098# 2011 No 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
2099#
2100# Another source is
2101# <a href="http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html">
2102# http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
2103# </a>
2104# which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
2105# Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
2106# contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
2107# in the 'RG' - Federal Issue number 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
2108# does not contain any "effective date" information.
2109#
2110# Another source is
2111# <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7">
2112# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
2113# </a>
2114# which, in note 8, contains "Resolution #725 of August 31, 2011...
2115# Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2116# but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
2117#
2118# The Wikipedia article refers to
2119# <a href="http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896">
2120# http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
2121# </a>
2122# which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
2123#
2124# Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
2125# "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2126# with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to get
2127# September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias Conradi notes).
2128#
2129# None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
2130#
2131# Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
2132
2133# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2134# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
2135# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
2136# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
2137# except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
2138# 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
2139#
2140# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2141# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
2142# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
2143# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
2144# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
2145#
2146# From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
2147# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
2148# UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
2149# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
2150# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
2151#
2152# From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
2153# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
2154# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
2155# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
2156#
2157# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
2158# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
2159# News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
2160# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
2161# the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
2162# enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
2163#
2164# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
2165# There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
2166# UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
2167# SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
2168# until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
2169# since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
2170# administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
2171# remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
2172#
2173# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2174#
2175# Kaliningradskaya oblast'.
2176Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
2177 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2178 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
2179 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2180 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2181 3:00 - FET # Further-eastern European Time
2182#
2183# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2184# Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast',
2185# Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',
2186# Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',
2187# Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,
2188# Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,
2189# Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,
2190# Respublika Kareliya, Respublika Komi,
2191# Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',
2192# Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,
2193# Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',
2194# Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,
2195# Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',
2196# Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',
2197# Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg,
2198# Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',
2199# Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,
2200# Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',
2201# Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',
2202# Yaroslavskaya oblast'
2203Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
2204 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
2205 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2206 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2207 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2208 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2209 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2210 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2211 4:00 - MSK
2212#
2213# Astrakhanskaya oblast', Kirovskaya oblast', Saratovskaya oblast',
2214# Volgogradskaya oblast'. Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400
2215# but Wikipedia (2006-05-09) says +0300. Perhaps it switched after the
2216# others? But we have no data.
2217Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3
2218 3:00 - TSAT 1925 Apr 6 # Tsaritsyn Time
2219 3:00 - STAT 1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time
2220 4:00 - STAT 1961 Nov 11
2221 4:00 Russia VOL%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Volgograd T
2222 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2223 4:00 - VOLT 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2224 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2225 4:00 - VOLT
2226#
2227# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2228# Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika
2229Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2230 3:00 - SAMT 1930 Jun 21
2231 4:00 - SAMT 1935 Jan 27
2232 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev
2233 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2234 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2235 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
2236 4:00 Russia SAM%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s # Samara Time
2237 3:00 Russia SAM%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2238 4:00 - SAMT
2239
2240#
2241# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2242# Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,
2243# Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',
2244# Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',
2245# Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',
2246# Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2247Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
2248 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
2249 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2250 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2251 5:00 Russia YEK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2252 6:00 - YEKT # Yekaterinburg Time
2253#
2254# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2255# Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.
2256Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
2257 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
2258 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2259 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2260 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2261 7:00 - OMST
2262#
2263# From Paul Eggert (2006-08-19): I'm guessing about Tomsk here; it's
2264# not clear when it switched from +7 to +6.
2265# Novosibirskaya oblast', Tomskaya oblast'.
2266Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
2267 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
2268 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2269 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2270 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
2271 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2272 7:00 - NOVT
2273
2274# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
2275# Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
2276# March 28, 2010:
2277# from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
2278# to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
2279#
2280# This is according to Government of Russia decree # 740, on September
2281# 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
2282# time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
2283#
2284# Russian Government web site (Russian language)
2285# <a href="http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archiv">
2286# http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
2287# </a>
2288# or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
2289# map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
2290# <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html">
2291# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
2292# </a>
2293#
2294# Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
2295# Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
2296#
2297# As a result, Kemerovo oblast' will be in the same time zone as
2298# Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Barnaul and Altai Republic.
2299
2300Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk 5:48:48 - NMT 1920 Jan 6
2301 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2302 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2303 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2304 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2305 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2306 7:00 - NOVT # Novosibirsk/Novokuznetsk Time
2307
2308#
2309# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2310# Krasnoyarskij kraj,
2311# Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug,
2312# Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2313Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
2314 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2315 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2316 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2317 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2318 8:00 - KRAT
2319#
2320# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2321# Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',
2322# Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2323Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
2324 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2325 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
2326 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2327 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2328 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2329 9:00 - IRKT
2330#
2331# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2332# Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',
2333# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.
2334
2335# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2336# ...some regions of [Russia] were merged with others since 2005...
2337# Some names were changed, no big deal, except for one instance: a new name.
2338# YAK/YAKST: UTC+9 Zabajkal'skij kraj.
2339
2340# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2341# The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij,
2342# Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj,
2343# Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij,
2344# Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenyokskij, Olyokminskij,
2345# Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij,
2346# Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij Natsional'nij.
2347
2348Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2349 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2350 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2351 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2352 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2353 10:00 - YAKT
2354#
2355# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2356# Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,
2357# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2358
2359# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2360# The Sakha districts are: Bulunskij, Verkhoyanskij, ... Ust'-Yanskij.
2361Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
2362 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
2363 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2364 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2365 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2366 11:00 - VLAT
2367
2368# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2369# Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
2370# in 2011.
2371#
2372# From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
2373# Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
2374# Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
2375# This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.
2376#
2377Zone Asia/Khandyga 9:02:13 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2378 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2379 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2380 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2381 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2004
2382 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2383 11:00 - VLAT 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
2384 10:00 - YAKT
2385
2386#
2387# Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
2388# The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
2389Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
2390 9:00 - CJT 1938
2391 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25
2392 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
2393 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2394 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
2395 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2396 11:00 - SAKT
2397#
2398# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2399# Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2400# Probably also: Kuril Islands.
2401
2402# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2403# The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Verkhhhnekolymskij, Momskij,
2404# Nizhnekolymskij, ... Srednekolymskij.
2405Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
2406 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2407 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2408 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2409 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2410 12:00 - MAGT
2411
2412# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2413# Ojmyakonskij and the Kuril Islands switched from
2414# Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
2415Zone Asia/Ust-Nera 9:32:54 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2416 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2417 9:00 Russia YAKT 1981 Apr 1
2418 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2419 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2420 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2421 12:00 - MAGT 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
2422 11:00 - VLAT
2423
2424# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2425# Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2426#
2427# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
2428Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
2429 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
2430 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2431 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2432 12:00 Russia PET%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2433 11:00 Russia PET%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2434 12:00 - PETT
2435#
2436# Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug
2437Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
2438 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
2439 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
2440 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2441 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2442 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2443 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2444 12:00 - ANAT
2445
2446# Serbia
2447# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2448Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2449 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2450 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2451 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s
2452 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2453# Metod Kozelj reports that the legal date of
2454# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2455# Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
2456 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2457 1:00 EU CE%sT
2458Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2459Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro
2460Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2461Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2462Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
2463
2464# Slovakia
2465Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
2466
2467# Slovenia
2468# see Serbia
2469
2470# Spain
2471# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2472# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1;
2473# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2474Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2475Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
2476Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2477Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2478# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2479Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2480# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2481Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
2482Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2483# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2484Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2485Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2486Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2487Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2488# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13;
2489# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2490Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2491Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2492Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2493Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2494Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2495# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2496Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2497Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
2498Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
2499Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
2500Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
2501Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
2502Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2503Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
2504Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
2505Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
2506Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
2507Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
2508Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2509Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
2510Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2511# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
2512Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
2513Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2514Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
2515Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2516Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2517Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2518Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2519Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2520Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
2521# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2522Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 Jan 1 0:00s
2523 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
2524 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
2525 1:00 EU CE%sT
2526Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
2527 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
2528 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
2529 0:00 - WET 1924
2530 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
2531 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2532 1:00 - CET 1986
2533 1:00 EU CE%sT
2534Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2535 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2536 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2537 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2538 0:00 EU WE%sT
2539# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2540# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2541
2542# Sweden
2543
2544# From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
2545#
2546# The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
2547# From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
2548# places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
2549# three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
2550# meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
2551#
2552# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
2553# eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
2554# national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
2555#
2556# About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
2557# forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
2558# of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
2559# the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
2560# observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
2561# from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
2562# 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
2563# in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
2564#
2565# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
2566# that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
2567# pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
2568# Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
2569#
2570# The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
2571# Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
2572# not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
2573# in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
2574# "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
2575# the Sok-button).
2576#
2577# (2001-05-13):
2578#
2579# I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
2580# summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
2581# 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
2582# people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
2583# at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
2584# hour before the event took place.
2585#
2586# Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
2587
2588# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2589Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
2590 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
2591 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
2592 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00
2593 1:00 - CET 1980
2594 1:00 EU CE%sT
2595
2596# Switzerland
2597# From Howse:
2598# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2599# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2600# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
2601# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2602# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
2603# Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
2604# Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2605# From Shanks & Pottenger:
2606# Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
2607# Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2608
2609# From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
2610# I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
2611#
2612# As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
2613# to be wrong. This is now verified.
2614#
2615# I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
2616# government, in 'Eidgen[o]ssische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
2617# federal law collection)...
2618#
2619# DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
2620# DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
2621#
2622# DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
2623# DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
2624#
2625# There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
2626# It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
2627# collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
2628# other years are made.
2629#
2630# Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
2631# about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
2632# night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
2633# a thing had happened in Switzerland.
2634#
2635# I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traite de
2636# l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
2637# false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
2638# by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
2639#
2640# The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
2641# Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
2642# Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
2643#
2644# The 1940 rules must be deleted.
2645#
2646# One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
2647# most users of tzdata:
2648# The zone file
2649# Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
2650# 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun #Bern Mean Time
2651# 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2652# 1:00 EU CE%sT
2653# describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
2654# the Cantone Geneve (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneve did not
2655# follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
2656# To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
2657
2658# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2659Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
2660Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
2661# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2662Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
2663 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
2664 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2665 1:00 EU CE%sT
2666
2667# Turkey
2668
2669# From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03):
2670# The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now.
2671# ... The latest rules are available at -
2672# http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107
2673# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03):
2674# I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that
2675# DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time. I am not sure
2676# what happened before that. One example for each year from 1996 to 2001:
2677# http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm
2678# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT
2679# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM
2680# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016
2681# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021
2682# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027
2683# From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03):
2684# Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990.
2685
2686# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
2687# Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
2688# start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
2689# http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
2690# The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
2691# http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
2692# I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
2693# (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
2694# http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
2695
2696# From G&ouml;kdeniz Karada&#x011f; (2011-03-10):
2697#
2698# According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
2699# time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
2700# This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
2701#
2702# <a href="http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872">
2703# http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
2704# </a>
2705# Turkish:
2706# <a href="http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373">
2707# http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373
2708# </a>
2709
2710# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2711Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2712Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2713Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
2714Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
2715Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
2716Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2717Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2718Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2719# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
2720# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2721Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
2722Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2723Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2724Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
2725Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
2726Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
2727Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
2728Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2729# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;
2730# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2731Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2732Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
2733Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2734Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2735Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2736Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
2737Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2738Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
2739Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
2740Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
2741Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2742Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
2743Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2744Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
2745Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2746Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
2747Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2748Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
2749Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
2750Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
2751Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
2752Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
2753Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2754Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2755Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2756Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2757Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
2758Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
2759Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
2760Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
2761Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
2762Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
2763Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2764Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2765Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
2766Rule Turkey 1991 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2767Rule Turkey 1991 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2768Rule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2769# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2770Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
2771 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
2772 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
2773 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
2774 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007
2775 2:00 EU EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 1:00u
2776 2:00 - EET 2011 Mar 28 1:00u
2777 2:00 EU EE%sT
2778Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
2779
2780# Ukraine
2781#
2782# From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
2783# via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
2784# BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
2785# regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
2786# "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
2787# of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
2788# October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
2789
2790# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):
2791# On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
2792# abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
2793#
2794# Bill number 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
2795# approval from 266 deputies.
2796#
2797# Ukraine abolishes transter back to the winter time (in Russian)
2798# <a href="http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/">
2799# http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
2800# </a>
2801#
2802# The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
2803# <a href="http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html">
2804# http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
2805# </a>
2806#
2807# Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
2808# <a href="http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/">
2809# http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
2810# </a>
2811#
2812# From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
2813# Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
2814# Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter
2815# time this year after all.
2816#
2817# From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
2818# As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone
2819# (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
2820# to Russia) was reverted today:
2821#
2822# <a href="http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995">
2823# http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
2824# </a>
2825#
2826# Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
2827# The law documents themselves are at
2828#
2829# <a href="http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484">
2830# http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484
2831# </a>
2832
2833
2834# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2835# Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
2836# "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2837# "Kiev" is more common in English.
2838Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
2839 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
2840 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2841 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
2842 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
2843 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2844 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2845 2:00 - EET 1992
2846 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2847 2:00 EU EE%sT
2848# Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
2849# "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2850# "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
2851Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
2852 1:00 - CET 1940
2853 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2854 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
2855 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
2856 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2857 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2858 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
2859 2:00 - EET 1992
2860 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2861 2:00 EU EE%sT
2862# Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
2863# "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2864# "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English. Use the common English
2865# spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
2866# portable Posix file names.
2867Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
2868 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T
2869 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2870 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
2871 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
2872 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
2873 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2874 2:00 EU EE%sT
2875# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2876Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2877 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2878 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2879 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
2880 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2881 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2882 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2883 2:00 - EET 1992
2884# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2885# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2886# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2887# Shanks (1999) says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened
2888# sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say
2889# 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it
2890# changed in May.
2891 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2892# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2893 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
2894 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2895# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2896# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2897 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2898 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2899 2:00 EU EE%sT
2900
2901###############################################################################
2902
2903# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
2904# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
2905# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
2906#
2907# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
2908# uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2909# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2910# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
2911# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2912# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2913
2914# ...
2915# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2916# From: Tom Hofmann
2917# ...
2918#
2919# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2920# most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2921# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2922# to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2923# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2924# years...
2925# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2926# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2927# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2928# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2929#
2930# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2931# Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2932#
2933# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2934# 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2935# ...
2936
2937# ...
2938# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2939# From: Dik T. Winter
2940# ...
2941#
2942# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2943# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2944# about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2945#
2946# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2947# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2948# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2949# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
2950# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
2951# the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
2952# dates...
2953#
2954# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
2955# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
2956# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
2957# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2958# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2959# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2960# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2961# in advance of normal time.
2962#
2963# ...
2964# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2965# ...
2966
2967# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
2968# ...
2969# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2970# Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2971# ...
2972# Monaco: has same DST as France.
2973# ...