1# @(#)europe 7.38
2
3# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
4# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
5# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
6
7# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1995-12-19):
8# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
9# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (3rd edition),
10# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1991).
11# Except where otherwise noted, it is the source for the data below.
12#
13# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
14# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
15# I found in the UCLA library.
16#
17# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
18# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
19# The starred Russian names are dubious. Corrections are welcome!
20# std dst
21# LMT Local Mean Time
22# LST Local Star Time (Russian ``mestnoe zvezdnoe vremya'')
23# -4:00 AST Atlantic
24# -3:00 WGT+DST Western Greenland*
25# -2:00 MGT+DST Middle Greenland*
26# -1:00 EGT+DST Eastern Greenland*
27# -1:00 ACT+DST Azores and Canaries*
28# -1:00 IST IDT Iceland (no longer used)*
29# 0:00 GMT BST Greenwich, British Summer
30# 0:00 WET+DST Western Europe
31# 1:00 MET+DST Middle Europe
32# 2:00 EET+DST Eastern Europe
33# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
34# 3:00 TUR+DST Turkey (no longer used)*
35# 4:00 KSK KSD Kuybyshev (was 3:00)*
36# 5:00 ESK ESD Yekaterinburg (was 4:00) (was SSK, SSD)*
37# 6:00 OSK OSD Omsk (was 5:00)*
38# 6:00 NSK NSD Novosibirsk (was 7:00)
39# 7:00 KRSK KRSD Krasnoyarsk (was 6:00)
40# 8:00 ISK ISD Irkutsk (was 7:00)*
41# 9:00 YSK YSD Yakutsk (was 8:00)*
42# 10:00 VSK VSD Vladivostok (was 9:00)*
43# 11:00 MSK MSD Magadan (was 10:00)*
44# 12:00 PSK PSD Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski (was 11:00)*
45# 13:00 ASK ASD Anadyr (was 12:00)*
46#
47# See the `africa' file for Zone naming conventions.
48#
49# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
50# is Derek Howse, Greenwich time and the discovery of the longitude,
51# Oxford University Press (1980).
52
53# From Andrew A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (November 12, 1993):
54# LST is Local Star Time (``mestnoe zvezdnoe vremya'').
55
56# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (December 4, 1994),
57# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
58# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
59# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
60# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
61# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
62# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
63# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
64# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
65# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
66# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
67# ...
68# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
69# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
70# ...
71# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
72# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
73# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
74# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
75# in the Directive.
76
77###############################################################################
78
79# United Kingdom
80
81# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (July 6, 1994):
82#
83# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
84# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
85# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
86# of the text said:
87#
88# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
89# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longditude
90# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
91# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
92# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
93# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
94# along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
95#
96# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
97# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longditude should
98# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
99#
100# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
101
102# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (November 18, 1993):
103#
104# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
105# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
106# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
107# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828);
108# it was popularized in 1840 by Capt. Basil Hall, RN (1788-1844),
109# famed explorer and former Commissioner for Longitude.
110# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
111# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
112# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847 Sep 22 the
113# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
114# adopted at all stations; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists most major
115# railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
116# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the Great Clock
117# in Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
118# one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
119# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
120# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
121# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
122# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880 Aug 2.
123#
124# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
125# transition date for London, namely 1847 Sep 22. We don't know as much
126# about Dublin, so we use 1880 Aug 2, the legal transition time.
127
128# From Paul Eggert (1996-06-12):
129# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
130# a London builder who circulated a pamphlet ``Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
131# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
132# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
133# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
134# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
135# One-hour Summer Time was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
136
137# From Arthur David Olson (January 19, 1989):
138#
139# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
140# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
141
142# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
143# From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john>
144# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
145# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
146# politics making a fortune, not computing.
147
148# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (September 3, 1993):
149#
150# Our Government...couldn't...make a decision after the 1989 consultation
151# exercise about the UK changing its timezone so it just let things drift
152# (different from deciding to keep the status quo). According to the
153# Summer Time Order 1992 (SI 1992/1729) the dates of Summer Time for 1993
154# and 1994 are:
155# Start End
156# 1993 28 March 24 October
157# 1994 27 March 23 October
158# All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT.
159#
160# There [was] an error in your tables for the start and end times prior to 1981.
161# The UK always used to change at 02:00 GMT. In 1981 it changed to 01:00 GMT
162# as a part of EC harmonisation and has remained at that time since.
163#
164# I have found the default algorithm for UK Summer Time, it is in the
165# Summer Time Act 1972. Section 1 states that in the absence of an Order
166# in Council Summer Time starts at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day
167# after the third Saturday in March, unless that day is Easter Day, in
168# which case it is the morning of the day after the second Saturday.
169# It ends at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day after the fourth Saturday
170# in October. (All the redundant `morning of the day ...' is in the Act.)
171# This is only of passing interest now as it will always be overridden by
172# an Order in Council (a Statutary Instrument, the SI thing mentioned above)
173# to specify the EC specified dates.
174
175# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 18, 1993):
176#
177# My contact in the Ministry of Defence Public Relations department
178# accepted the challenge of looking into this and produced the following,
179# from Hansard (the official record of the UK Parliament), Oral Answers,
180# 1 March 1945, cols 1559--60:
181#
182# `58. Major Sir Goronwy Owen asked the Secretary of State for the Home
183# Department if he is now able to state the Government's proposals
184# regarding double summer time.
185#
186# [two other similar questions omitted]
187#
188# Mr. H. Morrison: The Government, in reviewing the matter, have
189# considered, [...] the conclusion has been reached that the adoption of
190# double summer time from the beginning of April is essential to the
191# maintenance of the war effort. [...] As 1st April is Easter Sunday,
192# when very early services are held in many churches, it is proposed that
193# double summer time shall start not in the night preceding Easter
194# Sunday, but in the night of Sunday- Monday so that it will operate from
195# Monday, 2nd April.'
196
197# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (September 3, 1993):
198#
199# > # Current rules
200# > Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 BST
201# > Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Oct Sun>=23 1:00s 0 GMT
202#
203# The ending rule here doesn't match the EC rules, which specify the fourth
204# Sunday in October for the UK and Eire. The `fourth Sunday' rule wasn't
205# followed in 1989, but then the sixth EC directive wasn't in force then
206# and I don't know what previous ones said. 1995 is the next year with
207# the 4th Sun on 22 Oct, but that year isn't covered by the UK Summer Time
208# Order or the sixth EC directive. Your Oct Sun>=23 rule matches history
209# and with things only announced for 2 years or so in advance who knows
210# what will happen.
211#
212# There are renewed rumours that the Government here will make another
213# attempt at resolving this issue, which is what prompted me to start
214# asking the Home Office and the EC about it again. The EC categorically
215# state they are not asking anybody to change timezone, they only want
216# common start/end dates. The UK Govt. seem to want to change our zone
217# and blame the resulting fuss on the EC. Me, I think we should scrap
218# summer time completely, noon is when the Sun is overhead, and that should
219# be the end of it.
220
221# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 22, 1993):
222#
223# I now have the text of the Summer Time Act 1916, the granddaddy of them all.
224# It is headed: `An Act to provide for the Time in Great Britain and Ireland
225# being in advance of Greenwich and Dublin mean time respectively in the
226# summer months'.
227#
228# It specifies 21 May and 1 October for 1916 (both at 02:00 GMT) and whatever
229# dates an Order in Council may specify for subsequent years.
230#
231# Section 4 states: `This act shall apply to Ireland in like manner as it
232# applies to Great Britain, with the substitution however of references
233# to Dublin mean time for references to Greenwich mean time.'
234#
235# Lorna, my learned legal friend who supplied it, also offers this quote
236# from Halsbury's Statutes on the extent of Acts:
237#
238# `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie
239# to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside.
240# [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since
241# 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland,
242# but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.'
243#
244# She goes on to say the seminal event of 1922 was the establishment of
245# the Irish Free State, now called Eire.
246#
247# The Act doesn't say anything about Wales (or Scotland) so I would assert
248# that Shanks is wrong here. I would like to know why he thinks Wales
249# was different.
250#
251# It also confirms the fact that Ireland followed Dublin time back then,
252# and 25 minutes behind Greenwich, as Shanks has it, would be correct.
253
254# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 28, 1993):
255#
256# I now have before me, thanks to my learned legal friend Lorna, the text of
257# the Time (Ireland) Act 1916.
258#
259# It says that as from 2 AM Dublin Mean Time on 1 October 1916 the time
260# for general purposes in Ireland shall be the same as the rest of Great
261# Britain (ie. GMT with the Summer Time periods specified by the Summer Time
262# Act 1916).... As Ireland was behind GMT/BST at 02:00 DMT on 1 Oct GB would
263# have already put the clocks back. Using DST as Dublin Summer Time the
264# sequence would have been:
265# Dublin London
266# 02:34 DST 02:59 BST
267# 02:35 DST 02:00 GMT
268# 02:59 DST 02:24 GMT
269# 02:25 GMT 02:25 GMT
270# with the transition 03:00 DST -> 02:00 DMT -> 02:25 GMT all at once.
271#
272# In a table of repeals in the Schedule to the Act it mentions the
273# Statutes (Definition of Time) Act 1880. This is presumably the source
274# of the 1880 date in Shanks. The little bit of it that is repealed
275# also refers solely to Ireland and Dublin Mean Time.
276
277# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 29, 1993):
278#
279# My case is that, with the sole exception of Ireland in 1916 using Dublin
280# Mean Time, Summer Time has been uniform throughout the United Kingdom
281# ever since it first started in 1916.
282#
283# The United Kingdom is England, Wales and Scotland plus all of Ireland from
284# 1916 up to and including 1921, or plus Northern Ireland from 1922 to date.
285#
286# The dates used are those specified in the table in Summer Time: A Consultation
287# Document (Cm 722, 1989) that are now included in the europe file, with a
288# change to a single date, the start in 1924. I made a typo in my 1989 mail
289# and the table itself is also wrong. The correct date is 13 April.
290# The times were 02:00 GMT up to and including 1980, 01:00 GMT from 1981 on,
291# except for wartime double summer time.
292#
293# As evidence I would cite:
294#
295# - The Summer Time Act, 1916.
296#
297# This specifically states that it applies to Ireland, specifies dates of
298# 21 May and 1 October and times of 02:00, and says that in Ireland the
299# times relate to Dublin mean time. It specifies an offset of 1 hour.
300#
301# - The Time (Ireland) Act, 1916
302#
303# This abolishes Dublin mean time on 02:00 DMT 1 October 1916.
304# It repeals that section of the Statutes (Definition of Time) Act, 1880
305# that specifies DMT. It is therefore a safe bet that DMT existed at least
306# from 1880 and was the only alternative standard time in the UK.
307#
308# - The Summer Time Act, 1922
309#
310# This specifies an offset of 1 hour and dates of the day after the third
311# Saturday in April, unless that be Easter, in which case it is the day after
312# the second Saturday, and the day after the third Saturday in September.
313# The time is 02:00 GMT. It applied in 1922 and 1923, and longer if Parliament
314# so approved.
315#
316# It specifically states that it applies to Northern Ireland, the Channel
317# Islands, and the Isle of Man.
318#
319# - The Summer Time Act, 1925
320#
321# This makes the 1922 Act permanent, with a change to the end date to the
322# day after the first Saturday in October. It says nothing about extent,
323# so that part of the 1922 Act will still apply.
324#
325# - The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939, SR&O 1939 No. 1379
326# [SR&O == Statutary Regulation and Order]
327#
328# These were made under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939.
329# It changes the end date to be the day after the third Saturday in November.
330# It makes consequential changes to some vehicle lighting legislation,
331# which includes the Motor Vehicles and Road Traffic (Northern Ireland) Act,
332# 1934, so it seems clear it applies in Northern Ireland.
333#
334# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
335# 1939, SR&O 1940 No. 1883
336#
337# This continues summer time throughout the year after it starts in 1940.
338# It says nothing about extent and has no consequential changes.
339#
340# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
341# 1939, SR&O 1941 No. 476
342#
343# This introduces double summer time, starting at 01:00 GMT on the day after
344# the first Saturday in May and ending at 01:00 GMT on the day after the
345# second Saturday in August, offset another hour from normal summer time,
346# which continues throughout the rest of the year. It goes on a lot about
347# consequential changes to agricultural wages legislation, and says in part
348# `... and in its application to Northern Ireland have effect as
349# if for the references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation) Acts, 1924 and
350# 1940, there were substituted references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation)
351# Acts (Northern Ireland), 1939 and 1940, ...'. It also has a similar section
352# for Scotland. Both sections substitute the local Agricultural Wages Board
353# for the Agricultural Wages Board for England and Wales, showing that
354# England and Wales were indivisible.
355#
356# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
357# 1939, SR&O 1942 No. 506
358#
359# This changes the start date of double summer time to the day after the first
360# Saturday in April. It says nothing about extent.
361#
362# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
363# 1939, SR&O 1944 No. 932
364#
365# This changed the end date of double summer time to 17 September 1944.
366# (I don't have the text of this, just a note of what it did, the text almost
367# certainly had the `day after the nth Saturday' form.)
368#
369# (I am missing whatever regulations there were to change things in 1945
370# and the Summer Time Act, 1947.)
371#
372# - The British Standard Time Act, 1968
373#
374# This came into force on 27 October 1968 and continued summer time throughout
375# the year as an experiment until it expired on 31 October 1971.
376# There was no double summer time so we didn't have to change the clocks at all.
377# It specifically said it applied to Northern Ireland. It also said it
378# applied to Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man unless they passed
379# measures saying it didn't.
380#
381# - The Manx Time Act, 1968
382#
383# This is an Act of Tynwald (the Isle of Man Parliament) that said that
384# henceforth Manx time would be the same as the time in Great Britain.
385#
386# - The Summer Time Act, 1972
387#
388# This specified a reversion to normal summer time behaviour with a start
389# date of the day after the third Saturday in March, unless that is Easter,
390# when it is the day after the second Saturday, and an end date of the day
391# after the fourth Saturday in October. Times are at 02:00 GMT, offset is
392# 1 hour.
393#
394# It has the same wording about extent as the British Standard Time Act, 1968,
395# applying to Northern Ireland unconditionally and to Jersey, Guernsey and the
396# Isle of Man if they don't do something about it.
397#
398# (I am missing various Summer Time Orders that modified the 1972 Act to
399# harmonise with the EC since 1981. The major change is that the time changes
400# to 01:00 GMT.)
401#
402# - The Summer Time Order, 1992, SI 1992/1729 [SI == Statutary Instrument]
403#
404# This specifies dates of:
405# Start End
406# 1993 28 March 24 October
407# 1994 27 March 23 October
408# All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT....
409#
410# - Some text on the extent of Acts, from Halsbury's Statutes
411#
412# `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie
413# to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside.
414# [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since
415# 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland,
416# but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.'
417#
418# So, many of these measures specifically include Northern Ireland,
419# the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. None of them exclude any
420# part of the UK. The default interpretation of Acts is that they apply
421# throughout the UK.
422#
423# With that, I rest my case Milud :-)
424#
425# Thanks are due to my learned legal friend Lorna Montgomerie, who dug out
426# the dusty old statutes, and to Melanie Allison of the Ministry of Defence,
427# who provided the wartime regulations and a snippet of Hansard explaining
428# why double summer time started on a Monday in 1945 (it was Easter).
429
430# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-05-29):
431# I have now got a copy of the British Standard Time Act 1968.
432# It says (S4(2)) that it expires at 02:00 GMT on 31 October 1971 unless
433# an Order in Council was passed in Parliament to make the Act permanent.
434# No Order was passed, so 02:00 1971-10-31 it is...
435#
436# Interestingly, it says baldly `This Act shall come into force on
437# 27 October 1968', without giving a time. As S1 of the Act merely
438# stated that `The time for general purposes in the United Kingdom
439# (to be known as British standard time) shall be one hour in
440# advance of Greenwich mean time throughout the year; ...' you could
441# possibly argue that the start time of BStandardT was 00:00 1968-10-27,
442# especially as the Act repealed the Summer Time Acts 1916--1947 in toto,
443# thereby destroying the authority of the Summer Time Order specifying
444# summer time in 1968....
445
446# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (November 18, 1993)
447#
448# Here is a revised version of my tabrules file for the perl script I sent
449# before. I have personally verified the various Orders back to 1953 and
450# all the Acts.
451#
452# There are no changes to the dates we already have.
453#
454# My doubt about an early start in 1967 on 18 Feb was misplaced, the Order
455# does say 18 Feb. This is an interesting case as the first Order gave a
456# different date of 7 April 1967 for the Isle of Man but this was changed
457# before it came into effect by another Order for the Isle of Man alone.
458#
459# I don't think I will be able to find any more of the earlier Orders.
460# The annual volumes for 1949--52 do not contain the various Summer Time
461# Orders. They therefore don't appear in the index. They rate a mention in
462# italics in the numerical list at the start but that is all.
463# I think what happens is that the annual volume is produced well after the
464# end of the year in question, by which time the Summer Time Order is spent.
465# They assume that nobody would ever be stupid enough to want to see it
466# again so they leave it out.
467#
468# It might be a good idea to put this table, or the output of tabscript
469# showing all the moves because of Easter, in the europe file comments in
470# place of my old transcription of the Green Paper table [the UK Government
471# paper "Summer Time: A Consultation Document" (HMSO Cm722 June 1989)].
472#
473# Peter Ilieve peter@memex.co.uk
474#
475#
476# ## control file for tabscript, a program to generate UK summer time dates
477# ## matching the table in Cm 722, the 1989 Green Paper.
478# ## Lines like this are comments.
479# ## Lines with a single # at the start are copied into the output
480# ## Control lines are of the form
481# ## <years> <start date> <end date> <flags> <double start> <double end>
482# ## <years> is either a single year or a hyphen separated range, with --
483# ## also accepted as I use this in TeX a lot.
484# ## <start date> and <end date> are a digit followed bu a month name.
485# ## It is either an nth Saturday or an explicit date, depending on <flags>.
486# ## 0 and/or none are used when there is no date, as during 1968--71.
487# ## <flags> can contain `fixed' to indicate explicit dates and `double'
488# ## to indicate double summer time dates are present.
489# ## At present double requires fixed as well.
490# ## <double start> and <double end> are like the start and end dates, with
491# ## the exception of the 0 and/or none feature.
492#
493# ## Blank lines are also ignored.
494#
495# ## Places where I am uncertain, not having personally verified the dates
496# ## against the Act or Order, are marked ???
497# ## These dates are taken from the Cm 722 table.
498#
499# # Summer Time Act, 1916
500# 1916 21 May 1 October fixed
501#
502# ## I haven't yet looked for Orders for 1916--22 and I doubt I will find them.
503# # unknown Order or Orders ???
504# 1917 8 apr 17 sep fixed
505# 1918 24 mar 30 sep fixed
506# 1919 30 mar 29 sep fixed
507# # end date extended in 1920 from 27 Sep because of coal strike (from Cm 722)
508# 1920 28 mar 25 oct fixed
509# 1921 3 apr 3 oct fixed
510#
511# # Summer Time Act, 1922
512# # came into force 22 July 1922, too late for 1922, so missing Order ???
513# 1922 26 mar 8 oct fixed
514# 1923-1924 3 April 3 September
515#
516# # Summer Time Act, 1925
517# 1925--1938 3 April 1 October
518#
519# # Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939
520# 1939 3 April 3 November
521# # 1940 amendment (SR&O 1940 Nos. 172 & 1883)
522# 1940 4 feb 0 none
523# # 1941 amendment (SR&O 1941 No. 476)
524# 1941 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 may 10 aug
525# # 1942 amendment (SR&O 1942 No. 506)
526# 1942 0 none 0 none fixed,double 5 apr 9 aug
527# 1943 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 apr 15 aug
528# # 1944 amendment (SR&O 1944 No. 932)
529# 1944 0 none 0 none fixed,double 2 apr 17 sep
530# # 1945 dates from Hansard, Oral Answers, 1 March 1945
531# 1945 0 none 7 oct fixed,double 2 apr 15 jul
532#
533# # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925
534# 1946 3 April 1 October
535#
536# # Summer Time Act, 1947
537# # Fixed dates for 1947 only, gives power to have double summer time
538# 1947 16 mar 2 nov fixed,double 13 apr 10 aug
539# ## I can't find any trace of the Order for 1948.
540# # Unknown Order ???
541# 1948 14 mar 31 oct fixed
542# ## I know the numbers for the 1949--52 ones but the text is missing from the
543# ## annual volumes. I also don't know if the 49 Order was for 49 or 50, etc.
544# # Summer Time Order, 1949 (SI1949/373) ???
545# 1949 3 apr 30 oct fixed
546# # Summer Time Order, 1950 (SI1950/518) ???
547# 1950 16 apr 22 oct fixed
548# # Summer Time Order, 1951 (SI1951/430) ???
549# 1951 15 apr 21 oct fixed
550# # Summer Time Order, 1952 (SI1952/451) ???
551# 1952 20 apr 26 oct fixed
552#
553# # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925
554# 1953--1960 3 April 1 October
555#
556# ## All Orders from here on specify fixed dates, not day after nth Sunday
557# ## Start pattern looks like Mar lastSun up to 1963, Mar Sun>=19 up to 1967.
558# ## End pattern looks like Oct Sun>=23 up to 1967.
559# # Summer Time Order, 1961 (SI1961/71)
560# 1961 26 March 29 October fixed
561# # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (SI1961/2465)
562# 1962 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
563# # Summer Time Order, 1963 (SI1963/81)
564# 1963 31 March 27 October fixed
565# # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (SI1963/2101)
566# 1964 22 March 25 October fixed
567# # Summer Time Order, 1964 (SI1964/1201)
568# 1965 21 Mar 24 Oct fixed
569# 1966 20 Mar 23 Oct fixed
570# 1967 19 Mar 29 Oct fixed
571# # Summer Time Order, 1967 (SI1967/1148)
572# # Specifies different start date of 7 April for Isle of Man
573# # Summer Time Order, 1968 (SI1968/117)
574# # Changes Isle of Man start date to 18 Feb to match rest of UK
575# # British Standard Time Act, 1968
576# 1968 18 feb 0 none fixed
577# 1969--1970 0 none 0 none
578# 1971 0 none 31 oct fixed
579#
580# # Summer Time Act, 1972
581# 1972-1980 3 March 4 October
582#
583# # The pattern here looks like Last Sun in Mar, day after 4th Sat in Oct
584# # First EC Directive ???
585# # Summer Time Order, 1980 (SI1980/1089)
586# 1981 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed
587# 1982 28 Mar 24 Oct fixed
588# # Second EC Directive ???
589# # Summer Time Order, 1982 (SI1982/1673)
590# 1983 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed
591# 1984 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
592# 1985 31 Mar 27 Oct fixed
593# # Third EC Directive ???
594# # Summer Time Order, 1986 (SI1986/223)
595# 1986 30 Mar 26 Oct fixed
596# 1987 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed
597# 1988 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed
598# # Fourth EC Directive ???
599# # Summer Time Order, 1988 (SI1988/931)
600# 1989 26 Mar 29 Oct fixed
601# # Fifth EC Directive ???
602# # Summer Time Order, 1989 (SI1989/985)
603# 1990 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
604# 1991 31 Mar 27 Oct fixed
605# 1992 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed
606# # Sixth EC Directive
607# # Summer Time Order, 1992 (SI1992/1729)
608# 1993 28 Mar 24 Oct fixed
609# 1994 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed
610
611# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (August 18, 1994):
612# I now have the text of the 7th EC directive on summer time arrangements
613# (94/21/EC), which was approved on 30 May....
614# The major changes from existing practice are that 1995 will be the last year
615# that the UK and Eire finish on a different date from everyone else,
616# and the common end date from 1996 onwards will be the last Sunday in October.
617# Year Start End End (UK & Eire, 1995 only)
618# (rule) (last Sun) (last Sun) (4th Sun)
619# 1995 26 March 24 September 22 October
620# 1996 31 March 27 October
621# 1997 30 March 26 October
622#
623# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-01):
624# The final piece of the legislative jigsaw for summer time in the UK for
625# 1995-97 is now in place. The Summer Time Order 1994 (SI 1994/2798)
626# came into force on 16 November. It restates the dates from the EC
627# seventh Summer Time Directive....
628#
629# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-04-20):
630# Proposals for the eighth directive were supposed to have been produced
631# by the Commission by 1 Jan 96. They have not yet appeared (I asked just
632# before Easter).
633
634# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (March 28, 1994):
635# The [GB-Eire] end date of 22 October [1995] conflicts with your current rule
636# of Oct Sun>=23, and the historical UK formula of Sun after 4th Sat.
637# The last time 4th Sun and Sun after 4th Sat differed was in 1989,
638# when 29 October was used. That year was covered by a UK Summer Time Order
639# for only a single year and it looks as though there was a matching 4th EC
640# directive for just this year. I don't have the text of the 5th EC
641# directive (for 1990--92) but my guess would be it said 4th Sun.
642# To maintain strict historical accuracy you could start a new UK ending rule
643# of Oct Sun>=22 in 1990.
644
645# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-06-12):
646#
647# As Ilieve remarks, the date `20 April 1924' in the table of ``Summer Time: A
648# Consultation Document'' (Cm 722, 1989) table is a transcription error;
649# 20 April was an Easter Sunday. Shanks has 13 April, the correct date.
650# Also, the table is not quite right for 1925 through 1938; the correct rules
651# (which Shanks uses) are given in the Summer Time Acts of 1922 and 1925.
652# Shanks and the UK Government paper disagree about the Apr 1956 transition;
653# since we have no other data, and since Shanks was correct in the other
654# points of disagreement about London, we'll believe Shanks for now.
655# Also, for lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948.
656#
657# Given Peter Ilieve's comments, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect:
658# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight savings time until
659# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
660# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
661# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
662# It actually just had one transition.
663# * Northern Ireland used single daylight savings time throughout WW II.
664# Actually, it conformed to Britain.
665# * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
666# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
667# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
668#
669# The following claims by Shanks are possible though doubtful;
670# we'll ignore them for now.
671# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
672# to daylight savings time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
673# conform with Great Britain.
674# * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
675#
676#
677# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.
678
679# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
680# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
681# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
682# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
683# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
684# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
685# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
686
687# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
688# 1916 to 1925--irregular
689Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
690Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
691Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
692Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
693Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
694Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
695Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
696Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
697Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
698Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
699Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
700Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
701Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
702Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
703Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
704Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
705Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 BST
706# 1925 to 1939 start--regular, except for avoiding Easter
707Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
708Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
709Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST
710Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
711Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 BST
712Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
713Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 BST
714Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
715Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
716Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
717Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST
718Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
719# 1939 end to 1947--irregular, and with double summer time
720Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 GMT
721Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 BST
722Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 DST
723Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
724Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 DST
725Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
726# Double daylight starts on a Monday in 1945--see above.
727Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr 2 1:00s 2:00 DST
728Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul 15 1:00s 1:00 BST
729Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 GMT
730Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
731Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 GMT
732Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
733Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 DST
734Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
735Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
736# So much for double saving time. 1948 and 1949, irregular.
737Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
738Rule GB-Eire 1948 1949 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 GMT
739Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
740# 1950 through start of 1953, regular.
741Rule GB-Eire 1950 1953 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
742Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
743# 1954 to 1980, starting rules
744Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 BST
745Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
746Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
747Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
748Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST
749Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
750Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
751Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
752Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
753# 1953 to 1980, ending rules
754Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 GMT
755Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
756Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
757# 1981 on
758Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
759Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
760Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
761# See EU for rules starting in 1996.
762
763# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
764Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Sep 22
765 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
766 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
767 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
768 0:00 EU GMT/BST
769Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
770 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
771 -0:25:21 1:00 DST 1916 Oct 1 3:00
772 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
773 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
774 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
775 0:00 EU GMT/BST
776Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:21 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
777 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
778 -0:25:21 1:00 DST 1916 Oct 1 3:00
779 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6
780 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
781 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
782 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
783 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
784 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
785 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
786 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
787 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
788 0:00 EU GMT/IST
789
790# ZONE-DESCR Europe London United_Kingdom All points except N. Ireland
791# ZONE-DESCR Europe Belfast United_Kingdom Northern Ireland
792# ZONE-DESCR Europe Dublin Eire All points
793
794###############################################################################
795
796# Continental Europe
797
798# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
799# Common Market, etc.
800
801# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
802Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 " DST"
803Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
804Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
805Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
806Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 " DST"
807Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
808
809# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
810Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
811Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
812Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
813Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
814Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
815Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
816
817# Older M-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
818# From 1977 on, M-Eur differs from EU only in that M-Eur uses standard time.
819Rule M-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 " DST"
820Rule M-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
821Rule M-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
822Rule M-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
823Rule M-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
824# Whitman says 1941 DST was only from Feb 25 to Oct 5; go with Shanks.
825Rule M-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
826Rule M-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
827Rule M-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
828Rule M-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
829# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
830Rule M-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
831Rule M-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
832Rule M-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
833Rule M-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
834Rule M-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
835Rule M-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
836Rule M-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
837
838# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
839Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 " DST"
840Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 -
841Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 " DDST"
842Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 " DST"
843Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 " DDST"
844Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 D
845Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 K
846Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 D
847# Shanks gives 1921 Mar 21 for the following transition.
848# From Andrew A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (November 12, 1993):
849# My sources says, that it is Mar 20, not 21.
850Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 DD
851Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 D
852Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 K
853Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
854Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 K
855Rule Russia 1984 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 K
856Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 K
857Rule Russia 1985 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
858
859# These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
860
861# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
862Zone WET 0:00 EU WET%s
863Zone MET 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
864Zone EET 2:00 EU EET%s
865
866# Tom Hoffman says that MET is also known as Central European Time
867
868Link MET CET
869
870# Albania
871# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
872Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 " DST"
873Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
874Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 " DST"
875Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
876Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 " DST"
877Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
878Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
879Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
880Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 " DST"
881Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
882Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 " DST"
883Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
884Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 " DST"
885Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
886Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 " DST"
887Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
888Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 " DST"
889Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
890Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 " DST"
891Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
892Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 " DST"
893Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
894Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 " DST"
895Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
896Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
897Rule Albania 1984 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
898# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
899Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
900 1:00 - MET 1940 Jun 16
901 1:00 Albania MET%s 1985 Mar 31 1:00
902 1:00 W-Eur MET%s
903# This may change to `EU' soon.
904
905# ZONE-DESCR Europe Tirane Albania All points
906
907# Andorra
908# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
909Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
910 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
911 1:00 - MET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
912 1:00 EU MET%s
913
914# ZONE-DESCR Europe Andorra Andorra All points
915
916# Austria
917# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
918Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
919Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
920Rule Austria 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
921Rule Austria 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
922Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
923Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
924Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
925Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
926# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
927Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
928 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1918 Jun 16 3:00
929 1:00 Austria MET%s 1940 Apr 1 2:00
930 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
931 1:00 Austria MET%s 1981
932 1:00 EU MET%s
933
934# ZONE-DESCR Europe Vienna Austria All points
935
936# Belarus
937# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
938Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
939 2:31 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
940 3:00 Russia MS%s 1922 Oct
941 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
942 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
943 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
944 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
945# This may change to `EU' soon.
946
947# ZONE-DESCR Europe Minsk Belarus All points
948
949# Belgium
950# Whitman and Shanks disagree; go with Shanks, usually.
951# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
952# From Whitman:
953Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
954Rule Belgium 1919 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
955# Shanks gives 1920 Feb 14 23:00s; go with Whitman.
956Rule Belgium 1920 1921 - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
957Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
958Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
959Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
960# Whitman gives 1927 Oct 1 2:00s and 1928 Oct 7 2:00s; go with Shanks.
961Rule Belgium 1922 1928 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
962Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
963Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
964Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
965Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
966Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
967Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
968Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
969Rule Belgium 1929 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
970Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
971Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
972Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
973Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
974Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
975Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
976Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
977# Whitman says 1937 Apr 18 2:00s; go with Shanks.
978Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
979# Whitman says 1938 Apr 10 2:00s; go with Shanks.
980Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
981Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
982Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
983Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
984Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
985Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
986Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
987# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
988Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:20 - LMT 1880
989 0:17 - BST 1892 May 1 12:00
990 0:00 - WET 1914 Aug 4
991 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1919 Mar 1 23:00
992 0:00 Belgium WET%s 1940 Feb 24 23:00
993 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
994 1:00 Belgium MET%s 1977
995 1:00 EU MET%s
996
997# ZONE-DESCR Europe Brussels Belgium All points
998
999# Bosnia and Herzegovina
1000# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
1001# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1002Zone Europe/Sarajevo 1:13:40 - LMT 1884
1003 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1004 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
1005 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1006 1:00 - MET 1983
1007 1:00 EU MET%s
1008
1009# ZONE-DESCR Europe Sarajevo Bosnia_and_Herzegovina All points
1010
1011# Bulgaria
1012# Part switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1915 Nov 14;
1013# the rest switched on 1920 Sep 17.
1014# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1015Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1016Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1017Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1018Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
1019Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
1020# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1021Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
1022 1:57 - TST 1894 Nov 30
1023 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
1024 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 3:00
1025 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
1026 2:00 Bulg EET%s 1982 Sep 26 2:00
1027 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1028# This may change to `EU' soon.
1029
1030# ZONE-DESCR Europe Sofia Bulgaria All points
1031
1032# Croatia
1033# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
1034# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1035Zone Europe/Zagreb 1:03:52 - LMT 1884
1036 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1037 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
1038 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1039 1:00 - MET 1983
1040 1:00 EU MET%s
1041
1042# ZONE-DESCR Europe Zagreb Croatia All points
1043
1044# Czech Republic
1045# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1046Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1047Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1048Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1049Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1050Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1051Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1052Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1053# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1054Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
1055 0:58 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
1056 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
1057 1:00 Czech MET%s 1979
1058 1:00 EU MET%s
1059
1060# ZONE-DESCR Europe Prague Czech_Republic All points
1061
1062# Denmark
1063# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1064Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1065Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
1066Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1067Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1068Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
1069Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1070Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
1071Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1072Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
1073Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1074Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
1075# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways
1076# about many of the above dates; go with Shanks.
1077#
1078# For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman.
1079# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1080Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
1081 0:50 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time
1082 1:00 Denmark MET%s 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1083 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1084 1:00 Denmark MET%s 1980
1085 1:00 EU MET%s
1086Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
1087 0:00 - WET 1981
1088 0:00 EU WET%s
1089Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1090 -2:00 - MGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1091 -2:00 M-Eur MGT%s 1981 Mar 29
1092 -1:00 M-Eur EGT%s
1093Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1094 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1095 -3:00 M-Eur WGT%s
1096Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1097 -4:00 - AST
1098
1099# ZONE-DESCR Europe Copenhagen Denmark All points except:
1100# ZONE-DESCR Atlantic Faeroe Denmark Faeroe Islands
1101
1102# ZONE-DESCR America Scoresbysund Greenland Eastern Greenland
1103# ZONE-DESCR America Godthab Greenland Western Greenland
1104# ZONE-DESCR America Thule Greenland Far Western Greenland (Thule)
1105
1106# Estonia
1107# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15.
1108#
1109# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15):
1110# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1111# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1112# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1113# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1114Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1115 1:39 - LST 1918 Feb
1116 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1919 Jul
1117 1:39 - LST 1921 May
1118 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1119 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1120 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Sep 22
1121 3:00 Russia MS%s 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1122 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1123 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1124# This may change to `EU' soon.
1125
1126# ZONE-DESCR Europe Tallinn Estonia All points
1127
1128# Finland
1129#
1130# From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC):
1131# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1132# and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1133#
1134# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994):
1135# Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981.
1136# Go with Strang instead.
1137#
1138# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1139Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1140Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1141# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1142Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
1143 1:40 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1144 2:00 Finland EET%s 1981 Mar 29 2:00
1145 2:00 EU EET%s
1146
1147# ZONE-DESCR Europe Helsinki Finland All points
1148
1149# France
1150# Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
1151# From Shanks (1991):
1152# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1153Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1154Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1155Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1156Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1157Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1158Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1159Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1160Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1161Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1162Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1163Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1164Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1165Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1166Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1167Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1168Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1169Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1170Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1171Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1172Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1173Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1174Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1175Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1176Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1177Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1178Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1179Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1180Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1181Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1182Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 " DST"
1183# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris,
1184# but were used in other places (e.g. Monaco).
1185Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 " DDST"
1186Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 1:00 1:00 " DST"
1187Rule France 1942 only - Mar 8 0:00 2:00 " DDST"
1188Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1189Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 " DDST"
1190Rule France 1943 only - Nov 4 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1191Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 " DDST"
1192Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 " DST"
1193Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 " DDST"
1194Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1195Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1196Rule France 1976 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1197# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05,
1198# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1199# Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1200# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1201# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1202Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1203 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1204 0:00 France WET%s 1940 Jun 14
1205 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Aug 25
1206 0:00 France WET%s 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1207 1:00 France MET%s 1977
1208 1:00 EU MET%s
1209
1210# ZONE-DESCR Europe Paris France All points
1211
1212# Germany
1213# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1214Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1215Rule Germany 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 " DDST"
1216Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1217Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1218Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1219# Whitman gives 1948 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1220Rule Germany 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1221Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1222Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 " DDST"
1223Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1224Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1225Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1226# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1227Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1228 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1229 1:00 Germany MET%s 1980
1230 1:00 EU MET%s
1231
1232# ZONE-DESCR Europe Berlin Germany All points
1233
1234# Gibraltar
1235# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1236Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
1237 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1238 1:00 - MET 1982
1239 1:00 EU MET%s
1240
1241# ZONE-DESCR Europe Gibraltar United_Kingdom Gibraltar
1242
1243# Greece
1244# They adopted the Julian calendar in 1846.
1245# Part switched to the Gregorian calendar on 1916 Jul 28.
1246# The rest switched on 1920 Mar 18.
1247# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1248# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks.
1249Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1250Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1251# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks.
1252Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1253# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks.
1254Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1255Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1256Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1257# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1258Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1259Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1260Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1261Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1262Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1263Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1264Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1265Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1266Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1267Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 " DST"
1268Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1269Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1270Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1271# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1272Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1273 1:35 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1274 2:00 Greece EET%s 1941 Apr 30
1275 1:00 Greece MET%s 1944 Apr 4
1276 2:00 Greece EET%s 1981
1277 # Shanks says they switched to M-Eur in 1981;
1278 # go with EU intead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1279 2:00 EU EET%s
1280
1281# ZONE-DESCR Europe Athens Greece All points
1282
1283# Hungary
1284# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1285Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1286Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1287Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1288Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1289Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1290Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1291Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1292Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1293Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1294Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1295Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1296Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1297Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1298Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1299Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1300Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1301Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1302Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 " DST"
1303Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1304Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 " DST"
1305# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1306Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1307 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1918
1308 1:00 Hungary MET%s 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1309 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 1 23:00
1310 1:00 Hungary MET%s 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1311 1:00 EU MET%s
1312
1313# ZONE-DESCR Europe Budapest Hungary All points
1314
1315# Iceland
1316#
1317# From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (November 6, 1993):
1318# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1319#
1320# (December 5, 1993):
1321# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1322# Iceland Almanak.
1323#
1324# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1325# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1326# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1327# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1328#
1329# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1330# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1331# time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1332# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1333#
1334# (December 10, 1993):
1335# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1336# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1337# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1338# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1339# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1340# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1341# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1342# might mean something else (???). The Gregorian calendar was not introduced
1343# in Iceland until 1700.
1344#
1345# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (December 9, 1993):
1346# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
1347# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
1348# Reykavik was -1:28 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1349#
1350# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1351Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 D
1352Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 S
1353Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 S
1354Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 D
1355Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 S
1356Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 D
1357Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 S
1358Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 D
1359Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 S
1360Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 D
1361Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 S
1362# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1363Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 D
1364Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 S
1365# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1366Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 D
1367# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1368Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 S
1369Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 S
1370Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 S
1371# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1372Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1373 -1:28 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time
1374 -1:00 Iceland I%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1375 0:00 - GMT
1376
1377# ZONE-DESCR Atlantic Reykjavik Iceland All points
1378
1379# Italy
1380# From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06):
1381# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri
1382# <URL:http://pisolo.cstv.to.cnr.it/toi/uk/ienitlt.html> (see `FP' below),
1383# taken from a publication of the Italian National Electrotechnical Institute.
1384# When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1385#
1386# year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1387# 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1388# 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1389# 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1390# 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1391# 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1392# 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1393# 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1394# 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1395# 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1396# 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1397# 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see M-Eur)
1398# 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1399# 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1400# 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1401# 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1402#
1403# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1404Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1405Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1406Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1407Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1408Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1409Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1410Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1411Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1412Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1413Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1414Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1415Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 " DST"
1416Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1417Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1418Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1419Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1420Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1421Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1422Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1423Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1424Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1425Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1426Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1427Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1428Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1429Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1430Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1431Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1432Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1433Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1434Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1435Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1436Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1437Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1438Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1439Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1440# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1441Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1442 0:50 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time
1443 1:00 Italy MET%s 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1444 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Jul
1445 1:00 Italy MET%s 1980
1446 1:00 EU MET%s
1447
1448Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1449Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1450
1451# ZONE-DESCR Europe Rome Italy All points
1452# ZONE-DESCR Europe Vatican Holy_See All points
1453# ZONE-DESCR Europe San_Marino San_Marino All points
1454
1455# Latvia
1456# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15.
1457# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1458Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1459 1:36 - LST 1918 Apr 15 2:00
1460 1:36 M-Eur LST%s 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1461 1:36 1:00 "LST DST" 1919 May 22 3:00
1462 1:36 - LST 1926 May 11
1463 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1464 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1465 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Aug 8
1466 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1467 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1468 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1469# This may change to `EU' soon.
1470
1471# ZONE-DESCR Europe Riga Latvia All points
1472
1473# Liechtenstein
1474# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1475Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1476 1:00 - MET 1981
1477 1:00 EU MET%s
1478
1479# ZONE-DESCR Europe Vaduz Liechtenstein All points
1480
1481# Lithuania
1482# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15.
1483# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1484Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1485 1:24 - LST 1917 # Kaunas
1486 1:36 - LST 1919 Oct 10
1487 1:00 - MET 1920 Jul 12
1488 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1489 1:00 - MET 1940 Aug 3
1490 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1491 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Aug
1492 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1493 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1494 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1495# This may change to `EU' soon.
1496
1497# ZONE-DESCR Europe Vilnius Lithuania All points
1498
1499# Luxembourg
1500# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks.
1501# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1502Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1503Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1504Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1505Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1506Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1507Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1508Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1509Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1510Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1511Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1512Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1513Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1514Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1515Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1516Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1517Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1518Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1519Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1520Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1521Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1522Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1523Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1524Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1525# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1526Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1527 1:00 Lux MET%s 1918 Nov 25
1528 0:00 Lux WET%s 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1529 0:00 Belgium WET%s 1940 May 14 3:00
1530 1:00 M-Eur WET%s 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1531 1:00 Belgium MET%s 1977
1532 1:00 EU MET%s
1533
1534# ZONE-DESCR Europe Luxembourg Luxembourg All points
1535
1536# Macedonia
1537# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
1538# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1539Zone Europe/Skopje 1:25:44 - LMT 1884
1540 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1541 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
1542 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1543 1:00 - MET 1983
1544 1:00 EU MET%s
1545
1546# ZONE-DESCR Europe Skopje Fmr_Yugoslav_Rep_Of_Macedonia All points
1547
1548# Malta
1549# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1550Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1551Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1552Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1553Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1554Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 " DST"
1555Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1556Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 " DST"
1557# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1558Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta
1559 1:00 Italy MET%s 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1560 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1561 1:00 Italy MET%s 1973 Mar 31
1562 1:00 Malta MET%s 1981
1563 1:00 EU MET%s
1564
1565# ZONE-DESCR Europe Malta Malta All points
1566
1567# Moldova
1568# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1919 Mar 18.
1569# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1570Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1924 May 2
1571 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1572 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1573 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1574 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1575# This may change to `EU' soon.
1576
1577# ZONE-DESCR Europe Chisinau Moldova All points
1578
1579# Monaco
1580# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21.
1581# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1582Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1583 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1584 0:00 France WET%s 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1585 1:00 France MET%s 1977
1586 1:00 EU MET%s
1587
1588# ZONE-DESCR Europe Monaco Monaco All points
1589
1590# Netherlands
1591# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1592# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1593# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1594# Shanks gives 1916 May 1 0:00 and 1916 Oct 1 0:00; go with Whitman.
1595Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1596Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 AMT
1597Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1598Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1599# Whitman gives 1918 Apr 14, 1918 Oct 31, and 1921 Sep 28; go with Shanks.
1600Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1601Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep Mon>=24 2:00s 0 AMT
1602Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 NST
1603# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1604Rule Neth 1922 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1605Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun 1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1606Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 NST
1607# Whitman gives 1925 Apr 5; go with Shanks.
1608Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun 5 2:00s 1:00 NST
1609# For 1926 through 1930 Whitman gives Apr 15; go with Shanks.
1610Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1611Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1612Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1613Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1614# Whitman gives 1939 Apr 15 and 1940 Apr 19; go with Shanks.
1615Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1616Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1617Rule Neth 1945 only - May 20 2:00s 0 -
1618# Before 1937, Shanks says just `0:20'; we use Whitman's more precise figure.
1619# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1620Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:28 - LMT 1892 May
1621 0:19:28 Neth %s 1937 Jul
1622 0:20 Neth %s 1940 May 16 0:40
1623 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1624 1:00 Neth MET%s 1977
1625 1:00 EU MET%s
1626
1627# ZONE-DESCR Europe Amsterdam Netherlands All points
1628
1629# Norway
1630# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1631# Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks.
1632Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 " DST"
1633Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1634# Shanks omits the following transition; go with Whitman.
1635Rule Norway 1935 only - Aug 11 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1636# Whitman says DST observed until 1942 Nov 1, then 1943 Mar 29 - Oct 4,
1637# 1944 Apr 3 - Oct 2, and 1945 Apr 1 - Oct 1; go with Shanks after 1940.
1638Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1639Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1640Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1641Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1642Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1643# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1644Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895
1645 1:00 Norway MET%s 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1646 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1647 1:00 Norway MET%s 1980
1648 1:00 EU MET%s
1649# Svalbard is like Europe/Oslo.
1650#
1651# From Whitman:
1652# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1653Zone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen -1:00 - EGT
1654
1655# ZONE-DESCR Europe Oslo Norway All points except:
1656# ZONE-DESCR Atlantic Jan_Mayen Norway Jan Mayen Island
1657
1658# Poland
1659# Austrian and German Poland switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar
1660# on 1582 Oct 15. Russian Poland switched on 1918 Jan 14.
1661# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1662Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1663Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1664# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks.
1665Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1666# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks.
1667Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1668Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1669Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1670Rule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 -
1671Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1672Rule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1673Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1674# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1675Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
1676Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1677Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
1678Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
1679Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1680Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
1681Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
1682Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1683# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1684Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1685 1:24 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1686 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1687 2:00 Poland EET%s 1922 Jun
1688 1:00 Poland MET%s 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1689 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Oct
1690 1:00 Poland MET%s 1977 Apr 3 1:00
1691 1:00 W-Eur MET%s
1692# This may change to `EU' soon.
1693
1694# ZONE-DESCR Europe Warsaw Poland All points
1695
1696# Portugal
1697# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1698Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1699# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1700Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1701Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1702Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1703Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1704Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1705Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1706Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1707Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1708Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1709Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1710Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1711Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1712Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1713Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1714Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1715# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks.
1716Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1717Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1718# Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman.
1719Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1720# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks.
1721Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1722# Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1723Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1724Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1725# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks.
1726Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1727Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1728Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1729# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
1730Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1731Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1732# Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1733Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
1734Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1735Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1736Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 " DDST"
1737Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 " DST"
1738Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
1739Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 " DDST"
1740Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 " DST"
1741Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 " DDST"
1742Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1743Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1744Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1745Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1746# Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
1747# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks.
1748Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1749Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1750Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1751Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
1752Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1753Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1754Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1755Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1756Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
1757Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1758# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1759Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
1760 -0:37 - LMT 1911 May 24 # Lisbon Mean Time
1761 0:00 Port WET%s 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1762 1:00 - MET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
1763 0:00 Port WET%s 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1764 0:00 EU WET%s 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1765# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (November 12, 1992):
1766# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1767# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1768 1:00 EU MET%s 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
1769# Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1770# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1771# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1772 0:00 1:00 "WET DST" 1996 Oct 27 1:00u
1773 0:00 EU WET%s
1774# We don't know what happened to Madeira or the Azores,
1775# so we'll just use Shanks for now.
1776# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1777Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
1778 -1:55 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
1779 -2:00 Port ACT%s 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1780 -1:00 - ACT 1977 Mar 27
1781 -1:00 - ACT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1782 -1:00 W-Eur ACT%s
1783Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
1784 -1:08 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
1785 -1:00 Port ACT%s 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1786 0:00 - WET 1977 Mar 27
1787 0:00 Port WET%s 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1788 0:00 EU WET%s
1789
1790# ZONE-DESCR Europe Lisbon Portugal All points except:
1791# ZONE-DESCR Atlantic Azores Portugal Azores
1792# ZONE-DESCR Atlantic Madeira Portugal Madeira
1793
1794# Romania
1795# Catholic Romania switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on
1796# on 1919 Mar 18. Greek Orthodox Romania switched on 1920 Mar 18.
1797# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1798Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1799Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1800Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1801Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1802Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1803Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1804Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1805# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1806Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
1807 1:44 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1808 2:00 Romania EET%s 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1809 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1810# This may change to `EU' soon.
1811
1812# ZONE-DESCR Europe Bucharest Romania All points
1813
1814# Russia
1815# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (May 28, 1994):
1816# Moscow and Novosibirsk time zone names, and Moscow rules after 1991,
1817# are from Andrew A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su>.
1818# I invented the other time zone names, and (unless otherwise specified)
1819# guessed what happened after 1991; the clocks were chaotic, and we know little.
1820# The rest is from Shanks.
1821#
1822# From Shanks (1991):
1823# Western Russia switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar
1824# on 1918 Jan 14. Eastern Russia switched on 1920 Mar 18.
1825# In 1929 the Soviet Union instituted a 5 day week; in 1932 it instituted
1826# a 6 day week; on 1940 Jun 27 it returned to the Gregorian week.
1827# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1828Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
1829 2:31 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1830 3:00 Russia MS%s 1922 Oct
1831 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1832 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1833 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1834 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1835 3:00 Russia MS%s
1836# ZONE-DESCR Europe Moscow Russia Moscow zone
1837Zone Europe/Kuybyshev 3:20:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
1838 3:00 - KSK 1957 Mar
1839 4:00 Russia KS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1840 3:00 1:00 KSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1841 3:00 - KSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1842 4:00 Russia KS%s
1843# ZONE-DESCR Europe Kuybyshev Russia Kuybyshev zone
1844Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:34 - LMT 1924 May 2
1845 4:00 - SSK 1957 Mar
1846 5:00 Russia SS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1847 4:00 1:00 SSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1848 4:00 - SSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1849 5:00 Russia ES%s # name change from Sverdlovsk
1850# ZONE-DESCR Asia Yekaterinburg Russia Yekaterinburg zone
1851Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
1852 5:00 - OSK 1957 Mar
1853 6:00 Russia OS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1854 5:00 1:00 OSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1855 5:00 - OSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1856 6:00 Russia OS%s
1857# ZONE-DESCR Asia Omsk Russia Omsk zone
1858# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (June 29, 1994):
1859# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
1860# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
1861# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
1862# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
1863Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
1864 6:00 - NSK 1957 Mar
1865 7:00 Russia NS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1866 6:00 1:00 NSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1867 6:00 - NSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1868 7:00 Russia NS%s 1994 Mar 27 2:00s
1869 6:00 1:00 NSD 1994 Sep 25 2:00s
1870 6:00 Russia NS%s
1871# ZONE-DESCR Asia Novosibirsk Russia Novosibirsk zone
1872Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1924 May 2
1873 6:00 - KRSK 1957 Mar
1874 7:00 Russia KRS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1875 6:00 1:00 KRSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1876 6:00 - KRSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1877 7:00 Russia KRS%s
1878# ZONE-DESCR Asia Krasnoyarsk Russia Krasnoyarsk zone
1879Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
1880 6:57 - LST 1924 May 2
1881 7:00 - ISK 1957 Mar
1882 8:00 Russia IS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1883 7:00 1:00 ISD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1884 7:00 - ISK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1885 8:00 Russia IS%s
1886# ZONE-DESCR Asia Irkutsk Russia Irkutsk zone
1887Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
1888 8:00 - YSK 1957 Mar
1889 9:00 Russia YS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1890 8:00 1:00 YSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1891 8:00 - YSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1892 9:00 Russia YS%s
1893# ZONE-DESCR Asia Yakutsk Russia Yakutsk zone
1894Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1880
1895 8:48 - LST 1924 May 2
1896 9:00 - VSK 1957 Mar
1897 10:00 Russia VS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1898 9:00 1:00 VSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1899 9:00 - VSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1900 10:00 Russia VS%s
1901# ZONE-DESCR Asia Vladivostok Russia Vladivostok zone
1902Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
1903 10:00 - MSK 1957 Mar
1904 11:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1905 10:00 1:00 MSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1906 10:00 - MSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1907 11:00 Russia MS%s
1908# ZONE-DESCR Asia Magadan Russia Magadan zone
1909
1910# This name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
1911Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
1912 11:00 - PSK 1957 Mar
1913 12:00 Russia PS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1914 11:00 1:00 PSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1915 11:00 - PSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1916 12:00 Russia PS%s
1917# ZONE-DESCR Asia Kamchatka Russia Kamchatka zone
1918Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
1919 12:00 - ASK 1957 Mar
1920 13:00 Russia AS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1921 12:00 1:00 ASD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1922 12:00 - ASK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1923 13:00 Russia AS%s
1924
1925# Slovakia
1926Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
1927
1928# ZONE-DESCR Europe Bratislava Slovakia All points
1929
1930# Slovenia
1931# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
1932# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1933Zone Europe/Ljubljana 0:58:04 - LMT 1884
1934 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1935 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
1936 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1937 1:00 - MET 1983
1938 1:00 EU MET%s
1939
1940# ZONE-DESCR Europe Ljubljana Slovenia All points
1941
1942# Spain
1943# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1944# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks.
1945Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1946Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
1947Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1948Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1949# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks.
1950Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1951# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks.
1952Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
1953Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1954# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks.
1955Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1956Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1957Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1958Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1959# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks.
1960Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1961Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1962Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1963Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1964Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1965# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks.
1966Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 " DDST"
1967Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 " DST"
1968Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 " DDST"
1969Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 " DST"
1970Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 " DST"
1971Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 " DST"
1972Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1973Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1974Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
1975Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1976Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
1977Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1978Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1979Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1980Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1981# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1982Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901
1983 0:00 Spain WET%s 1946 Sep 30
1984 1:00 Spain MET%s 1979
1985 1:00 EU MET%s
1986Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
1987 -1:00 - ACT 1946 Sep 30 1:00
1988 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
1989 0:00 1:00 "WET DST" 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
1990 0:00 EU WET%s
1991
1992# ZONE-DESCR Europe Madrid Spain All points except:
1993# ZONE-DESCR Atlantic Canary Spain Canary Islands
1994
1995# Sweden
1996# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1997Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1878 May 31
1998 1:12 - SMT 1900 Jan 1 1:00 # Stockholm MT
1999 1:00 - MET 1916 Apr 14 23:00s
2000 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1916 Sep 30 23:00s
2001 1:00 - MET 1980
2002 1:00 EU MET%s
2003
2004# ZONE-DESCR Europe Stockholm Sweden All points
2005
2006# Switzerland
2007# From Howse (1988), p 82:
2008# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2009# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2010# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
2011# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2012# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
2013Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2014Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2015# From Shanks (1991):
2016Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 " DST"
2017Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2018# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2019Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
2020 0:30 - SST 1894 Jun # Swiss Standard Time
2021 1:00 Swiss MET%s 1981
2022 1:00 EU MET%s
2023
2024# ZONE-DESCR Europe Zurich Switzerland All points
2025
2026# Turkey
2027# European Turkey switched to the Gregorian calendar in 1908.
2028# Asian Turkey switched in 1914.
2029# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2030Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2031Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2032Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2033Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
2034Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2035Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2036Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2037Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2038# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks.
2039Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2040Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2041Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2042# Shanks omits the first two transitions in 1940; go with Whitman.
2043Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2044Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
2045Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2046Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
2047Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2048# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
2049Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2050Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2051Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2052Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2053Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2054Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2055Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2056Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2057Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2058Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2059Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2060Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2061Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2062Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2063Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2064Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2065Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2066Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 " DST"
2067Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
2068Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 " DST"
2069Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
2070Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2071Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2072Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2073Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2074Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2075Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 " DST"
2076Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
2077Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 " DST"
2078Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2079Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
2080Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2081Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2082# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2083Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
2084 1:57 - OMT 1910 Oct # Ottoman Mean Time
2085 2:00 Turkey EET%s 1978 Oct 15
2086 3:00 Turkey TUR%s 1985 Apr 20
2087 2:00 Turkey EET%s 1986
2088 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
2089# This may change to `EU' soon.
2090Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
2091
2092# ZONE-DESCR Europe Istanbul Turkey All points
2093
2094# Ukraine
2095# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2096Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 " DST"
2097Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
2098Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
2099Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 " DDST"
2100Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2101Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2102# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2103Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
2104 2:02 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2105 2:02 Ukraine LST%s 1924 May 2
2106 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2107 3:00 Russia MS%s 1990 Jul 17
2108 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
2109# This may change to `EU' soon.
2110Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2111 2:08 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2112 2:08 Ukraine LST%s 1924 May 2
2113 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2114 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2115 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2116# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (May 28, 1994):
2117# Today's _Economist_ (p 45) reports that Crimea switched
2118# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January elections.
2119# For now, we'll guess that there was a 2-hour leap forward on March 27.
2120 2:00 M-Eur EET%s 1994 Mar 27 2:00s
2121 3:00 Russia MS%s
2122
2123# ZONE-DESCR Europe Kiev Ukraine All points except:
2124# ZONE-DESCR Europe Simferopol Ukraine Crimea
2125
2126# Yugoslavia
2127# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
2128# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2129Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2130 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2131 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
2132 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2133 1:00 - MET 1983
2134 1:00 EU MET%s
2135
2136# ZONE-DESCR Europe Belgrade Serbia All points
2137
2138###############################################################################
2139
2140# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
2141# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
2142# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
2143#
2144# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
2145# uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2146# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2147# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
2148# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2149# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2150
2151# ...
2152# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2153# From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann)
2154# Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp>
2155# ...
2156#
2157# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2158# most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2159# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2160# to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2161# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2162# years...
2163# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2164# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2165# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2166# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2167#
2168# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2169# Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2170#
2171# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2172# 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2173# UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho
2174
2175# ...
2176# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2177# From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter)
2178# ...
2179#
2180# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2181# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2182# about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2183#
2184# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2185# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2186# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2187# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
2188# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
2189# the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
2190# dates...
2191#
2192# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
2193# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
2194# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
2195# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2196# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2197# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2198# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2199# in advance of normal time.
2200#
2201# ...
2202# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2203# INTERNET : dik@cwi.nl
2204# BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax
2205
2206# From Bob Devine (January 28, 1988):
2207# ...
2208# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2209# Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2210# ...
2211# Monaco: has same DST as France.
2212# ...
2213
2214# ...
2215# Date: Fri, 3 Sep 93 13:43:41 BST
2216# From: Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk>
2217# ...
2218# Turning to Europe, I now have a copy of the `Sixth Council Directive 92/20/EEC
2219# of 26 March 1992 on summertime arrangements'. This only covers 1993 and
2220# 1994, a seventh one is in the works but I doubt that the algorithm will
2221# change. This says summertime starts at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in March
2222# and ends at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in September, except for the UK
2223# and Eire where it ends at 01:00 GMT on the fourth Sunday in October.
2224# It says the arrangements for 1995 onwards will be decided by 1 January 1994,
2225# but as the sixth directive was supposed to appear by 1 Jan 92 and didn't
2226# arrive til March I wouldn't hold your breath.
2227#
2228# The first summertime directive was adopted in 1980, although the UK didn't
2229# seem to use it until 1981. I suspect it would be safe to move your start
2230# dates for the -Eur rules back to 1981.
2
3# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
4# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
5# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
6
7# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1995-12-19):
8# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
9# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (3rd edition),
10# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1991).
11# Except where otherwise noted, it is the source for the data below.
12#
13# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
14# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
15# I found in the UCLA library.
16#
17# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
18# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
19# The starred Russian names are dubious. Corrections are welcome!
20# std dst
21# LMT Local Mean Time
22# LST Local Star Time (Russian ``mestnoe zvezdnoe vremya'')
23# -4:00 AST Atlantic
24# -3:00 WGT+DST Western Greenland*
25# -2:00 MGT+DST Middle Greenland*
26# -1:00 EGT+DST Eastern Greenland*
27# -1:00 ACT+DST Azores and Canaries*
28# -1:00 IST IDT Iceland (no longer used)*
29# 0:00 GMT BST Greenwich, British Summer
30# 0:00 WET+DST Western Europe
31# 1:00 MET+DST Middle Europe
32# 2:00 EET+DST Eastern Europe
33# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
34# 3:00 TUR+DST Turkey (no longer used)*
35# 4:00 KSK KSD Kuybyshev (was 3:00)*
36# 5:00 ESK ESD Yekaterinburg (was 4:00) (was SSK, SSD)*
37# 6:00 OSK OSD Omsk (was 5:00)*
38# 6:00 NSK NSD Novosibirsk (was 7:00)
39# 7:00 KRSK KRSD Krasnoyarsk (was 6:00)
40# 8:00 ISK ISD Irkutsk (was 7:00)*
41# 9:00 YSK YSD Yakutsk (was 8:00)*
42# 10:00 VSK VSD Vladivostok (was 9:00)*
43# 11:00 MSK MSD Magadan (was 10:00)*
44# 12:00 PSK PSD Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski (was 11:00)*
45# 13:00 ASK ASD Anadyr (was 12:00)*
46#
47# See the `africa' file for Zone naming conventions.
48#
49# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
50# is Derek Howse, Greenwich time and the discovery of the longitude,
51# Oxford University Press (1980).
52
53# From Andrew A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (November 12, 1993):
54# LST is Local Star Time (``mestnoe zvezdnoe vremya'').
55
56# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (December 4, 1994),
57# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
58# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
59# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
60# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
61# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
62# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
63# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
64# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
65# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
66# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
67# ...
68# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
69# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
70# ...
71# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
72# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
73# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
74# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
75# in the Directive.
76
77###############################################################################
78
79# United Kingdom
80
81# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (July 6, 1994):
82#
83# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
84# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
85# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
86# of the text said:
87#
88# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
89# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longditude
90# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
91# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
92# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
93# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
94# along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
95#
96# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
97# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longditude should
98# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
99#
100# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
101
102# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (November 18, 1993):
103#
104# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
105# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
106# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
107# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828);
108# it was popularized in 1840 by Capt. Basil Hall, RN (1788-1844),
109# famed explorer and former Commissioner for Longitude.
110# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
111# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
112# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847 Sep 22 the
113# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
114# adopted at all stations; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists most major
115# railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
116# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the Great Clock
117# in Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
118# one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
119# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
120# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
121# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
122# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880 Aug 2.
123#
124# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
125# transition date for London, namely 1847 Sep 22. We don't know as much
126# about Dublin, so we use 1880 Aug 2, the legal transition time.
127
128# From Paul Eggert (1996-06-12):
129# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
130# a London builder who circulated a pamphlet ``Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
131# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
132# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
133# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
134# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
135# One-hour Summer Time was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
136
137# From Arthur David Olson (January 19, 1989):
138#
139# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
140# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
141
142# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
143# From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john>
144# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
145# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
146# politics making a fortune, not computing.
147
148# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (September 3, 1993):
149#
150# Our Government...couldn't...make a decision after the 1989 consultation
151# exercise about the UK changing its timezone so it just let things drift
152# (different from deciding to keep the status quo). According to the
153# Summer Time Order 1992 (SI 1992/1729) the dates of Summer Time for 1993
154# and 1994 are:
155# Start End
156# 1993 28 March 24 October
157# 1994 27 March 23 October
158# All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT.
159#
160# There [was] an error in your tables for the start and end times prior to 1981.
161# The UK always used to change at 02:00 GMT. In 1981 it changed to 01:00 GMT
162# as a part of EC harmonisation and has remained at that time since.
163#
164# I have found the default algorithm for UK Summer Time, it is in the
165# Summer Time Act 1972. Section 1 states that in the absence of an Order
166# in Council Summer Time starts at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day
167# after the third Saturday in March, unless that day is Easter Day, in
168# which case it is the morning of the day after the second Saturday.
169# It ends at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day after the fourth Saturday
170# in October. (All the redundant `morning of the day ...' is in the Act.)
171# This is only of passing interest now as it will always be overridden by
172# an Order in Council (a Statutary Instrument, the SI thing mentioned above)
173# to specify the EC specified dates.
174
175# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 18, 1993):
176#
177# My contact in the Ministry of Defence Public Relations department
178# accepted the challenge of looking into this and produced the following,
179# from Hansard (the official record of the UK Parliament), Oral Answers,
180# 1 March 1945, cols 1559--60:
181#
182# `58. Major Sir Goronwy Owen asked the Secretary of State for the Home
183# Department if he is now able to state the Government's proposals
184# regarding double summer time.
185#
186# [two other similar questions omitted]
187#
188# Mr. H. Morrison: The Government, in reviewing the matter, have
189# considered, [...] the conclusion has been reached that the adoption of
190# double summer time from the beginning of April is essential to the
191# maintenance of the war effort. [...] As 1st April is Easter Sunday,
192# when very early services are held in many churches, it is proposed that
193# double summer time shall start not in the night preceding Easter
194# Sunday, but in the night of Sunday- Monday so that it will operate from
195# Monday, 2nd April.'
196
197# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (September 3, 1993):
198#
199# > # Current rules
200# > Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 BST
201# > Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Oct Sun>=23 1:00s 0 GMT
202#
203# The ending rule here doesn't match the EC rules, which specify the fourth
204# Sunday in October for the UK and Eire. The `fourth Sunday' rule wasn't
205# followed in 1989, but then the sixth EC directive wasn't in force then
206# and I don't know what previous ones said. 1995 is the next year with
207# the 4th Sun on 22 Oct, but that year isn't covered by the UK Summer Time
208# Order or the sixth EC directive. Your Oct Sun>=23 rule matches history
209# and with things only announced for 2 years or so in advance who knows
210# what will happen.
211#
212# There are renewed rumours that the Government here will make another
213# attempt at resolving this issue, which is what prompted me to start
214# asking the Home Office and the EC about it again. The EC categorically
215# state they are not asking anybody to change timezone, they only want
216# common start/end dates. The UK Govt. seem to want to change our zone
217# and blame the resulting fuss on the EC. Me, I think we should scrap
218# summer time completely, noon is when the Sun is overhead, and that should
219# be the end of it.
220
221# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 22, 1993):
222#
223# I now have the text of the Summer Time Act 1916, the granddaddy of them all.
224# It is headed: `An Act to provide for the Time in Great Britain and Ireland
225# being in advance of Greenwich and Dublin mean time respectively in the
226# summer months'.
227#
228# It specifies 21 May and 1 October for 1916 (both at 02:00 GMT) and whatever
229# dates an Order in Council may specify for subsequent years.
230#
231# Section 4 states: `This act shall apply to Ireland in like manner as it
232# applies to Great Britain, with the substitution however of references
233# to Dublin mean time for references to Greenwich mean time.'
234#
235# Lorna, my learned legal friend who supplied it, also offers this quote
236# from Halsbury's Statutes on the extent of Acts:
237#
238# `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie
239# to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside.
240# [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since
241# 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland,
242# but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.'
243#
244# She goes on to say the seminal event of 1922 was the establishment of
245# the Irish Free State, now called Eire.
246#
247# The Act doesn't say anything about Wales (or Scotland) so I would assert
248# that Shanks is wrong here. I would like to know why he thinks Wales
249# was different.
250#
251# It also confirms the fact that Ireland followed Dublin time back then,
252# and 25 minutes behind Greenwich, as Shanks has it, would be correct.
253
254# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 28, 1993):
255#
256# I now have before me, thanks to my learned legal friend Lorna, the text of
257# the Time (Ireland) Act 1916.
258#
259# It says that as from 2 AM Dublin Mean Time on 1 October 1916 the time
260# for general purposes in Ireland shall be the same as the rest of Great
261# Britain (ie. GMT with the Summer Time periods specified by the Summer Time
262# Act 1916).... As Ireland was behind GMT/BST at 02:00 DMT on 1 Oct GB would
263# have already put the clocks back. Using DST as Dublin Summer Time the
264# sequence would have been:
265# Dublin London
266# 02:34 DST 02:59 BST
267# 02:35 DST 02:00 GMT
268# 02:59 DST 02:24 GMT
269# 02:25 GMT 02:25 GMT
270# with the transition 03:00 DST -> 02:00 DMT -> 02:25 GMT all at once.
271#
272# In a table of repeals in the Schedule to the Act it mentions the
273# Statutes (Definition of Time) Act 1880. This is presumably the source
274# of the 1880 date in Shanks. The little bit of it that is repealed
275# also refers solely to Ireland and Dublin Mean Time.
276
277# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 29, 1993):
278#
279# My case is that, with the sole exception of Ireland in 1916 using Dublin
280# Mean Time, Summer Time has been uniform throughout the United Kingdom
281# ever since it first started in 1916.
282#
283# The United Kingdom is England, Wales and Scotland plus all of Ireland from
284# 1916 up to and including 1921, or plus Northern Ireland from 1922 to date.
285#
286# The dates used are those specified in the table in Summer Time: A Consultation
287# Document (Cm 722, 1989) that are now included in the europe file, with a
288# change to a single date, the start in 1924. I made a typo in my 1989 mail
289# and the table itself is also wrong. The correct date is 13 April.
290# The times were 02:00 GMT up to and including 1980, 01:00 GMT from 1981 on,
291# except for wartime double summer time.
292#
293# As evidence I would cite:
294#
295# - The Summer Time Act, 1916.
296#
297# This specifically states that it applies to Ireland, specifies dates of
298# 21 May and 1 October and times of 02:00, and says that in Ireland the
299# times relate to Dublin mean time. It specifies an offset of 1 hour.
300#
301# - The Time (Ireland) Act, 1916
302#
303# This abolishes Dublin mean time on 02:00 DMT 1 October 1916.
304# It repeals that section of the Statutes (Definition of Time) Act, 1880
305# that specifies DMT. It is therefore a safe bet that DMT existed at least
306# from 1880 and was the only alternative standard time in the UK.
307#
308# - The Summer Time Act, 1922
309#
310# This specifies an offset of 1 hour and dates of the day after the third
311# Saturday in April, unless that be Easter, in which case it is the day after
312# the second Saturday, and the day after the third Saturday in September.
313# The time is 02:00 GMT. It applied in 1922 and 1923, and longer if Parliament
314# so approved.
315#
316# It specifically states that it applies to Northern Ireland, the Channel
317# Islands, and the Isle of Man.
318#
319# - The Summer Time Act, 1925
320#
321# This makes the 1922 Act permanent, with a change to the end date to the
322# day after the first Saturday in October. It says nothing about extent,
323# so that part of the 1922 Act will still apply.
324#
325# - The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939, SR&O 1939 No. 1379
326# [SR&O == Statutary Regulation and Order]
327#
328# These were made under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939.
329# It changes the end date to be the day after the third Saturday in November.
330# It makes consequential changes to some vehicle lighting legislation,
331# which includes the Motor Vehicles and Road Traffic (Northern Ireland) Act,
332# 1934, so it seems clear it applies in Northern Ireland.
333#
334# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
335# 1939, SR&O 1940 No. 1883
336#
337# This continues summer time throughout the year after it starts in 1940.
338# It says nothing about extent and has no consequential changes.
339#
340# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
341# 1939, SR&O 1941 No. 476
342#
343# This introduces double summer time, starting at 01:00 GMT on the day after
344# the first Saturday in May and ending at 01:00 GMT on the day after the
345# second Saturday in August, offset another hour from normal summer time,
346# which continues throughout the rest of the year. It goes on a lot about
347# consequential changes to agricultural wages legislation, and says in part
348# `... and in its application to Northern Ireland have effect as
349# if for the references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation) Acts, 1924 and
350# 1940, there were substituted references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation)
351# Acts (Northern Ireland), 1939 and 1940, ...'. It also has a similar section
352# for Scotland. Both sections substitute the local Agricultural Wages Board
353# for the Agricultural Wages Board for England and Wales, showing that
354# England and Wales were indivisible.
355#
356# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
357# 1939, SR&O 1942 No. 506
358#
359# This changes the start date of double summer time to the day after the first
360# Saturday in April. It says nothing about extent.
361#
362# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
363# 1939, SR&O 1944 No. 932
364#
365# This changed the end date of double summer time to 17 September 1944.
366# (I don't have the text of this, just a note of what it did, the text almost
367# certainly had the `day after the nth Saturday' form.)
368#
369# (I am missing whatever regulations there were to change things in 1945
370# and the Summer Time Act, 1947.)
371#
372# - The British Standard Time Act, 1968
373#
374# This came into force on 27 October 1968 and continued summer time throughout
375# the year as an experiment until it expired on 31 October 1971.
376# There was no double summer time so we didn't have to change the clocks at all.
377# It specifically said it applied to Northern Ireland. It also said it
378# applied to Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man unless they passed
379# measures saying it didn't.
380#
381# - The Manx Time Act, 1968
382#
383# This is an Act of Tynwald (the Isle of Man Parliament) that said that
384# henceforth Manx time would be the same as the time in Great Britain.
385#
386# - The Summer Time Act, 1972
387#
388# This specified a reversion to normal summer time behaviour with a start
389# date of the day after the third Saturday in March, unless that is Easter,
390# when it is the day after the second Saturday, and an end date of the day
391# after the fourth Saturday in October. Times are at 02:00 GMT, offset is
392# 1 hour.
393#
394# It has the same wording about extent as the British Standard Time Act, 1968,
395# applying to Northern Ireland unconditionally and to Jersey, Guernsey and the
396# Isle of Man if they don't do something about it.
397#
398# (I am missing various Summer Time Orders that modified the 1972 Act to
399# harmonise with the EC since 1981. The major change is that the time changes
400# to 01:00 GMT.)
401#
402# - The Summer Time Order, 1992, SI 1992/1729 [SI == Statutary Instrument]
403#
404# This specifies dates of:
405# Start End
406# 1993 28 March 24 October
407# 1994 27 March 23 October
408# All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT....
409#
410# - Some text on the extent of Acts, from Halsbury's Statutes
411#
412# `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie
413# to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside.
414# [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since
415# 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland,
416# but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.'
417#
418# So, many of these measures specifically include Northern Ireland,
419# the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. None of them exclude any
420# part of the UK. The default interpretation of Acts is that they apply
421# throughout the UK.
422#
423# With that, I rest my case Milud :-)
424#
425# Thanks are due to my learned legal friend Lorna Montgomerie, who dug out
426# the dusty old statutes, and to Melanie Allison of the Ministry of Defence,
427# who provided the wartime regulations and a snippet of Hansard explaining
428# why double summer time started on a Monday in 1945 (it was Easter).
429
430# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-05-29):
431# I have now got a copy of the British Standard Time Act 1968.
432# It says (S4(2)) that it expires at 02:00 GMT on 31 October 1971 unless
433# an Order in Council was passed in Parliament to make the Act permanent.
434# No Order was passed, so 02:00 1971-10-31 it is...
435#
436# Interestingly, it says baldly `This Act shall come into force on
437# 27 October 1968', without giving a time. As S1 of the Act merely
438# stated that `The time for general purposes in the United Kingdom
439# (to be known as British standard time) shall be one hour in
440# advance of Greenwich mean time throughout the year; ...' you could
441# possibly argue that the start time of BStandardT was 00:00 1968-10-27,
442# especially as the Act repealed the Summer Time Acts 1916--1947 in toto,
443# thereby destroying the authority of the Summer Time Order specifying
444# summer time in 1968....
445
446# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (November 18, 1993)
447#
448# Here is a revised version of my tabrules file for the perl script I sent
449# before. I have personally verified the various Orders back to 1953 and
450# all the Acts.
451#
452# There are no changes to the dates we already have.
453#
454# My doubt about an early start in 1967 on 18 Feb was misplaced, the Order
455# does say 18 Feb. This is an interesting case as the first Order gave a
456# different date of 7 April 1967 for the Isle of Man but this was changed
457# before it came into effect by another Order for the Isle of Man alone.
458#
459# I don't think I will be able to find any more of the earlier Orders.
460# The annual volumes for 1949--52 do not contain the various Summer Time
461# Orders. They therefore don't appear in the index. They rate a mention in
462# italics in the numerical list at the start but that is all.
463# I think what happens is that the annual volume is produced well after the
464# end of the year in question, by which time the Summer Time Order is spent.
465# They assume that nobody would ever be stupid enough to want to see it
466# again so they leave it out.
467#
468# It might be a good idea to put this table, or the output of tabscript
469# showing all the moves because of Easter, in the europe file comments in
470# place of my old transcription of the Green Paper table [the UK Government
471# paper "Summer Time: A Consultation Document" (HMSO Cm722 June 1989)].
472#
473# Peter Ilieve peter@memex.co.uk
474#
475#
476# ## control file for tabscript, a program to generate UK summer time dates
477# ## matching the table in Cm 722, the 1989 Green Paper.
478# ## Lines like this are comments.
479# ## Lines with a single # at the start are copied into the output
480# ## Control lines are of the form
481# ## <years> <start date> <end date> <flags> <double start> <double end>
482# ## <years> is either a single year or a hyphen separated range, with --
483# ## also accepted as I use this in TeX a lot.
484# ## <start date> and <end date> are a digit followed bu a month name.
485# ## It is either an nth Saturday or an explicit date, depending on <flags>.
486# ## 0 and/or none are used when there is no date, as during 1968--71.
487# ## <flags> can contain `fixed' to indicate explicit dates and `double'
488# ## to indicate double summer time dates are present.
489# ## At present double requires fixed as well.
490# ## <double start> and <double end> are like the start and end dates, with
491# ## the exception of the 0 and/or none feature.
492#
493# ## Blank lines are also ignored.
494#
495# ## Places where I am uncertain, not having personally verified the dates
496# ## against the Act or Order, are marked ???
497# ## These dates are taken from the Cm 722 table.
498#
499# # Summer Time Act, 1916
500# 1916 21 May 1 October fixed
501#
502# ## I haven't yet looked for Orders for 1916--22 and I doubt I will find them.
503# # unknown Order or Orders ???
504# 1917 8 apr 17 sep fixed
505# 1918 24 mar 30 sep fixed
506# 1919 30 mar 29 sep fixed
507# # end date extended in 1920 from 27 Sep because of coal strike (from Cm 722)
508# 1920 28 mar 25 oct fixed
509# 1921 3 apr 3 oct fixed
510#
511# # Summer Time Act, 1922
512# # came into force 22 July 1922, too late for 1922, so missing Order ???
513# 1922 26 mar 8 oct fixed
514# 1923-1924 3 April 3 September
515#
516# # Summer Time Act, 1925
517# 1925--1938 3 April 1 October
518#
519# # Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939
520# 1939 3 April 3 November
521# # 1940 amendment (SR&O 1940 Nos. 172 & 1883)
522# 1940 4 feb 0 none
523# # 1941 amendment (SR&O 1941 No. 476)
524# 1941 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 may 10 aug
525# # 1942 amendment (SR&O 1942 No. 506)
526# 1942 0 none 0 none fixed,double 5 apr 9 aug
527# 1943 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 apr 15 aug
528# # 1944 amendment (SR&O 1944 No. 932)
529# 1944 0 none 0 none fixed,double 2 apr 17 sep
530# # 1945 dates from Hansard, Oral Answers, 1 March 1945
531# 1945 0 none 7 oct fixed,double 2 apr 15 jul
532#
533# # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925
534# 1946 3 April 1 October
535#
536# # Summer Time Act, 1947
537# # Fixed dates for 1947 only, gives power to have double summer time
538# 1947 16 mar 2 nov fixed,double 13 apr 10 aug
539# ## I can't find any trace of the Order for 1948.
540# # Unknown Order ???
541# 1948 14 mar 31 oct fixed
542# ## I know the numbers for the 1949--52 ones but the text is missing from the
543# ## annual volumes. I also don't know if the 49 Order was for 49 or 50, etc.
544# # Summer Time Order, 1949 (SI1949/373) ???
545# 1949 3 apr 30 oct fixed
546# # Summer Time Order, 1950 (SI1950/518) ???
547# 1950 16 apr 22 oct fixed
548# # Summer Time Order, 1951 (SI1951/430) ???
549# 1951 15 apr 21 oct fixed
550# # Summer Time Order, 1952 (SI1952/451) ???
551# 1952 20 apr 26 oct fixed
552#
553# # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925
554# 1953--1960 3 April 1 October
555#
556# ## All Orders from here on specify fixed dates, not day after nth Sunday
557# ## Start pattern looks like Mar lastSun up to 1963, Mar Sun>=19 up to 1967.
558# ## End pattern looks like Oct Sun>=23 up to 1967.
559# # Summer Time Order, 1961 (SI1961/71)
560# 1961 26 March 29 October fixed
561# # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (SI1961/2465)
562# 1962 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
563# # Summer Time Order, 1963 (SI1963/81)
564# 1963 31 March 27 October fixed
565# # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (SI1963/2101)
566# 1964 22 March 25 October fixed
567# # Summer Time Order, 1964 (SI1964/1201)
568# 1965 21 Mar 24 Oct fixed
569# 1966 20 Mar 23 Oct fixed
570# 1967 19 Mar 29 Oct fixed
571# # Summer Time Order, 1967 (SI1967/1148)
572# # Specifies different start date of 7 April for Isle of Man
573# # Summer Time Order, 1968 (SI1968/117)
574# # Changes Isle of Man start date to 18 Feb to match rest of UK
575# # British Standard Time Act, 1968
576# 1968 18 feb 0 none fixed
577# 1969--1970 0 none 0 none
578# 1971 0 none 31 oct fixed
579#
580# # Summer Time Act, 1972
581# 1972-1980 3 March 4 October
582#
583# # The pattern here looks like Last Sun in Mar, day after 4th Sat in Oct
584# # First EC Directive ???
585# # Summer Time Order, 1980 (SI1980/1089)
586# 1981 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed
587# 1982 28 Mar 24 Oct fixed
588# # Second EC Directive ???
589# # Summer Time Order, 1982 (SI1982/1673)
590# 1983 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed
591# 1984 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
592# 1985 31 Mar 27 Oct fixed
593# # Third EC Directive ???
594# # Summer Time Order, 1986 (SI1986/223)
595# 1986 30 Mar 26 Oct fixed
596# 1987 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed
597# 1988 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed
598# # Fourth EC Directive ???
599# # Summer Time Order, 1988 (SI1988/931)
600# 1989 26 Mar 29 Oct fixed
601# # Fifth EC Directive ???
602# # Summer Time Order, 1989 (SI1989/985)
603# 1990 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
604# 1991 31 Mar 27 Oct fixed
605# 1992 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed
606# # Sixth EC Directive
607# # Summer Time Order, 1992 (SI1992/1729)
608# 1993 28 Mar 24 Oct fixed
609# 1994 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed
610
611# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (August 18, 1994):
612# I now have the text of the 7th EC directive on summer time arrangements
613# (94/21/EC), which was approved on 30 May....
614# The major changes from existing practice are that 1995 will be the last year
615# that the UK and Eire finish on a different date from everyone else,
616# and the common end date from 1996 onwards will be the last Sunday in October.
617# Year Start End End (UK & Eire, 1995 only)
618# (rule) (last Sun) (last Sun) (4th Sun)
619# 1995 26 March 24 September 22 October
620# 1996 31 March 27 October
621# 1997 30 March 26 October
622#
623# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-01):
624# The final piece of the legislative jigsaw for summer time in the UK for
625# 1995-97 is now in place. The Summer Time Order 1994 (SI 1994/2798)
626# came into force on 16 November. It restates the dates from the EC
627# seventh Summer Time Directive....
628#
629# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-04-20):
630# Proposals for the eighth directive were supposed to have been produced
631# by the Commission by 1 Jan 96. They have not yet appeared (I asked just
632# before Easter).
633
634# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (March 28, 1994):
635# The [GB-Eire] end date of 22 October [1995] conflicts with your current rule
636# of Oct Sun>=23, and the historical UK formula of Sun after 4th Sat.
637# The last time 4th Sun and Sun after 4th Sat differed was in 1989,
638# when 29 October was used. That year was covered by a UK Summer Time Order
639# for only a single year and it looks as though there was a matching 4th EC
640# directive for just this year. I don't have the text of the 5th EC
641# directive (for 1990--92) but my guess would be it said 4th Sun.
642# To maintain strict historical accuracy you could start a new UK ending rule
643# of Oct Sun>=22 in 1990.
644
645# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-06-12):
646#
647# As Ilieve remarks, the date `20 April 1924' in the table of ``Summer Time: A
648# Consultation Document'' (Cm 722, 1989) table is a transcription error;
649# 20 April was an Easter Sunday. Shanks has 13 April, the correct date.
650# Also, the table is not quite right for 1925 through 1938; the correct rules
651# (which Shanks uses) are given in the Summer Time Acts of 1922 and 1925.
652# Shanks and the UK Government paper disagree about the Apr 1956 transition;
653# since we have no other data, and since Shanks was correct in the other
654# points of disagreement about London, we'll believe Shanks for now.
655# Also, for lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948.
656#
657# Given Peter Ilieve's comments, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect:
658# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight savings time until
659# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
660# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
661# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
662# It actually just had one transition.
663# * Northern Ireland used single daylight savings time throughout WW II.
664# Actually, it conformed to Britain.
665# * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
666# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
667# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
668#
669# The following claims by Shanks are possible though doubtful;
670# we'll ignore them for now.
671# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
672# to daylight savings time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
673# conform with Great Britain.
674# * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
675#
676#
677# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.
678
679# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
680# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
681# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
682# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
683# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
684# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
685# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
686
687# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
688# 1916 to 1925--irregular
689Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
690Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
691Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
692Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
693Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
694Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
695Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
696Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
697Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
698Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
699Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
700Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
701Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
702Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
703Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
704Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
705Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 BST
706# 1925 to 1939 start--regular, except for avoiding Easter
707Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
708Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
709Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST
710Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
711Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 BST
712Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
713Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 BST
714Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
715Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
716Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
717Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST
718Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
719# 1939 end to 1947--irregular, and with double summer time
720Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 GMT
721Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 BST
722Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 DST
723Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
724Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 DST
725Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
726# Double daylight starts on a Monday in 1945--see above.
727Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr 2 1:00s 2:00 DST
728Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul 15 1:00s 1:00 BST
729Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 GMT
730Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
731Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 GMT
732Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
733Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 DST
734Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
735Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
736# So much for double saving time. 1948 and 1949, irregular.
737Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
738Rule GB-Eire 1948 1949 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 GMT
739Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
740# 1950 through start of 1953, regular.
741Rule GB-Eire 1950 1953 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
742Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
743# 1954 to 1980, starting rules
744Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 BST
745Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
746Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
747Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
748Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST
749Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
750Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
751Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
752Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
753# 1953 to 1980, ending rules
754Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 GMT
755Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
756Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
757# 1981 on
758Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
759Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
760Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
761# See EU for rules starting in 1996.
762
763# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
764Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Sep 22
765 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
766 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
767 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
768 0:00 EU GMT/BST
769Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
770 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
771 -0:25:21 1:00 DST 1916 Oct 1 3:00
772 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
773 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
774 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
775 0:00 EU GMT/BST
776Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:21 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
777 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
778 -0:25:21 1:00 DST 1916 Oct 1 3:00
779 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6
780 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
781 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
782 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
783 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
784 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
785 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
786 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
787 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
788 0:00 EU GMT/IST
789
790# ZONE-DESCR Europe London United_Kingdom All points except N. Ireland
791# ZONE-DESCR Europe Belfast United_Kingdom Northern Ireland
792# ZONE-DESCR Europe Dublin Eire All points
793
794###############################################################################
795
796# Continental Europe
797
798# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
799# Common Market, etc.
800
801# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
802Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 " DST"
803Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
804Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
805Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
806Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 " DST"
807Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
808
809# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
810Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
811Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
812Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
813Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
814Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
815Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
816
817# Older M-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
818# From 1977 on, M-Eur differs from EU only in that M-Eur uses standard time.
819Rule M-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 " DST"
820Rule M-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
821Rule M-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
822Rule M-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
823Rule M-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
824# Whitman says 1941 DST was only from Feb 25 to Oct 5; go with Shanks.
825Rule M-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
826Rule M-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
827Rule M-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
828Rule M-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
829# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
830Rule M-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
831Rule M-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
832Rule M-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
833Rule M-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
834Rule M-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
835Rule M-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
836Rule M-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
837
838# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
839Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 " DST"
840Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 -
841Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 " DDST"
842Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 " DST"
843Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 " DDST"
844Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 D
845Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 K
846Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 D
847# Shanks gives 1921 Mar 21 for the following transition.
848# From Andrew A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (November 12, 1993):
849# My sources says, that it is Mar 20, not 21.
850Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 DD
851Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 D
852Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 K
853Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
854Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 K
855Rule Russia 1984 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 K
856Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 K
857Rule Russia 1985 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
858
859# These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
860
861# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
862Zone WET 0:00 EU WET%s
863Zone MET 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
864Zone EET 2:00 EU EET%s
865
866# Tom Hoffman says that MET is also known as Central European Time
867
868Link MET CET
869
870# Albania
871# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
872Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 " DST"
873Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
874Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 " DST"
875Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
876Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 " DST"
877Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
878Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
879Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
880Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 " DST"
881Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
882Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 " DST"
883Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
884Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 " DST"
885Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
886Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 " DST"
887Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
888Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 " DST"
889Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
890Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 " DST"
891Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
892Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 " DST"
893Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
894Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 " DST"
895Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
896Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
897Rule Albania 1984 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
898# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
899Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
900 1:00 - MET 1940 Jun 16
901 1:00 Albania MET%s 1985 Mar 31 1:00
902 1:00 W-Eur MET%s
903# This may change to `EU' soon.
904
905# ZONE-DESCR Europe Tirane Albania All points
906
907# Andorra
908# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
909Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
910 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
911 1:00 - MET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
912 1:00 EU MET%s
913
914# ZONE-DESCR Europe Andorra Andorra All points
915
916# Austria
917# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
918Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
919Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
920Rule Austria 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
921Rule Austria 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
922Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
923Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
924Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
925Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
926# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
927Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
928 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1918 Jun 16 3:00
929 1:00 Austria MET%s 1940 Apr 1 2:00
930 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
931 1:00 Austria MET%s 1981
932 1:00 EU MET%s
933
934# ZONE-DESCR Europe Vienna Austria All points
935
936# Belarus
937# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
938Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
939 2:31 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
940 3:00 Russia MS%s 1922 Oct
941 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
942 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
943 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
944 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
945# This may change to `EU' soon.
946
947# ZONE-DESCR Europe Minsk Belarus All points
948
949# Belgium
950# Whitman and Shanks disagree; go with Shanks, usually.
951# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
952# From Whitman:
953Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
954Rule Belgium 1919 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
955# Shanks gives 1920 Feb 14 23:00s; go with Whitman.
956Rule Belgium 1920 1921 - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
957Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
958Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
959Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
960# Whitman gives 1927 Oct 1 2:00s and 1928 Oct 7 2:00s; go with Shanks.
961Rule Belgium 1922 1928 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
962Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
963Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
964Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
965Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
966Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
967Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
968Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
969Rule Belgium 1929 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
970Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
971Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
972Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
973Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
974Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
975Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
976Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
977# Whitman says 1937 Apr 18 2:00s; go with Shanks.
978Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
979# Whitman says 1938 Apr 10 2:00s; go with Shanks.
980Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
981Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
982Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
983Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
984Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
985Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
986Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
987# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
988Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:20 - LMT 1880
989 0:17 - BST 1892 May 1 12:00
990 0:00 - WET 1914 Aug 4
991 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1919 Mar 1 23:00
992 0:00 Belgium WET%s 1940 Feb 24 23:00
993 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
994 1:00 Belgium MET%s 1977
995 1:00 EU MET%s
996
997# ZONE-DESCR Europe Brussels Belgium All points
998
999# Bosnia and Herzegovina
1000# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
1001# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1002Zone Europe/Sarajevo 1:13:40 - LMT 1884
1003 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1004 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
1005 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1006 1:00 - MET 1983
1007 1:00 EU MET%s
1008
1009# ZONE-DESCR Europe Sarajevo Bosnia_and_Herzegovina All points
1010
1011# Bulgaria
1012# Part switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1915 Nov 14;
1013# the rest switched on 1920 Sep 17.
1014# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1015Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1016Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1017Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1018Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
1019Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
1020# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1021Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
1022 1:57 - TST 1894 Nov 30
1023 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
1024 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 3:00
1025 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
1026 2:00 Bulg EET%s 1982 Sep 26 2:00
1027 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1028# This may change to `EU' soon.
1029
1030# ZONE-DESCR Europe Sofia Bulgaria All points
1031
1032# Croatia
1033# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
1034# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1035Zone Europe/Zagreb 1:03:52 - LMT 1884
1036 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1037 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
1038 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1039 1:00 - MET 1983
1040 1:00 EU MET%s
1041
1042# ZONE-DESCR Europe Zagreb Croatia All points
1043
1044# Czech Republic
1045# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1046Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1047Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1048Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1049Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1050Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1051Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1052Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1053# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1054Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
1055 0:58 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
1056 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
1057 1:00 Czech MET%s 1979
1058 1:00 EU MET%s
1059
1060# ZONE-DESCR Europe Prague Czech_Republic All points
1061
1062# Denmark
1063# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1064Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1065Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
1066Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1067Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1068Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
1069Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1070Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
1071Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1072Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
1073Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1074Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
1075# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways
1076# about many of the above dates; go with Shanks.
1077#
1078# For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman.
1079# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1080Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
1081 0:50 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time
1082 1:00 Denmark MET%s 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1083 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1084 1:00 Denmark MET%s 1980
1085 1:00 EU MET%s
1086Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
1087 0:00 - WET 1981
1088 0:00 EU WET%s
1089Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1090 -2:00 - MGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1091 -2:00 M-Eur MGT%s 1981 Mar 29
1092 -1:00 M-Eur EGT%s
1093Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1094 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1095 -3:00 M-Eur WGT%s
1096Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1097 -4:00 - AST
1098
1099# ZONE-DESCR Europe Copenhagen Denmark All points except:
1100# ZONE-DESCR Atlantic Faeroe Denmark Faeroe Islands
1101
1102# ZONE-DESCR America Scoresbysund Greenland Eastern Greenland
1103# ZONE-DESCR America Godthab Greenland Western Greenland
1104# ZONE-DESCR America Thule Greenland Far Western Greenland (Thule)
1105
1106# Estonia
1107# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15.
1108#
1109# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15):
1110# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1111# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1112# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1113# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1114Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1115 1:39 - LST 1918 Feb
1116 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1919 Jul
1117 1:39 - LST 1921 May
1118 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1119 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1120 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Sep 22
1121 3:00 Russia MS%s 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1122 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1123 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1124# This may change to `EU' soon.
1125
1126# ZONE-DESCR Europe Tallinn Estonia All points
1127
1128# Finland
1129#
1130# From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC):
1131# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1132# and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1133#
1134# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994):
1135# Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981.
1136# Go with Strang instead.
1137#
1138# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1139Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1140Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1141# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1142Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
1143 1:40 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1144 2:00 Finland EET%s 1981 Mar 29 2:00
1145 2:00 EU EET%s
1146
1147# ZONE-DESCR Europe Helsinki Finland All points
1148
1149# France
1150# Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
1151# From Shanks (1991):
1152# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1153Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1154Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1155Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1156Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1157Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1158Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1159Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1160Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1161Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1162Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1163Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1164Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1165Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1166Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1167Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1168Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1169Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1170Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1171Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1172Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1173Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1174Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1175Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1176Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1177Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1178Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1179Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1180Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1181Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1182Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 " DST"
1183# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris,
1184# but were used in other places (e.g. Monaco).
1185Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 " DDST"
1186Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 1:00 1:00 " DST"
1187Rule France 1942 only - Mar 8 0:00 2:00 " DDST"
1188Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1189Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 " DDST"
1190Rule France 1943 only - Nov 4 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1191Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 " DDST"
1192Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 " DST"
1193Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 " DDST"
1194Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1195Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1196Rule France 1976 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1197# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05,
1198# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1199# Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1200# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1201# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1202Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1203 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1204 0:00 France WET%s 1940 Jun 14
1205 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Aug 25
1206 0:00 France WET%s 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1207 1:00 France MET%s 1977
1208 1:00 EU MET%s
1209
1210# ZONE-DESCR Europe Paris France All points
1211
1212# Germany
1213# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1214Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1215Rule Germany 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 " DDST"
1216Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1217Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1218Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1219# Whitman gives 1948 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1220Rule Germany 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1221Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1222Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 " DDST"
1223Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1224Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1225Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1226# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1227Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1228 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1229 1:00 Germany MET%s 1980
1230 1:00 EU MET%s
1231
1232# ZONE-DESCR Europe Berlin Germany All points
1233
1234# Gibraltar
1235# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1236Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
1237 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1238 1:00 - MET 1982
1239 1:00 EU MET%s
1240
1241# ZONE-DESCR Europe Gibraltar United_Kingdom Gibraltar
1242
1243# Greece
1244# They adopted the Julian calendar in 1846.
1245# Part switched to the Gregorian calendar on 1916 Jul 28.
1246# The rest switched on 1920 Mar 18.
1247# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1248# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks.
1249Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1250Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1251# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks.
1252Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1253# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks.
1254Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1255Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1256Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1257# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1258Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1259Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1260Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1261Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1262Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1263Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1264Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1265Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1266Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1267Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 " DST"
1268Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1269Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1270Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1271# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1272Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1273 1:35 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1274 2:00 Greece EET%s 1941 Apr 30
1275 1:00 Greece MET%s 1944 Apr 4
1276 2:00 Greece EET%s 1981
1277 # Shanks says they switched to M-Eur in 1981;
1278 # go with EU intead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1279 2:00 EU EET%s
1280
1281# ZONE-DESCR Europe Athens Greece All points
1282
1283# Hungary
1284# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1285Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1286Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1287Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1288Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1289Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1290Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1291Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1292Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1293Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1294Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1295Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1296Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1297Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1298Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1299Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1300Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1301Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1302Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 " DST"
1303Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1304Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 " DST"
1305# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1306Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1307 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1918
1308 1:00 Hungary MET%s 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1309 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 1 23:00
1310 1:00 Hungary MET%s 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1311 1:00 EU MET%s
1312
1313# ZONE-DESCR Europe Budapest Hungary All points
1314
1315# Iceland
1316#
1317# From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (November 6, 1993):
1318# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1319#
1320# (December 5, 1993):
1321# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1322# Iceland Almanak.
1323#
1324# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1325# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1326# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1327# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1328#
1329# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1330# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1331# time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1332# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1333#
1334# (December 10, 1993):
1335# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1336# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1337# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1338# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1339# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1340# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1341# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1342# might mean something else (???). The Gregorian calendar was not introduced
1343# in Iceland until 1700.
1344#
1345# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (December 9, 1993):
1346# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
1347# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
1348# Reykavik was -1:28 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1349#
1350# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1351Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 D
1352Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 S
1353Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 S
1354Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 D
1355Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 S
1356Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 D
1357Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 S
1358Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 D
1359Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 S
1360Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 D
1361Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 S
1362# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1363Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 D
1364Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 S
1365# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1366Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 D
1367# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1368Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 S
1369Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 S
1370Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 S
1371# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1372Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1373 -1:28 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time
1374 -1:00 Iceland I%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1375 0:00 - GMT
1376
1377# ZONE-DESCR Atlantic Reykjavik Iceland All points
1378
1379# Italy
1380# From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06):
1381# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri
1382# <URL:http://pisolo.cstv.to.cnr.it/toi/uk/ienitlt.html> (see `FP' below),
1383# taken from a publication of the Italian National Electrotechnical Institute.
1384# When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1385#
1386# year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1387# 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1388# 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1389# 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1390# 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1391# 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1392# 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1393# 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1394# 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1395# 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1396# 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1397# 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see M-Eur)
1398# 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1399# 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1400# 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1401# 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1402#
1403# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1404Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1405Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1406Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1407Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1408Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1409Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1410Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1411Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1412Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1413Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1414Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1415Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 " DST"
1416Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1417Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1418Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1419Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1420Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1421Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1422Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1423Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1424Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1425Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1426Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1427Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1428Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1429Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1430Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1431Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1432Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1433Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1434Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1435Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1436Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1437Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1438Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1439Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1440# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1441Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1442 0:50 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time
1443 1:00 Italy MET%s 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1444 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Jul
1445 1:00 Italy MET%s 1980
1446 1:00 EU MET%s
1447
1448Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1449Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1450
1451# ZONE-DESCR Europe Rome Italy All points
1452# ZONE-DESCR Europe Vatican Holy_See All points
1453# ZONE-DESCR Europe San_Marino San_Marino All points
1454
1455# Latvia
1456# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15.
1457# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1458Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1459 1:36 - LST 1918 Apr 15 2:00
1460 1:36 M-Eur LST%s 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1461 1:36 1:00 "LST DST" 1919 May 22 3:00
1462 1:36 - LST 1926 May 11
1463 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1464 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1465 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Aug 8
1466 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1467 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1468 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1469# This may change to `EU' soon.
1470
1471# ZONE-DESCR Europe Riga Latvia All points
1472
1473# Liechtenstein
1474# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1475Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1476 1:00 - MET 1981
1477 1:00 EU MET%s
1478
1479# ZONE-DESCR Europe Vaduz Liechtenstein All points
1480
1481# Lithuania
1482# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15.
1483# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1484Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1485 1:24 - LST 1917 # Kaunas
1486 1:36 - LST 1919 Oct 10
1487 1:00 - MET 1920 Jul 12
1488 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1489 1:00 - MET 1940 Aug 3
1490 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1491 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Aug
1492 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1493 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1494 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1495# This may change to `EU' soon.
1496
1497# ZONE-DESCR Europe Vilnius Lithuania All points
1498
1499# Luxembourg
1500# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks.
1501# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1502Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1503Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1504Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1505Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1506Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1507Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1508Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1509Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1510Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1511Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1512Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1513Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1514Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1515Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1516Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1517Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1518Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1519Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1520Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1521Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1522Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1523Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1524Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1525# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1526Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1527 1:00 Lux MET%s 1918 Nov 25
1528 0:00 Lux WET%s 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1529 0:00 Belgium WET%s 1940 May 14 3:00
1530 1:00 M-Eur WET%s 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1531 1:00 Belgium MET%s 1977
1532 1:00 EU MET%s
1533
1534# ZONE-DESCR Europe Luxembourg Luxembourg All points
1535
1536# Macedonia
1537# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
1538# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1539Zone Europe/Skopje 1:25:44 - LMT 1884
1540 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1541 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
1542 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1543 1:00 - MET 1983
1544 1:00 EU MET%s
1545
1546# ZONE-DESCR Europe Skopje Fmr_Yugoslav_Rep_Of_Macedonia All points
1547
1548# Malta
1549# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1550Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1551Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1552Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1553Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1554Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 " DST"
1555Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1556Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 " DST"
1557# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1558Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta
1559 1:00 Italy MET%s 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1560 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1561 1:00 Italy MET%s 1973 Mar 31
1562 1:00 Malta MET%s 1981
1563 1:00 EU MET%s
1564
1565# ZONE-DESCR Europe Malta Malta All points
1566
1567# Moldova
1568# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1919 Mar 18.
1569# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1570Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1924 May 2
1571 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1572 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1573 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1574 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1575# This may change to `EU' soon.
1576
1577# ZONE-DESCR Europe Chisinau Moldova All points
1578
1579# Monaco
1580# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21.
1581# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1582Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1583 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1584 0:00 France WET%s 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1585 1:00 France MET%s 1977
1586 1:00 EU MET%s
1587
1588# ZONE-DESCR Europe Monaco Monaco All points
1589
1590# Netherlands
1591# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1592# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1593# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1594# Shanks gives 1916 May 1 0:00 and 1916 Oct 1 0:00; go with Whitman.
1595Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1596Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 AMT
1597Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1598Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1599# Whitman gives 1918 Apr 14, 1918 Oct 31, and 1921 Sep 28; go with Shanks.
1600Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1601Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep Mon>=24 2:00s 0 AMT
1602Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 NST
1603# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1604Rule Neth 1922 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1605Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun 1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1606Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 NST
1607# Whitman gives 1925 Apr 5; go with Shanks.
1608Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun 5 2:00s 1:00 NST
1609# For 1926 through 1930 Whitman gives Apr 15; go with Shanks.
1610Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1611Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1612Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1613Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1614# Whitman gives 1939 Apr 15 and 1940 Apr 19; go with Shanks.
1615Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1616Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1617Rule Neth 1945 only - May 20 2:00s 0 -
1618# Before 1937, Shanks says just `0:20'; we use Whitman's more precise figure.
1619# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1620Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:28 - LMT 1892 May
1621 0:19:28 Neth %s 1937 Jul
1622 0:20 Neth %s 1940 May 16 0:40
1623 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1624 1:00 Neth MET%s 1977
1625 1:00 EU MET%s
1626
1627# ZONE-DESCR Europe Amsterdam Netherlands All points
1628
1629# Norway
1630# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1631# Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks.
1632Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 " DST"
1633Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1634# Shanks omits the following transition; go with Whitman.
1635Rule Norway 1935 only - Aug 11 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1636# Whitman says DST observed until 1942 Nov 1, then 1943 Mar 29 - Oct 4,
1637# 1944 Apr 3 - Oct 2, and 1945 Apr 1 - Oct 1; go with Shanks after 1940.
1638Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1639Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1640Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1641Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1642Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1643# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1644Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895
1645 1:00 Norway MET%s 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1646 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1647 1:00 Norway MET%s 1980
1648 1:00 EU MET%s
1649# Svalbard is like Europe/Oslo.
1650#
1651# From Whitman:
1652# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1653Zone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen -1:00 - EGT
1654
1655# ZONE-DESCR Europe Oslo Norway All points except:
1656# ZONE-DESCR Atlantic Jan_Mayen Norway Jan Mayen Island
1657
1658# Poland
1659# Austrian and German Poland switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar
1660# on 1582 Oct 15. Russian Poland switched on 1918 Jan 14.
1661# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1662Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1663Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1664# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks.
1665Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1666# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks.
1667Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1668Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1669Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1670Rule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 -
1671Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1672Rule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1673Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1674# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1675Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
1676Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1677Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
1678Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
1679Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1680Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
1681Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
1682Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1683# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1684Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1685 1:24 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1686 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1687 2:00 Poland EET%s 1922 Jun
1688 1:00 Poland MET%s 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1689 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Oct
1690 1:00 Poland MET%s 1977 Apr 3 1:00
1691 1:00 W-Eur MET%s
1692# This may change to `EU' soon.
1693
1694# ZONE-DESCR Europe Warsaw Poland All points
1695
1696# Portugal
1697# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1698Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1699# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1700Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1701Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1702Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1703Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1704Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1705Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1706Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1707Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1708Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1709Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1710Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1711Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1712Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1713Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1714Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1715# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks.
1716Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1717Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1718# Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman.
1719Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1720# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks.
1721Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1722# Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1723Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1724Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1725# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks.
1726Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1727Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1728Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1729# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
1730Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1731Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1732# Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1733Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
1734Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1735Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1736Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 " DDST"
1737Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 " DST"
1738Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
1739Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 " DDST"
1740Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 " DST"
1741Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 " DDST"
1742Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1743Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1744Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1745Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1746# Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
1747# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks.
1748Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1749Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1750Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1751Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
1752Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1753Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1754Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1755Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1756Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
1757Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1758# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1759Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
1760 -0:37 - LMT 1911 May 24 # Lisbon Mean Time
1761 0:00 Port WET%s 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1762 1:00 - MET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
1763 0:00 Port WET%s 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1764 0:00 EU WET%s 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1765# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (November 12, 1992):
1766# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1767# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1768 1:00 EU MET%s 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
1769# Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1770# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1771# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1772 0:00 1:00 "WET DST" 1996 Oct 27 1:00u
1773 0:00 EU WET%s
1774# We don't know what happened to Madeira or the Azores,
1775# so we'll just use Shanks for now.
1776# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1777Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
1778 -1:55 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
1779 -2:00 Port ACT%s 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1780 -1:00 - ACT 1977 Mar 27
1781 -1:00 - ACT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1782 -1:00 W-Eur ACT%s
1783Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
1784 -1:08 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
1785 -1:00 Port ACT%s 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1786 0:00 - WET 1977 Mar 27
1787 0:00 Port WET%s 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1788 0:00 EU WET%s
1789
1790# ZONE-DESCR Europe Lisbon Portugal All points except:
1791# ZONE-DESCR Atlantic Azores Portugal Azores
1792# ZONE-DESCR Atlantic Madeira Portugal Madeira
1793
1794# Romania
1795# Catholic Romania switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on
1796# on 1919 Mar 18. Greek Orthodox Romania switched on 1920 Mar 18.
1797# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1798Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1799Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1800Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1801Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1802Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1803Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1804Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1805# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1806Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
1807 1:44 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1808 2:00 Romania EET%s 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1809 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1810# This may change to `EU' soon.
1811
1812# ZONE-DESCR Europe Bucharest Romania All points
1813
1814# Russia
1815# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (May 28, 1994):
1816# Moscow and Novosibirsk time zone names, and Moscow rules after 1991,
1817# are from Andrew A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su>.
1818# I invented the other time zone names, and (unless otherwise specified)
1819# guessed what happened after 1991; the clocks were chaotic, and we know little.
1820# The rest is from Shanks.
1821#
1822# From Shanks (1991):
1823# Western Russia switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar
1824# on 1918 Jan 14. Eastern Russia switched on 1920 Mar 18.
1825# In 1929 the Soviet Union instituted a 5 day week; in 1932 it instituted
1826# a 6 day week; on 1940 Jun 27 it returned to the Gregorian week.
1827# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1828Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
1829 2:31 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1830 3:00 Russia MS%s 1922 Oct
1831 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1832 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1833 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1834 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1835 3:00 Russia MS%s
1836# ZONE-DESCR Europe Moscow Russia Moscow zone
1837Zone Europe/Kuybyshev 3:20:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
1838 3:00 - KSK 1957 Mar
1839 4:00 Russia KS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1840 3:00 1:00 KSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1841 3:00 - KSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1842 4:00 Russia KS%s
1843# ZONE-DESCR Europe Kuybyshev Russia Kuybyshev zone
1844Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:34 - LMT 1924 May 2
1845 4:00 - SSK 1957 Mar
1846 5:00 Russia SS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1847 4:00 1:00 SSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1848 4:00 - SSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1849 5:00 Russia ES%s # name change from Sverdlovsk
1850# ZONE-DESCR Asia Yekaterinburg Russia Yekaterinburg zone
1851Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
1852 5:00 - OSK 1957 Mar
1853 6:00 Russia OS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1854 5:00 1:00 OSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1855 5:00 - OSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1856 6:00 Russia OS%s
1857# ZONE-DESCR Asia Omsk Russia Omsk zone
1858# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (June 29, 1994):
1859# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
1860# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
1861# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
1862# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
1863Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
1864 6:00 - NSK 1957 Mar
1865 7:00 Russia NS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1866 6:00 1:00 NSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1867 6:00 - NSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1868 7:00 Russia NS%s 1994 Mar 27 2:00s
1869 6:00 1:00 NSD 1994 Sep 25 2:00s
1870 6:00 Russia NS%s
1871# ZONE-DESCR Asia Novosibirsk Russia Novosibirsk zone
1872Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1924 May 2
1873 6:00 - KRSK 1957 Mar
1874 7:00 Russia KRS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1875 6:00 1:00 KRSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1876 6:00 - KRSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1877 7:00 Russia KRS%s
1878# ZONE-DESCR Asia Krasnoyarsk Russia Krasnoyarsk zone
1879Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
1880 6:57 - LST 1924 May 2
1881 7:00 - ISK 1957 Mar
1882 8:00 Russia IS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1883 7:00 1:00 ISD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1884 7:00 - ISK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1885 8:00 Russia IS%s
1886# ZONE-DESCR Asia Irkutsk Russia Irkutsk zone
1887Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
1888 8:00 - YSK 1957 Mar
1889 9:00 Russia YS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1890 8:00 1:00 YSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1891 8:00 - YSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1892 9:00 Russia YS%s
1893# ZONE-DESCR Asia Yakutsk Russia Yakutsk zone
1894Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1880
1895 8:48 - LST 1924 May 2
1896 9:00 - VSK 1957 Mar
1897 10:00 Russia VS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1898 9:00 1:00 VSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1899 9:00 - VSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1900 10:00 Russia VS%s
1901# ZONE-DESCR Asia Vladivostok Russia Vladivostok zone
1902Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
1903 10:00 - MSK 1957 Mar
1904 11:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1905 10:00 1:00 MSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1906 10:00 - MSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1907 11:00 Russia MS%s
1908# ZONE-DESCR Asia Magadan Russia Magadan zone
1909
1910# This name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
1911Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
1912 11:00 - PSK 1957 Mar
1913 12:00 Russia PS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1914 11:00 1:00 PSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1915 11:00 - PSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1916 12:00 Russia PS%s
1917# ZONE-DESCR Asia Kamchatka Russia Kamchatka zone
1918Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
1919 12:00 - ASK 1957 Mar
1920 13:00 Russia AS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1921 12:00 1:00 ASD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1922 12:00 - ASK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1923 13:00 Russia AS%s
1924
1925# Slovakia
1926Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
1927
1928# ZONE-DESCR Europe Bratislava Slovakia All points
1929
1930# Slovenia
1931# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
1932# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1933Zone Europe/Ljubljana 0:58:04 - LMT 1884
1934 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1935 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
1936 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1937 1:00 - MET 1983
1938 1:00 EU MET%s
1939
1940# ZONE-DESCR Europe Ljubljana Slovenia All points
1941
1942# Spain
1943# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1944# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks.
1945Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1946Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
1947Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1948Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1949# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks.
1950Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1951# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks.
1952Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
1953Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1954# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks.
1955Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1956Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1957Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1958Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1959# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks.
1960Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1961Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1962Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1963Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1964Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1965# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks.
1966Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 " DDST"
1967Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 " DST"
1968Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 " DDST"
1969Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 " DST"
1970Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 " DST"
1971Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 " DST"
1972Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1973Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1974Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
1975Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1976Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
1977Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1978Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1979Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1980Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1981# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1982Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901
1983 0:00 Spain WET%s 1946 Sep 30
1984 1:00 Spain MET%s 1979
1985 1:00 EU MET%s
1986Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
1987 -1:00 - ACT 1946 Sep 30 1:00
1988 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
1989 0:00 1:00 "WET DST" 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
1990 0:00 EU WET%s
1991
1992# ZONE-DESCR Europe Madrid Spain All points except:
1993# ZONE-DESCR Atlantic Canary Spain Canary Islands
1994
1995# Sweden
1996# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1997Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1878 May 31
1998 1:12 - SMT 1900 Jan 1 1:00 # Stockholm MT
1999 1:00 - MET 1916 Apr 14 23:00s
2000 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1916 Sep 30 23:00s
2001 1:00 - MET 1980
2002 1:00 EU MET%s
2003
2004# ZONE-DESCR Europe Stockholm Sweden All points
2005
2006# Switzerland
2007# From Howse (1988), p 82:
2008# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2009# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2010# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
2011# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2012# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
2013Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2014Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2015# From Shanks (1991):
2016Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 " DST"
2017Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2018# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2019Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
2020 0:30 - SST 1894 Jun # Swiss Standard Time
2021 1:00 Swiss MET%s 1981
2022 1:00 EU MET%s
2023
2024# ZONE-DESCR Europe Zurich Switzerland All points
2025
2026# Turkey
2027# European Turkey switched to the Gregorian calendar in 1908.
2028# Asian Turkey switched in 1914.
2029# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2030Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2031Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2032Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2033Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
2034Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2035Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2036Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2037Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2038# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks.
2039Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2040Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2041Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2042# Shanks omits the first two transitions in 1940; go with Whitman.
2043Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2044Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
2045Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2046Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
2047Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2048# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
2049Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2050Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2051Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2052Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2053Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2054Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2055Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2056Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2057Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2058Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2059Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2060Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2061Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2062Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2063Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2064Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2065Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2066Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 " DST"
2067Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
2068Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 " DST"
2069Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
2070Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2071Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2072Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2073Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2074Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2075Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 " DST"
2076Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
2077Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 " DST"
2078Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2079Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
2080Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2081Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2082# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2083Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
2084 1:57 - OMT 1910 Oct # Ottoman Mean Time
2085 2:00 Turkey EET%s 1978 Oct 15
2086 3:00 Turkey TUR%s 1985 Apr 20
2087 2:00 Turkey EET%s 1986
2088 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
2089# This may change to `EU' soon.
2090Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
2091
2092# ZONE-DESCR Europe Istanbul Turkey All points
2093
2094# Ukraine
2095# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2096Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 " DST"
2097Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
2098Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
2099Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 " DDST"
2100Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2101Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2102# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2103Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
2104 2:02 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2105 2:02 Ukraine LST%s 1924 May 2
2106 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2107 3:00 Russia MS%s 1990 Jul 17
2108 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
2109# This may change to `EU' soon.
2110Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2111 2:08 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2112 2:08 Ukraine LST%s 1924 May 2
2113 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2114 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2115 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2116# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (May 28, 1994):
2117# Today's _Economist_ (p 45) reports that Crimea switched
2118# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January elections.
2119# For now, we'll guess that there was a 2-hour leap forward on March 27.
2120 2:00 M-Eur EET%s 1994 Mar 27 2:00s
2121 3:00 Russia MS%s
2122
2123# ZONE-DESCR Europe Kiev Ukraine All points except:
2124# ZONE-DESCR Europe Simferopol Ukraine Crimea
2125
2126# Yugoslavia
2127# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
2128# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2129Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2130 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2131 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
2132 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2133 1:00 - MET 1983
2134 1:00 EU MET%s
2135
2136# ZONE-DESCR Europe Belgrade Serbia All points
2137
2138###############################################################################
2139
2140# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
2141# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
2142# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
2143#
2144# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
2145# uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2146# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2147# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
2148# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2149# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2150
2151# ...
2152# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2153# From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann)
2154# Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp>
2155# ...
2156#
2157# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2158# most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2159# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2160# to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2161# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2162# years...
2163# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2164# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2165# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2166# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2167#
2168# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2169# Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2170#
2171# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2172# 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2173# UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho
2174
2175# ...
2176# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2177# From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter)
2178# ...
2179#
2180# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2181# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2182# about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2183#
2184# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2185# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2186# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2187# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
2188# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
2189# the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
2190# dates...
2191#
2192# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
2193# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
2194# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
2195# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2196# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2197# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2198# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2199# in advance of normal time.
2200#
2201# ...
2202# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2203# INTERNET : dik@cwi.nl
2204# BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax
2205
2206# From Bob Devine (January 28, 1988):
2207# ...
2208# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2209# Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2210# ...
2211# Monaco: has same DST as France.
2212# ...
2213
2214# ...
2215# Date: Fri, 3 Sep 93 13:43:41 BST
2216# From: Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk>
2217# ...
2218# Turning to Europe, I now have a copy of the `Sixth Council Directive 92/20/EEC
2219# of 26 March 1992 on summertime arrangements'. This only covers 1993 and
2220# 1994, a seventh one is in the works but I doubt that the algorithm will
2221# change. This says summertime starts at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in March
2222# and ends at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in September, except for the UK
2223# and Eire where it ends at 01:00 GMT on the fourth Sunday in October.
2224# It says the arrangements for 1995 onwards will be decided by 1 January 1994,
2225# but as the sixth directive was supposed to appear by 1 Jan 92 and didn't
2226# arrive til March I wouldn't hold your breath.
2227#
2228# The first summertime directive was adopted in 1980, although the UK didn't
2229# seem to use it until 1981. I suspect it would be safe to move your start
2230# dates for the -Eur rules back to 1981.