1# @(#)europe 7.83
2
3# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
4# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
5# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
6
7# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
8# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
9# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
10# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
11#
12# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
13# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
14# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
15# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
16# of the IATA's data after 1990.
17#
18# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1991,
19# and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
20#
21# Other sources occasionally used include:
22#
23# Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
24# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
25# which I found in the UCLA library.
26#
27# Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
28# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
29# History of Summer Time
30# </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
31
32#
33# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
34# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
35# Corrections are welcome!
36# std dst 2dst
37# LMT Local Mean Time
38# -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
39# -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
40# -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
41# 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
42# 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
43# 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
44# 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
45# 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
46# 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
47# 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
48# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
49# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
50#
51# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
52# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
53
54# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-04),
55# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
56# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
57# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
58# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
59# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
60# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
61# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
62# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
63# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
64# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
65# ...
66# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
67# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
68# ...
69# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
70# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
71# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
72# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
73# in the Directive.
74
75
76###############################################################################
77
78# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
79
80# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-07-06):
81#
82# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
83# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
84# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
85# of the text said:
86#
87# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
88# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
89# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
90# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
91# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
92# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
93# along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
94#
95# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
96# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
97# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
98#
99# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
100
101# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18):
102#
103# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
104# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
105# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
106# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
107# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
108# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
109# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
110# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
111# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
112# adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
113# The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
114# and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
115# railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
116# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
117# on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
118# one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
119# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
120# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
121# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
122# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
123#
124# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
125# transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
126# about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
127
128# From Paul Eggert (1999-01-30):
129# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
130# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
131# who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
132# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
133# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
134# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
135# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
136# One-hour Summer Time was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
137# See:
138# <a href="http://www.the-times.co.uk/news/pages/tim/2000/05/18/x-timcrtcrt01011.html">
139# Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18)
140# </a>
141# A monument was erected in 1927 to Willett, in an open space in a 45-acre wood
142# near Chiselhurst, Kent that was purchased by popular subscription and open
143# to the public.
144
145# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
146# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
147# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
148# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
149# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
150
151# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
152#
153# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
154# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
155
156# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
157# From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john>
158# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
159# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
160# politics making a fortune, not computing.
161
162# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-06-14):
163# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
164# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
165# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
166# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
167
168# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
169# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
170# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
171# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
172
173# From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
174# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
175# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
176# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
177# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
178# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
179# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
180# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
181
182# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
183# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
184# which is to be introduced in May....
185# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
186# which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
187
188# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
189# Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common
190# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
191# so we use `BDST'.
192
193# Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-04-19) described at length
194# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
195# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk> has been updating
196# and extending this list, which can be found in
197# <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/">
198# History of legal time in Britain
199# </a>
200
201# From Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk> (1998-01-06):
202#
203# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
204# see Lord Tanlaw's speech
205# <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
206# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
207# </a>.
208
209# From Paul Eggert (2001-07-18):
210#
211# For lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948.
212#
213# Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect:
214# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
215# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
216# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
217# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
218# It actually just had one transition.
219# * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
220# Actually, it conformed to Britain.
221# * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
222# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
223# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
224#
225# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks:
226# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
227# to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
228# conform with Great Britain.
229# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
230#
231# The following claim by Shanks is possible though doubtful;
232# we'll ignore it for now.
233# * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
234#
235#
236# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.
237# Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
238# (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
239# to London. For example:
240#
241# "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
242# -- James Joyce, Ulysses
243
244# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
245# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
246# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
247# (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
248# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
249# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
250# and Frethun run in CT.
251# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
252# the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
253# and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
254# If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
255# I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
256# This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
257
258# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
259# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
260# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
261# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
262# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
263# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
264# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
265
266# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
267# Summer Time Act, 1916
268Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
269Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
270# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
271Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
272Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
273# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
274Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
275Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
276# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
277Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
278Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
279# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
280Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
281# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
282Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
283# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
284Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
285Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
286# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
287Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
288Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
289# The Summer Time Act, 1922
290Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
291Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
292Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
293Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
294# The Summer Time Act, 1925
295Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
296Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
297Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
298Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
299Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
300Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
301Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
302Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
303Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
304Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
305Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
306# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
307Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
308# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
309Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
310# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
311Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
312Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
313# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
314Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
315# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
316Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
317# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
318Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
319Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
320# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
321Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
322Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
323# The Summer Time Act, 1947
324Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
325Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
326Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
327Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
328# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
329Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
330Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
331# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
332Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
333Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
334# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
335# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
336# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
337Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
338Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
339# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
340Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
341Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
342Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
343Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
344Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
345Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
346Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
347# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
348# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
349# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
350Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
351Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
352# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
353# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
354# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
355Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
356# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
357Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
358# The British Standard Time Act, 1968
359# (no summer time)
360# The Summer Time Act, 1972
361Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
362Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
363# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
364# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
365# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
366# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
367Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
368Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
369# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
370# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
371# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
372Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
373# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
374# See EU for rules starting in 1996.
375
376# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
377Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1
378 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
379 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
380 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
381 0:00 EU GMT/BST
382Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
383 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin/Dunsink MT
384 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s # Irish Summer Time
385 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
386 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
387 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
388 0:00 EU GMT/BST
389Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
390 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
391 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
392 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
393 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
394 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
395 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
396 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
397 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
398 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
399 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
400 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
401 0:00 EU GMT/IST
402
403###############################################################################
404
405# Continental Europe
406
407# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
408# Common Market, etc.
409
410# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
411Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
412Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
413Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
414Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
415Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
416Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
417# The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
418# <a href="http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/dat/2000/en_300L0084.html"
419# Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
420# of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
421# </a>
422
423# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
424Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
425Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
426Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
427Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
428Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
429Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
430
431# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
432# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
433Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
434Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
435Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
436Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
437Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
438Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
439Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
440Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
441Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
442# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
443Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
444Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
445Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
446Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
447Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
448Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
449Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
450
451# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
452Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
453Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
454Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
455Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
456Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
457Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
458
459# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
460Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
461Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
462Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
463Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
464Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
465Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
466Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
467Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
468Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
469Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
470Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
471# Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
472Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
473Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
474# Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
475# Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
476Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
477Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
478#
479Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
480Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
481Rule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
482Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
483Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
484
485# These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
486
487# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
488Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
489Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
490Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
491Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
492
493# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
494# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
495
496# From Markus Kuhn <mskuhn@unrza3.dialin.rrze.uni-erlangen.de> (1996-07-12):
497# The official German names ... are
498#
499# Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
500# Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
501#
502# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
503# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
504# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
505#
506# Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
507# Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
508# Postfach 3345
509# D-38023 Braunschweig
510# phone: +49 531 592-0
511#
512# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
513# department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
514# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
515#
516# Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
517# Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
518
519
520# Albania
521# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
522Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
523Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
524Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
525Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
526Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
527Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
528Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
529Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
530Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
531Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
532Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
533Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
534Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
535Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
536Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
537Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
538Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
539Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
540Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
541Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
542Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
543Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
544Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
545Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
546Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
547# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
548Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
549 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
550 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
551 1:00 EU CE%sT
552
553# Andorra
554# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
555Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
556 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
557 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
558 1:00 EU CE%sT
559
560# Austria
561
562# From Paul Eggert (2003-02-28): Shanks gives 1918-06-16 and
563# 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
564# Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
565# date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
566# Shanks gives 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV, and guess 02:00
567# for 1945-04-12.
568
569# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
570Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
571Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
572Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
573Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
574Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
575Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
576Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
577Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
578# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
579Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
580 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
581 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
582 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
583 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
584 1:00 - CET 1946
585 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
586 1:00 EU CE%sT
587
588# Belarus
589# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
590Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
591 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
592 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
593 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
594 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
595 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
596 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
597 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
598 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
599 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
600 2:00 Russia EE%sT
601
602# Belgium
603#
604# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
605# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
606# Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
607# Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
608# (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
609# pp 8-9.
610# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
611# Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
612# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie <pascal@belnet.be> for these references.
613# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
614# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
615#
616# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
617Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
618Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
619Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
620Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
621Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
622Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
623Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
624Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
625Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
626Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
627Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
628Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
629# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
630# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
631# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
632# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
633Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
634Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
635Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
636Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
637Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
638Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
639Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
640Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
641Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
642Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
643Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
644Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
645Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
646Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
647Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
648Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
649Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
650Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
651Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
652Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
653Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
654Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
655# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
656Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
657 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
658 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
659 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
660 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
661 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
662 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
663 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
664 1:00 EU CE%sT
665
666# Bosnia and Herzegovina
667# see Serbia and Montenegro
668
669# Bulgaria
670#
671# From Plamen Simenov <P.Simeonov@cnsys.bg> via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
672# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
673# EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
674# EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
675#
676# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
677Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
678Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
679Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 S
680Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
681Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
682# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
683Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
684 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
685 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
686 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 3:00
687 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
688 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
689 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
690 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
691 2:00 EU EE%sT
692
693# Croatia
694# see Serbia and Montenegro
695
696# Czech Republic
697# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
698Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
699Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
700Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
701Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
702Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
703Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
704Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
705# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
706Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
707 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
708 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
709 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
710 1:00 EU CE%sT
711
712# Denmark, Faeroe Islands, and Greenland
713# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
714Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
715Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
716Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
717Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
718Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
719Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
720Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
721Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
722Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
723Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
724Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
725# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways
726# about many of the above dates; go with Shanks.
727#
728# For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman.
729# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
730Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
731 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time
732 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
733 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
734 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
735 1:00 EU CE%sT
736Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
737 0:00 - WET 1981
738 0:00 EU WE%sT
739#
740# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
741# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
742# and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
743# rules at least through 1984. Shanks says Scoresbysund and Godthab
744# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
745# rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
746
747# From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
748# <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
749# and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
750#
751# Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
752# is according to the following time line:
753#
754# The military zone near Thule UTC-4
755# Standard Greenland time UTC-3
756# Scoresbysund UTC-1
757# Danmarkshavn UTC
758#
759# In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
760# introduced.
761
762# From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
763#
764# I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
765# the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
766# not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
767# info from earlier correspondence.]
768#
769# According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
770# Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
771# savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
772#
773# The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
774# uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
775# There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
776# Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
777# email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
778# Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
779# DPC research station at Zackenberg.
780#
781# Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
782# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab).
783#
784# The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it
785# includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
786# UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
787#
788# It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
789# North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
790# maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
791# this area is that it sticks with Godthab time. This area might be
792# considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
793
794# From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
795# I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
796# there at 2:00 AM.
797
798# From Paul Eggert (2001-11-19):
799# The 1997 CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT; the 1995 map as like Godthab.
800# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.
801# startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
802# so go with Shanks for all Thule transitions.
803#
804# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
805Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
806Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
807Rule Thule 1993 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
808Rule Thule 1993 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
809#
810# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
811Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
812 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
813 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996
814 0:00 - GMT
815Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
816 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
817 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
818 -1:00 EU EG%sT
819Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
820 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
821 -3:00 EU WG%sT
822Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
823 -4:00 Thule A%sT
824
825# Estonia
826# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15):
827# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
828# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
829# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
830#
831# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-10-28):
832# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
833# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
834# ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
835# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
836# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
837# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
838# human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
839# summer time next spring.''
840
841# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
842# <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
843# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
844# </a>
845# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
846# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
847#
848# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
849# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
850# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
851
852# From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
853# via Steffen Thorsen:
854# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
855# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
856# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
857# Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
858# for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
859# after that.
860
861# From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
862# Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
863# no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
864# the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
865
866# From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
867# The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
868# Now we are using again EU rules.
869#
870# From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28):
871# The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
872
873# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
874Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
875 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
876 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
877 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
878 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
879 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
880 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
881 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
882 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
883 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
884 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
885 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
886 2:00 EU EE%sT
887
888# Finland
889#
890# From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC):
891# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
892# and it's supposed to change at 4am...
893#
894# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994):
895# Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981.
896# Go with Strang instead.
897#
898# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
899Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
900Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
901# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
902Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
903 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
904 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00
905 2:00 EU EE%sT
906
907# France
908
909# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
910#
911# Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
912# Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
913#
914# Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
915# Paris, 1991
916#
917# Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
918# Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
919
920
921#
922# Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
923# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
924Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
925Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
926Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
927Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
928Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
929Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
930Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
931Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
932Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
933Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
934# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
935# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
936# were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks.
937Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
938Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
939Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
940Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
941Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
942Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
943Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
944Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
945Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
946Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
947Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
948Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
949Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
950Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
951Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
952Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
953Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
954Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
955Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
956Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
957# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks writes
958# that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
959# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
960# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
961# Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Decartes,
962# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
963# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
964# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collognes (Haute-Savioe).
965Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
966# Shanks says this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
967# but go with Denis.Excoffier@ens.fr (1997-12-12),
968# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
969# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
970Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
971Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
972Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
973Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
974Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
975Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
976Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
977Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
978Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
979# Shanks gives Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
980# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
981Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
982Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
983# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05,
984# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
985# Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
986# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
987# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
988Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
989 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
990# Shanks gives 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
991 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
992# Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
993# go with Shanks.
994 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
995 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
996 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
997 1:00 EU CE%sT
998
999# Germany
1000
1001# From Markus Kuhn <Markus.Kuhn@cl.cam.ac.uk> (1998-09-29):
1002# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1003# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1004# [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1005
1006# From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1007# In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by <a
1008# href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/">
1009# General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>.
1010
1011# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1012# <a href="http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf">
1013# says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1014# However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1015# this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
1016
1017
1018# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1019Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1020Rule Germany 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1021Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1022Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1023Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1024Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1025Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1026Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
1027Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1028Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1029Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1030Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1031# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1032Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1033 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1034 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1035 1:00 EU CE%sT
1036
1037# Gibraltar
1038# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1039Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
1040 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1041 1:00 - CET 1982
1042 1:00 EU CE%sT
1043
1044# Greece
1045# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1046# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks.
1047Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1048Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1049# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks.
1050Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1051# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks.
1052Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1053Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1054Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1055# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1056Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1057Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1058Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1059Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1060Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1061Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1062Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1063Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1064Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1065Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1066Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1067Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1068Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1069# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1070Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1071 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1072 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1073 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1074 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1075 # Shanks says they switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1076 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1077 2:00 EU EE%sT
1078
1079# Hungary
1080# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1081Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1082Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1083Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1084Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1085Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
1086Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1087Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1088Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1089Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1090Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1091Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1092Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1093Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1094Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1095Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1096Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1097Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1098Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1099Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1100Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1101# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1102Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1103 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1104 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1105 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00
1106 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1107 1:00 EU CE%sT
1108
1109# Iceland
1110#
1111# From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (1993-11-06):
1112# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1113#
1114# (1993-12-05):
1115# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1116# Iceland Almanak.
1117#
1118# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1119# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1120# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1121# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1122#
1123# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1124# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1125# time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1126# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1127#
1128# (1993-12-10):
1129# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1130# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1131# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1132# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1133# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1134# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1135# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1136# might mean something else (???).
1137#
1138# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
1139# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
1140# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
1141# Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1142#
1143# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1144Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1145Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1146Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1147Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1148Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1149Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1150Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1151Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1152Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1153Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1154Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1155# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1156Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1157Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1158# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1159Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1160# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1161Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1162Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1163Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1164# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1165Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1166 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1167 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1168 0:00 - GMT
1169
1170# Italy
1171#
1172# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1173# Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1174# called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1175# During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1176# But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1177# so record only the time in Rome.
1178#
1179# From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06):
1180# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri
1181# <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html">
1182# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (1996-03-14)
1183# </a>
1184# (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1185# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1186#
1187# year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1188# 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1189# 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1190# 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1191# 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1192# 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1193# 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1194# 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1195# 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1196# 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1197# 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1198# 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1199# 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1200# 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1201# 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1202# 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1203#
1204# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1205Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1206Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1207Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1208Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1209Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1210Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1211Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1212Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1213Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1214Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1215Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1216Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1217Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1218Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1219Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1220Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1221Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1222Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1223Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1224Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1225Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1226Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1227Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1228Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1229Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1230Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1231Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1232Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1233Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1234Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1235Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1236Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1237Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1238Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1239Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1240Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1241# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1242Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1243 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time
1244 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1245 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1246 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1247 1:00 EU CE%sT
1248
1249Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1250Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1251
1252# Latvia
1253
1254# From Liene Kanepe <Liene_Kanepe@lm.gov.lv> (1998-09-17):
1255
1256# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1257# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1258# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1259# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1260#
1261# Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1262# according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1263# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1264# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1265# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1266#
1267# Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1268# according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1269# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1270# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1271# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1272# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1273#
1274# Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1275# according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1276# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1277# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1278# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1279# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1280# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1281# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1282# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1283# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1284#
1285# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1286# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1287# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1288
1289# From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1290# This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1291# <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm">
1292# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1293# 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).
1294
1295# <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html">
1296# From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1297# </a>
1298# The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1299# institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1300# Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1301# clocks one hour in the spring....
1302# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
1303# daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1304# Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1305# time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1306# urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1307# appears that they will not do so....
1308
1309# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1310Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1311Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1312# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1313Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1314 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1315 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1316 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1317 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1318 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1319 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1320 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1321 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1322 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1323 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1324 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1325 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1326 2:00 - EET 2001
1327 2:00 EU EE%sT
1328
1329# Liechtenstein
1330# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1331Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1332 1:00 - CET 1981
1333 1:00 EU CE%sT
1334
1335# Lithuania
1336
1337# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1338# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1339# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1340
1341# From Marius Gedminas <mgedmin@pub.osf.lt> (1998-08-07):
1342# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1343# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1344
1345# From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
1346# via Steffen Thorsen:
1347# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1348# to be valid here starting from October 31,
1349# as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1350# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1351# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1352# already done by Estonia.
1353
1354# From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm">
1355# Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1356# </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1357
1358# From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1359# As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1360# observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1361# down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1362# neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1363# 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1364# http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1365
1366
1367# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1368Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1369 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1370 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1371 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1372 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1373 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1374 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1375 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1376 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1377 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1378 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1379 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1380 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1381 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1382 2:00 EU EE%sT
1383
1384# Luxembourg
1385# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks.
1386# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1387Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1388Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1389Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1390Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1391Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1392Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1393Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1394Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1395Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1396Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1397Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1398Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1399Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1400Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1401Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1402Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1403Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1404Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1405Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1406Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1407Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1408Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1409Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1410# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1411Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1412 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1413 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1414 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1415 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1416 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1417 1:00 EU CE%sT
1418
1419# Macedonia
1420# see Serbia and Montenegro
1421
1422# Malta
1423# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1424Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1425Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1426Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1427Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1428Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1429Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1430Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1431# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1432Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta
1433 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1434 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1435 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1436 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1437 1:00 EU CE%sT
1438
1439# Moldova
1440
1441# From Paul Eggert (2001-02-11):
1442# A previous version of this database followed Shanks, who writes that
1443# Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1444# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1445# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1446# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1447# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1448# But moldavizolit@tirastel.md and mk@tirastel.md separately reported via
1449# Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1450# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1451
1452# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1453Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1454 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1455 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1456 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1457 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1458 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1459 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1460 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
1461 2:00 - EET 1991
1462 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1463 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1464# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1465 2:00 EU EE%sT
1466
1467# Monaco
1468# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21.
1469# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1470Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1471 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1472 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1473 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1474 1:00 EU CE%sT
1475
1476# Netherlands
1477
1478# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1479# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1480
1481# However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1482# Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1483# Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1484# the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1485# (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1486# common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1487# not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1488# On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1489# was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1490#
1491# (2001-04-08):
1492# 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1493# observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1494# practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1495#
1496# (2001-04-09):
1497# In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1498# municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1499# Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1500# actually followed.
1501#
1502# From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1503# observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1504# Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1505# places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1506# adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1507#
1508# Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1509# of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1510# was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1511# Amsterdam mean time.
1512
1513# The data before 1945 are taken from
1514# <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>.
1515
1516# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1517Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1518Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1519Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1520Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1521Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1522Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1523Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1524Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1525Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1526Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1527Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1528# From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1529# in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1530Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1531Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1532Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1533Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1534Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1535Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1536Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1537Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1538Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1539#
1540# Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1541# below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1542# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1543Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1544 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1545 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1546 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1547 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1548 1:00 EU CE%sT
1549
1550# Norway
1551# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1552# Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks.
1553Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1554Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1555# Whitman says DST observed 1935-08-11/1942-11-01, then 1943-03-29/10-04,
1556# 1944-04-03/10-02, and 1945-04-01/10-01; go with Shanks.
1557Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1558Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1559Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1560Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1561Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1562# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1563Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1564 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1565 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1566 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1567 1:00 EU CE%sT
1568
1569# Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1570
1571# From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1572# Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1573# Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1574# time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
1575# as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1576# Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1577# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and
1578# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation
1579# for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1580# into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1581# part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1582# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been
1583# able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1584# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by
1585# Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1586# since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1587# before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1588# between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1589
1590# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01):
1591#
1592# Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1593# so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Olso was
1594# keeping Berlin time.
1595#
1596# <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1597# burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1598# 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1599# frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
1600# radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
1601# the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1602# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1603#
1604# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1605# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1606# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
1607# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1608# expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
1609# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1610# <http://www.utpress.utoronto.ca/publishing/rights/dege_warnorthof80.htm>
1611# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1612# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1613#
1614# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970. Unless we can
1615# come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the
1616# war years it's probably best just do do the following for now:
1617Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1618Link Europe/Oslo Atlantic/Jan_Mayen
1619
1620# Poland
1621# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1622Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1623Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1624# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks.
1625Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1626# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks.
1627Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1628Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1629Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 S
1630Rule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 -
1631Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
1632Rule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1633Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
1634# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1635Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1636Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1637Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1638Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1639Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1640Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1641Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 S
1642Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1643# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1644Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1645 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1646 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1647 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1648 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1649 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1650 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977 Apr 3 1:00
1651 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1999
1652# IATA SSIM (1991/1996) gives EU rules, but the _The Warsaw Voice_
1653# <a href="http://www.warsawvoice.com.pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml">
1654# http://www.warsawvoice.com/pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml (1995-09-24)
1655# </a>
1656# says the autumn 1995 switch was at 02:00.
1657# Stick with W-Eur for now.
1658#
1659# From Marcin.Kasperski@softax.com.pl (1999-06-10):
1660# According to my colleagues someone recently decided, that Poland would
1661# follow European Union regulations, so - I think - the matter is not
1662# worth further discussion.
1663#
1664# From Paul Eggert (1999-06-10):
1665# Kasperski also writes that the government futzed with the rules in 1997
1666# or 1998 but he doesn't remember the details. Assume they switched to
1667# EU rules in 1999.
1668 1:00 EU CE%sT
1669
1670# Portugal
1671#
1672# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (1992-11-12):
1673# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1674# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1675#
1676# Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1677# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1678# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1679#
1680# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1681# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1682# at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1683# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1684# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1685# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1686# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1687#
1688# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1689# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
1690# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
1691# Go with Shanks.
1692Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1693# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1694Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1695Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1696Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1697Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1698Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1699Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1700Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1701Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1702Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1703Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1704Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1705Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1706Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1707Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1708Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1709# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks.
1710Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1711Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1712# Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman.
1713Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1714# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks.
1715Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1716# Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1717Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1718Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1719# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks.
1720Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1721Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1722Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1723# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
1724Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1725Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1726# Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1727Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
1728Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1729Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
1730Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
1731Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
1732Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
1733Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
1734Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
1735Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
1736Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
1737Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1738Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1739Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1740# Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
1741# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks.
1742Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1743Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1744Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
1745Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
1746Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
1747Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1748Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1749Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1750Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1751Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1752# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1753Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
1754 -0:36:32 - LMT 1911 May 24 # Lisbon Mean Time
1755 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1756 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
1757 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1758 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1759 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
1760 0:00 EU WE%sT
1761Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
1762 -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
1763 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
1764 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1765 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1766 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
1767 -1:00 EU AZO%sT
1768Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
1769 -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
1770 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
1771 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1772 0:00 EU WE%sT
1773
1774# Romania
1775#
1776# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
1777# <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html">
1778# Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
1779# 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
1780# assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
1781# the same year as Bulgaria.
1782#
1783# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1784Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1785Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1786Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
1787Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
1788Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1789Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1790Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1791Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1792Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1793# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1794Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
1795 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1796 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1797 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
1798 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
1799 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1800 2:00 EU EE%sT
1801
1802# Russia
1803
1804# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-11-12):
1805# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
1806# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
1807# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks, except we follow
1808# Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
1809#
1810# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (1994-06-29):
1811# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
1812# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
1813# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
1814# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
1815#
1816# From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@nagual.ru> (1996-10-04):
1817# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
1818# Unix-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
1819# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
1820# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
1821#
1822# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-10-30):
1823# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
1824# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
1825# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
1826#
1827# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
1828# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
1829# News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
1830# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
1831# the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
1832# enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
1833#
1834# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
1835# There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
1836# UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
1837# SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
1838# until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
1839# since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
1840# administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
1841# remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
1842#
1843# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1844#
1845# Kaliningradskaya oblast'.
1846Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
1847 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1848 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
1849 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1850 2:00 Russia EE%sT
1851#
1852# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1853# Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast', Astrakhanskaya oblast',
1854# Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',
1855# Volgogradskaya oblast', Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',
1856# Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,
1857# Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,
1858# Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,
1859# Respublika Kareliya, Kirovskaya oblast', Respublika Komi,
1860# Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',
1861# Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,
1862# Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',
1863# Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,
1864# Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',
1865# Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',
1866# Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg, Saratovskaya oblast',
1867# Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',
1868# Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,
1869# Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',
1870# Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',
1871# Yaroslavskaya oblast'
1872Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
1873 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
1874 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1875 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
1876 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1877 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1878 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1879 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD
1880#
1881# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1882# Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika
1883Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1884 3:00 - KUYT 1930 Jun 21 # Kuybyshev
1885 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1886 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1887 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1888 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
1889 4:00 Russia SAM%sT # Samara Time
1890#
1891# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1892# Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,
1893# Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',
1894# Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',
1895# Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',
1896# Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.
1897Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
1898 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
1899 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1900 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1901 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time
1902#
1903# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1904# Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.
1905Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
1906 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
1907 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1908 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1909 6:00 Russia OMS%sT
1910#
1911# Novosibirskaya oblast'.
1912Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
1913 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
1914 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1915 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1916 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # says Shanks
1917 6:00 Russia NOV%sT
1918#
1919# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1920# Kemerovskaya oblast', Krasnoyarskij kraj,
1921# Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug, Tomskaya oblast',
1922# Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.
1923Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
1924 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
1925 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1926 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1927 7:00 Russia KRA%sT
1928#
1929# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1930# Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',
1931# Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.
1932Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
1933 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
1934 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
1935 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1936 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1937 8:00 Russia IRK%sT
1938#
1939# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1940# Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',
1941# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.
1942#
1943# From Alan Pritchard (2001-08-24): [The Sakha districts are:]
1944# Aldansky, Amginsky, Anabarsky, Bulunsky, Churapchinsky,
1945# Eveno-Bytantaisky, Gorny, Khangalassky, Kobyaisky, Lensky,
1946# Megino-Kangalassky, Mirninsky, Namsky, Nyurbinsky, Olenyoksky,
1947# Olyokminsky, Srednekolymsky, Suntarsky, Tattinsky, Ust-Aldansky,
1948# Verkhnekolymsky, Verkhnevilyuisky, Vilyuisky, Zhigansky.
1949Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
1950 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
1951 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1952 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1953 9:00 Russia YAK%sT
1954#
1955# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1956# Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,
1957# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
1958#
1959# From Alan Pritchard (2001-08-24): [The Sakha districts are:]
1960# Tomponsky, Ust-Maisky, Ust-Yansky, Verkhoyansky.
1961Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
1962 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
1963 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1964 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1965 10:00 Russia VLA%sT
1966#
1967# Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
1968# The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
1969Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
1970 9:00 - CJT 1938
1971 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25
1972 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
1973 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1974 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1975 10:00 Russia SAK%sT
1976#
1977# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1978# Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
1979#
1980# From Alan Pritchard (2001-08-24): [The Sakha districts are:]
1981# Abyisky, Allaikhovsky, Momsky, Nizhnekolymsky, Oimyakonsky.
1982Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
1983 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
1984 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1985 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1986 11:00 Russia MAG%sT
1987#
1988# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1989# Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.
1990#
1991# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
1992Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
1993 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
1994 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1995 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1996 12:00 Russia PET%sT
1997#
1998# Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug
1999Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
2000 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
2001 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
2002 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2003 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2004 12:00 Russia ANA%sT
2005
2006# Serbia and Montenegro
2007# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2008Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2009 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2010 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
2011 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2012# Metod Kozelj <metod.kozelj@rzs-hm.si> reports that the legal date of
2013# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2014# Shanks doesn't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
2015 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2016 1:00 EU CE%sT
2017Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2018Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2019Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2020Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
2021
2022# Slovakia
2023Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
2024
2025# Slovenia
2026# see Serbia and Montenegro
2027
2028# Spain
2029# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2030# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks.
2031Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2032Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
2033Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2034Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2035# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks.
2036Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2037# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks.
2038Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
2039Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2040# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks.
2041Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2042Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2043Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2044Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2045# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks.
2046Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2047Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2048Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2049Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2050Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2051# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks.
2052Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2053Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
2054Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
2055Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
2056Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
2057Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
2058Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2059Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
2060Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
2061Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
2062Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
2063Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
2064Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2065Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
2066Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2067# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
2068Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
2069Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2070Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
2071Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2072Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2073Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2074Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2075Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2076Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
2077# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2078Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901
2079 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
2080 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
2081 1:00 EU CE%sT
2082Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
2083 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
2084 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
2085 0:00 - WET 1924
2086 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
2087 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2088 1:00 - CET 1986
2089 1:00 EU CE%sT
2090Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2091 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2092 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2093 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2094 0:00 EU WE%sT
2095# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2096# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2097
2098# Sweden
2099
2100# From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks:
2101#
2102# The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
2103# From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
2104# places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
2105# three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
2106# meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
2107#
2108# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
2109# eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
2110# national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
2111#
2112# About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
2113# forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
2114# of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
2115# the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
2116# observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
2117# from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
2118# 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
2119# in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
2120#
2121# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
2122# that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
2123# pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
2124# Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
2125#
2126# The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
2127# Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
2128# not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
2129# in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
2130# "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
2131# the Sok-button).
2132#
2133# (2001-05-13):
2134#
2135# I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
2136# summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
2137# 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
2138# people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
2139# at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
2140# hour before the event took place.
2141#
2142# Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
2143
2144# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2145Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
2146 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
2147 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
2148 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00
2149 1:00 - CET 1980
2150 1:00 EU CE%sT
2151
2152# Switzerland
2153# From Howse:
2154# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2155# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2156# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
2157# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2158# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
2159Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
2160Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2161# From Shanks:
2162Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
2163Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2164# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2165Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
2166 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
2167 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2168 1:00 EU CE%sT
2169
2170# Turkey
2171# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2172Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2173Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2174Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
2175Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
2176Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
2177Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2178Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2179Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2180# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks.
2181Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
2182Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2183Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2184Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
2185Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
2186Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
2187Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
2188Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2189# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
2190Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2191Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
2192Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2193Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2194Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2195Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
2196Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2197Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
2198Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
2199Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
2200Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2201Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
2202Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2203Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
2204Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2205Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
2206Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2207Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
2208Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
2209Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
2210Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
2211Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
2212Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2213Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2214Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2215Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2216Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
2217Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
2218Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
2219Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
2220Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
2221Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
2222Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2223# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2224Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
2225 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
2226 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
2227 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
2228 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1986
2229 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2230 2:00 EU EE%sT
2231Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
2232
2233# Ukraine
2234#
2235# From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukranian Ministry of Justice,
2236# via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
2237# BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's goverment
2238# regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
2239# "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
2240# of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
2241# October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
2242
2243# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2244# Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
2245Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
2246 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
2247 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2248 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
2249 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
2250 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2251 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2252 2:00 - EET 1992
2253 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2254 2:00 EU EE%sT
2255# Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
2256Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
2257 1:00 - CET 1940
2258 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2259 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
2260 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
2261 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2262 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2263 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
2264 2:00 - EET 1992
2265 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2266 2:00 EU EE%sT
2267# Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
2268# Zaporozh'ye has an apostrophe, but Posix file names can't have apostrophes.
2269Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
2270 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T
2271 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2272 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
2273 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
2274 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
2275 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2276 2:00 EU EE%sT
2277# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2278Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2279 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2280 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2281 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
2282 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2283 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2284 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2285 2:00 - EET 1992
2286# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-11-12):
2287# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2288# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2289# Shanks says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened
2290# sometime between the 1994 DST switches. For now, guess it changed in May.
2291 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2292# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2293 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
2294 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2295# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2296# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2297 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2298 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2299 2:00 EU EE%sT
2300
2301###############################################################################
2302
2303# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
2304# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
2305# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
2306#
2307# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
2308# uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2309# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2310# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
2311# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2312# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2313
2314# ...
2315# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2316# From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann)
2317# Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp>
2318# ...
2319#
2320# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2321# most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2322# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2323# to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2324# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2325# years...
2326# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2327# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2328# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2329# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2330#
2331# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2332# Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2333#
2334# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2335# 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2336# UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho
2337
2338# ...
2339# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2340# From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter)
2341# ...
2342#
2343# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2344# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2345# about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2346#
2347# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2348# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2349# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2350# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
2351# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
2352# the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
2353# dates...
2354#
2355# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
2356# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
2357# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
2358# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2359# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2360# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2361# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2362# in advance of normal time.
2363#
2364# ...
2365# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2366# INTERNET : dik@cwi.nl
2367# BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax
2368
2369# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
2370# ...
2371# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2372# Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2373# ...
2374# Monaco: has same DST as France.
2375# ...