1# @(#)europe 7.40
2
3# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
4# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
5# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
6
7# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-09-03):
8# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
9# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (3rd edition),
10# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1991).
11# Except where otherwise noted, it is the source for the data below.
12#
13# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
14# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
15# I found in the UCLA library.
16#
17# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
18# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
19# Corrections are welcome!
20# std dst
21# LMT Local Mean Time
22# -4:00 AST Atlantic
23# -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
24# -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
25# 0:00 GMT BST Greenwich, British Summer
26# 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
27# 0:00 WET WEST Western Europe
28# 1:00 CET CEST Central Europe
29# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
30#
31# See the `africa' file for time zone naming and abbreviation conventions.
32#
33# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
34# is Derek Howse, Greenwich time and the discovery of the longitude,
35# Oxford University Press (1980).
36
37# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-04),
38# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
39# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
40# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
41# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
42# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
43# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
44# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
45# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
46# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
47# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
48# ...
49# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
50# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
51# ...
52# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
53# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
54# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
55# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
56# in the Directive.
57
58
59###############################################################################
60
61# United Kingdom
62# The UK and its colonies adopted the Gregorian calendar on 1752-09-14.
63
64# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-07-06):
65#
66# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
67# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
68# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
69# of the text said:
70#
71# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
72# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longditude
73# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
74# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
75# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
76# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
77# along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
78#
79# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
80# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longditude should
81# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
82#
83# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
84
85# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18):
86#
87# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
88# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
89# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
90# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828);
91# it was popularized in 1840 by Capt. Basil Hall, RN (1788-1844),
92# famed explorer and former Commissioner for Longitude.
93# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
94# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
95# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847 Sep 22 the
96# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
97# adopted at all stations; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists most major
98# railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
99# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the Great Clock
100# in Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
101# one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
102# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
103# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
104# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
105# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880 Aug 2.
106#
107# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
108# transition date for London, namely 1847 Sep 22. We don't know as much
109# about Dublin, so we use 1880 Aug 2, the legal transition time.
110
111# From Paul Eggert (1996-06-12):
112# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
113# a London builder who circulated a pamphlet ``Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
114# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
115# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
116# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
117# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
118# One-hour Summer Time was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
119
120# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
121# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
122# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
123# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
124# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
125
126# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
127#
128# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
129# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
130
131# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
132# From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john>
133# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
134# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
135# politics making a fortune, not computing.
136
137# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-09-03):
138#
139# Our Government...couldn't...make a decision after the 1989 consultation
140# exercise about the UK changing its timezone so it just let things drift
141# (different from deciding to keep the status quo). According to the
142# Summer Time Order 1992 (SI 1992/1729) the dates of Summer Time for 1993
143# and 1994 are:
144# Start End
145# 1993 28 March 24 October
146# 1994 27 March 23 October
147# All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT.
148#
149# There [was] an error in your tables for the start and end times prior to 1981.
150# The UK always used to change at 02:00 GMT. In 1981 it changed to 01:00 GMT
151# as a part of EC harmonisation and has remained at that time since.
152#
153# I have found the default algorithm for UK Summer Time, it is in the
154# Summer Time Act 1972. Section 1 states that in the absence of an Order
155# in Council Summer Time starts at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day
156# after the third Saturday in March, unless that day is Easter Day, in
157# which case it is the morning of the day after the second Saturday.
158# It ends at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day after the fourth Saturday
159# in October. (All the redundant `morning of the day ...' is in the Act.)
160# This is only of passing interest now as it will always be overridden by
161# an Order in Council (a Statutary Instrument, the SI thing mentioned above)
162# to specify the EC specified dates.
163
164# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-10-18):
165#
166# My contact in the Ministry of Defence Public Relations department
167# accepted the challenge of looking into this and produced the following,
168# from Hansard (the official record of the UK Parliament), Oral Answers,
169# 1 March 1945, cols 1559--60:
170#
171# `58. Major Sir Goronwy Owen asked the Secretary of State for the Home
172# Department if he is now able to state the Government's proposals
173# regarding double summer time.
174#
175# [two other similar questions omitted]
176#
177# Mr. H. Morrison: The Government, in reviewing the matter, have
178# considered, [...] the conclusion has been reached that the adoption of
179# double summer time from the beginning of April is essential to the
180# maintenance of the war effort. [...] As 1st April is Easter Sunday,
181# when very early services are held in many churches, it is proposed that
182# double summer time shall start not in the night preceding Easter
183# Sunday, but in the night of Sunday- Monday so that it will operate from
184# Monday, 2nd April.'
185
186# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-06-14):
187# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
188# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
189# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
190# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
191
192# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-09-03):
193#
194# > # Current rules
195# > Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 BST
196# > Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Oct Sun>=23 1:00s 0 GMT
197#
198# The ending rule here doesn't match the EC rules, which specify the fourth
199# Sunday in October for the UK and Eire. The `fourth Sunday' rule wasn't
200# followed in 1989, but then the sixth EC directive wasn't in force then
201# and I don't know what previous ones said. 1995 is the next year with
202# the 4th Sun on 22 Oct, but that year isn't covered by the UK Summer Time
203# Order or the sixth EC directive. Your Oct Sun>=23 rule matches history
204# and with things only announced for 2 years or so in advance who knows
205# what will happen.
206#
207# There are renewed rumours that the Government here will make another
208# attempt at resolving this issue, which is what prompted me to start
209# asking the Home Office and the EC about it again. The EC categorically
210# state they are not asking anybody to change timezone, they only want
211# common start/end dates. The UK Govt. seem to want to change our zone
212# and blame the resulting fuss on the EC. Me, I think we should scrap
213# summer time completely, noon is when the Sun is overhead, and that should
214# be the end of it.
215
216# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-10-22):
217#
218# I now have the text of the Summer Time Act 1916, the granddaddy of them all.
219# It is headed: `An Act to provide for the Time in Great Britain and Ireland
220# being in advance of Greenwich and Dublin mean time respectively in the
221# summer months'.
222#
223# It specifies 21 May and 1 October for 1916 (both at 02:00 GMT) and whatever
224# dates an Order in Council may specify for subsequent years.
225#
226# Section 4 states: `This act shall apply to Ireland in like manner as it
227# applies to Great Britain, with the substitution however of references
228# to Dublin mean time for references to Greenwich mean time.'
229#
230# Lorna, my learned legal friend who supplied it, also offers this quote
231# from Halsbury's Statutes on the extent of Acts:
232#
233# `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie
234# to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside.
235# [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since
236# 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland,
237# but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.'
238#
239# She goes on to say the seminal event of 1922 was the establishment of
240# the Irish Free State, now called Eire.
241#
242# The Act doesn't say anything about Wales (or Scotland) so I would assert
243# that Shanks is wrong here. I would like to know why he thinks Wales
244# was different.
245#
246# It also confirms the fact that Ireland followed Dublin time back then,
247# and 25 minutes behind Greenwich, as Shanks has it, would be correct.
248
249# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-10-28):
250#
251# I now have before me, thanks to my learned legal friend Lorna, the text of
252# the Time (Ireland) Act 1916.
253#
254# It says that as from 2 AM Dublin Mean Time on 1 October 1916 the time
255# for general purposes in Ireland shall be the same as the rest of Great
256# Britain (ie. GMT with the Summer Time periods specified by the Summer Time
257# Act 1916).... As Ireland was behind GMT/BST at 02:00 DMT on 1 Oct GB would
258# have already put the clocks back. Using DST as Dublin Summer Time the
259# sequence would have been:
260# Dublin London
261# 02:34 DST 02:59 BST
262# 02:35 DST 02:00 GMT
263# 02:59 DST 02:24 GMT
264# 02:25 GMT 02:25 GMT
265# with the transition 03:00 DST -> 02:00 DMT -> 02:25 GMT all at once.
266#
267# In a table of repeals in the Schedule to the Act it mentions the
268# Statutes (Definition of Time) Act 1880. This is presumably the source
269# of the 1880 date in Shanks. The little bit of it that is repealed
270# also refers solely to Ireland and Dublin Mean Time.
271
272# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-10-29):
273#
274# My case is that, with the sole exception of Ireland in 1916 using Dublin
275# Mean Time, Summer Time has been uniform throughout the United Kingdom
276# ever since it first started in 1916.
277#
278# The United Kingdom is England, Wales and Scotland plus all of Ireland from
279# 1916 up to and including 1921, or plus Northern Ireland from 1922 to date.
280#
281# The dates used are those specified in the table in Summer Time: A Consultation
282# Document (Cm 722, 1989) that are now included in the europe file, with a
283# change to a single date, the start in 1924. I made a typo in my 1989 mail
284# and the table itself is also wrong. The correct date is 13 April.
285# The times were 02:00 GMT up to and including 1980, 01:00 GMT from 1981 on,
286# except for wartime double summer time.
287#
288# As evidence I would cite:
289#
290# - The Summer Time Act, 1916.
291#
292# This specifically states that it applies to Ireland, specifies dates of
293# 21 May and 1 October and times of 02:00, and says that in Ireland the
294# times relate to Dublin mean time. It specifies an offset of 1 hour.
295#
296# - The Time (Ireland) Act, 1916
297#
298# This abolishes Dublin mean time on 02:00 DMT 1 October 1916.
299# It repeals that section of the Statutes (Definition of Time) Act, 1880
300# that specifies DMT. It is therefore a safe bet that DMT existed at least
301# from 1880 and was the only alternative standard time in the UK.
302#
303# - The Summer Time Act, 1922
304#
305# This specifies an offset of 1 hour and dates of the day after the third
306# Saturday in April, unless that be Easter, in which case it is the day after
307# the second Saturday, and the day after the third Saturday in September.
308# The time is 02:00 GMT. It applied in 1922 and 1923, and longer if Parliament
309# so approved.
310#
311# It specifically states that it applies to Northern Ireland, the Channel
312# Islands, and the Isle of Man.
313#
314# - The Summer Time Act, 1925
315#
316# This makes the 1922 Act permanent, with a change to the end date to the
317# day after the first Saturday in October. It says nothing about extent,
318# so that part of the 1922 Act will still apply.
319#
320# - The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939, SR&O 1939 No. 1379
321# [SR&O == Statutary Regulation and Order]
322#
323# These were made under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939.
324# It changes the end date to be the day after the third Saturday in November.
325# It makes consequential changes to some vehicle lighting legislation,
326# which includes the Motor Vehicles and Road Traffic (Northern Ireland) Act,
327# 1934, so it seems clear it applies in Northern Ireland.
328#
329# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
330# 1939, SR&O 1940 No. 1883
331#
332# This continues summer time throughout the year after it starts in 1940.
333# It says nothing about extent and has no consequential changes.
334#
335# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
336# 1939, SR&O 1941 No. 476
337#
338# This introduces double summer time, starting at 01:00 GMT on the day after
339# the first Saturday in May and ending at 01:00 GMT on the day after the
340# second Saturday in August, offset another hour from normal summer time,
341# which continues throughout the rest of the year. It goes on a lot about
342# consequential changes to agricultural wages legislation, and says in part
343# `... and in its application to Northern Ireland have effect as
344# if for the references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation) Acts, 1924 and
345# 1940, there were substituted references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation)
346# Acts (Northern Ireland), 1939 and 1940, ...'. It also has a similar section
347# for Scotland. Both sections substitute the local Agricultural Wages Board
348# for the Agricultural Wages Board for England and Wales, showing that
349# England and Wales were indivisible.
350#
351# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
352# 1939, SR&O 1942 No. 506
353#
354# This changes the start date of double summer time to the day after the first
355# Saturday in April. It says nothing about extent.
356#
357# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
358# 1939, SR&O 1944 No. 932
359#
360# This changed the end date of double summer time to 17 September 1944.
361# (I don't have the text of this, just a note of what it did, the text almost
362# certainly had the `day after the nth Saturday' form.)
363#
364# (I am missing whatever regulations there were to change things in 1945
365# and the Summer Time Act, 1947.)
366#
367# - The British Standard Time Act, 1968
368#
369# This came into force on 27 October 1968 and continued summer time throughout
370# the year as an experiment until it expired on 31 October 1971.
371# There was no double summer time so we didn't have to change the clocks at all.
372# It specifically said it applied to Northern Ireland. It also said it
373# applied to Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man unless they passed
374# measures saying it didn't.
375#
376# - The Manx Time Act, 1968
377#
378# This is an Act of Tynwald (the Isle of Man Parliament) that said that
379# henceforth Manx time would be the same as the time in Great Britain.
380#
381# - The Summer Time Act, 1972
382#
383# This specified a reversion to normal summer time behaviour with a start
384# date of the day after the third Saturday in March, unless that is Easter,
385# when it is the day after the second Saturday, and an end date of the day
386# after the fourth Saturday in October. Times are at 02:00 GMT, offset is
387# 1 hour.
388#
389# It has the same wording about extent as the British Standard Time Act, 1968,
390# applying to Northern Ireland unconditionally and to Jersey, Guernsey and the
391# Isle of Man if they don't do something about it.
392#
393# (I am missing various Summer Time Orders that modified the 1972 Act to
394# harmonise with the EC since 1981. The major change is that the time changes
395# to 01:00 GMT.)
396#
397# - The Summer Time Order, 1992, SI 1992/1729 [SI == Statutary Instrument]
398#
399# This specifies dates of:
400# Start End
401# 1993 28 March 24 October
402# 1994 27 March 23 October
403# All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT....
404#
405# - Some text on the extent of Acts, from Halsbury's Statutes
406#
407# `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie
408# to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside.
409# [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since
410# 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland,
411# but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.'
412#
413# So, many of these measures specifically include Northern Ireland,
414# the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. None of them exclude any
415# part of the UK. The default interpretation of Acts is that they apply
416# throughout the UK.
417#
418# With that, I rest my case Milud :-)
419#
420# Thanks are due to my learned legal friend Lorna Montgomerie, who dug out
421# the dusty old statutes, and to Melanie Allison of the Ministry of Defence,
422# who provided the wartime regulations and a snippet of Hansard explaining
423# why double summer time started on a Monday in 1945 (it was Easter).
424
425# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-05-29):
426# I have now got a copy of the British Standard Time Act 1968.
427# It says (S4(2)) that it expires at 02:00 GMT on 31 October 1971 unless
428# an Order in Council was passed in Parliament to make the Act permanent.
429# No Order was passed, so 02:00 1971-10-31 it is...
430#
431# Interestingly, it says baldly `This Act shall come into force on
432# 27 October 1968', without giving a time. As S1 of the Act merely
433# stated that `The time for general purposes in the United Kingdom
434# (to be known as British standard time) shall be one hour in
435# advance of Greenwich mean time throughout the year; ...' you could
436# possibly argue that the start time of BStandardT was 00:00 1968-10-27,
437# especially as the Act repealed the Summer Time Acts 1916--1947 in toto,
438# thereby destroying the authority of the Summer Time Order specifying
439# summer time in 1968....
440
441# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-11-18)
442#
443# Here is a revised version of my tabrules file for the perl script I sent
444# before. I have personally verified the various Orders back to 1953 and
445# all the Acts.
446#
447# There are no changes to the dates we already have.
448#
449# My doubt about an early start in 1967 on 18 Feb was misplaced, the Order
450# does say 18 Feb. This is an interesting case as the first Order gave a
451# different date of 7 April 1967 for the Isle of Man but this was changed
452# before it came into effect by another Order for the Isle of Man alone.
453#
454# I don't think I will be able to find any more of the earlier Orders.
455# The annual volumes for 1949--52 do not contain the various Summer Time
456# Orders. They therefore don't appear in the index. They rate a mention in
457# italics in the numerical list at the start but that is all.
458# I think what happens is that the annual volume is produced well after the
459# end of the year in question, by which time the Summer Time Order is spent.
460# They assume that nobody would ever be stupid enough to want to see it
461# again so they leave it out.
462#
463# It might be a good idea to put this table, or the output of tabscript
464# showing all the moves because of Easter, in the europe file comments in
465# place of my old transcription of the Green Paper table [the UK Government
466# paper "Summer Time: A Consultation Document" (HMSO Cm722 June 1989)].
467#
468# Peter Ilieve peter@memex.co.uk
469#
470#
471# ## control file for tabscript, a program to generate UK summer time dates
472# ## matching the table in Cm 722, the 1989 Green Paper.
473# ## Lines like this are comments.
474# ## Lines with a single # at the start are copied into the output
475# ## Control lines are of the form
476# ## <years> <start date> <end date> <flags> <double start> <double end>
477# ## <years> is either a single year or a hyphen separated range, with --
478# ## also accepted as I use this in TeX a lot.
479# ## <start date> and <end date> are a digit followed bu a month name.
480# ## It is either an nth Saturday or an explicit date, depending on <flags>.
481# ## 0 and/or none are used when there is no date, as during 1968--71.
482# ## <flags> can contain `fixed' to indicate explicit dates and `double'
483# ## to indicate double summer time dates are present.
484# ## At present double requires fixed as well.
485# ## <double start> and <double end> are like the start and end dates, with
486# ## the exception of the 0 and/or none feature.
487#
488# ## Blank lines are also ignored.
489#
490# ## Places where I am uncertain, not having personally verified the dates
491# ## against the Act or Order, are marked ???
492# ## These dates are taken from the Cm 722 table.
493#
494# # Summer Time Act, 1916
495# 1916 21 May 1 October fixed
496#
497# ## I haven't yet looked for Orders for 1916--22 and I doubt I will find them.
498# # unknown Order or Orders ???
499# 1917 8 apr 17 sep fixed
500# 1918 24 mar 30 sep fixed
501# 1919 30 mar 29 sep fixed
502# # end date extended in 1920 from 27 Sep because of coal strike (from Cm 722)
503# 1920 28 mar 25 oct fixed
504# 1921 3 apr 3 oct fixed
505#
506# # Summer Time Act, 1922
507# # came into force 22 July 1922, too late for 1922, so missing Order ???
508# 1922 26 mar 8 oct fixed
509# 1923-1924 3 April 3 September
510#
511# # Summer Time Act, 1925
512# 1925--1938 3 April 1 October
513#
514# # Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939
515# 1939 3 April 3 November
516# # 1940 amendment (SR&O 1940 Nos. 172 & 1883)
517# 1940 4 feb 0 none
518# # 1941 amendment (SR&O 1941 No. 476)
519# 1941 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 may 10 aug
520# # 1942 amendment (SR&O 1942 No. 506)
521# 1942 0 none 0 none fixed,double 5 apr 9 aug
522# 1943 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 apr 15 aug
523# # 1944 amendment (SR&O 1944 No. 932)
524# 1944 0 none 0 none fixed,double 2 apr 17 sep
525# # 1945 dates from Hansard, Oral Answers, 1 March 1945
526# 1945 0 none 7 oct fixed,double 2 apr 15 jul
527#
528# # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925
529# 1946 3 April 1 October
530#
531# # Summer Time Act, 1947
532# # Fixed dates for 1947 only, gives power to have double summer time
533# 1947 16 mar 2 nov fixed,double 13 apr 10 aug
534# ## I can't find any trace of the Order for 1948.
535# # Unknown Order ???
536# 1948 14 mar 31 oct fixed
537# ## I know the numbers for the 1949--52 ones but the text is missing from the
538# ## annual volumes. I also don't know if the 49 Order was for 49 or 50, etc.
539# # Summer Time Order, 1949 (SI1949/373) ???
540# 1949 3 apr 30 oct fixed
541# # Summer Time Order, 1950 (SI1950/518) ???
542# 1950 16 apr 22 oct fixed
543# # Summer Time Order, 1951 (SI1951/430) ???
544# 1951 15 apr 21 oct fixed
545# # Summer Time Order, 1952 (SI1952/451) ???
546# 1952 20 apr 26 oct fixed
547#
548# # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925
549# 1953--1960 3 April 1 October
550#
551# ## All Orders from here on specify fixed dates, not day after nth Sunday
552# ## Start pattern looks like Mar lastSun up to 1963, Mar Sun>=19 up to 1967.
553# ## End pattern looks like Oct Sun>=23 up to 1967.
554# # Summer Time Order, 1961 (SI1961/71)
555# 1961 26 March 29 October fixed
556# # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (SI1961/2465)
557# 1962 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
558# # Summer Time Order, 1963 (SI1963/81)
559# 1963 31 March 27 October fixed
560# # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (SI1963/2101)
561# 1964 22 March 25 October fixed
562# # Summer Time Order, 1964 (SI1964/1201)
563# 1965 21 Mar 24 Oct fixed
564# 1966 20 Mar 23 Oct fixed
565# 1967 19 Mar 29 Oct fixed
566# # Summer Time Order, 1967 (SI1967/1148)
567# # Specifies different start date of 7 April for Isle of Man
568# # Summer Time Order, 1968 (SI1968/117)
569# # Changes Isle of Man start date to 18 Feb to match rest of UK
570# # British Standard Time Act, 1968
571# 1968 18 feb 0 none fixed
572# 1969--1970 0 none 0 none
573# 1971 0 none 31 oct fixed
574#
575# # Summer Time Act, 1972
576# 1972-1980 3 March 4 October
577#
578# # The pattern here looks like Last Sun in Mar, day after 4th Sat in Oct
579# # First EC Directive ???
580# # Summer Time Order, 1980 (SI1980/1089)
581# 1981 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed
582# 1982 28 Mar 24 Oct fixed
583# # Second EC Directive ???
584# # Summer Time Order, 1982 (SI1982/1673)
585# 1983 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed
586# 1984 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
587# 1985 31 Mar 27 Oct fixed
588# # Third EC Directive ???
589# # Summer Time Order, 1986 (SI1986/223)
590# 1986 30 Mar 26 Oct fixed
591# 1987 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed
592# 1988 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed
593# # Fourth EC Directive ???
594# # Summer Time Order, 1988 (SI1988/931)
595# 1989 26 Mar 29 Oct fixed
596# # Fifth EC Directive ???
597# # Summer Time Order, 1989 (SI1989/985)
598# 1990 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
599# 1991 31 Mar 27 Oct fixed
600# 1992 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed
601# # Sixth EC Directive
602# # Summer Time Order, 1992 (SI1992/1729)
603# 1993 28 Mar 24 Oct fixed
604# 1994 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed
605
606# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-08-18):
607# I now have the text of the 7th EC directive on summer time arrangements
608# (94/21/EC), which was approved on 30 May....
609# The major changes from existing practice are that 1995 will be the last year
610# that the UK and Eire finish on a different date from everyone else,
611# and the common end date from 1996 onwards will be the last Sunday in October.
612# Year Start End End (UK & Eire, 1995 only)
613# (rule) (last Sun) (last Sun) (4th Sun)
614# 1995 26 March 24 September 22 October
615# 1996 31 March 27 October
616# 1997 30 March 26 October
617#
618# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-01):
619# The final piece of the legislative jigsaw for summer time in the UK for
620# 1995-97 is now in place. The Summer Time Order 1994 (SI 1994/2798)
621# came into force on 16 November. It restates the dates from the EC
622# seventh Summer Time Directive....
623#
624# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-04-20):
625# Proposals for the eighth directive were supposed to have been produced
626# by the Commission by 1 Jan 96. They have not yet appeared (I asked just
627# before Easter).
628
629# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-03-28):
630# The [GB-Eire] end date of 22 October [1995] conflicts with your current rule
631# of Oct Sun>=23, and the historical UK formula of Sun after 4th Sat.
632# The last time 4th Sun and Sun after 4th Sat differed was in 1989,
633# when 29 October was used. That year was covered by a UK Summer Time Order
634# for only a single year and it looks as though there was a matching 4th EC
635# directive for just this year. I don't have the text of the 5th EC
636# directive (for 1990--92) but my guess would be it said 4th Sun.
637# To maintain strict historical accuracy you could start a new UK ending rule
638# of Oct Sun>=22 in 1990.
639
640# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-06-12):
641#
642# As Ilieve remarks, the date `20 April 1924' in the table of ``Summer Time: A
643# Consultation Document'' (Cm 722, 1989) table is a transcription error;
644# 20 April was an Easter Sunday. Shanks has 13 April, the correct date.
645# Also, the table is not quite right for 1925 through 1938; the correct rules
646# (which Shanks uses) are given in the Summer Time Acts of 1922 and 1925.
647# Shanks and the UK Government paper disagree about the Apr 1956 transition;
648# since we have no other data, and since Shanks was correct in the other
649# points of disagreement about London, we'll believe Shanks for now.
650# Also, for lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948.
651#
652# Given Peter Ilieve's comments, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect:
653# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight savings time until
654# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
655# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
656# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
657# It actually just had one transition.
658# * Northern Ireland used single daylight savings time throughout WW II.
659# Actually, it conformed to Britain.
660# * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
661# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
662# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
663#
664# The following claims by Shanks are possible though doubtful;
665# we'll ignore them for now.
666# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
667# to daylight savings time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
668# conform with Great Britain.
669# * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
670#
671#
672# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.
673
674# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
675# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
676# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
677# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
678# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
679# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
680# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
681
682# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
683# 1916 to 1925--irregular
684Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
685Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
686Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
687Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
688Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
689Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
690Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
691Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
692Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
693Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
694Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
695Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
696Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
697Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
698Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
699Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
700Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 BST
701# 1925 to 1939 start--regular, except for avoiding Easter
702Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
703Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
704Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST
705Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
706Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 BST
707Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
708Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 BST
709Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
710Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
711Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
712Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST
713Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
714# 1939 end to 1947--irregular, and with double summer time
715Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 GMT
716Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 BST
717Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
718Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
719Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
720Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
721# Double daylight starts on a Monday in 1945--see above.
722Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr 2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
723Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul 15 1:00s 1:00 BST
724Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 GMT
725Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
726Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 GMT
727Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
728Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
729Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
730Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
731# So much for double saving time. 1948 and 1949, irregular.
732Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
733Rule GB-Eire 1948 1949 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 GMT
734Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
735# 1950 through start of 1953, regular.
736Rule GB-Eire 1950 1953 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
737Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
738# 1954 to 1980, starting rules
739Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 BST
740Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
741Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
742Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
743Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST
744Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
745Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
746Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
747Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
748# 1953 to 1980, ending rules
749Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 GMT
750Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
751Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
752# 1981 on
753Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
754Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
755Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
756# See EU for rules starting in 1996.
757
758# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
759Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Sep 22
760 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
761 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
762 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
763 0:00 EU GMT/BST
764Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
765 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
766 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 3:00 # Irish Summer Time
767 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
768 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
769 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
770 0:00 EU GMT/BST
771Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:21 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
772 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
773 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 3:00
774 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
775 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
776 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
777 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
778 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
779 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
780 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
781 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
782 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
783 0:00 EU GMT/IST
784
785###############################################################################
786
787# Continental Europe
788
789# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
790# Common Market, etc.
791
792# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
793Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
794Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
795Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
796Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
797Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
798Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
799
800# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
801Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
802Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
803Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
804Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
805Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
806Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
807
808# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
809# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
810Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
811Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
812Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
813Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
814Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
815# Whitman says 1941 DST was only from Feb 25 to Oct 5; go with Shanks.
816Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
817Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
818Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
819Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
820# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
821Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
822Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
823Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
824Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
825Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
826Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
827Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
828
829# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
830Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
831Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
832Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
833Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 MST
834Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
835Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
836Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
837Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
838# Shanks gives 1921 Mar 21 for the following transition.
839# From Andrew A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (1993-11-12):
840# My sources says, that it is Mar 20, not 21.
841Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 DS
842Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
843Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
844Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
845Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
846Rule Russia 1984 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
847Rule Russia 1985 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
848
849# These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
850
851# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
852Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
853Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
854Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
855Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
856
857# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
858# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
859
860# From Markus Kuhn <mskuhn@unrza3.dialin.rrze.uni-erlangen.de> (1996-07-12):
861# The official German names ... are
862#
863# Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
864# Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
865#
866# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
867# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
868# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
869#
870# Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
871# Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
872# Postfach 3345
873# D-38023 Braunschweig
874# phone: +49 531 592-0
875#
876# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
877# department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
878# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
879#
880# Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
881# Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
882
883
884# Albania
885# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
886Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
887Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
888Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
889Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
890Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
891Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
892Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
893Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
894Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
895Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
896Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
897Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
898Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
899Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
900Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
901Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
902Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
903Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
904Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
905Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
906Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
907Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
908Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
909Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
910Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
911Rule Albania 1984 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
912# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
913Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
914 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
915 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1985 Mar 31 1:00
916 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT
917
918# Andorra
919# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
920Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
921 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
922 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
923 1:00 EU CE%sT
924
925# Austria
926# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
927Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
928Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
929Rule Austria 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
930Rule Austria 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
931Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
932Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
933Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
934Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
935# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
936Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
937 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Jun 16 3:00
938 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00
939 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
940 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
941 1:00 EU CE%sT
942
943# Belarus
944# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
945Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
946 2:30:20 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
947 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1922 Oct # Moscow Time
948 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
949 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
950 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
951 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT
952
953# Belgium
954# Whitman and Shanks disagree; go with Shanks, usually.
955# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
956# From Whitman:
957Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
958Rule Belgium 1919 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
959# Shanks gives 1920 Feb 14 23:00s; go with Whitman.
960Rule Belgium 1920 1921 - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
961Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
962Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
963Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
964# Whitman gives 1927 Oct 1 2:00s and 1928 Oct 7 2:00s; go with Shanks.
965Rule Belgium 1922 1928 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
966Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
967Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
968Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
969Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
970Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
971Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
972Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
973Rule Belgium 1929 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
974Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
975Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
976Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
977Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
978Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
979Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
980Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
981# Whitman says 1937 Apr 18 2:00s; go with Shanks.
982Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
983# Whitman says 1938 Apr 10 2:00s; go with Shanks.
984Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
985Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
986Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
987Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
988Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
989Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
990Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
991# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
992Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:20 - LMT 1880
993 0:17:20 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
994 0:00 - WET 1914 Aug 4
995 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Mar 1 23:00
996 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 Feb 24 23:00
997 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
998 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
999 1:00 EU CE%sT
1000
1001# Bosnia and Herzegovina
1002# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1003Zone Europe/Sarajevo 1:13:40 - LMT 1884
1004 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1005 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
1006 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1007 1:00 - CET 1983
1008 1:00 EU CE%sT
1009
1010# Bulgaria
1011# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1012Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
1013Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1014Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 S
1015Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
1016Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
1017# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1018Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
1019 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
1020 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
1021 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 3:00
1022 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
1023 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
1024 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT
1025
1026# Croatia
1027# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1028Zone Europe/Zagreb 1:03:52 - LMT 1884
1029 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1030 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
1031 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1032 1:00 - CET 1983
1033 1:00 EU CE%sT
1034
1035# Czech Republic
1036# Gregorian calendar adopted 1584-01-17.
1037# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1038Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
1039Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1040Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
1041Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1042Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
1043Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1044Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
1045# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1046Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
1047 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
1048 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
1049 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
1050 1:00 EU CE%sT
1051
1052# Denmark
1053# Gregorian calendar adopted 1700-03-01.
1054# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1055Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1056Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
1057Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
1058Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1059Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
1060Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
1061Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
1062Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1063Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
1064Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
1065Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
1066# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways
1067# about many of the above dates; go with Shanks.
1068#
1069# For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman.
1070# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1071Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
1072 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time
1073 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1074 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1075 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
1076 1:00 EU CE%sT
1077Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
1078 0:00 - WET 1981
1079 0:00 EU WE%sT
1080Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1081 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1082 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
1083 -1:00 C-Eur EG%sT
1084Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1085 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1086 -3:00 C-Eur WG%sT
1087Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1088 -4:00 - AST
1089
1090# Estonia
1091# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15):
1092# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1093# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1094# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1095# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1096Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1097 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1098 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1099 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1100 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1101 3:00 - MOST 1941 Sep 15 # Moscow Time
1102 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1103 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1104 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1105 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT
1106
1107# Finland
1108# See Sweden for when the Gregorian calendar was adopted.
1109#
1110# From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC):
1111# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1112# and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1113#
1114# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994):
1115# Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981.
1116# Go with Strang instead.
1117#
1118# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1119Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
1120Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1121# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1122Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
1123 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1124 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00
1125 2:00 EU EE%sT
1126
1127# France
1128# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-12-20.
1129# French Revolutionary calendar used 1792-09-22 - 1805-12-31.
1130#
1131# Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
1132# From Shanks (1991):
1133# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1134Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1135Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1136Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1137Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1138Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1139Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1140Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1141Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1142Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1143Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1144Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1145Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1146Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1147Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1148Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1149Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1150Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1151Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1152Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1153Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1154Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1155Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1156Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1157Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1158Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1159Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1160Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1161Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1162Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1163Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1164# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris,
1165# but were used in other places (e.g. Monaco).
1166Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 DS
1167Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 1:00 1:00 S
1168Rule France 1942 only - Mar 8 0:00 2:00 DS
1169Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1170Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 DS
1171Rule France 1943 only - Nov 4 3:00 1:00 S
1172Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 DS
1173Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1174Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 DS
1175Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1176Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 S
1177Rule France 1976 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1178# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05,
1179# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1180# Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1181# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1182# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1183Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1184 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1185 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14
1186 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1187 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1188 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1189 1:00 EU CE%sT
1190
1191# Germany
1192
1193# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1194Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1195Rule Germany 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 DS
1196Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1197Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1198Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1199# Whitman gives 1948 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1200Rule Germany 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1201Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
1202Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 DS
1203Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1204Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1205Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1206# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1207Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1208 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1209 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1210 1:00 EU CE%sT
1211
1212# Gibraltar
1213# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1214Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
1215 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1216 1:00 - CET 1982
1217 1:00 EU CE%sT
1218
1219# Greece
1220# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1221# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks.
1222Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1223Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1224# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks.
1225Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1226# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks.
1227Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1228Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1229Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1230# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1231Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1232Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1233Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1234Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1235Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1236Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1237Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1238Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1239Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1240Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1241Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1242Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1243Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1244# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1245Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1246 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1247 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1248 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1249 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1250 # Shanks says they switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1251 # go with EU intead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1252 2:00 EU EE%sT
1253
1254# Hungary
1255# Gregorian calendar adopted 1587-11-01.
1256# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1257Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1258Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1259Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1260Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1261Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
1262Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1263Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1264Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1265Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1266Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1267Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1268Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1269Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1270Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1271Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1272Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1273Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1274Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1275Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1276Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1277# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1278Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1279 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1280 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1281 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00
1282 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1283 1:00 EU CE%sT
1284
1285# Iceland
1286#
1287# From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (1993-11-06):
1288# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1289#
1290# (1993-12-05):
1291# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1292# Iceland Almanak.
1293#
1294# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1295# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1296# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1297# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1298#
1299# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1300# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1301# time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1302# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1303#
1304# (1993-12-10):
1305# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1306# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1307# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1308# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1309# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1310# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1311# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1312# might mean something else (???).
1313#
1314# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-12-09):
1315# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
1316# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
1317# Reykavik was -1:28 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1318#
1319# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1320Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1321Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1322Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1323Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1324Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1325Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1326Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1327Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1328Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1329Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1330Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1331# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1332Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1333Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1334# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1335Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1336# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1337Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1338Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1339Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1340# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1341Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1342 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1343 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1344 0:00 - GMT
1345
1346# Italy
1347# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15.
1348#
1349# From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06):
1350# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri
1351# <URL:http://pisolo.cstv.to.cnr.it/toi/uk/ienitlt.html> (1996-03-14) (`FP'
1352# below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute publication.
1353# When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1354#
1355# year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1356# 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1357# 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1358# 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1359# 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1360# 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1361# 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1362# 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1363# 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1364# 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1365# 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1366# 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1367# 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1368# 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1369# 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1370# 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1371#
1372# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1373Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1374Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1375Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1376Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1377Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1378Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1379Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1380Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1381Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1382Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1383Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1384Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1385Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1386Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1387Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1388Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1389Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1390Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1391Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1392Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1393Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1394Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1395Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1396Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1397Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1398Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1399Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1400Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1401Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1402Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1403Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1404Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1405Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1406Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1407Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1408Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1409# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1410Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1411 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time
1412 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1413 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1414 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1415 1:00 EU CE%sT
1416
1417Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1418Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1419
1420# Latvia
1421# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1422Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1423 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1424 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1425 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1426 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1427 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1428 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1429 3:00 - MOST 1941 Jul # Moscow Time
1430 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 8
1431 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1432 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1433 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT
1434
1435# Liechtenstein
1436# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1437Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1438 1:00 - CET 1981
1439 1:00 EU CE%sT
1440
1441# Lithuania
1442# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1443Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1444 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1445 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1446 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1447 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1448 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1449 3:00 - MOST 1941 Jun 24 # Moscow Time
1450 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1451 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1452 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1453 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT
1454
1455# Luxembourg
1456# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks.
1457# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1458Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1459Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1460Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1461Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1462Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1463Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1464Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1465Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1466Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1467Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1468Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1469Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1470Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1471Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1472Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1473Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1474Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1475Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1476Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1477Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1478Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1479Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1480Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1481# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1482Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1483 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1484 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1485 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1486 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1487 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1488 1:00 EU CE%sT
1489
1490# Macedonia
1491# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1492Zone Europe/Skopje 1:25:44 - LMT 1884
1493 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1494 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
1495 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1496 1:00 - CET 1983
1497 1:00 EU CE%sT
1498
1499# Malta
1500# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1501Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1502Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1503Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1504Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1505Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1506Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1507Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1508# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1509Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta
1510 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1511 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1512 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1513 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1514 1:00 EU CE%sT
1515
1516# Moldova
1517# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1518Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1924 May 2
1519 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1520 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Moscow Time
1521 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1522 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT
1523
1524# Monaco
1525# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21.
1526# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1527Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1528 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1529 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1530 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1531 1:00 EU CE%sT
1532
1533# Netherlands
1534# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1535# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1536# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1537# Shanks gives 1916 May 1 0:00 and 1916 Oct 1 0:00; go with Whitman.
1538Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1539Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1540Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1541Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1542# Whitman gives 1918 Apr 14, 1918 Oct 31, and 1921 Sep 28; go with Shanks.
1543Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1544Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep Mon>=24 2:00s 0 AMT
1545Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 NST
1546# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1547Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1548Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun 1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1549Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 NST
1550# Whitman gives 1925 Apr 5; go with Shanks.
1551Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun 5 2:00s 1:00 NST
1552# For 1926 through 1930 Whitman gives Apr 15; go with Shanks.
1553Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1554Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1555Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1556Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1557Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1558Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1559# Whitman gives 1939 Apr 15 and 1940 Apr 19; go with Shanks.
1560Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1561Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1562Rule Neth 1945 only - May 20 2:00s 0 -
1563# Before 1937, Shanks says just `0:20'; we use Whitman's more precise figure.
1564# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1565Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:28 - LMT 1892 May
1566 0:19:28 Neth %s 1937 Jul
1567 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:40
1568 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1569 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1570 1:00 EU CE%sT
1571
1572# Norway
1573# Gregorian calendar adopted 1700-03-01.
1574# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1575# Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks.
1576Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1577Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1578# Shanks omits the following transition; go with Whitman.
1579Rule Norway 1935 only - Aug 11 0:00 1:00 S
1580# Whitman says DST observed until 1942 Nov 1, then 1943 Mar 29 - Oct 4,
1581# 1944 Apr 3 - Oct 2, and 1945 Apr 1 - Oct 1; go with Shanks after 1940.
1582Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1583Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1584Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1585Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1586Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1587# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1588Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895
1589 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1590 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1591 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1592 1:00 EU CE%sT
1593#
1594# Svalbard
1595Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1596#
1597# Jan Mayen
1598# From Whitman:
1599# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1600Zone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen -1:00 - EGT
1601
1602# Poland
1603# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1604Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1605Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1606# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks.
1607Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1608# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks.
1609Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1610Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1611Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 S
1612Rule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 -
1613Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
1614Rule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1615Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
1616# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1617Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1618Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1619Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1620Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1621Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1622Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1623Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 S
1624Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1625# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1626Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1627 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1628 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1629 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1630 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1631 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1632 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977 Apr 3 1:00
1633 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT
1634
1635# Portugal
1636# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15.
1637# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1638Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1639# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1640Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1641Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1642Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1643Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1644Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1645Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1646Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1647Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1648Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1649Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1650Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1651Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1652Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1653Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1654Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1655# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks.
1656Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1657Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1658# Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman.
1659Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1660# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks.
1661Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1662# Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1663Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1664Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1665# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks.
1666Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1667Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1668Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1669# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
1670Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1671Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1672# Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1673Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
1674Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1675Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
1676Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 DS
1677Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
1678Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
1679Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 DS
1680Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
1681Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 DS
1682Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
1683Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1684Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1685Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1686# Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
1687# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks.
1688Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1689Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1690Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
1691Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
1692Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
1693Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1694Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1695Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1696Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1697Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1698# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1699Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
1700 -0:36:32 - LMT 1911 May 24 # Lisbon Mean Time
1701 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1702 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
1703 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1704# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (1992-11-12):
1705# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1706# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1707 0:00 EU WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1708# Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1709# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1710# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1711 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
1712 0:00 EU WE%sT
1713# We don't know what happened to Madeira or the Azores,
1714# so we'll just use Shanks for now.
1715# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1716Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
1717 -1:55 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
1718 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
1719 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1720 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT
1721Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
1722 -1:08 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
1723 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
1724 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1725 0:00 EU WE%sT
1726
1727# Romania
1728# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1729Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1730Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1731Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
1732Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
1733Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1734Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1735Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1736# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1737Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
1738 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1739 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1740 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT
1741
1742# Russia
1743# From Shanks (1991):
1744# In 1929 the Soviet Union instituted a 5 day week; in 1932 it instituted
1745# a 6 day week; on 1940-06-27 it returned to the Gregorian week.
1746#
1747# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-09-03):
1748# Moscow rules after 1991 are from Andrew A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su>.
1749# I invented the time zone names, and (unless otherwise specified)
1750# guessed what happened after 1991; the clocks were chaotic, and we know little.
1751# The rest is from Shanks.
1752#
1753# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1754Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
1755 2:30:20 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1756 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1922 Oct # Moscow TIme
1757 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1758 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1759 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1760 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1761 3:00 Russia MOS%sT
1762Zone Europe/Kuybyshev 3:20:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
1763 3:00 - KUYT 1957 Mar # Kuybyshev Time
1764 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1765 3:00 1:00 KUYST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1766 3:00 - KUYT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1767 4:00 Russia KUY%sT
1768Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:34 - LMT 1924 May 2
1769 4:00 - SVET 1957 Mar # Sverdlovsk Time
1770 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1771 4:00 1:00 SVEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1772 4:00 - SVET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1773 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time
1774Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
1775 5:00 - OMST 1957 Mar # Omsk Time
1776 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1777 5:00 1:00 OMSST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1778 5:00 - OMST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1779 6:00 Russia OMS%sT
1780# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (1994-06-29):
1781# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
1782# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
1783# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
1784# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
1785Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
1786 6:00 - NOVT 1957 Mar # Novosibirsk TIme
1787 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1788 6:00 1:00 NOVST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1789 6:00 - NOVT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1790 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1994 Mar 27 2:00s
1791 6:00 1:00 NOVST 1994 Sep 25 2:00s
1792 6:00 Russia NOV%sT
1793Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1924 May 2
1794 6:00 - KRAT 1957 Mar # Krasnoyarsk Time
1795 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1796 6:00 1:00 KRAST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1797 6:00 - KRAT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1798 7:00 Russia KRA%sT
1799Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
1800 6:57:20 - IMT 1924 May 2 # Irkutsk Mean Time
1801 7:00 - IRKT 1957 Mar # Irkutsk Time
1802 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1803 7:00 1:00 IRKST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1804 7:00 - IRKT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1805 8:00 Russia IRK%sT
1806Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
1807 8:00 - YAKT 1957 Mar # Yakutsk Time
1808 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1809 8:00 1:00 YAKST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1810 8:00 - YAKT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1811 9:00 Russia YAK%sT
1812Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1880
1813 8:47:44 - VMT 1924 May 2 # Vladivostok MT
1814 9:00 - VLAT 1957 Mar # Vladivostok Time
1815 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1816 9:00 1:00 VLAST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1817 9:00 - VLAT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1818 10:00 Russia VLA%sT
1819Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
1820 10:00 - MAGT 1957 Mar # Magadan Time
1821 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1822 10:00 1:00 MAGST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1823 10:00 - MAGT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1824 11:00 Russia MAG%sT
1825# This name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
1826Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
1827 11:00 - PETT 1957 Mar # P-K Time
1828 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1829 11:00 1:00 PETST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1830 11:00 - PETT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1831 12:00 Russia PET%sT
1832Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
1833 12:00 - ANAT 1957 Mar # Anadyr Time
1834 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1835 12:00 1:00 ANAST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1836 12:00 - ANAT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1837 13:00 Russia ANA%sT
1838
1839# Slovakia
1840Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
1841
1842# Slovenia
1843# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1844Zone Europe/Ljubljana 0:58:04 - LMT 1884
1845 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1846 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
1847 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1848 1:00 - CET 1983
1849 1:00 EU CE%sT
1850
1851# Spain
1852# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15.
1853# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1854# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks.
1855Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1856Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
1857Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1858Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1859# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks.
1860Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1861# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks.
1862Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
1863Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1864# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks.
1865Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1866Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1867Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1868Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1869# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks.
1870Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
1871Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1872Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
1873Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1874Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1875# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks.
1876Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 DS
1877Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
1878Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 DS
1879Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
1880Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
1881Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
1882Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1883Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
1884Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
1885Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
1886Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
1887Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
1888Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1889Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
1890Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1891# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
1892Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
1893Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1894Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
1895Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1896Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
1897Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
1898Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1899Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1900Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
1901# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1902Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901
1903 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
1904 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
1905 1:00 EU CE%sT
1906Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
1907 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
1908 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
1909 0:00 - WET 1924
1910 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
1911 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
1912 1:00 - CET 1986
1913 1:00 EU CE%sT
1914Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
1915 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
1916 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
1917 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
1918 0:00 EU WE%sT
1919
1920# Sweden
1921
1922# From: msb@sq.com (Mark Brader) <URL:news:1996Jul6.012937.29190@sq.com>:
1923#
1924# In 1700, Denmark made the transition from Julian to Gregorian. Sweden
1925# decided to *start* a transition in 1700 as well, but rather than have one of
1926# those unsightly calendar gaps :-), they simply decreed that the next leap
1927# year after 1696 would be in 1744 -- putting the whole country on a calendar
1928# different from both Julian and Gregorian for a period of 40 years.
1929#
1930# However, in 1704 something went wrong and the plan was not carried through;
1931# they did, after all, have a leap year that year. And one in 1708. In 1712
1932# they gave it up and went back to Julian, putting 30 days in February that
1933# year!...
1934#
1935# Then in 1753, Sweden made the transition to Gregorian in the usual manner,
1936# getting there only 13 years behind the original schedule.
1937#
1938# (A previous posting of this story was challenged, and Swedish readers
1939# produced the following references to support it: "Tiderakning och historia"
1940# by Natanael Beckman (1924) and "Tid, en bok om tiderakning och
1941# kalendervasen" by Lars-Olof Lode'n (no date was given).)
1942
1943# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1944Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1878 May 31
1945 1:12:12 - SMT 1900 Jan 1 1:00 # Stockholm MT
1946 1:00 - CET 1916 Apr 14 23:00s
1947 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Sep 30 23:00s
1948 1:00 - CET 1980
1949 1:00 EU CE%sT
1950
1951# Switzerland
1952# From Howse (1988), p 82:
1953# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
1954# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
1955# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
1956# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1957# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
1958Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
1959Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
1960# From Shanks (1991):
1961Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
1962Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1963# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1964Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
1965 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
1966 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
1967 1:00 EU CE%sT
1968
1969# Turkey
1970# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1971Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
1972Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1973Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
1974Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
1975Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
1976Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1977Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
1978Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
1979# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks.
1980Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
1981Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1982Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
1983# Shanks omits the first two transitions in 1940; go with Whitman.
1984Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
1985Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
1986Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
1987Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1988Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1989# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1990Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1991Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
1992Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
1993Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1994Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1995Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
1996Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
1997Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
1998Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
1999Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
2000Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2001Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
2002Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2003Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
2004Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2005Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
2006Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2007Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
2008Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
2009Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
2010Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
2011Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
2012Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2013Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2014Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2015Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2016Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
2017Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
2018Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
2019Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
2020Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
2021Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
2022Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2023# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2024Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
2025 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
2026 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
2027 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
2028 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1986
2029 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT
2030Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
2031
2032# Ukraine
2033# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2034Rule Ukraine 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 UST # Ukrainian Summer Time
2035Rule Ukraine 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 KMT # Kiev Mean TIme
2036Rule Ukraine 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 UDST # Ukrainian Double Summer Time
2037Rule Ukraine 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 UST
2038Rule Ukraine 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 UDST
2039Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 UST
2040Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 KMT
2041Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 UST
2042Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 UDST
2043Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 UST
2044Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 KMT
2045Rule Crimea 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 CST # Crimean Summer Time
2046Rule Crimea 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 NMT # Nikolayev Mean Time
2047Rule Crimea 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 CDST # Crimean Double Summer Time
2048Rule Crimea 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 CST
2049Rule Crimea 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 CDST
2050Rule Crimea 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 CST
2051Rule Crimea 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 NMT
2052Rule Crimea 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 CST
2053Rule Crimea 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 CDST
2054Rule Crimea 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 CST
2055Rule Crimea 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 NMT
2056# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2057Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
2058 2:02:04 Ukraine %s 1924 May 2
2059 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2060 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1990 Jul 17 # Moscow Time
2061 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT
2062Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2063 2:08:00 Crimea %s 1924 May 2
2064 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2065 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2066 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2067# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1994-05-28):
2068# Today's _Economist_ (p 45) reports that Crimea switched
2069# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January elections.
2070# For now, we'll guess that there was a 2-hour leap forward on March 27.
2071 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1994 Mar 27 2:00s
2072 3:00 Russia MOS%sT
2073
2074# Yugoslavia
2075# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2076Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2077 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2078 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
2079 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2080 1:00 - CET 1983
2081 1:00 EU CE%sT
2082
2083###############################################################################
2084
2085# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
2086# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
2087# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
2088#
2089# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
2090# uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2091# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2092# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
2093# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2094# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2095
2096# ...
2097# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2098# From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann)
2099# Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp>
2100# ...
2101#
2102# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2103# most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2104# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2105# to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2106# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2107# years...
2108# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2109# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2110# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2111# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2112#
2113# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2114# Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2115#
2116# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2117# 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2118# UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho
2119
2120# ...
2121# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2122# From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter)
2123# ...
2124#
2125# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2126# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2127# about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2128#
2129# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2130# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2131# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2132# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
2133# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
2134# the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
2135# dates...
2136#
2137# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
2138# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
2139# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
2140# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2141# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2142# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2143# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2144# in advance of normal time.
2145#
2146# ...
2147# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2148# INTERNET : dik@cwi.nl
2149# BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax
2150
2151# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
2152# ...
2153# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2154# Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2155# ...
2156# Monaco: has same DST as France.
2157# ...
2158
2159# ...
2160# Date: Fri, 3 Sep 93 13:43:41 BST
2161# From: Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk>
2162# ...
2163# Turning to Europe, I now have a copy of the `Sixth Council Directive 92/20/EEC
2164# of 26 March 1992 on summertime arrangements'. This only covers 1993 and
2165# 1994, a seventh one is in the works but I doubt that the algorithm will
2166# change. This says summertime starts at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in March
2167# and ends at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in September, except for the UK
2168# and Eire where it ends at 01:00 GMT on the fourth Sunday in October.
2169# It says the arrangements for 1995 onwards will be decided by 1 January 1994,
2170# but as the sixth directive was supposed to appear by 1 Jan 92 and didn't
2171# arrive til March I wouldn't hold your breath.
2172#
2173# The first summertime directive was adopted in 1980, although the UK didn't
2174# seem to use it until 1981. I suspect it would be safe to move your start
2175# dates for the -Eur rules back to 1981.