446Zone Pacific/Apia 12:33:04 - LMT 1879 Jul 5 447 -11:26:56 - LMT 1911 448 -11:30 - SAMT 1950 # Samoa Time 449 -11:00 - WST # Samoa Time 450 451# Solomon Is 452# excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea 453# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 454Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Honiara 455 11:00 - SBT # Solomon Is Time 456 457# Tokelau Is 458# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 459Zone Pacific/Fakaofo -11:24:56 - LMT 1901 460 -10:00 - TKT # Tokelau Time 461 462# Tonga 463# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 464Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 S 465Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 - 466Rule Tonga 2000 2001 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S 467Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 - 468# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 469Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:20 - LMT 1901 470 12:20 - TOT 1941 # Tonga Time 471 13:00 - TOT 1999 472 13:00 Tonga TO%sT 473 474# Tuvalu 475# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 476Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901 477 12:00 - TVT # Tuvalu Time 478 479 480# US minor outlying islands 481 482# Howland, Baker 483# Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British 484# 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known. 485# Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944; 486# uninhabited thereafter. 487# Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UTC-10:30) in 1937; 488# see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long, 489# Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000). 490# So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935 491# until they were abandoned after the war. 492 493# Jarvis 494# Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?. 495# Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958; 496# uninhabited thereafter. 497# no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati 498 499# Johnston 500# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 501Zone Pacific/Johnston -10:00 - HST 502 503# Kingman 504# uninhabited 505 506# Midway 507# 508# From Mark Brader (2005-01-23): 509# [Fallacies and Fantasies of Air Transport History, by R.E.G. Davies, 510# published 1994 by Paladwr Press, McLean, VA, USA; ISBN 0-9626483-5-3] 511# reproduced a Pan American Airways timeables from 1936, for their weekly 512# "Orient Express" flights between San Francisco and Manila, and connecting 513# flights to Chicago and the US East Coast. As it uses some time zone 514# designations that I've never seen before:.... 515# Fri. 6:30A Lv. HONOLOLU (Pearl Harbor), H.I. H.L.T. Ar. 5:30P Sun. 516# " 3:00P Ar. MIDWAY ISLAND . . . . . . . . . M.L.T. Lv. 6:00A " 517# 518Zone Pacific/Midway -11:49:28 - LMT 1901 519 -11:00 - NST 1956 Jun 3 520 -11:00 1:00 NDT 1956 Sep 2 521 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome 522 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering 523 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa 524 525# Palmyra 526# uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati 527 528# Wake 529# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 530Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901 531 12:00 - WAKT # Wake Time 532 533 534# Vanuatu 535# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 536Rule Vanuatu 1983 only - Sep 25 0:00 1:00 S 537Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sun>=23 0:00 0 - 538Rule Vanuatu 1984 only - Oct 23 0:00 1:00 S 539Rule Vanuatu 1985 1991 - Sep Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S 540Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sun>=23 0:00 0 - 541Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S 542# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 543Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila 544 11:00 Vanuatu VU%sT # Vanuatu Time 545 546# Wallis and Futuna 547# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 548Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901 549 12:00 - WFT # Wallis & Futuna Time 550 551############################################################################### 552 553# NOTES 554 555# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better, 556# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to 557# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future). 558 559# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 560# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is 561# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition), 562# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003). 563# 564# Gwillim Law writes that a good source 565# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport 566# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM), 567# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries 568# of the IATA's data after 1990. 569# 570# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for 571# entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards. 572# 573# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences, 574# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which 575# I found in the UCLA library. 576# 577# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is 578# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997). 579# 580# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table; 581# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources. 582# Corrections are welcome! 583# std dst 584# LMT Local Mean Time 585# 8:00 WST WST Western Australia 586# 8:45 CWST CWST Central Western Australia* 587# 9:00 JST Japan 588# 9:30 CST CST Central Australia 589# 10:00 EST EST Eastern Australia 590# 10:00 ChST Chamorro 591# 10:30 LHST LHST Lord Howe* 592# 11:30 NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945 593# 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present 594# 12:45 CHAST CHADT Chatham* 595# -11:00 SST Samoa 596# -10:00 HST Hawaii 597# - 8:00 PST Pitcairn* 598# 599# See the `northamerica' file for Hawaii. 600# See the `southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galapagos Is. 601 602############################################################################### 603 604# Australia 605 606# From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08): 607# <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml"> 608# Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia 609# </a> summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia. 610 611# From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12): 612# <a href="http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving"> 613# Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales 614# </a> covers New South Wales in particular. 615 616# From John Mackin (1991-03-06): 617# We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as `daylight' time. 618# It is called `summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, `summer' 619# and `standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the 620# abbreviation does _not_ change... 621# The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least 622# in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the 623# initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses 624# the phrase `summer time' and does not use the phrase `daylight 625# time'. 626# Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian 627# Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases `Eastern Standard Time' 628# or `Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the 629# current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers 630# on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases 631# prefixed by the word `Australian' when referring to local times; 632# time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC. 633 634# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08): 635# Given the above, what's chosen for year-round use is: 636# CST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 9:30 637# WST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 8:00 638# EST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 10:00 639 640# From Chuck Soper (2006-06-01): 641# I recently found this Australian government web page on time zones: 642# <http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia-13time> 643# And this government web page lists time zone names and abbreviations: 644# <http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml> 645 646# From Paul Eggert (2001-04-05), summarizing a long discussion about "EST" 647# versus "AEST" etc.: 648# 649# I see the following points of dispute: 650# 651# * How important are unique time zone abbreviations? 652# 653# Here I tend to agree with the point (most recently made by Chris 654# Newman) that unique abbreviations should not be essential for proper 655# operation of software. We have other instances of ambiguity 656# (e.g. "IST" denoting both "Israel Standard Time" and "Indian 657# Standard Time"), and they are not likely to go away any time soon. 658# In the old days, some software mistakenly relied on unique 659# abbreviations, but this is becoming less true with time, and I don't 660# think it's that important to cater to such software these days. 661# 662# On the other hand, there is another motivation for unambiguous 663# abbreviations: it cuts down on human confusion. This is 664# particularly true for Australia, where "EST" can mean one thing for 665# time T and a different thing for time T plus 1 second. 666# 667# * Does the relevant legislation indicate which abbreviations should be used? 668# 669# Here I tend to think that things are a mess, just as they are in 670# many other countries. We Americans are currently disagreeing about 671# which abbreviation to use for the newly legislated Chamorro Standard 672# Time, for example. 673# 674# Personally, I would prefer to use common practice; I would like to 675# refer to legislation only for examples of common practice, or as a 676# tiebreaker. 677# 678# * Do Australians more often use "Eastern Daylight Time" or "Eastern 679# Summer Time"? Do they typically prefix the time zone names with 680# the word "Australian"? 681# 682# My own impression is that both "Daylight Time" and "Summer Time" are 683# common and are widely understood, but that "Summer Time" is more 684# popular; and that the leading "A" is also common but is omitted more 685# often than not. I just used AltaVista advanced search and got the 686# following count of page hits: 687# 688# 1,103 "Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au 689# 971 "Australian Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au 690# 613 "Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au 691# 127 "Australian Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au 692# 693# Here "Summer" seems quite a bit more popular than "Daylight", 694# particularly when we know the time zone is Australian and not US, 695# say. The "Australian" prefix seems to be popular for Eastern Summer 696# Time, but unpopular for Eastern Daylight Time. 697# 698# For abbreviations, tools like AltaVista are less useful because of 699# ambiguity. Many hits are not really time zones, unfortunately, and 700# many hits denote US time zones and not Australian ones. But here 701# are the hit counts anyway: 702# 703# 161,304 "EST" and domain:au 704# 25,156 "EDT" and domain:au 705# 18,263 "AEST" and domain:au 706# 10,416 "AEDT" and domain:au 707# 708# 14,538 "CST" and domain:au 709# 5,728 "CDT" and domain:au 710# 176 "ACST" and domain:au 711# 29 "ACDT" and domain:au 712# 713# 7,539 "WST" and domain:au 714# 68 "AWST" and domain:au 715# 716# This data suggest that Australians tend to omit the "A" prefix in 717# practice. The situation for "ST" versus "DT" is less clear, given 718# the ambiguities involved. 719# 720# * How do Australians feel about the abbreviations in the tz database? 721# 722# If you just count Australians on this list, I count 2 in favor and 3 723# against. One of the "against" votes (David Keegel) counseled delay, 724# saying that both AEST/AEDT and EST/EST are widely used and 725# understood in Australia. 726 727# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19): 728# Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ. 729# Mark Prior writes that his newspaper 730# reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00, 731# but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970 732# and perhaps the newspaper's `2:00' is referring to standard time. 733# For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960. 734 735# From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05): 736# 737# Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable, 738# and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more 739# relevant entries in this database. 740# 741# NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill): 742# <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html"> 743# Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04) 744# </a> 745# ACT 746# <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html"> 747# Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972 748# </a> 749# SA 750# <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html"> 751# Standard Time Act, 1898 752# </a> 753 754# From David Grosz (2005-06-13): 755# It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by 756# one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games. 757# Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday 758# in April instead of the last Sunday in March. 759# 760# From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14): 761# I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan 762# to extend DST together in 2006. 763# ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt 764# New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html 765# South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html 766# Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772 767# Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles 768# allude to it. 769# But not Queensland 770# http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html. 771 772# Northern Territory 773 774# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 775# # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ] 776# # [ Nov 1990 ] 777# # N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location. 778# ... 779# Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST 780 781# From Bradley White (1991-03-04): 782# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... 783# the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving. 784 785# Western Australia 786 787# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 788# # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ] 789# # [ Nov 1990 ] 790# # W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to 791# # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but 792# # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus 793# # before reaching parliament. 794# ... 795# Zone Australia/West 8:00 AW %sST 796# ... 797# Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 798# Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W 799# Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 800# Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W 801 802# From Bradley White (1991-03-04): 803# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... 804# Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving. 805 806# From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02): 807# Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney 808# rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at 809# work at 9.00am.) 810# W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse 811# everybody again. 812 813# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08): 814# The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess; 815# it matches what was used in the past. 816 817# <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm"> 818# The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ 819# </a> (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses 820# South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia. 821 822# Queensland 823# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 824# # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ] 825# # [ Dec 1990 ] 826# ... 827# Zone Australia/Queensland 10:00 AQ %sST 828# ... 829# Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 830# Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E 831# Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 832# Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E 833 834# From Bradley White (1989-12-24): 835# "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from 836# October 1989). 837 838# From Bradley White (1991-03-04): 839# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... 840# ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving 841# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)... 842 843# From John Mackin (1991-03-06): 844# I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact 845# end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised 846# me.) 847 848# From Bradley White (1992-03-08): 849# ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted 850# in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ... 851# ... 852# Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 853# Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S 854# ... 855 856# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08): 857# The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes. 858 859# From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning 860# from Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-11-01): 861# WA are trialing DST for three years. 862# <http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf> 863 864# From Rives McDow (2002-04-09): 865# The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the 866# southern coast.... South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western 867# Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The 868# residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so 869# much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the 870# international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South 871# Australia and Western Australia.... 872# 873# From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09): 874# This is confirmed by the section entitled 875# "What's the deal with time zones???" in 876# <http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html>. 877# 878# From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07): 879# ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway, 880# which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern 881# coast of the continent. 882# 883# I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no 884# dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border 885# village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west 886# as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is 887# the largest population centre in this zone.... 888# 889# Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the 890# question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I 891# just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have, 892# meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45. 893# 894# (2006-12-09): 895# I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving 896# in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis 897# of this time zone. My hunch is that it's been around since well 898# before 1975. I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago. 899 900# From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15): 901# For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the 902# introduction of standard time in 1895. 903 904 905# southeast Australia 906# 907# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 908# Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT 909# end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October. 910# http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html 911 912 913# South Australia 914 915# From Bradley White (1991-03-04): 916# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... 917# ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving 918# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)... 919 920# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 921# # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ] 922# # [ Nov 1990 ] 923# ... 924# Zone Australia/South 9:30 AS %sST 925# ... 926# Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 927# Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C 928# Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 3:00 0 C 929# Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C 930 931# From Bradley White (1992-03-11): 932# Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide 933# contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival, 934# South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks." 935 936# From Robert Elz (1992-03-13): 937# I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that) 938# South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even 939# numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival 940# is on... 941 942# From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000): 943# DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday).... 944# But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever... 945# (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...). 946 947# From Bradley White (1994-04-11): 948# If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March, 949# 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can 950# only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated.... 951 952# From John Warburton (1994-10-07): 953# The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ... 954# was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994.... 955# start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March. 956 957# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 958# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 959 960# Tasmania 961 962# The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd 963# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 964# # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ] 965# # [ Nov 1990 ] 966 967# From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10): 968# Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have 969# 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia 970# (but nothing new about that). 971 972# From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04): 973# I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the 974# (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard, 975# has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria 976# (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000 977# instead of the first Sunday in October. 978 979# Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules: 980# http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300 981 982# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 983# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 984 985# Victoria 986 987# The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd 988# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 989# # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ] 990# # [ Nov 1990 ] 991 992# From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29): 993# On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an 994# interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was 995# discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar 996# Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located 997# in Melbourne, Australia. 998# 999# Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which 1000# illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day 1001# of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's 1002# fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time, 1003# you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the 1004# expected time. 1005# 1006# However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had 1007# to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of 1008# the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps 1009# someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more. 1010# 1011# [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html 1012# [2] http://www.shrine.org.au 1013 1014# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1015# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 1016 1017# New South Wales 1018 1019# From Arthur David Olson: 1020# New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time. 1021# Based on law library research by John Mackin, 1022# who notes: 1023# In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the 1024# individual states. Thus, while such terms as ``Eastern Standard Time'' 1025# [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common 1026# use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the 1027# legislation. This is very important to understand. 1028# I have researched New South Wales time only... 1029 1030# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26): 1031# DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual 1032# October in 2000. [See: Matthew Moore, 1033# <a href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html"> 1034# Two months more daylight saving 1035# </a> 1036# Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).] 1037 1038# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27): 1039# See the following official NSW source: 1040# <a href="http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ"> 1041# Daylight Saving in New South Wales. 1042# </a> 1043# 1044# Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of 1045# daylight saving next year. See: 1046# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm"> 1047# Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving 1048# </a> (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens. 1049# 1050# Victoria will following NSW. See: 1051# <a href="http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm"> 1052# Vic to extend daylight saving 1053# </a> (1999-07-28). 1054# 1055# However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See: 1056# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm"> 1057# South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request 1058# </a> (1999-07-19). 1059# 1060# Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See: 1061# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm"> 1062# Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics 1063# </a> (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying 1064# ``Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time 1065# I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very 1066# well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of 1067# bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night. 1068# I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules.'' 1069# 1070# Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See: 1071# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm"> 1072# Broken Hill to be behind the times 1073# </a> (1999-07-21). 1074 1075# IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian 1076# Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken 1077# Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics. 1078 1079# From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29: 1080# The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW 1081# towns to use Queensland time. 1082 1083# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1084# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 1085 1086# Yancowinna 1087 1088# From John Mackin (1989-01-04): 1089# `Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna. 1090 1091# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1092# # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ] 1093# # [ Dec 1990 ] 1094# ... 1095# # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the 1096# # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings 1097# # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government 1098# # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have 1099# # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not 1100# # presently available. 1101# Zone Australia/Yancowinna 9:30 AY %sST 1102# ... 1103# Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1104# Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C 1105# [followed by other Rules] 1106 1107# Lord Howe Island 1108 1109# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1110# LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ] 1111# [ Dec 1990 ] 1112# Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an 1113# hour ahead of NSW time. 1114 1115# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27): 1116# Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same 1117# date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the 1118# Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is 1119# seeking the community's views on various options for summer time 1120# arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour 1121# instead of only 30 minutes. Dependant on the wishes of residents 1122# the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing 1123# arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will 1124# however always coincide with the rest of NSW. 1125 1126# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25): 1127# Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards 1128# clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently 1129# introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as 1130# shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start 1131# of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW. 1132 1133# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1134# For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and 1135# Lonergan thereafter. For times we use Lonergan. 1136 1137# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1138# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 1139 1140# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28): 1141# According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight 1142# saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009 1143# summer (southern hemisphere). 1144# 1145# From 1146# <a href="http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf"> 1147# http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf 1148# </a> 1149# The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling 1150# for over the last year is now set to be ongoing. 1151# Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each 1152# year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year. 1153# Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia 1154# with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and 1155# the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year... 1156# 1157# We have a wrap-up here: 1158# <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html"> 1159# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html 1160# </a> 1161############################################################################### 1162 1163# New Zealand 1164 1165# From Mark Davies (1990-10-03): 1166# the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period. 1167# This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for 1168# subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start). 1169# source -- phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office. 1170 1171# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1172# # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that! 1173# # or is Australia the west island of N.Z. 1174# # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ] 1175# # [ Nov 1990 ] 1176# ... 1177# Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1178# Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D 1179# Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S 1180# Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S 1181# ... 1182# Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand 1183# Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island 1184 1185# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08): 1186# The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989 1187# rather than the October 1 value. 1188 1189# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19); 1190# Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ. 1191# Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight 1192# Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard 1193# time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March. 1194# As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00. 1195# 1196# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1197# The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history, 1198# as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.htm for the full references. 1199# Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger. 1200# 1201# For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with 1202# transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham 1203# is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland. 1204 1205# From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30): 1206# DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the 1207# first Sunday in April. The changes take effect this year, meaning 1208# that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06. 1209# http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended 1210 1211############################################################################### 1212 1213 1214# Fiji 1215 1216# Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji 1217# enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time 1218# instead of the American system (which was one day behind). 1219 1220# From Rives McDow (1998-10-08): 1221# Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01 1222# until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will 1223# be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February. 1224 1225# From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08): 1226# IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow. 1227 1228# From the BBC World Service (1998-10-31 11:32 UTC): 1229# The Fijiian government says the main reasons for the time change is to 1230# improve productivity and reduce road accidents. But correspondents say it 1231# also hopes the move will boost Fiji's ability to compete with other pacific 1232# islands in the effort to attract tourists to witness the dawning of the new 1233# millenium. 1234 1235# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13) 1236# reports that Fiji has discontinued DST. 1237 1238# Johnston 1239 1240# Johnston data is from usno1995. 1241 1242 1243# Kiribati 1244 1245# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22): 1246# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati 1247# ``declared it the same day throught the country as of Jan. 1, 1995'' 1248# as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century. 1249 1250 1251# Kwajalein 1252 1253# In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes: 1254# I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday, 1255# 1993-08-20. Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with 1256# respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands, 1257# going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink. 1258 1259 1260# N Mariana Is, Guam 1261 1262# Howse writes (p 153) ``The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the 1263# Philippines and the Ladrones from America,'' and implies that the Ladrones 1264# (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time. 1265# For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines; 1266# see Asia/Manila. 1267 1268# US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UTC+10 the official standard time, 1269# under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation, 1270# but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law, 1271# wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST". 1272 1273 1274# Micronesia 1275 1276# Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16), 1277# ``I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that "Truk" 1278# (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10.'' 1279# 1280# Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11 1281# on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now. 1282 1283# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29): 1284# The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in 1285# <a href="http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html"> 1286# The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information 1287# </a> (1999-01-26) 1288# that Truk and Yap are UTC+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are UTC+11. 1289# We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now. 1290 1291 1292# Midway 1293 1294# From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956), 1295# quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection 1296# <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31): 1297# For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight 1298# Saving Time. This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning, 1299# your time down there in New Zealand. Starting September 2, 1956 1300# we'll again go back to Standard Time. This'll mean that we'll go to 1301# air at 6am your time. 1302# 1303# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23): 1304# We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they 1305# started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years 1306# in Midway, but we have no record of it. 1307 1308 1309# Pitcairn 1310 1311# From Rives McDow (1999-11-08): 1312# A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998 1313# with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows. 1314# 1315# The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be 1316# Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known 1317# as Pitcairn Standard Time. 1318# 1319# ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several 1320# references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation 1321# somehow in light of this proclamation. 1322 1323# From Rives McDow (1999-11-09): 1324# The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998 1325# ... at midnight. 1326 1327# From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave: 1328# Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as 1329# Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in 1330# Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago. 1331 1332 1333# Samoa 1334 1335# Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald) 1336# that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change 1337# ``the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system, 1338# ordaining -- by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery -- that 1339# the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year.'' 1340 1341 1342# Tonga 1343 1344# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22): 1345# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that ``Tonga has been plotting 1346# to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time.'' 1347# Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do. 1348 1349# Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle 1350# <a href="http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm"> 1351# How Tonga became `The Land where Time Begins' 1352# </a>: 1353 1354# Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST 1355# 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its 1356# standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its 1357# local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of 1358# advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees 1359# (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time). 1360# 1361# Because His Majesty King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince 1362# Tungi, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time 1363# begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change. 1364# 1365# But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer 1366# islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40 1367# minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40 1368# minutes we have lost?" 1369# 1370# The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that 1371# on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth 1372# to say your prayers in the morning." 1373 1374# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1375# Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell. 1376 1377# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03): 1378# Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millenium 1379# Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front. 1380# He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from 1381# October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan 1382# Government. 1383 1384# From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09): 1385# * Tonga will introduce DST in November 1386# 1387# I was given this link by John Letts: 1388# <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm"> 1389# http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm 1390# </a> 1391# 1392# I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November 1393# yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead 1394# of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead 1395# (12 + 1 hour DST). 1396 1397# From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20): 1398# According to <a href="http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html"> 1399# http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html 1400# </a>: 1401# "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000 1402# and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the 1403# third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on 1404# Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and 1405# set back an hour on the closing date." 1406# Alas, no indication of the time of day. 1407 1408# From Rives McDow (1999-10-06): 1409# Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am. 1410# Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning. 1411 1412# From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31): 1413# Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com 1414# that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19 1415# instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article 1416# is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the 1417# text, and I have forgotten to report it here. 1418# (Original URL was: http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm ) 1419 1420# From Rives McDow (2000-12-01): 1421# Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27. 1422 1423# From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow: 1424# At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom 1425# shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday 1426# of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one 1427# hour to 1:00am. 1428 1429# From Pulu 'Anau (2002-11-05): 1430# The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't. 1431 1432 1433# Wake 1434 1435# From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup, 1436# US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02): 1437# 1438# Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] -- ... The time was all the 1439# more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the 1440# International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays. Furthermore, we 1441# discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time 1442# making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost 1443# impossible. 1444# 1445# http://www.trumanlibrary.org/wake/meeting.htm 1446 1447# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23): 1448# We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now. 1449 1450############################################################################### 1451 1452# The International Date Line 1453 1454# From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03): 1455# 1456# The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard, 1457# convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please. 1458# Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on 1459# the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there. 1460# 1461# When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and 1462# Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL 1463# to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most 1464# mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line 1465# has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific 1466# island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international 1467# convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is 1468# governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some 1469# places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not 1470# an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the 1471# correct date is ambiguous. 1472 1473# From Wikipedia <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31): 1474# Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting 1475# their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's 1476# speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's 1477# meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon). During 1917, at the 1478# Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all 1479# ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones 1480# on the high seas. Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any 1481# nation it would use that nation's standard time. The captain was permitted 1482# to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's 1483# entry into another zone time--he often chose midnight. These zones were 1484# adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many 1485# independent merchant ships until World War II. 1486 1487# From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen 1488# (2005-03-20): 1489# 1490# The American Practical Navigator (2002) 1491# <http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187> 1492# talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in 1493# international waters; it ignores the international date line.
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