754
755# Kingman
756# uninhabited
757
758# Midway
759#
760# From Mark Brader (2005-01-23):
761# [Fallacies and Fantasies of Air Transport History, by R.E.G. Davies,
762# published 1994 by Paladwr Press, McLean, VA, USA; ISBN 0-9626483-5-3]
763# reproduced a Pan American Airways timeables from 1936, for their weekly
764# "Orient Express" flights between San Francisco and Manila, and connecting
765# flights to Chicago and the US East Coast. As it uses some time zone
766# designations that I've never seen before:....
767# Fri. 6:30A Lv. HONOLOLU (Pearl Harbor), H.I. H.L.T. Ar. 5:30P Sun.
768# " 3:00P Ar. MIDWAY ISLAND . . . . . . . . . M.L.T. Lv. 6:00A "
769#
770Zone Pacific/Midway -11:49:28 - LMT 1901
771 -11:00 - NST 1956 Jun 3
772 -11:00 1:00 NDT 1956 Sep 2
773 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
774 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
775 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
776
777# Palmyra
778# uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
779
780# Wake
781# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
782Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901
783 12:00 - WAKT # Wake Time
784
785
786# Vanuatu
787# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
788Rule Vanuatu 1983 only - Sep 25 0:00 1:00 S
789Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
790Rule Vanuatu 1984 only - Oct 23 0:00 1:00 S
791Rule Vanuatu 1985 1991 - Sep Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
792Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
793Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
794# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
795Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila
796 11:00 Vanuatu VU%sT # Vanuatu Time
797
798# Wallis and Futuna
799# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
800Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901
801 12:00 - WFT # Wallis & Futuna Time
802
803###############################################################################
804
805# NOTES
806
807# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
808# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
809# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).
810
811# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
812# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
813# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
814# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
815#
816# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
817# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
818# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
819# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
820# of the IATA's data after 1990.
821#
822# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
823# entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
824#
825# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
826# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
827# I found in the UCLA library.
828#
829# For data circa 1899, a common source is:
830# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
831# <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>.
832#
833# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
834# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
835#
836# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
837# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
838# Corrections are welcome!
839# std dst
840# LMT Local Mean Time
841# 8:00 WST WST Western Australia
842# 8:45 CWST CWST Central Western Australia*
843# 9:00 JST Japan
844# 9:30 CST CST Central Australia
845# 10:00 EST EST Eastern Australia
846# 10:00 ChST Chamorro
847# 10:30 LHST LHST Lord Howe*
848# 11:30 NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945
849# 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present
850# 12:45 CHAST CHADT Chatham*
851# -11:00 SST Samoa
852# -10:00 HST Hawaii
853# - 8:00 PST Pitcairn*
854#
855# See the `northamerica' file for Hawaii.
856# See the `southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galapagos Is.
857
858###############################################################################
859
860# Australia
861
862# From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08):
863# <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml">
864# Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia
865# </a> summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
866
867# From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12):
868# <a href="http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving">
869# Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales
870# </a> covers New South Wales in particular.
871
872# From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
873# We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as `daylight' time.
874# It is called `summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, `summer'
875# and `standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
876# abbreviation does _not_ change...
877# The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
878# in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
879# initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
880# the phrase `summer time' and does not use the phrase `daylight
881# time'.
882# Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
883# Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases `Eastern Standard Time'
884# or `Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the
885# current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers
886# on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
887# prefixed by the word `Australian' when referring to local times;
888# time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
889
890# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
891# Given the above, what's chosen for year-round use is:
892# CST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 9:30
893# WST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 8:00
894# EST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 10:00
895
896# From Chuck Soper (2006-06-01):
897# I recently found this Australian government web page on time zones:
898# <http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia-13time>
899# And this government web page lists time zone names and abbreviations:
900# <http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml>
901
902# From Paul Eggert (2001-04-05), summarizing a long discussion about "EST"
903# versus "AEST" etc.:
904#
905# I see the following points of dispute:
906#
907# * How important are unique time zone abbreviations?
908#
909# Here I tend to agree with the point (most recently made by Chris
910# Newman) that unique abbreviations should not be essential for proper
911# operation of software. We have other instances of ambiguity
912# (e.g. "IST" denoting both "Israel Standard Time" and "Indian
913# Standard Time"), and they are not likely to go away any time soon.
914# In the old days, some software mistakenly relied on unique
915# abbreviations, but this is becoming less true with time, and I don't
916# think it's that important to cater to such software these days.
917#
918# On the other hand, there is another motivation for unambiguous
919# abbreviations: it cuts down on human confusion. This is
920# particularly true for Australia, where "EST" can mean one thing for
921# time T and a different thing for time T plus 1 second.
922#
923# * Does the relevant legislation indicate which abbreviations should be used?
924#
925# Here I tend to think that things are a mess, just as they are in
926# many other countries. We Americans are currently disagreeing about
927# which abbreviation to use for the newly legislated Chamorro Standard
928# Time, for example.
929#
930# Personally, I would prefer to use common practice; I would like to
931# refer to legislation only for examples of common practice, or as a
932# tiebreaker.
933#
934# * Do Australians more often use "Eastern Daylight Time" or "Eastern
935# Summer Time"? Do they typically prefix the time zone names with
936# the word "Australian"?
937#
938# My own impression is that both "Daylight Time" and "Summer Time" are
939# common and are widely understood, but that "Summer Time" is more
940# popular; and that the leading "A" is also common but is omitted more
941# often than not. I just used AltaVista advanced search and got the
942# following count of page hits:
943#
944# 1,103 "Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
945# 971 "Australian Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
946# 613 "Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
947# 127 "Australian Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
948#
949# Here "Summer" seems quite a bit more popular than "Daylight",
950# particularly when we know the time zone is Australian and not US,
951# say. The "Australian" prefix seems to be popular for Eastern Summer
952# Time, but unpopular for Eastern Daylight Time.
953#
954# For abbreviations, tools like AltaVista are less useful because of
955# ambiguity. Many hits are not really time zones, unfortunately, and
956# many hits denote US time zones and not Australian ones. But here
957# are the hit counts anyway:
958#
959# 161,304 "EST" and domain:au
960# 25,156 "EDT" and domain:au
961# 18,263 "AEST" and domain:au
962# 10,416 "AEDT" and domain:au
963#
964# 14,538 "CST" and domain:au
965# 5,728 "CDT" and domain:au
966# 176 "ACST" and domain:au
967# 29 "ACDT" and domain:au
968#
969# 7,539 "WST" and domain:au
970# 68 "AWST" and domain:au
971#
972# This data suggest that Australians tend to omit the "A" prefix in
973# practice. The situation for "ST" versus "DT" is less clear, given
974# the ambiguities involved.
975#
976# * How do Australians feel about the abbreviations in the tz database?
977#
978# If you just count Australians on this list, I count 2 in favor and 3
979# against. One of the "against" votes (David Keegel) counseled delay,
980# saying that both AEST/AEDT and EST/EST are widely used and
981# understood in Australia.
982
983# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
984# Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
985# Mark Prior writes that his newspaper
986# reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
987# but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
988# and perhaps the newspaper's `2:00' is referring to standard time.
989# For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
990
991# From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):
992#
993# Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
994# and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
995# relevant entries in this database.
996#
997# NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
998# <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html">
999# Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
1000# </a>
1001# ACT
1002# <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html">
1003# Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
1004# </a>
1005# SA
1006# <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html">
1007# Standard Time Act, 1898
1008# </a>
1009
1010# From David Grosz (2005-06-13):
1011# It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by
1012# one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
1013# Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday
1014# in April instead of the last Sunday in March.
1015#
1016# From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14):
1017# I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan
1018# to extend DST together in 2006.
1019# ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt
1020# New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html
1021# South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html
1022# Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772
1023# Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles
1024# allude to it.
1025# But not Queensland
1026# http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html.
1027
1028# Northern Territory
1029
1030# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1031# # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]
1032# # [ Nov 1990 ]
1033# # N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location.
1034# ...
1035# Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST
1036
1037# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1038# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1039# the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.
1040
1041# Western Australia
1042
1043# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1044# # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]
1045# # [ Nov 1990 ]
1046# # W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to
1047# # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but
1048# # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus
1049# # before reaching parliament.
1050# ...
1051# Zone Australia/West 8:00 AW %sST
1052# ...
1053# Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1054# Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
1055# Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1056# Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
1057
1058# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1059# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1060# Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving.
1061
1062# From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):
1063# Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney
1064# rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at
1065# work at 9.00am.)
1066# W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse
1067# everybody again.
1068
1069# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1070# The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
1071# it matches what was used in the past.
1072
1073# <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm">
1074# The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
1075# </a> (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
1076# South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
1077
1078# Queensland
1079# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1080# # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
1081# # [ Dec 1990 ]
1082# ...
1083# Zone Australia/Queensland 10:00 AQ %sST
1084# ...
1085# Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1086# Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E
1087# Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1088# Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E
1089
1090# From Bradley White (1989-12-24):
1091# "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from
1092# October 1989).
1093
1094# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1095# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1096# ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
1097# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
1098
1099# From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
1100# I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact
1101# end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised
1102# me.)
1103
1104# From Bradley White (1992-03-08):
1105# ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted
1106# in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...
1107# ...
1108# Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1109# Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1110# ...
1111
1112# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1113# The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
1114
1115# From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning
1116# from Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-11-01):
1117# WA are trialing DST for three years.
1118# <http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf>
1119
1120# From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
1121# The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
1122# southern coast.... South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western
1123# Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The
1124# residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so
1125# much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the
1126# international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South
1127# Australia and Western Australia....
1128#
1129# From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
1130# This is confirmed by the section entitled
1131# "What's the deal with time zones???" in
1132# <http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html>.
1133#
1134# From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07):
1135# ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway,
1136# which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern
1137# coast of the continent.
1138#
1139# I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no
1140# dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border
1141# village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west
1142# as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is
1143# the largest population centre in this zone....
1144#
1145# Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the
1146# question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I
1147# just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have,
1148# meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45.
1149#
1150# (2006-12-09):
1151# I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving
1152# in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis
1153# of this time zone. My hunch is that it's been around since well
1154# before 1975. I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago.
1155
1156# From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15):
1157# For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the
1158# introduction of standard time in 1895.
1159
1160
1161# southeast Australia
1162#
1163# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1164# Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT
1165# end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October.
1166# http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html
1167
1168
1169# South Australia
1170
1171# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1172# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1173# ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
1174# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
1175
1176# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1177# # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ]
1178# # [ Nov 1990 ]
1179# ...
1180# Zone Australia/South 9:30 AS %sST
1181# ...
1182# Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1183# Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
1184# Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 3:00 0 C
1185# Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
1186
1187# From Bradley White (1992-03-11):
1188# Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide
1189# contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival,
1190# South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."
1191
1192# From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):
1193# I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)
1194# South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even
1195# numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival
1196# is on...
1197
1198# From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):
1199# DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....
1200# But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...
1201# (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).
1202
1203# From Bradley White (1994-04-11):
1204# If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,
1205# 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can
1206# only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....
1207
1208# From John Warburton (1994-10-07):
1209# The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...
1210# was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....
1211# start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.
1212
1213# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1214# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1215
1216# Tasmania
1217
1218# The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
1219# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1220# # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
1221# # [ Nov 1990 ]
1222
1223# From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
1224# Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
1225# 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
1226# (but nothing new about that).
1227
1228# From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
1229# I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
1230# (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
1231# has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
1232# (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
1233# instead of the first Sunday in October.
1234
1235# Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
1236# http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300
1237
1238# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1239# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1240
1241# Victoria
1242
1243# The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
1244# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1245# # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
1246# # [ Nov 1990 ]
1247
1248# From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
1249# On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
1250# interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was
1251# discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
1252# Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
1253# in Melbourne, Australia.
1254#
1255# Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
1256# illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
1257# of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
1258# fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
1259# you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
1260# expected time.
1261#
1262# However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
1263# to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
1264# the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps
1265# someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
1266#
1267# [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html
1268# [2] http://www.shrine.org.au
1269
1270# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1271# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1272
1273# New South Wales
1274
1275# From Arthur David Olson:
1276# New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.
1277# Based on law library research by John Mackin,
1278# who notes:
1279# In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
1280# individual states. Thus, while such terms as ``Eastern Standard Time''
1281# [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
1282# use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
1283# legislation. This is very important to understand.
1284# I have researched New South Wales time only...
1285
1286# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):
1287# DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
1288# October in 2000. [See: Matthew Moore,
1289# <a href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html">
1290# Two months more daylight saving
1291# </a>
1292# Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).]
1293
1294# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
1295# See the following official NSW source:
1296# <a href="http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ">
1297# Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
1298# </a>
1299#
1300# Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
1301# daylight saving next year. See:
1302# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm">
1303# Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
1304# </a> (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
1305#
1306# Victoria will following NSW. See:
1307# <a href="http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm">
1308# Vic to extend daylight saving
1309# </a> (1999-07-28).
1310#
1311# However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See:
1312# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm">
1313# South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request
1314# </a> (1999-07-19).
1315#
1316# Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See:
1317# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm">
1318# Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
1319# </a> (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
1320# ``Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
1321# I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
1322# well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
1323# bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
1324# I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules.''
1325#
1326# Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See:
1327# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm">
1328# Broken Hill to be behind the times
1329# </a> (1999-07-21).
1330
1331# IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
1332# Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
1333# Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.
1334
1335# From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
1336# The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
1337# towns to use Queensland time.
1338
1339# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1340# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1341
1342# Yancowinna
1343
1344# From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
1345# `Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
1346
1347# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1348# # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
1349# # [ Dec 1990 ]
1350# ...
1351# # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the
1352# # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings
1353# # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government
1354# # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have
1355# # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not
1356# # presently available.
1357# Zone Australia/Yancowinna 9:30 AY %sST
1358# ...
1359# Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1360# Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C
1361# [followed by other Rules]
1362
1363# Lord Howe Island
1364
1365# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1366# LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ]
1367# [ Dec 1990 ]
1368# Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
1369# hour ahead of NSW time.
1370
1371# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
1372# Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
1373# date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the
1374# Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
1375# seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
1376# arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
1377# instead of only 30 minutes. [Dependent] on the wishes of residents
1378# the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
1379# arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will
1380# however always coincide with the rest of NSW.
1381
1382# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
1383# Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
1384# clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
1385# introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
1386# shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
1387# of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.
1388
1389# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1390# For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and
1391# Lonergan thereafter. For times we use Lonergan.
1392
1393# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1394# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1395
1396# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28):
1397# According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight
1398# saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009
1399# summer (southern hemisphere).
1400#
1401# From
1402# <a href="http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf">
1403# http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf
1404# </a>
1405# The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling
1406# for over the last year is now set to be ongoing.
1407# Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each
1408# year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year.
1409# Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia
1410# with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and
1411# the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year...
1412#
1413# We have a wrap-up here:
1414# <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html">
1415# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html
1416# </a>
1417###############################################################################
1418
1419# New Zealand
1420
1421# From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
1422# the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
1423# This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
1424# subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
1425# source -- phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
1426
1427# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1428# # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
1429# # or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
1430# # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ]
1431# # [ Nov 1990 ]
1432# ...
1433# Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1434# Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1435# Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1436# Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S
1437# ...
1438# Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand
1439# Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island
1440
1441# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1442# The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989
1443# rather than the October 1 value.
1444
1445# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);
1446# Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
1447# Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight
1448# Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard
1449# time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
1450# As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
1451#
1452# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1453# The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,
1454# as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.htm for the full references.
1455# Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger.
1456#
1457# For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
1458# transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham
1459# is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.
1460
1461# From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30):
1462# DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the
1463# first Sunday in April. The changes take effect this year, meaning
1464# that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.
1465# http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended
1466
1467###############################################################################
1468
1469
1470# Fiji
1471
1472# Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
1473# enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
1474# instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
1475
1476# From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
1477# Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
1478# until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will
1479# be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
1480
1481# From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
1482# IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow.
1483
1484# From the BBC World Service in
1485# http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/205226.stm (1998-10-31 16:03 UTC):
1486# The Fijiian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
1487# improve productivity and reduce road accidents.... [T]he move is also
1488# intended to boost Fiji's ability to attract tourists to witness the dawning
1489# of the new millennium.
1490
1491# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
1492# reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
1493
1494# Johnston
1495
1496# Johnston data is from usno1995.
1497
1498
1499# Kiribati
1500
1501# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1502# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
1503# ``declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995''
1504# as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
1505
1506
1507# Kwajalein
1508
1509# In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:
1510# I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday,
1511# 1993-08-20. Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with
1512# respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,
1513# going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.
1514
1515
1516# N Mariana Is, Guam
1517
1518# Howse writes (p 153) ``The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
1519# Philippines and the Ladrones from America,'' and implies that the Ladrones
1520# (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
1521# For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
1522# see Asia/Manila.
1523
1524# US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UTC+10 the official standard time,
1525# under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation,
1526# but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
1527# wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
1528
1529
1530# Micronesia
1531
1532# Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),
1533# ``I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that "Truk"
1534# (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10.''
1535#
1536# Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11
1537# on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.
1538
1539# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1540# The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
1541# <a href="http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html">
1542# The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information
1543# </a> (1999-01-26)
1544# that Truk and Yap are UTC+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are UTC+11.
1545# We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now.
1546
1547
1548# Midway
1549
1550# From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956),
1551# quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection
1552# <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31):
1553# For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight
1554# Saving Time. This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning,
1555# your time down there in New Zealand. Starting September 2, 1956
1556# we'll again go back to Standard Time. This'll mean that we'll go to
1557# air at 6am your time.
1558#
1559# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1560# We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they
1561# started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years
1562# in Midway, but we have no record of it.
1563
1564
1565# Pitcairn
1566
1567# From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
1568# A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
1569# with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows.
1570#
1571# The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
1572# Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
1573# as Pitcairn Standard Time.
1574#
1575# ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
1576# references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
1577# somehow in light of this proclamation.
1578
1579# From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
1580# The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
1581# ... at midnight.
1582
1583# From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
1584# Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
1585# Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in
1586# Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
1587
1588
1589# Samoa
1590
1591# Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald)
1592# that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change
1593# ``the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
1594# ordaining -- by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery -- that
1595# the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year.''
1596
1597
1598# Tonga
1599
1600# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1601# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that ``Tonga has been plotting
1602# to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time.''
1603# Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
1604
1605# Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
1606# <a href="http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm">
1607# How Tonga became `The Land where Time Begins'
1608# </a>:
1609
1610# Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
1611# 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its
1612# standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
1613# local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
1614# advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees
1615# (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
1616#
1617# Because His Majesty King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
1618# Tungi, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
1619# begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
1620#
1621# But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
1622# islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
1623# minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
1624# minutes we have lost?"
1625#
1626# The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
1627# on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
1628# to say your prayers in the morning."
1629
1630# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1631# Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.
1632
1633# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
1634# Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millennium
1635# Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
1636# He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
1637# October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
1638# Government.
1639
1640# From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
1641# * Tonga will introduce DST in November
1642#
1643# I was given this link by John Letts:
1644# <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm">
1645# http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
1646# </a>
1647#
1648# I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
1649# yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
1650# of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
1651# (12 + 1 hour DST).
1652
1653# From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20):
1654# According to <a href="http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html">
1655# http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html
1656# </a>:
1657# "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
1658# and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
1659# third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on
1660# Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
1661# set back an hour on the closing date."
1662# Alas, no indication of the time of day.
1663
1664# From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
1665# Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
1666# Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.
1667
1668# From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
1669# Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com
1670# that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
1671# instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
1672# is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
1673# text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
1674# (Original URL was: http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm )
1675
1676# From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
1677# Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
1678
1679# From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
1680# At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
1681# shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday
1682# of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
1683# hour to 1:00am.
1684
1685# From Pulu 'Anau (2002-11-05):
1686# The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't.
1687
1688
1689# Wake
1690
1691# From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
1692# US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
1693#
1694# Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] -- ... The time was all the
1695# more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
1696# International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays. Furthermore, we
1697# discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
1698# making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost
1699# impossible.
1700#
1701# http://www.trumanlibrary.org/wake/meeting.htm
1702
1703# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1704# We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.
1705
1706###############################################################################
1707
1708# The International Date Line
1709
1710# From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
1711#
1712# The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
1713# convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
1714# Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
1715# the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
1716#
1717# When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
1718# Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
1719# to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
1720# mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line
1721# has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
1722# island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
1723# convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is
1724# governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
1725# places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not
1726# an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
1727# correct date is ambiguous.
1728
1729# From Wikipedia <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31):
1730# Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting
1731# their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's
1732# speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's
1733# meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon). During 1917, at the
1734# Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all
1735# ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones
1736# on the high seas. Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any
1737# nation it would use that nation's standard time. The captain was permitted
1738# to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's
1739# entry into another zone time--he often chose midnight. These zones were
1740# adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many
1741# independent merchant ships until World War II.
1742
1743# From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen
1744# (2005-03-20):
1745#
1746# The American Practical Navigator (2002)
1747# <http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187>
1748# talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in
1749# international waters; it ignores the international date line.
| 773
774# Kingman
775# uninhabited
776
777# Midway
778#
779# From Mark Brader (2005-01-23):
780# [Fallacies and Fantasies of Air Transport History, by R.E.G. Davies,
781# published 1994 by Paladwr Press, McLean, VA, USA; ISBN 0-9626483-5-3]
782# reproduced a Pan American Airways timeables from 1936, for their weekly
783# "Orient Express" flights between San Francisco and Manila, and connecting
784# flights to Chicago and the US East Coast. As it uses some time zone
785# designations that I've never seen before:....
786# Fri. 6:30A Lv. HONOLOLU (Pearl Harbor), H.I. H.L.T. Ar. 5:30P Sun.
787# " 3:00P Ar. MIDWAY ISLAND . . . . . . . . . M.L.T. Lv. 6:00A "
788#
789Zone Pacific/Midway -11:49:28 - LMT 1901
790 -11:00 - NST 1956 Jun 3
791 -11:00 1:00 NDT 1956 Sep 2
792 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
793 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
794 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
795
796# Palmyra
797# uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
798
799# Wake
800# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
801Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901
802 12:00 - WAKT # Wake Time
803
804
805# Vanuatu
806# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
807Rule Vanuatu 1983 only - Sep 25 0:00 1:00 S
808Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
809Rule Vanuatu 1984 only - Oct 23 0:00 1:00 S
810Rule Vanuatu 1985 1991 - Sep Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
811Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
812Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
813# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
814Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila
815 11:00 Vanuatu VU%sT # Vanuatu Time
816
817# Wallis and Futuna
818# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
819Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901
820 12:00 - WFT # Wallis & Futuna Time
821
822###############################################################################
823
824# NOTES
825
826# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
827# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
828# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).
829
830# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
831# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
832# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
833# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
834#
835# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
836# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
837# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
838# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
839# of the IATA's data after 1990.
840#
841# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
842# entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
843#
844# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
845# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
846# I found in the UCLA library.
847#
848# For data circa 1899, a common source is:
849# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
850# <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>.
851#
852# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
853# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
854#
855# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
856# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
857# Corrections are welcome!
858# std dst
859# LMT Local Mean Time
860# 8:00 WST WST Western Australia
861# 8:45 CWST CWST Central Western Australia*
862# 9:00 JST Japan
863# 9:30 CST CST Central Australia
864# 10:00 EST EST Eastern Australia
865# 10:00 ChST Chamorro
866# 10:30 LHST LHST Lord Howe*
867# 11:30 NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945
868# 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present
869# 12:45 CHAST CHADT Chatham*
870# -11:00 SST Samoa
871# -10:00 HST Hawaii
872# - 8:00 PST Pitcairn*
873#
874# See the `northamerica' file for Hawaii.
875# See the `southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galapagos Is.
876
877###############################################################################
878
879# Australia
880
881# From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08):
882# <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml">
883# Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia
884# </a> summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
885
886# From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12):
887# <a href="http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving">
888# Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales
889# </a> covers New South Wales in particular.
890
891# From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
892# We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as `daylight' time.
893# It is called `summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, `summer'
894# and `standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
895# abbreviation does _not_ change...
896# The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
897# in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
898# initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
899# the phrase `summer time' and does not use the phrase `daylight
900# time'.
901# Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
902# Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases `Eastern Standard Time'
903# or `Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the
904# current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers
905# on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
906# prefixed by the word `Australian' when referring to local times;
907# time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
908
909# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
910# Given the above, what's chosen for year-round use is:
911# CST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 9:30
912# WST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 8:00
913# EST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 10:00
914
915# From Chuck Soper (2006-06-01):
916# I recently found this Australian government web page on time zones:
917# <http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia-13time>
918# And this government web page lists time zone names and abbreviations:
919# <http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml>
920
921# From Paul Eggert (2001-04-05), summarizing a long discussion about "EST"
922# versus "AEST" etc.:
923#
924# I see the following points of dispute:
925#
926# * How important are unique time zone abbreviations?
927#
928# Here I tend to agree with the point (most recently made by Chris
929# Newman) that unique abbreviations should not be essential for proper
930# operation of software. We have other instances of ambiguity
931# (e.g. "IST" denoting both "Israel Standard Time" and "Indian
932# Standard Time"), and they are not likely to go away any time soon.
933# In the old days, some software mistakenly relied on unique
934# abbreviations, but this is becoming less true with time, and I don't
935# think it's that important to cater to such software these days.
936#
937# On the other hand, there is another motivation for unambiguous
938# abbreviations: it cuts down on human confusion. This is
939# particularly true for Australia, where "EST" can mean one thing for
940# time T and a different thing for time T plus 1 second.
941#
942# * Does the relevant legislation indicate which abbreviations should be used?
943#
944# Here I tend to think that things are a mess, just as they are in
945# many other countries. We Americans are currently disagreeing about
946# which abbreviation to use for the newly legislated Chamorro Standard
947# Time, for example.
948#
949# Personally, I would prefer to use common practice; I would like to
950# refer to legislation only for examples of common practice, or as a
951# tiebreaker.
952#
953# * Do Australians more often use "Eastern Daylight Time" or "Eastern
954# Summer Time"? Do they typically prefix the time zone names with
955# the word "Australian"?
956#
957# My own impression is that both "Daylight Time" and "Summer Time" are
958# common and are widely understood, but that "Summer Time" is more
959# popular; and that the leading "A" is also common but is omitted more
960# often than not. I just used AltaVista advanced search and got the
961# following count of page hits:
962#
963# 1,103 "Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
964# 971 "Australian Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
965# 613 "Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
966# 127 "Australian Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
967#
968# Here "Summer" seems quite a bit more popular than "Daylight",
969# particularly when we know the time zone is Australian and not US,
970# say. The "Australian" prefix seems to be popular for Eastern Summer
971# Time, but unpopular for Eastern Daylight Time.
972#
973# For abbreviations, tools like AltaVista are less useful because of
974# ambiguity. Many hits are not really time zones, unfortunately, and
975# many hits denote US time zones and not Australian ones. But here
976# are the hit counts anyway:
977#
978# 161,304 "EST" and domain:au
979# 25,156 "EDT" and domain:au
980# 18,263 "AEST" and domain:au
981# 10,416 "AEDT" and domain:au
982#
983# 14,538 "CST" and domain:au
984# 5,728 "CDT" and domain:au
985# 176 "ACST" and domain:au
986# 29 "ACDT" and domain:au
987#
988# 7,539 "WST" and domain:au
989# 68 "AWST" and domain:au
990#
991# This data suggest that Australians tend to omit the "A" prefix in
992# practice. The situation for "ST" versus "DT" is less clear, given
993# the ambiguities involved.
994#
995# * How do Australians feel about the abbreviations in the tz database?
996#
997# If you just count Australians on this list, I count 2 in favor and 3
998# against. One of the "against" votes (David Keegel) counseled delay,
999# saying that both AEST/AEDT and EST/EST are widely used and
1000# understood in Australia.
1001
1002# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
1003# Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
1004# Mark Prior writes that his newspaper
1005# reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
1006# but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
1007# and perhaps the newspaper's `2:00' is referring to standard time.
1008# For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
1009
1010# From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):
1011#
1012# Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
1013# and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
1014# relevant entries in this database.
1015#
1016# NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
1017# <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html">
1018# Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
1019# </a>
1020# ACT
1021# <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html">
1022# Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
1023# </a>
1024# SA
1025# <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html">
1026# Standard Time Act, 1898
1027# </a>
1028
1029# From David Grosz (2005-06-13):
1030# It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by
1031# one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
1032# Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday
1033# in April instead of the last Sunday in March.
1034#
1035# From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14):
1036# I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan
1037# to extend DST together in 2006.
1038# ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt
1039# New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html
1040# South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html
1041# Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772
1042# Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles
1043# allude to it.
1044# But not Queensland
1045# http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html.
1046
1047# Northern Territory
1048
1049# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1050# # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]
1051# # [ Nov 1990 ]
1052# # N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location.
1053# ...
1054# Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST
1055
1056# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1057# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1058# the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.
1059
1060# Western Australia
1061
1062# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1063# # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]
1064# # [ Nov 1990 ]
1065# # W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to
1066# # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but
1067# # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus
1068# # before reaching parliament.
1069# ...
1070# Zone Australia/West 8:00 AW %sST
1071# ...
1072# Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1073# Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
1074# Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1075# Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
1076
1077# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1078# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1079# Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving.
1080
1081# From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):
1082# Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney
1083# rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at
1084# work at 9.00am.)
1085# W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse
1086# everybody again.
1087
1088# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1089# The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
1090# it matches what was used in the past.
1091
1092# <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm">
1093# The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
1094# </a> (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
1095# South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
1096
1097# Queensland
1098# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1099# # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
1100# # [ Dec 1990 ]
1101# ...
1102# Zone Australia/Queensland 10:00 AQ %sST
1103# ...
1104# Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1105# Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E
1106# Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1107# Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E
1108
1109# From Bradley White (1989-12-24):
1110# "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from
1111# October 1989).
1112
1113# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1114# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1115# ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
1116# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
1117
1118# From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
1119# I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact
1120# end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised
1121# me.)
1122
1123# From Bradley White (1992-03-08):
1124# ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted
1125# in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...
1126# ...
1127# Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1128# Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1129# ...
1130
1131# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1132# The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
1133
1134# From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning
1135# from Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-11-01):
1136# WA are trialing DST for three years.
1137# <http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf>
1138
1139# From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
1140# The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
1141# southern coast.... South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western
1142# Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The
1143# residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so
1144# much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the
1145# international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South
1146# Australia and Western Australia....
1147#
1148# From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
1149# This is confirmed by the section entitled
1150# "What's the deal with time zones???" in
1151# <http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html>.
1152#
1153# From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07):
1154# ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway,
1155# which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern
1156# coast of the continent.
1157#
1158# I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no
1159# dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border
1160# village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west
1161# as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is
1162# the largest population centre in this zone....
1163#
1164# Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the
1165# question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I
1166# just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have,
1167# meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45.
1168#
1169# (2006-12-09):
1170# I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving
1171# in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis
1172# of this time zone. My hunch is that it's been around since well
1173# before 1975. I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago.
1174
1175# From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15):
1176# For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the
1177# introduction of standard time in 1895.
1178
1179
1180# southeast Australia
1181#
1182# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1183# Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT
1184# end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October.
1185# http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html
1186
1187
1188# South Australia
1189
1190# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1191# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1192# ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
1193# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
1194
1195# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1196# # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ]
1197# # [ Nov 1990 ]
1198# ...
1199# Zone Australia/South 9:30 AS %sST
1200# ...
1201# Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1202# Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
1203# Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 3:00 0 C
1204# Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
1205
1206# From Bradley White (1992-03-11):
1207# Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide
1208# contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival,
1209# South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."
1210
1211# From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):
1212# I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)
1213# South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even
1214# numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival
1215# is on...
1216
1217# From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):
1218# DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....
1219# But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...
1220# (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).
1221
1222# From Bradley White (1994-04-11):
1223# If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,
1224# 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can
1225# only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....
1226
1227# From John Warburton (1994-10-07):
1228# The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...
1229# was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....
1230# start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.
1231
1232# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1233# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1234
1235# Tasmania
1236
1237# The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
1238# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1239# # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
1240# # [ Nov 1990 ]
1241
1242# From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
1243# Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
1244# 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
1245# (but nothing new about that).
1246
1247# From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
1248# I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
1249# (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
1250# has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
1251# (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
1252# instead of the first Sunday in October.
1253
1254# Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
1255# http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300
1256
1257# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1258# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1259
1260# Victoria
1261
1262# The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
1263# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1264# # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
1265# # [ Nov 1990 ]
1266
1267# From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
1268# On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
1269# interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was
1270# discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
1271# Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
1272# in Melbourne, Australia.
1273#
1274# Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
1275# illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
1276# of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
1277# fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
1278# you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
1279# expected time.
1280#
1281# However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
1282# to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
1283# the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps
1284# someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
1285#
1286# [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html
1287# [2] http://www.shrine.org.au
1288
1289# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1290# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1291
1292# New South Wales
1293
1294# From Arthur David Olson:
1295# New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.
1296# Based on law library research by John Mackin,
1297# who notes:
1298# In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
1299# individual states. Thus, while such terms as ``Eastern Standard Time''
1300# [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
1301# use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
1302# legislation. This is very important to understand.
1303# I have researched New South Wales time only...
1304
1305# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):
1306# DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
1307# October in 2000. [See: Matthew Moore,
1308# <a href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html">
1309# Two months more daylight saving
1310# </a>
1311# Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).]
1312
1313# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
1314# See the following official NSW source:
1315# <a href="http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ">
1316# Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
1317# </a>
1318#
1319# Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
1320# daylight saving next year. See:
1321# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm">
1322# Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
1323# </a> (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
1324#
1325# Victoria will following NSW. See:
1326# <a href="http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm">
1327# Vic to extend daylight saving
1328# </a> (1999-07-28).
1329#
1330# However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See:
1331# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm">
1332# South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request
1333# </a> (1999-07-19).
1334#
1335# Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See:
1336# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm">
1337# Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
1338# </a> (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
1339# ``Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
1340# I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
1341# well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
1342# bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
1343# I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules.''
1344#
1345# Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See:
1346# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm">
1347# Broken Hill to be behind the times
1348# </a> (1999-07-21).
1349
1350# IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
1351# Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
1352# Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.
1353
1354# From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
1355# The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
1356# towns to use Queensland time.
1357
1358# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1359# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1360
1361# Yancowinna
1362
1363# From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
1364# `Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
1365
1366# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1367# # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
1368# # [ Dec 1990 ]
1369# ...
1370# # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the
1371# # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings
1372# # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government
1373# # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have
1374# # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not
1375# # presently available.
1376# Zone Australia/Yancowinna 9:30 AY %sST
1377# ...
1378# Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1379# Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C
1380# [followed by other Rules]
1381
1382# Lord Howe Island
1383
1384# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1385# LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ]
1386# [ Dec 1990 ]
1387# Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
1388# hour ahead of NSW time.
1389
1390# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
1391# Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
1392# date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the
1393# Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
1394# seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
1395# arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
1396# instead of only 30 minutes. [Dependent] on the wishes of residents
1397# the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
1398# arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will
1399# however always coincide with the rest of NSW.
1400
1401# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
1402# Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
1403# clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
1404# introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
1405# shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
1406# of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.
1407
1408# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1409# For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and
1410# Lonergan thereafter. For times we use Lonergan.
1411
1412# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1413# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1414
1415# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28):
1416# According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight
1417# saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009
1418# summer (southern hemisphere).
1419#
1420# From
1421# <a href="http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf">
1422# http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf
1423# </a>
1424# The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling
1425# for over the last year is now set to be ongoing.
1426# Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each
1427# year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year.
1428# Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia
1429# with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and
1430# the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year...
1431#
1432# We have a wrap-up here:
1433# <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html">
1434# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html
1435# </a>
1436###############################################################################
1437
1438# New Zealand
1439
1440# From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
1441# the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
1442# This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
1443# subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
1444# source -- phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
1445
1446# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1447# # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
1448# # or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
1449# # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ]
1450# # [ Nov 1990 ]
1451# ...
1452# Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1453# Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1454# Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1455# Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S
1456# ...
1457# Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand
1458# Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island
1459
1460# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1461# The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989
1462# rather than the October 1 value.
1463
1464# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);
1465# Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
1466# Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight
1467# Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard
1468# time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
1469# As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
1470#
1471# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1472# The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,
1473# as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.htm for the full references.
1474# Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger.
1475#
1476# For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
1477# transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham
1478# is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.
1479
1480# From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30):
1481# DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the
1482# first Sunday in April. The changes take effect this year, meaning
1483# that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.
1484# http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended
1485
1486###############################################################################
1487
1488
1489# Fiji
1490
1491# Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
1492# enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
1493# instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
1494
1495# From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
1496# Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
1497# until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will
1498# be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
1499
1500# From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
1501# IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow.
1502
1503# From the BBC World Service in
1504# http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/205226.stm (1998-10-31 16:03 UTC):
1505# The Fijiian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
1506# improve productivity and reduce road accidents.... [T]he move is also
1507# intended to boost Fiji's ability to attract tourists to witness the dawning
1508# of the new millennium.
1509
1510# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
1511# reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
1512
1513# Johnston
1514
1515# Johnston data is from usno1995.
1516
1517
1518# Kiribati
1519
1520# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1521# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
1522# ``declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995''
1523# as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
1524
1525
1526# Kwajalein
1527
1528# In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:
1529# I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday,
1530# 1993-08-20. Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with
1531# respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,
1532# going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.
1533
1534
1535# N Mariana Is, Guam
1536
1537# Howse writes (p 153) ``The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
1538# Philippines and the Ladrones from America,'' and implies that the Ladrones
1539# (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
1540# For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
1541# see Asia/Manila.
1542
1543# US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UTC+10 the official standard time,
1544# under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation,
1545# but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
1546# wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
1547
1548
1549# Micronesia
1550
1551# Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),
1552# ``I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that "Truk"
1553# (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10.''
1554#
1555# Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11
1556# on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.
1557
1558# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1559# The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
1560# <a href="http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html">
1561# The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information
1562# </a> (1999-01-26)
1563# that Truk and Yap are UTC+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are UTC+11.
1564# We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now.
1565
1566
1567# Midway
1568
1569# From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956),
1570# quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection
1571# <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31):
1572# For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight
1573# Saving Time. This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning,
1574# your time down there in New Zealand. Starting September 2, 1956
1575# we'll again go back to Standard Time. This'll mean that we'll go to
1576# air at 6am your time.
1577#
1578# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1579# We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they
1580# started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years
1581# in Midway, but we have no record of it.
1582
1583
1584# Pitcairn
1585
1586# From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
1587# A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
1588# with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows.
1589#
1590# The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
1591# Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
1592# as Pitcairn Standard Time.
1593#
1594# ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
1595# references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
1596# somehow in light of this proclamation.
1597
1598# From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
1599# The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
1600# ... at midnight.
1601
1602# From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
1603# Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
1604# Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in
1605# Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
1606
1607
1608# Samoa
1609
1610# Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald)
1611# that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change
1612# ``the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
1613# ordaining -- by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery -- that
1614# the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year.''
1615
1616
1617# Tonga
1618
1619# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1620# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that ``Tonga has been plotting
1621# to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time.''
1622# Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
1623
1624# Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
1625# <a href="http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm">
1626# How Tonga became `The Land where Time Begins'
1627# </a>:
1628
1629# Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
1630# 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its
1631# standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
1632# local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
1633# advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees
1634# (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
1635#
1636# Because His Majesty King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
1637# Tungi, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
1638# begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
1639#
1640# But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
1641# islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
1642# minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
1643# minutes we have lost?"
1644#
1645# The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
1646# on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
1647# to say your prayers in the morning."
1648
1649# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1650# Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.
1651
1652# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
1653# Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millennium
1654# Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
1655# He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
1656# October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
1657# Government.
1658
1659# From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
1660# * Tonga will introduce DST in November
1661#
1662# I was given this link by John Letts:
1663# <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm">
1664# http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
1665# </a>
1666#
1667# I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
1668# yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
1669# of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
1670# (12 + 1 hour DST).
1671
1672# From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20):
1673# According to <a href="http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html">
1674# http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html
1675# </a>:
1676# "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
1677# and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
1678# third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on
1679# Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
1680# set back an hour on the closing date."
1681# Alas, no indication of the time of day.
1682
1683# From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
1684# Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
1685# Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.
1686
1687# From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
1688# Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com
1689# that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
1690# instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
1691# is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
1692# text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
1693# (Original URL was: http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm )
1694
1695# From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
1696# Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
1697
1698# From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
1699# At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
1700# shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday
1701# of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
1702# hour to 1:00am.
1703
1704# From Pulu 'Anau (2002-11-05):
1705# The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't.
1706
1707
1708# Wake
1709
1710# From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
1711# US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
1712#
1713# Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] -- ... The time was all the
1714# more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
1715# International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays. Furthermore, we
1716# discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
1717# making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost
1718# impossible.
1719#
1720# http://www.trumanlibrary.org/wake/meeting.htm
1721
1722# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1723# We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.
1724
1725###############################################################################
1726
1727# The International Date Line
1728
1729# From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
1730#
1731# The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
1732# convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
1733# Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
1734# the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
1735#
1736# When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
1737# Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
1738# to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
1739# mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line
1740# has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
1741# island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
1742# convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is
1743# governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
1744# places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not
1745# an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
1746# correct date is ambiguous.
1747
1748# From Wikipedia <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31):
1749# Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting
1750# their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's
1751# speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's
1752# meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon). During 1917, at the
1753# Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all
1754# ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones
1755# on the high seas. Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any
1756# nation it would use that nation's standard time. The captain was permitted
1757# to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's
1758# entry into another zone time--he often chose midnight. These zones were
1759# adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many
1760# independent merchant ships until World War II.
1761
1762# From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen
1763# (2005-03-20):
1764#
1765# The American Practical Navigator (2002)
1766# <http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187>
1767# talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in
1768# international waters; it ignores the international date line.
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