639
640# Tonga
641# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
642Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 S
643Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 -
644Rule Tonga 2000 2001 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
645Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 -
646# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
647Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:20 - LMT 1901
648 12:20 - TOT 1941 # Tonga Time
649 13:00 - TOT 1999
650 13:00 Tonga TO%sT
651
652# Tuvalu
653# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
654Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901
655 12:00 - TVT # Tuvalu Time
656
657
658# US minor outlying islands
659
660# Howland, Baker
661# Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British
662# 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known.
663# Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944;
664# uninhabited thereafter.
665# Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UTC-10:30) in 1937;
666# see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long,
667# Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000).
668# So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935
669# until they were abandoned after the war.
670
671# Jarvis
672# Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?.
673# Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958;
674# uninhabited thereafter.
675# no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
676
677# Johnston
678# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
679Zone Pacific/Johnston -10:00 - HST
680
681# Kingman
682# uninhabited
683
684# Midway
685#
686# From Mark Brader (2005-01-23):
687# [Fallacies and Fantasies of Air Transport History, by R.E.G. Davies,
688# published 1994 by Paladwr Press, McLean, VA, USA; ISBN 0-9626483-5-3]
689# reproduced a Pan American Airways timeables from 1936, for their weekly
690# "Orient Express" flights between San Francisco and Manila, and connecting
691# flights to Chicago and the US East Coast. As it uses some time zone
692# designations that I've never seen before:....
693# Fri. 6:30A Lv. HONOLOLU (Pearl Harbor), H.I. H.L.T. Ar. 5:30P Sun.
694# " 3:00P Ar. MIDWAY ISLAND . . . . . . . . . M.L.T. Lv. 6:00A "
695#
696Zone Pacific/Midway -11:49:28 - LMT 1901
697 -11:00 - NST 1956 Jun 3
698 -11:00 1:00 NDT 1956 Sep 2
699 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
700 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
701 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
702
703# Palmyra
704# uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
705
706# Wake
707# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
708Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901
709 12:00 - WAKT # Wake Time
710
711
712# Vanuatu
713# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
714Rule Vanuatu 1983 only - Sep 25 0:00 1:00 S
715Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
716Rule Vanuatu 1984 only - Oct 23 0:00 1:00 S
717Rule Vanuatu 1985 1991 - Sep Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
718Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
719Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
720# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
721Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila
722 11:00 Vanuatu VU%sT # Vanuatu Time
723
724# Wallis and Futuna
725# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
726Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901
727 12:00 - WFT # Wallis & Futuna Time
728
729###############################################################################
730
731# NOTES
732
733# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
734# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
735# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
736
737# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
738# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
739# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
740# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
741#
742# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
743# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
744# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
745# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
746# of the IATA's data after 1990.
747#
748# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
749# entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
750#
751# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
752# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
753# I found in the UCLA library.
754#
755# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
756# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
757#
758# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
759# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
760# Corrections are welcome!
761# std dst
762# LMT Local Mean Time
763# 8:00 WST WST Western Australia
764# 8:45 CWST CWST Central Western Australia*
765# 9:00 JST Japan
766# 9:30 CST CST Central Australia
767# 10:00 EST EST Eastern Australia
768# 10:00 ChST Chamorro
769# 10:30 LHST LHST Lord Howe*
770# 11:30 NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945
771# 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present
772# 12:45 CHAST CHADT Chatham*
773# -11:00 SST Samoa
774# -10:00 HST Hawaii
775# - 8:00 PST Pitcairn*
776#
777# See the `northamerica' file for Hawaii.
778# See the `southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galapagos Is.
779
780###############################################################################
781
782# Australia
783
784# From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08):
785# <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml">
786# Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia
787# </a> summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
788
789# From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12):
790# <a href="http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving">
791# Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales
792# </a> covers New South Wales in particular.
793
794# From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
795# We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as `daylight' time.
796# It is called `summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, `summer'
797# and `standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
798# abbreviation does _not_ change...
799# The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
800# in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
801# initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
802# the phrase `summer time' and does not use the phrase `daylight
803# time'.
804# Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
805# Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases `Eastern Standard Time'
806# or `Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the
807# current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers
808# on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
809# prefixed by the word `Australian' when referring to local times;
810# time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
811
812# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
813# Given the above, what's chosen for year-round use is:
814# CST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 9:30
815# WST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 8:00
816# EST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 10:00
817
818# From Chuck Soper (2006-06-01):
819# I recently found this Australian government web page on time zones:
820# <http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia-13time>
821# And this government web page lists time zone names and abbreviations:
822# <http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml>
823
824# From Paul Eggert (2001-04-05), summarizing a long discussion about "EST"
825# versus "AEST" etc.:
826#
827# I see the following points of dispute:
828#
829# * How important are unique time zone abbreviations?
830#
831# Here I tend to agree with the point (most recently made by Chris
832# Newman) that unique abbreviations should not be essential for proper
833# operation of software. We have other instances of ambiguity
834# (e.g. "IST" denoting both "Israel Standard Time" and "Indian
835# Standard Time"), and they are not likely to go away any time soon.
836# In the old days, some software mistakenly relied on unique
837# abbreviations, but this is becoming less true with time, and I don't
838# think it's that important to cater to such software these days.
839#
840# On the other hand, there is another motivation for unambiguous
841# abbreviations: it cuts down on human confusion. This is
842# particularly true for Australia, where "EST" can mean one thing for
843# time T and a different thing for time T plus 1 second.
844#
845# * Does the relevant legislation indicate which abbreviations should be used?
846#
847# Here I tend to think that things are a mess, just as they are in
848# many other countries. We Americans are currently disagreeing about
849# which abbreviation to use for the newly legislated Chamorro Standard
850# Time, for example.
851#
852# Personally, I would prefer to use common practice; I would like to
853# refer to legislation only for examples of common practice, or as a
854# tiebreaker.
855#
856# * Do Australians more often use "Eastern Daylight Time" or "Eastern
857# Summer Time"? Do they typically prefix the time zone names with
858# the word "Australian"?
859#
860# My own impression is that both "Daylight Time" and "Summer Time" are
861# common and are widely understood, but that "Summer Time" is more
862# popular; and that the leading "A" is also common but is omitted more
863# often than not. I just used AltaVista advanced search and got the
864# following count of page hits:
865#
866# 1,103 "Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
867# 971 "Australian Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
868# 613 "Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
869# 127 "Australian Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
870#
871# Here "Summer" seems quite a bit more popular than "Daylight",
872# particularly when we know the time zone is Australian and not US,
873# say. The "Australian" prefix seems to be popular for Eastern Summer
874# Time, but unpopular for Eastern Daylight Time.
875#
876# For abbreviations, tools like AltaVista are less useful because of
877# ambiguity. Many hits are not really time zones, unfortunately, and
878# many hits denote US time zones and not Australian ones. But here
879# are the hit counts anyway:
880#
881# 161,304 "EST" and domain:au
882# 25,156 "EDT" and domain:au
883# 18,263 "AEST" and domain:au
884# 10,416 "AEDT" and domain:au
885#
886# 14,538 "CST" and domain:au
887# 5,728 "CDT" and domain:au
888# 176 "ACST" and domain:au
889# 29 "ACDT" and domain:au
890#
891# 7,539 "WST" and domain:au
892# 68 "AWST" and domain:au
893#
894# This data suggest that Australians tend to omit the "A" prefix in
895# practice. The situation for "ST" versus "DT" is less clear, given
896# the ambiguities involved.
897#
898# * How do Australians feel about the abbreviations in the tz database?
899#
900# If you just count Australians on this list, I count 2 in favor and 3
901# against. One of the "against" votes (David Keegel) counseled delay,
902# saying that both AEST/AEDT and EST/EST are widely used and
903# understood in Australia.
904
905# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
906# Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
907# Mark Prior writes that his newspaper
908# reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
909# but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
910# and perhaps the newspaper's `2:00' is referring to standard time.
911# For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
912
913# From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):
914#
915# Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
916# and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
917# relevant entries in this database.
918#
919# NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
920# <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html">
921# Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
922# </a>
923# ACT
924# <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html">
925# Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
926# </a>
927# SA
928# <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html">
929# Standard Time Act, 1898
930# </a>
931
932# From David Grosz (2005-06-13):
933# It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by
934# one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
935# Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday
936# in April instead of the last Sunday in March.
937#
938# From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14):
939# I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan
940# to extend DST together in 2006.
941# ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt
942# New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html
943# South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html
944# Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772
945# Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles
946# allude to it.
947# But not Queensland
948# http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html.
949
950# Northern Territory
951
952# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
953# # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]
954# # [ Nov 1990 ]
955# # N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location.
956# ...
957# Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST
958
959# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
960# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
961# the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.
962
963# Western Australia
964
965# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
966# # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]
967# # [ Nov 1990 ]
968# # W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to
969# # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but
970# # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus
971# # before reaching parliament.
972# ...
973# Zone Australia/West 8:00 AW %sST
974# ...
975# Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
976# Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
977# Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
978# Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
979
980# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
981# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
982# Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving.
983
984# From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):
985# Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney
986# rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at
987# work at 9.00am.)
988# W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse
989# everybody again.
990
991# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
992# The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
993# it matches what was used in the past.
994
995# <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm">
996# The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
997# </a> (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
998# South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
999
1000# Queensland
1001# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1002# # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
1003# # [ Dec 1990 ]
1004# ...
1005# Zone Australia/Queensland 10:00 AQ %sST
1006# ...
1007# Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1008# Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E
1009# Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1010# Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E
1011
1012# From Bradley White (1989-12-24):
1013# "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from
1014# October 1989).
1015
1016# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1017# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1018# ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
1019# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
1020
1021# From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
1022# I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact
1023# end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised
1024# me.)
1025
1026# From Bradley White (1992-03-08):
1027# ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted
1028# in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...
1029# ...
1030# Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1031# Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1032# ...
1033
1034# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1035# The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
1036
1037# From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning
1038# from Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-11-01):
1039# WA are trialing DST for three years.
1040# <http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf>
1041
1042# From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
1043# The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
1044# southern coast.... South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western
1045# Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The
1046# residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so
1047# much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the
1048# international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South
1049# Australia and Western Australia....
1050#
1051# From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
1052# This is confirmed by the section entitled
1053# "What's the deal with time zones???" in
1054# <http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html>.
1055#
1056# From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07):
1057# ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway,
1058# which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern
1059# coast of the continent.
1060#
1061# I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no
1062# dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border
1063# village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west
1064# as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is
1065# the largest population centre in this zone....
1066#
1067# Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the
1068# question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I
1069# just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have,
1070# meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45.
1071#
1072# (2006-12-09):
1073# I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving
1074# in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis
1075# of this time zone. My hunch is that it's been around since well
1076# before 1975. I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago.
1077
1078# From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15):
1079# For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the
1080# introduction of standard time in 1895.
1081
1082
1083# southeast Australia
1084#
1085# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1086# Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT
1087# end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October.
1088# http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html
1089
1090
1091# South Australia
1092
1093# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1094# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1095# ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
1096# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
1097
1098# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1099# # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ]
1100# # [ Nov 1990 ]
1101# ...
1102# Zone Australia/South 9:30 AS %sST
1103# ...
1104# Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1105# Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
1106# Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 3:00 0 C
1107# Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
1108
1109# From Bradley White (1992-03-11):
1110# Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide
1111# contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival,
1112# South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."
1113
1114# From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):
1115# I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)
1116# South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even
1117# numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival
1118# is on...
1119
1120# From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):
1121# DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....
1122# But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...
1123# (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).
1124
1125# From Bradley White (1994-04-11):
1126# If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,
1127# 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can
1128# only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....
1129
1130# From John Warburton (1994-10-07):
1131# The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...
1132# was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....
1133# start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.
1134
1135# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1136# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1137
1138# Tasmania
1139
1140# The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
1141# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1142# # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
1143# # [ Nov 1990 ]
1144
1145# From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
1146# Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
1147# 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
1148# (but nothing new about that).
1149
1150# From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
1151# I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
1152# (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
1153# has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
1154# (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
1155# instead of the first Sunday in October.
1156
1157# Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
1158# http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300
1159
1160# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1161# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1162
1163# Victoria
1164
1165# The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
1166# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1167# # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
1168# # [ Nov 1990 ]
1169
1170# From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
1171# On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
1172# interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was
1173# discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
1174# Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
1175# in Melbourne, Australia.
1176#
1177# Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
1178# illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
1179# of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
1180# fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
1181# you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
1182# expected time.
1183#
1184# However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
1185# to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
1186# the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps
1187# someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
1188#
1189# [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html
1190# [2] http://www.shrine.org.au
1191
1192# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1193# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1194
1195# New South Wales
1196
1197# From Arthur David Olson:
1198# New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.
1199# Based on law library research by John Mackin,
1200# who notes:
1201# In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
1202# individual states. Thus, while such terms as ``Eastern Standard Time''
1203# [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
1204# use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
1205# legislation. This is very important to understand.
1206# I have researched New South Wales time only...
1207
1208# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):
1209# DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
1210# October in 2000. [See: Matthew Moore,
1211# <a href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html">
1212# Two months more daylight saving
1213# </a>
1214# Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).]
1215
1216# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
1217# See the following official NSW source:
1218# <a href="http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ">
1219# Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
1220# </a>
1221#
1222# Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
1223# daylight saving next year. See:
1224# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm">
1225# Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
1226# </a> (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
1227#
1228# Victoria will following NSW. See:
1229# <a href="http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm">
1230# Vic to extend daylight saving
1231# </a> (1999-07-28).
1232#
1233# However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See:
1234# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm">
1235# South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request
1236# </a> (1999-07-19).
1237#
1238# Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See:
1239# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm">
1240# Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
1241# </a> (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
1242# ``Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
1243# I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
1244# well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
1245# bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
1246# I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules.''
1247#
1248# Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See:
1249# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm">
1250# Broken Hill to be behind the times
1251# </a> (1999-07-21).
1252
1253# IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
1254# Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
1255# Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.
1256
1257# From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
1258# The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
1259# towns to use Queensland time.
1260
1261# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1262# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1263
1264# Yancowinna
1265
1266# From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
1267# `Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
1268
1269# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1270# # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
1271# # [ Dec 1990 ]
1272# ...
1273# # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the
1274# # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings
1275# # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government
1276# # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have
1277# # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not
1278# # presently available.
1279# Zone Australia/Yancowinna 9:30 AY %sST
1280# ...
1281# Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1282# Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C
1283# [followed by other Rules]
1284
1285# Lord Howe Island
1286
1287# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1288# LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ]
1289# [ Dec 1990 ]
1290# Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
1291# hour ahead of NSW time.
1292
1293# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
1294# Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
1295# date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the
1296# Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
1297# seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
1298# arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
1299# instead of only 30 minutes. [Dependent] on the wishes of residents
1300# the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
1301# arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will
1302# however always coincide with the rest of NSW.
1303
1304# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
1305# Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
1306# clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
1307# introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
1308# shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
1309# of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.
1310
1311# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1312# For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and
1313# Lonergan thereafter. For times we use Lonergan.
1314
1315# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1316# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1317
1318# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28):
1319# According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight
1320# saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009
1321# summer (southern hemisphere).
1322#
1323# From
1324# <a href="http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf">
1325# http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf
1326# </a>
1327# The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling
1328# for over the last year is now set to be ongoing.
1329# Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each
1330# year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year.
1331# Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia
1332# with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and
1333# the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year...
1334#
1335# We have a wrap-up here:
1336# <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html">
1337# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html
1338# </a>
1339###############################################################################
1340
1341# New Zealand
1342
1343# From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
1344# the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
1345# This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
1346# subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
1347# source -- phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
1348
1349# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1350# # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
1351# # or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
1352# # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ]
1353# # [ Nov 1990 ]
1354# ...
1355# Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1356# Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1357# Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1358# Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S
1359# ...
1360# Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand
1361# Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island
1362
1363# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1364# The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989
1365# rather than the October 1 value.
1366
1367# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);
1368# Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
1369# Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight
1370# Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard
1371# time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
1372# As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
1373#
1374# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1375# The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,
1376# as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.htm for the full references.
1377# Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger.
1378#
1379# For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
1380# transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham
1381# is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.
1382
1383# From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30):
1384# DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the
1385# first Sunday in April. The changes take effect this year, meaning
1386# that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.
1387# http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended
1388
1389###############################################################################
1390
1391
1392# Fiji
1393
1394# Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
1395# enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
1396# instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
1397
1398# From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
1399# Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
1400# until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will
1401# be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
1402
1403# From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
1404# IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow.
1405
1406# From the BBC World Service (1998-10-31 11:32 UTC):
1407# The Fijiian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
1408# improve productivity and reduce road accidents. But correspondents say it
1409# also hopes the move will boost Fiji's ability to compete with other pacific
1410# islands in the effort to attract tourists to witness the dawning of the new
1411# millenium.
1412
1413# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
1414# reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
1415
1416# Johnston
1417
1418# Johnston data is from usno1995.
1419
1420
1421# Kiribati
1422
1423# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1424# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
1425# ``declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995''
1426# as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
1427
1428
1429# Kwajalein
1430
1431# In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:
1432# I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday,
1433# 1993-08-20. Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with
1434# respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,
1435# going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.
1436
1437
1438# N Mariana Is, Guam
1439
1440# Howse writes (p 153) ``The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
1441# Philippines and the Ladrones from America,'' and implies that the Ladrones
1442# (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
1443# For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
1444# see Asia/Manila.
1445
1446# US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UTC+10 the official standard time,
1447# under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation,
1448# but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
1449# wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
1450
1451
1452# Micronesia
1453
1454# Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),
1455# ``I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that "Truk"
1456# (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10.''
1457#
1458# Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11
1459# on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.
1460
1461# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1462# The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
1463# <a href="http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html">
1464# The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information
1465# </a> (1999-01-26)
1466# that Truk and Yap are UTC+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are UTC+11.
1467# We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now.
1468
1469
1470# Midway
1471
1472# From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956),
1473# quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection
1474# <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31):
1475# For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight
1476# Saving Time. This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning,
1477# your time down there in New Zealand. Starting September 2, 1956
1478# we'll again go back to Standard Time. This'll mean that we'll go to
1479# air at 6am your time.
1480#
1481# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1482# We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they
1483# started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years
1484# in Midway, but we have no record of it.
1485
1486
1487# Pitcairn
1488
1489# From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
1490# A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
1491# with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows.
1492#
1493# The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
1494# Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
1495# as Pitcairn Standard Time.
1496#
1497# ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
1498# references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
1499# somehow in light of this proclamation.
1500
1501# From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
1502# The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
1503# ... at midnight.
1504
1505# From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
1506# Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
1507# Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in
1508# Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
1509
1510
1511# Samoa
1512
1513# Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald)
1514# that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change
1515# ``the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
1516# ordaining -- by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery -- that
1517# the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year.''
1518
1519
1520# Tonga
1521
1522# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1523# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that ``Tonga has been plotting
1524# to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time.''
1525# Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
1526
1527# Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
1528# <a href="http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm">
1529# How Tonga became `The Land where Time Begins'
1530# </a>:
1531
1532# Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
1533# 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its
1534# standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
1535# local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
1536# advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees
1537# (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
1538#
1539# Because His Majesty King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
1540# Tungi, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
1541# begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
1542#
1543# But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
1544# islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
1545# minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
1546# minutes we have lost?"
1547#
1548# The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
1549# on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
1550# to say your prayers in the morning."
1551
1552# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1553# Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.
1554
1555# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
1556# Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millenium
1557# Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
1558# He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
1559# October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
1560# Government.
1561
1562# From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
1563# * Tonga will introduce DST in November
1564#
1565# I was given this link by John Letts:
1566# <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm">
1567# http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
1568# </a>
1569#
1570# I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
1571# yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
1572# of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
1573# (12 + 1 hour DST).
1574
1575# From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20):
1576# According to <a href="http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html">
1577# http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html
1578# </a>:
1579# "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
1580# and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
1581# third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on
1582# Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
1583# set back an hour on the closing date."
1584# Alas, no indication of the time of day.
1585
1586# From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
1587# Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
1588# Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.
1589
1590# From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
1591# Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com
1592# that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
1593# instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
1594# is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
1595# text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
1596# (Original URL was: http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm )
1597
1598# From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
1599# Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
1600
1601# From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
1602# At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
1603# shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday
1604# of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
1605# hour to 1:00am.
1606
1607# From Pulu 'Anau (2002-11-05):
1608# The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't.
1609
1610
1611# Wake
1612
1613# From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
1614# US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
1615#
1616# Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] -- ... The time was all the
1617# more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
1618# International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays. Furthermore, we
1619# discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
1620# making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost
1621# impossible.
1622#
1623# http://www.trumanlibrary.org/wake/meeting.htm
1624
1625# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1626# We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.
1627
1628###############################################################################
1629
1630# The International Date Line
1631
1632# From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
1633#
1634# The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
1635# convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
1636# Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
1637# the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
1638#
1639# When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
1640# Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
1641# to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
1642# mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line
1643# has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
1644# island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
1645# convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is
1646# governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
1647# places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not
1648# an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
1649# correct date is ambiguous.
1650
1651# From Wikipedia <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31):
1652# Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting
1653# their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's
1654# speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's
1655# meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon). During 1917, at the
1656# Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all
1657# ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones
1658# on the high seas. Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any
1659# nation it would use that nation's standard time. The captain was permitted
1660# to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's
1661# entry into another zone time--he often chose midnight. These zones were
1662# adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many
1663# independent merchant ships until World War II.
1664
1665# From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen
1666# (2005-03-20):
1667#
1668# The American Practical Navigator (2002)
1669# <http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187>
1670# talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in
1671# international waters; it ignores the international date line.
| 663
664# Tonga
665# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
666Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 S
667Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 -
668Rule Tonga 2000 2001 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
669Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 -
670# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
671Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:20 - LMT 1901
672 12:20 - TOT 1941 # Tonga Time
673 13:00 - TOT 1999
674 13:00 Tonga TO%sT
675
676# Tuvalu
677# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
678Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901
679 12:00 - TVT # Tuvalu Time
680
681
682# US minor outlying islands
683
684# Howland, Baker
685# Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British
686# 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known.
687# Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944;
688# uninhabited thereafter.
689# Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UTC-10:30) in 1937;
690# see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long,
691# Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000).
692# So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935
693# until they were abandoned after the war.
694
695# Jarvis
696# Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?.
697# Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958;
698# uninhabited thereafter.
699# no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
700
701# Johnston
702# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
703Zone Pacific/Johnston -10:00 - HST
704
705# Kingman
706# uninhabited
707
708# Midway
709#
710# From Mark Brader (2005-01-23):
711# [Fallacies and Fantasies of Air Transport History, by R.E.G. Davies,
712# published 1994 by Paladwr Press, McLean, VA, USA; ISBN 0-9626483-5-3]
713# reproduced a Pan American Airways timeables from 1936, for their weekly
714# "Orient Express" flights between San Francisco and Manila, and connecting
715# flights to Chicago and the US East Coast. As it uses some time zone
716# designations that I've never seen before:....
717# Fri. 6:30A Lv. HONOLOLU (Pearl Harbor), H.I. H.L.T. Ar. 5:30P Sun.
718# " 3:00P Ar. MIDWAY ISLAND . . . . . . . . . M.L.T. Lv. 6:00A "
719#
720Zone Pacific/Midway -11:49:28 - LMT 1901
721 -11:00 - NST 1956 Jun 3
722 -11:00 1:00 NDT 1956 Sep 2
723 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
724 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
725 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
726
727# Palmyra
728# uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
729
730# Wake
731# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
732Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901
733 12:00 - WAKT # Wake Time
734
735
736# Vanuatu
737# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
738Rule Vanuatu 1983 only - Sep 25 0:00 1:00 S
739Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
740Rule Vanuatu 1984 only - Oct 23 0:00 1:00 S
741Rule Vanuatu 1985 1991 - Sep Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
742Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
743Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
744# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
745Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila
746 11:00 Vanuatu VU%sT # Vanuatu Time
747
748# Wallis and Futuna
749# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
750Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901
751 12:00 - WFT # Wallis & Futuna Time
752
753###############################################################################
754
755# NOTES
756
757# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
758# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
759# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
760
761# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
762# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
763# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
764# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
765#
766# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
767# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
768# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
769# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
770# of the IATA's data after 1990.
771#
772# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
773# entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
774#
775# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
776# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
777# I found in the UCLA library.
778#
779# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
780# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
781#
782# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
783# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
784# Corrections are welcome!
785# std dst
786# LMT Local Mean Time
787# 8:00 WST WST Western Australia
788# 8:45 CWST CWST Central Western Australia*
789# 9:00 JST Japan
790# 9:30 CST CST Central Australia
791# 10:00 EST EST Eastern Australia
792# 10:00 ChST Chamorro
793# 10:30 LHST LHST Lord Howe*
794# 11:30 NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945
795# 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present
796# 12:45 CHAST CHADT Chatham*
797# -11:00 SST Samoa
798# -10:00 HST Hawaii
799# - 8:00 PST Pitcairn*
800#
801# See the `northamerica' file for Hawaii.
802# See the `southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galapagos Is.
803
804###############################################################################
805
806# Australia
807
808# From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08):
809# <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml">
810# Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia
811# </a> summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
812
813# From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12):
814# <a href="http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving">
815# Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales
816# </a> covers New South Wales in particular.
817
818# From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
819# We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as `daylight' time.
820# It is called `summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, `summer'
821# and `standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
822# abbreviation does _not_ change...
823# The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
824# in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
825# initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
826# the phrase `summer time' and does not use the phrase `daylight
827# time'.
828# Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
829# Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases `Eastern Standard Time'
830# or `Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the
831# current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers
832# on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
833# prefixed by the word `Australian' when referring to local times;
834# time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
835
836# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
837# Given the above, what's chosen for year-round use is:
838# CST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 9:30
839# WST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 8:00
840# EST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 10:00
841
842# From Chuck Soper (2006-06-01):
843# I recently found this Australian government web page on time zones:
844# <http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia-13time>
845# And this government web page lists time zone names and abbreviations:
846# <http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml>
847
848# From Paul Eggert (2001-04-05), summarizing a long discussion about "EST"
849# versus "AEST" etc.:
850#
851# I see the following points of dispute:
852#
853# * How important are unique time zone abbreviations?
854#
855# Here I tend to agree with the point (most recently made by Chris
856# Newman) that unique abbreviations should not be essential for proper
857# operation of software. We have other instances of ambiguity
858# (e.g. "IST" denoting both "Israel Standard Time" and "Indian
859# Standard Time"), and they are not likely to go away any time soon.
860# In the old days, some software mistakenly relied on unique
861# abbreviations, but this is becoming less true with time, and I don't
862# think it's that important to cater to such software these days.
863#
864# On the other hand, there is another motivation for unambiguous
865# abbreviations: it cuts down on human confusion. This is
866# particularly true for Australia, where "EST" can mean one thing for
867# time T and a different thing for time T plus 1 second.
868#
869# * Does the relevant legislation indicate which abbreviations should be used?
870#
871# Here I tend to think that things are a mess, just as they are in
872# many other countries. We Americans are currently disagreeing about
873# which abbreviation to use for the newly legislated Chamorro Standard
874# Time, for example.
875#
876# Personally, I would prefer to use common practice; I would like to
877# refer to legislation only for examples of common practice, or as a
878# tiebreaker.
879#
880# * Do Australians more often use "Eastern Daylight Time" or "Eastern
881# Summer Time"? Do they typically prefix the time zone names with
882# the word "Australian"?
883#
884# My own impression is that both "Daylight Time" and "Summer Time" are
885# common and are widely understood, but that "Summer Time" is more
886# popular; and that the leading "A" is also common but is omitted more
887# often than not. I just used AltaVista advanced search and got the
888# following count of page hits:
889#
890# 1,103 "Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
891# 971 "Australian Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
892# 613 "Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
893# 127 "Australian Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
894#
895# Here "Summer" seems quite a bit more popular than "Daylight",
896# particularly when we know the time zone is Australian and not US,
897# say. The "Australian" prefix seems to be popular for Eastern Summer
898# Time, but unpopular for Eastern Daylight Time.
899#
900# For abbreviations, tools like AltaVista are less useful because of
901# ambiguity. Many hits are not really time zones, unfortunately, and
902# many hits denote US time zones and not Australian ones. But here
903# are the hit counts anyway:
904#
905# 161,304 "EST" and domain:au
906# 25,156 "EDT" and domain:au
907# 18,263 "AEST" and domain:au
908# 10,416 "AEDT" and domain:au
909#
910# 14,538 "CST" and domain:au
911# 5,728 "CDT" and domain:au
912# 176 "ACST" and domain:au
913# 29 "ACDT" and domain:au
914#
915# 7,539 "WST" and domain:au
916# 68 "AWST" and domain:au
917#
918# This data suggest that Australians tend to omit the "A" prefix in
919# practice. The situation for "ST" versus "DT" is less clear, given
920# the ambiguities involved.
921#
922# * How do Australians feel about the abbreviations in the tz database?
923#
924# If you just count Australians on this list, I count 2 in favor and 3
925# against. One of the "against" votes (David Keegel) counseled delay,
926# saying that both AEST/AEDT and EST/EST are widely used and
927# understood in Australia.
928
929# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
930# Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
931# Mark Prior writes that his newspaper
932# reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
933# but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
934# and perhaps the newspaper's `2:00' is referring to standard time.
935# For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
936
937# From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):
938#
939# Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
940# and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
941# relevant entries in this database.
942#
943# NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
944# <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html">
945# Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
946# </a>
947# ACT
948# <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html">
949# Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
950# </a>
951# SA
952# <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html">
953# Standard Time Act, 1898
954# </a>
955
956# From David Grosz (2005-06-13):
957# It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by
958# one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
959# Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday
960# in April instead of the last Sunday in March.
961#
962# From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14):
963# I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan
964# to extend DST together in 2006.
965# ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt
966# New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html
967# South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html
968# Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772
969# Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles
970# allude to it.
971# But not Queensland
972# http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html.
973
974# Northern Territory
975
976# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
977# # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]
978# # [ Nov 1990 ]
979# # N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location.
980# ...
981# Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST
982
983# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
984# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
985# the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.
986
987# Western Australia
988
989# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
990# # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]
991# # [ Nov 1990 ]
992# # W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to
993# # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but
994# # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus
995# # before reaching parliament.
996# ...
997# Zone Australia/West 8:00 AW %sST
998# ...
999# Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1000# Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
1001# Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1002# Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
1003
1004# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1005# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1006# Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving.
1007
1008# From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):
1009# Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney
1010# rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at
1011# work at 9.00am.)
1012# W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse
1013# everybody again.
1014
1015# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1016# The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
1017# it matches what was used in the past.
1018
1019# <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm">
1020# The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
1021# </a> (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
1022# South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
1023
1024# Queensland
1025# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1026# # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
1027# # [ Dec 1990 ]
1028# ...
1029# Zone Australia/Queensland 10:00 AQ %sST
1030# ...
1031# Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1032# Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E
1033# Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1034# Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E
1035
1036# From Bradley White (1989-12-24):
1037# "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from
1038# October 1989).
1039
1040# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1041# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1042# ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
1043# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
1044
1045# From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
1046# I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact
1047# end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised
1048# me.)
1049
1050# From Bradley White (1992-03-08):
1051# ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted
1052# in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...
1053# ...
1054# Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1055# Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1056# ...
1057
1058# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1059# The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
1060
1061# From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning
1062# from Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-11-01):
1063# WA are trialing DST for three years.
1064# <http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf>
1065
1066# From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
1067# The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
1068# southern coast.... South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western
1069# Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The
1070# residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so
1071# much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the
1072# international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South
1073# Australia and Western Australia....
1074#
1075# From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
1076# This is confirmed by the section entitled
1077# "What's the deal with time zones???" in
1078# <http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html>.
1079#
1080# From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07):
1081# ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway,
1082# which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern
1083# coast of the continent.
1084#
1085# I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no
1086# dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border
1087# village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west
1088# as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is
1089# the largest population centre in this zone....
1090#
1091# Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the
1092# question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I
1093# just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have,
1094# meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45.
1095#
1096# (2006-12-09):
1097# I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving
1098# in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis
1099# of this time zone. My hunch is that it's been around since well
1100# before 1975. I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago.
1101
1102# From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15):
1103# For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the
1104# introduction of standard time in 1895.
1105
1106
1107# southeast Australia
1108#
1109# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1110# Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT
1111# end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October.
1112# http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html
1113
1114
1115# South Australia
1116
1117# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1118# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1119# ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
1120# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
1121
1122# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1123# # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ]
1124# # [ Nov 1990 ]
1125# ...
1126# Zone Australia/South 9:30 AS %sST
1127# ...
1128# Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1129# Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
1130# Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 3:00 0 C
1131# Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
1132
1133# From Bradley White (1992-03-11):
1134# Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide
1135# contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival,
1136# South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."
1137
1138# From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):
1139# I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)
1140# South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even
1141# numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival
1142# is on...
1143
1144# From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):
1145# DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....
1146# But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...
1147# (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).
1148
1149# From Bradley White (1994-04-11):
1150# If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,
1151# 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can
1152# only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....
1153
1154# From John Warburton (1994-10-07):
1155# The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...
1156# was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....
1157# start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.
1158
1159# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1160# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1161
1162# Tasmania
1163
1164# The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
1165# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1166# # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
1167# # [ Nov 1990 ]
1168
1169# From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
1170# Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
1171# 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
1172# (but nothing new about that).
1173
1174# From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
1175# I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
1176# (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
1177# has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
1178# (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
1179# instead of the first Sunday in October.
1180
1181# Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
1182# http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300
1183
1184# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1185# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1186
1187# Victoria
1188
1189# The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
1190# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1191# # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
1192# # [ Nov 1990 ]
1193
1194# From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
1195# On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
1196# interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was
1197# discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
1198# Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
1199# in Melbourne, Australia.
1200#
1201# Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
1202# illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
1203# of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
1204# fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
1205# you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
1206# expected time.
1207#
1208# However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
1209# to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
1210# the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps
1211# someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
1212#
1213# [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html
1214# [2] http://www.shrine.org.au
1215
1216# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1217# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1218
1219# New South Wales
1220
1221# From Arthur David Olson:
1222# New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.
1223# Based on law library research by John Mackin,
1224# who notes:
1225# In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
1226# individual states. Thus, while such terms as ``Eastern Standard Time''
1227# [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
1228# use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
1229# legislation. This is very important to understand.
1230# I have researched New South Wales time only...
1231
1232# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):
1233# DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
1234# October in 2000. [See: Matthew Moore,
1235# <a href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html">
1236# Two months more daylight saving
1237# </a>
1238# Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).]
1239
1240# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
1241# See the following official NSW source:
1242# <a href="http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ">
1243# Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
1244# </a>
1245#
1246# Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
1247# daylight saving next year. See:
1248# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm">
1249# Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
1250# </a> (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
1251#
1252# Victoria will following NSW. See:
1253# <a href="http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm">
1254# Vic to extend daylight saving
1255# </a> (1999-07-28).
1256#
1257# However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See:
1258# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm">
1259# South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request
1260# </a> (1999-07-19).
1261#
1262# Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See:
1263# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm">
1264# Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
1265# </a> (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
1266# ``Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
1267# I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
1268# well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
1269# bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
1270# I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules.''
1271#
1272# Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See:
1273# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm">
1274# Broken Hill to be behind the times
1275# </a> (1999-07-21).
1276
1277# IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
1278# Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
1279# Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.
1280
1281# From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
1282# The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
1283# towns to use Queensland time.
1284
1285# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1286# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1287
1288# Yancowinna
1289
1290# From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
1291# `Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
1292
1293# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1294# # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
1295# # [ Dec 1990 ]
1296# ...
1297# # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the
1298# # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings
1299# # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government
1300# # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have
1301# # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not
1302# # presently available.
1303# Zone Australia/Yancowinna 9:30 AY %sST
1304# ...
1305# Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1306# Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C
1307# [followed by other Rules]
1308
1309# Lord Howe Island
1310
1311# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1312# LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ]
1313# [ Dec 1990 ]
1314# Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
1315# hour ahead of NSW time.
1316
1317# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
1318# Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
1319# date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the
1320# Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
1321# seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
1322# arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
1323# instead of only 30 minutes. [Dependent] on the wishes of residents
1324# the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
1325# arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will
1326# however always coincide with the rest of NSW.
1327
1328# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
1329# Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
1330# clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
1331# introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
1332# shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
1333# of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.
1334
1335# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1336# For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and
1337# Lonergan thereafter. For times we use Lonergan.
1338
1339# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1340# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1341
1342# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28):
1343# According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight
1344# saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009
1345# summer (southern hemisphere).
1346#
1347# From
1348# <a href="http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf">
1349# http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf
1350# </a>
1351# The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling
1352# for over the last year is now set to be ongoing.
1353# Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each
1354# year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year.
1355# Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia
1356# with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and
1357# the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year...
1358#
1359# We have a wrap-up here:
1360# <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html">
1361# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html
1362# </a>
1363###############################################################################
1364
1365# New Zealand
1366
1367# From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
1368# the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
1369# This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
1370# subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
1371# source -- phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
1372
1373# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1374# # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
1375# # or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
1376# # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ]
1377# # [ Nov 1990 ]
1378# ...
1379# Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1380# Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1381# Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1382# Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S
1383# ...
1384# Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand
1385# Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island
1386
1387# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1388# The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989
1389# rather than the October 1 value.
1390
1391# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);
1392# Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
1393# Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight
1394# Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard
1395# time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
1396# As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
1397#
1398# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1399# The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,
1400# as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.htm for the full references.
1401# Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger.
1402#
1403# For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
1404# transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham
1405# is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.
1406
1407# From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30):
1408# DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the
1409# first Sunday in April. The changes take effect this year, meaning
1410# that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.
1411# http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended
1412
1413###############################################################################
1414
1415
1416# Fiji
1417
1418# Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
1419# enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
1420# instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
1421
1422# From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
1423# Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
1424# until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will
1425# be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
1426
1427# From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
1428# IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow.
1429
1430# From the BBC World Service (1998-10-31 11:32 UTC):
1431# The Fijiian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
1432# improve productivity and reduce road accidents. But correspondents say it
1433# also hopes the move will boost Fiji's ability to compete with other pacific
1434# islands in the effort to attract tourists to witness the dawning of the new
1435# millenium.
1436
1437# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
1438# reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
1439
1440# Johnston
1441
1442# Johnston data is from usno1995.
1443
1444
1445# Kiribati
1446
1447# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1448# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
1449# ``declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995''
1450# as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
1451
1452
1453# Kwajalein
1454
1455# In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:
1456# I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday,
1457# 1993-08-20. Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with
1458# respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,
1459# going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.
1460
1461
1462# N Mariana Is, Guam
1463
1464# Howse writes (p 153) ``The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
1465# Philippines and the Ladrones from America,'' and implies that the Ladrones
1466# (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
1467# For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
1468# see Asia/Manila.
1469
1470# US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UTC+10 the official standard time,
1471# under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation,
1472# but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
1473# wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
1474
1475
1476# Micronesia
1477
1478# Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),
1479# ``I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that "Truk"
1480# (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10.''
1481#
1482# Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11
1483# on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.
1484
1485# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1486# The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
1487# <a href="http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html">
1488# The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information
1489# </a> (1999-01-26)
1490# that Truk and Yap are UTC+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are UTC+11.
1491# We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now.
1492
1493
1494# Midway
1495
1496# From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956),
1497# quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection
1498# <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31):
1499# For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight
1500# Saving Time. This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning,
1501# your time down there in New Zealand. Starting September 2, 1956
1502# we'll again go back to Standard Time. This'll mean that we'll go to
1503# air at 6am your time.
1504#
1505# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1506# We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they
1507# started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years
1508# in Midway, but we have no record of it.
1509
1510
1511# Pitcairn
1512
1513# From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
1514# A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
1515# with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows.
1516#
1517# The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
1518# Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
1519# as Pitcairn Standard Time.
1520#
1521# ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
1522# references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
1523# somehow in light of this proclamation.
1524
1525# From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
1526# The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
1527# ... at midnight.
1528
1529# From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
1530# Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
1531# Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in
1532# Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
1533
1534
1535# Samoa
1536
1537# Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald)
1538# that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change
1539# ``the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
1540# ordaining -- by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery -- that
1541# the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year.''
1542
1543
1544# Tonga
1545
1546# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1547# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that ``Tonga has been plotting
1548# to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time.''
1549# Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
1550
1551# Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
1552# <a href="http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm">
1553# How Tonga became `The Land where Time Begins'
1554# </a>:
1555
1556# Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
1557# 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its
1558# standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
1559# local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
1560# advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees
1561# (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
1562#
1563# Because His Majesty King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
1564# Tungi, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
1565# begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
1566#
1567# But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
1568# islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
1569# minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
1570# minutes we have lost?"
1571#
1572# The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
1573# on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
1574# to say your prayers in the morning."
1575
1576# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1577# Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.
1578
1579# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
1580# Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millenium
1581# Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
1582# He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
1583# October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
1584# Government.
1585
1586# From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
1587# * Tonga will introduce DST in November
1588#
1589# I was given this link by John Letts:
1590# <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm">
1591# http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
1592# </a>
1593#
1594# I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
1595# yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
1596# of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
1597# (12 + 1 hour DST).
1598
1599# From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20):
1600# According to <a href="http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html">
1601# http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html
1602# </a>:
1603# "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
1604# and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
1605# third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on
1606# Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
1607# set back an hour on the closing date."
1608# Alas, no indication of the time of day.
1609
1610# From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
1611# Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
1612# Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.
1613
1614# From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
1615# Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com
1616# that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
1617# instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
1618# is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
1619# text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
1620# (Original URL was: http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm )
1621
1622# From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
1623# Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
1624
1625# From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
1626# At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
1627# shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday
1628# of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
1629# hour to 1:00am.
1630
1631# From Pulu 'Anau (2002-11-05):
1632# The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't.
1633
1634
1635# Wake
1636
1637# From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
1638# US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
1639#
1640# Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] -- ... The time was all the
1641# more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
1642# International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays. Furthermore, we
1643# discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
1644# making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost
1645# impossible.
1646#
1647# http://www.trumanlibrary.org/wake/meeting.htm
1648
1649# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1650# We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.
1651
1652###############################################################################
1653
1654# The International Date Line
1655
1656# From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
1657#
1658# The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
1659# convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
1660# Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
1661# the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
1662#
1663# When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
1664# Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
1665# to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
1666# mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line
1667# has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
1668# island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
1669# convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is
1670# governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
1671# places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not
1672# an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
1673# correct date is ambiguous.
1674
1675# From Wikipedia <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31):
1676# Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting
1677# their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's
1678# speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's
1679# meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon). During 1917, at the
1680# Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all
1681# ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones
1682# on the high seas. Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any
1683# nation it would use that nation's standard time. The captain was permitted
1684# to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's
1685# entry into another zone time--he often chose midnight. These zones were
1686# adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many
1687# independent merchant ships until World War II.
1688
1689# From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen
1690# (2005-03-20):
1691#
1692# The American Practical Navigator (2002)
1693# <http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187>
1694# talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in
1695# international waters; it ignores the international date line.
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