1# @(#)australasia 7.68
2# This file also includes Pacific islands.
3
4# Notes are at the end of this file
5
6###############################################################################
7
8# Australia
9
10# Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.
11
12# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
13Rule Aus 1917 only - Jan 1 0:01 1:00 -
14Rule Aus 1917 only - Mar 25 2:00 0 -
15Rule Aus 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00 1:00 -
16Rule Aus 1942 only - Mar 29 2:00 0 -
17Rule Aus 1942 only - Sep 27 2:00 1:00 -
18Rule Aus 1943 1944 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
19Rule Aus 1943 only - Oct 3 2:00 1:00 -
20# Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which
21# says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944. Ignore Whitman's claim that
22# 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944.
23
24# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
25# Northern Territory
26Zone Australia/Darwin 8:43:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
27 9:00 - CST 1899 May
28 9:30 Aus CST
29# Western Australia
30Zone Australia/Perth 7:43:24 - LMT 1895 Dec
31 8:00 Aus WST 1943 Jul
32 8:00 - WST 1974 Oct lastSun 2:00s
33 8:00 1:00 WST 1975 Mar Sun>=1 2:00s
34 8:00 - WST 1983 Oct lastSun 2:00s
35 8:00 1:00 WST 1984 Mar Sun>=1 2:00s
36 8:00 - WST 1991 Nov 17 2:00s
37 8:00 1:00 WST 1992 Mar Sun>=1 2:00s
38 8:00 - WST
39# Queensland
40#
41# From Alex Livingston <alex@agsm.unsw.edu.au> (1996-11-01):
42# I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast
43# of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after
44# Queensland ceased to.
45#
46# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
47# IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman,
48# Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped.
49# Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria,
50# so use Lindeman.
51#
52# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
53Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
54Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
55Rule AQ 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
56Rule AQ 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
57Rule Holiday 1992 1993 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
58Rule Holiday 1993 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
59Zone Australia/Brisbane 10:12:08 - LMT 1895
60 10:00 Aus EST 1971
61 10:00 AQ EST
62Zone Australia/Lindeman 9:55:56 - LMT 1895
63 10:00 Aus EST 1971
64 10:00 AQ EST 1992 Jul
65 10:00 Holiday EST
66
67# South Australia
68# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
69Rule AS 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
70Rule AS 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 -
71Rule AS 1987 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
72Rule AS 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 -
73Rule AS 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
74Rule AS 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
75Rule AS 1990 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -
76Rule AS 1991 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
77Rule AS 1992 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -
78Rule AS 1993 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
79Rule AS 1994 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -
80Rule AS 1995 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
81# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
82Zone Australia/Adelaide 9:14:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
83 9:00 - CST 1899 May
84 9:30 Aus CST 1971
85 9:30 AS CST
86
87# Tasmania
88# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
89Rule AT 1967 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
90Rule AT 1968 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
91Rule AT 1968 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
92Rule AT 1969 1971 - Mar Sun>=8 2:00s 0 -
93Rule AT 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
94Rule AT 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
95Rule AT 1982 1983 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
96Rule AT 1984 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
97Rule AT 1986 only - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 -
98Rule AT 1987 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
99Rule AT 1987 only - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 -
100Rule AT 1988 1990 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
101Rule AT 1991 1999 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
102Rule AT 1991 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
103Rule AT 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
104Rule AT 2001 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
105# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
106Zone Australia/Hobart 9:49:16 - LMT 1895 Sep
107 10:00 - EST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
108 10:00 1:00 EST 1917 Feb
109 10:00 Aus EST 1967
110 10:00 AT EST
111
112# Victoria
113# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
114Rule AV 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
115Rule AV 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
116Rule AV 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
117Rule AV 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
118Rule AV 1986 1987 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 -
119Rule AV 1988 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
120Rule AV 1991 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
121Rule AV 1995 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
122Rule AV 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
123Rule AV 2001 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
124# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
125Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
126 10:00 Aus EST 1971
127 10:00 AV EST
128
129# New South Wales
130# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
131Rule AN 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
132Rule AN 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 -
133Rule AN 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
134Rule AN 1982 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
135Rule AN 1983 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
136Rule AN 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
137Rule AN 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 -
138Rule AN 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
139Rule AN 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
140Rule AN 1996 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
141Rule AN 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
142Rule AN 2001 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
143# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
144Zone Australia/Sydney 10:04:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
145 10:00 Aus EST 1971
146 10:00 AN EST
147Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 - LMT 1895 Feb
148 10:00 - EST 1896 Aug 23
149 9:00 - CST 1899 May
150 9:30 Aus CST 1971
151 9:30 AN CST 2000
152 9:30 AS CST
153
154# Lord Howe Island
155# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
156Rule LH 1981 1984 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 -
157Rule LH 1982 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
158Rule LH 1985 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
159Rule LH 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
160Rule LH 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00 0:30 -
161Rule LH 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
162Rule LH 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
163Rule LH 1996 max - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
164Rule LH 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
165Rule LH 2001 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
166Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
167 10:00 - EST 1981 Mar
168 10:30 LH LHST
169
170# Australian miscellany
171#
172# Ashmore Is, Cartier
173# no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers
174# like Australia/Perth, says Turner
175#
176# Coral Sea Is
177# no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists
178# no information
179#
180# Macquarie
181# permanent occupation (scientific station) since 1948;
182# sealing and penguin oil station operated 1888/1917
183# like Australia/Hobart, says Turner
184
185# Christmas
186# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
187Zone Indian/Christmas 7:02:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
188 7:00 - CXT # Christmas Island Time
189
190# Cook Is
191# From Shanks:
192# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
193Rule Cook 1978 only - Nov 12 0:00 0:30 HS
194Rule Cook 1979 1991 - Mar Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
195Rule Cook 1979 1990 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0:30 HS
196# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
197Zone Pacific/Rarotonga -10:39:04 - LMT 1901 # Avarua
198 -10:30 - CKT 1978 Nov 12 # Cook Is Time
199 -10:00 Cook CK%sT
200
201# Cocos
202# From USNO (1989):
203# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
204Zone Indian/Cocos 6:30 - CCT # Cocos Islands Time
205
206# Fiji
207# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
208Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
209Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 -
210# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
211Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:53:40 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva
212 12:00 Fiji FJ%sT # Fiji Time
213
214# French Polynesia
215# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
216Zone Pacific/Gambier -8:59:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Rikitea
217 -9:00 - GAMT # Gambier Time
218Zone Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 - LMT 1912 Oct
219 -9:30 - MART # Marquesas Time
220Zone Pacific/Tahiti -9:58:16 - LMT 1912 Oct # Papeete
221 -10:00 - TAHT # Tahiti Time
222# Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
223# it is uninhabited.
224
225# Guam
226# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
227Zone Pacific/Guam -14:21:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
228 9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana
229 10:00 - GST 2000 Dec 23 # Guam
230 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
231
232# Kiribati
233# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
234Zone Pacific/Tarawa 11:32:04 - LMT 1901 # Bairiki
235 12:00 - GILT # Gilbert Is Time
236Zone Pacific/Enderbury -11:24:20 - LMT 1901
237 -12:00 - PHOT 1979 Oct # Phoenix Is Time
238 -11:00 - PHOT 1995
239 13:00 - PHOT
240Zone Pacific/Kiritimati -10:29:20 - LMT 1901
241 -10:40 - LINT 1979 Oct # Line Is Time
242 -10:00 - LINT 1995
243 14:00 - LINT
244
245# N Mariana Is
246# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
247Zone Pacific/Saipan -14:17:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
248 9:43:00 - LMT 1901
249 9:00 - MPT 1969 Oct # N Mariana Is Time
250 10:00 - MPT 2000 Dec 23
251 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
252
253# Marshall Is
254# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
255Zone Pacific/Majuro 11:24:48 - LMT 1901
256 11:00 - MHT 1969 Oct # Marshall Islands Time
257 12:00 - MHT
258Zone Pacific/Kwajalein 11:09:20 - LMT 1901
259 11:00 - MHT 1969 Oct
260 -12:00 - KWAT 1993 Aug 20 # Kwajalein Time
261 12:00 - MHT
262
263# Micronesia
264# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
265Zone Pacific/Yap 9:12:32 - LMT 1901 # Colonia
266 9:00 - YAPT 1969 Oct # Yap Time
267 10:00 - YAPT
268Zone Pacific/Truk 10:07:08 - LMT 1901
269 10:00 - TRUT # Truk Time
270Zone Pacific/Ponape 10:32:52 - LMT 1901 # Kolonia
271 11:00 - PONT # Ponape Time
272Zone Pacific/Kosrae 10:51:56 - LMT 1901
273 11:00 - KOST 1969 Oct # Kosrae Time
274 12:00 - KOST 1999
275 11:00 - KOST
276
277# Nauru
278# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
279Zone Pacific/Nauru 11:07:40 - LMT 1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe
280 11:30 - NRT 1942 Mar 15 # Nauru Time
281 9:00 - JST 1944 Aug 15
282 11:30 - NRT 1979 May
283 12:00 - NRT
284
285# New Caledonia
286# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
287Rule NC 1977 1978 - Dec Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
288Rule NC 1978 1979 - Feb 27 0:00 0 -
289Rule NC 1996 only - Dec 1 2:00s 1:00 S
290# Shanks says the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
291Rule NC 1997 only - Mar 2 2:00s 0 -
292# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
293Zone Pacific/Noumea 11:05:48 - LMT 1912 Jan 13
294 11:00 NC NC%sT
295
296
297###############################################################################
298
299# New Zealand
300#
301# From Paul Eggert (2002-10-23):
302# The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history;
303# see tz-link.htm for the full reference.
304#
305# Shanks gives 1868 for the introduction of standard time; go with the
306# DIA's more-precise 1868-11-02. The DIA says that clocks were
307# advanced by half an hour in 1941; go with Shanks's more-precise
308# 1940-09-29 02:00. The DIA says that starting in 1933 DST began the
309# first Sunday in September; go with Shanks's last Sunday starting in
310# 1934.
311
312# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
313# Shanks gives 1927 Nov 6 - 1928 Mar 4, 1928 Oct 14 - 1929 Mar 17,
314# 1929 Oct 13 - 1930 Mar 16; go with Whitman.
315Rule NZ 1927 only - Nov 26 2:00 0:30 HD
316Rule NZ 1928 1929 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
317Rule NZ 1928 only - Nov 4 2:00 0:30 HD
318Rule NZ 1929 only - Oct 30 2:00 0:30 HD
319Rule NZ 1930 1933 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 S
320Rule NZ 1930 1933 - Oct Sun>=8 2:00 0:30 HD
321# Whitman says DST went on and off during war years, and the base UT offset
322# didn't change until 1945 Apr 30; go with Shanks.
323Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Apr lastSun 2:00 0 S
324Rule NZ 1934 1939 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0:30 HD
325Rule NZ 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
326Rule NZ 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
327Rule NZ 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
328Rule NZ 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
329Rule NZ 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:00s 1:00 D
330Rule NZ 1990 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
331Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
332Rule Chatham 1990 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D
333Rule Chatham 1991 max - Mar Sun>=15 2:45s 0 S
334# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
335Zone Pacific/Auckland 11:39:04 - LMT 1868 Nov 2
336 11:30 NZ NZ%sT 1940 Sep 29 2:00
337 12:00 NZ NZ%sT
338Zone Pacific/Chatham 12:45 Chatham CHA%sT
339
340
341# Auckland Is
342# uninhabited; Maori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
343# and scientific personnel have wintered
344
345# Campbell I
346# minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914
347# scientific station operated 1941/1995;
348# previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
349# was probably like Pacific/Auckland
350
351###############################################################################
352
353
354# Niue
355# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
356Zone Pacific/Niue -11:19:40 - LMT 1901 # Alofi
357 -11:20 - NUT 1951 # Niue Time
358 -11:30 - NUT 1978 Oct 1
359 -11:00 - NUT
360
361# Norfolk
362# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
363Zone Pacific/Norfolk 11:11:52 - LMT 1901 # Kingston
364 11:12 - NMT 1951 # Norfolk Mean Time
365 11:30 - NFT # Norfolk Time
366
367# Palau (Belau)
368# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
369Zone Pacific/Palau 8:57:56 - LMT 1901 # Koror
370 9:00 - PWT # Palau Time
371
372# Papua New Guinea
373# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
374Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880
375 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
376 10:00 - PGT # Papua New Guinea Time
377
378# Pitcairn
379# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
380Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown
381 -8:30 - PNT 1998 Apr 27 00:00
382 -8:00 - PST # Pitcairn Standard Time
383
384# American Samoa
385Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
386 -11:22:48 - LMT 1911
387 -11:30 - SAMT 1950 # Samoa Time
388 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
389 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
390 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
391
392# W Samoa
393Zone Pacific/Apia 12:33:04 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
394 -11:26:56 - LMT 1911
395 -11:30 - SAMT 1950 # Samoa Time
396 -11:00 - WST # W Samoa Time
397
398# Solomon Is
399# excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
400# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
401Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Honiara
402 11:00 - SBT # Solomon Is Time
403
404# Tokelau Is
405# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
406Zone Pacific/Fakaofo -11:24:56 - LMT 1901
407 -10:00 - TKT # Tokelau Time
408
409# Tonga
410# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
411Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 S
412Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 -
413Rule Tonga 2000 2001 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
414Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 -
415# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
416Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:20 - LMT 1901
417 12:20 - TOT 1941 # Tonga Time
418 13:00 - TOT 1999
419 13:00 Tonga TO%sT
420
421# Tuvalu
422# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
423Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901
424 12:00 - TVT # Tuvalu Time
425
426
427# US minor outlying islands
428
429# Howland, Baker
430# uninhabited since World War II
431# no information; was probably like Pacific/Pago_Pago
432
433# Jarvis
434# uninhabited since 1958
435# no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
436
437# Johnston
438# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
439Zone Pacific/Johnston -10:00 - HST
440
441# Kingman
442# uninhabited
443
444# Midway
445Zone Pacific/Midway -11:49:28 - LMT 1901
446 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
447 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
448 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
449
450# Palmyra
451# uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
452
453# Wake
454# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
455Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901
456 12:00 - WAKT # Wake Time
457
458
459# Vanuatu
460# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
461Rule Vanuatu 1983 only - Sep 25 0:00 1:00 S
462Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
463Rule Vanuatu 1984 only - Oct 23 0:00 1:00 S
464Rule Vanuatu 1985 1991 - Sep Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
465Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
466Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
467# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
468Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila
469 11:00 Vanuatu VU%sT # Vanuatu Time
470
471# Wallis and Futuna
472# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
473Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901
474 12:00 - WFT # Wallis & Futuna Time
475
476###############################################################################
477
478# NOTES
479
480# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
481# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
482# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
483
484# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
485# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
486# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
487# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
488#
489# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
490# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
491# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
492# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
493# of the IATA's data after 1990.
494#
495# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1990,
496# and IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
497#
498# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
499# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
500# I found in the UCLA library.
501#
502# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
503# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
504#
505# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
506# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
507# Corrections are welcome!
508# std dst
509# LMT Local Mean Time
510# 8:00 WST WST Western Australia
511# 9:00 JST Japan
512# 9:30 CST CST Central Australia
513# 10:00 EST EST Eastern Australia
514# 10:00 ChST Chamorro
515# 10:30 LHST LHST Lord Howe*
516# 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand
517# 12:45 CHAST CHADT Chatham*
518# -11:00 SST Samoa
519# -10:00 HST Hawaii
520# - 8:00 PST Pitcairn*
521#
522# See the `northamerica' file for Hawaii.
523# See the `southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galapagos Is.
524
525###############################################################################
526
527# Australia
528
529# <a href="http://www.dstc.qut.edu.au/DST/marg/daylight.html">
530# Australia's Daylight Saving Times
531# </a>, by Margaret Turner, summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
532
533# From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
534# We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as `daylight' time.
535# It is called `summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, `summer'
536# and `standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
537# abbreviation does _not_ change...
538# The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
539# in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
540# initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
541# the phrase `summer time' and does not use the phrase `daylight
542# time'.
543# Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
544# Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases `Eastern Standard Time'
545# or `Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the
546# current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers
547# on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
548# prefixed by the word `Australian' when referring to local times;
549# time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
550
551# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
552# Given the above, what's chosen for year-round use is:
553# CST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 9:30
554# WST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 8:00
555# EST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 10:00
556
557# From Paul Eggert (2001-04-05), summarizing a long discussion about "EST"
558# versus "AEST" etc.:
559#
560# I see the following points of dispute:
561#
562# * How important are unique time zone abbreviations?
563#
564# Here I tend to agree with the point (most recently made by Chris
565# Newman) that unique abbreviations should not be essential for proper
566# operation of software. We have other instances of ambiguity
567# (e.g. "IST" denoting both "Israel Standard Time" and "Indian
568# Standard Time"), and they are not likely to go away any time soon.
569# In the old days, some software mistakenly relied on unique
570# abbreviations, but this is becoming less true with time, and I don't
571# think it's that important to cater to such software these days.
572#
573# On the other hand, there is another motivation for unambiguous
574# abbreviations: it cuts down on human confusion. This is
575# particularly true for Australia, where "EST" can mean one thing for
576# time T and a different thing for time T plus 1 second.
577#
578# * Does the relevant legislation indicate which abbreviations should be used?
579#
580# Here I tend to think that things are a mess, just as they are in
581# many other countries. We Americans are currently disagreeing about
582# which abbreviation to use for the newly legislated Chamorro Standard
583# Time, for example.
584#
585# Personally, I would prefer to use common practice; I would like to
586# refer to legislation only for examples of common practice, or as a
587# tiebreaker.
588#
589# * Do Australians more often use "Eastern Daylight Time" or "Eastern
590# Summer Time"? Do they typically prefix the time zone names with
591# the word "Australian"?
592#
593# My own impression is that both "Daylight Time" and "Summer Time" are
594# common and are widely understood, but that "Summer Time" is more
595# popular; and that the leading "A" is also common but is omitted more
596# often than not. I just used AltaVista advanced search and got the
597# following count of page hits:
598#
599# 1,103 "Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
600# 971 "Australian Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
601# 613 "Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
602# 127 "Australian Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
603#
604# Here "Summer" seems quite a bit more popular than "Daylight",
605# particularly when we know the time zone is Australian and not US,
606# say. The "Australian" prefix seems to be popular for Eastern Summer
607# Time, but unpopular for Eastern Daylight Time.
608#
609# For abbreviations, tools like AltaVista are less useful because of
610# ambiguity. Many hits are not really time zones, unfortunately, and
611# many hits denote US time zones and not Australian ones. But here
612# are the hit counts anyway:
613#
614# 161,304 "EST" and domain:au
615# 25,156 "EDT" and domain:au
616# 18,263 "AEST" and domain:au
617# 10,416 "AEDT" and domain:au
618#
619# 14,538 "CST" and domain:au
620# 5,728 "CDT" and domain:au
621# 176 "ACST" and domain:au
622# 29 "ACDT" and domain:au
623#
624# 7,539 "WST" and domain:au
625# 68 "AWST" and domain:au
626#
627# This data suggest that Australians tend to omit the "A" prefix in
628# practice. The situation for "ST" versus "DT" is less clear, given
629# the ambiguities involved.
630#
631# * How do Australians feel about the abbreviations in the tz database?
632#
633# If you just count Australians on this list, I count 2 in favor and 3
634# against. One of the "against" votes (David Keegel) counseled delay,
635# saying that both AEST/AEDT and EST/EST are widely used and
636# understood in Australia.
637
638# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
639# Shanks reports 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and New Zealand.
640# Mark Prior <mrp@itd.adelaide.edu.au> writes that his newspaper
641# reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
642# but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
643# and perhaps the newspaper's `2:00' is referring to standard time.
644# For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
645
646# From Eric Ulevik <eau@zip.com.au> (1998-01-05):
647#
648# Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
649# and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
650# relevant entries in this database.
651#
652# NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
653# <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html">
654# Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
655# </a>
656# ACT
657# <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html">
658# Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
659# </a>
660# SA
661# <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html">
662# Standard Time Act, 1898
663# </a>
664
665# Northern Territory
666
667# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
668# # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]
669# # [ Nov 1990 ]
670# # N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location.
671# ...
672# Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST
673
674# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
675# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
676# the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.
677
678# Western Australia
679
680# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
681# # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]
682# # [ Nov 1990 ]
683# # W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to
684# # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but
685# # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus
686# # before reaching parliament.
687# ...
688# Zone Australia/West 8:00 AW %sST
689# ...
690# Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
691# Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
692# Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
693# Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
694
695# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
696# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
697# Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving.
698
699# From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):
700# Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney
701# rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at
702# work at 9.00am.)
703# W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse
704# everybody again.
705
706# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
707# The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
708# it matches what was used in the past.
709
710# <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm">
711# The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
712# </a> (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
713# South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
714
715# Queensland
716# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
717# # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
718# # [ Dec 1990 ]
719# ...
720# Zone Australia/Queensland 10:00 AQ %sST
721# ...
722# Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
723# Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E
724# Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
725# Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E
726
727# From Bradley White (1989-12-24):
728# "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from
729# October 1989).
730
731# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
732# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
733# ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
734# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
735
736# From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
737# I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact
738# end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised
739# me.)
740
741# From Bradley White (1992-03-08):
742# ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted
743# in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...
744# ...
745# Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
746# Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
747# ...
748
749# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
750# The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
751
752# From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
753# The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
754# southern coast of Australia, population 10 at last report, along with
755# 50,000 sheep, about 100 kilometers long and 40 kilometers into the
756# continent. The primary town is Madura, with the other towns being
757# Mundrabilla and Eucla. According to the sheriff of Madura, the
758# residents got tired of having to change the time so often, as they are
759# located in a strip overlapping the border of South Australia and Western
760# Australia. South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western
761# Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The
762# residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so
763# much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the
764# international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South
765# Australia and Western Australia. As it only affects about 10 people and
766# tourists staying at the Madura Motel, it has never really made as big an
767# impact as Broken Hill. However, as tourist visiting there or anyone
768# calling the local sheriff will attest, they do keep time in this way.
769#
770# From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
771# This is confirmed by the section entitled
772# "What's the deal with time zones???" in
773# <http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html>,
774# which says a few other things:
775#
776# * Border Village, SA also is 45 minutes ahead of Perth.
777# * The locals call this time zone "central W.A. Time" (presumably "CWAT").
778# * The locals also call Western Australia time "Perth time".
779#
780# It's not clear from context whether everyone in Western Australia
781# knows of this naming convention, or whether it's just the people in
782# this subregion.
783
784# South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria
785
786# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
787# The rules from version 7.1 follow.
788# There are lots of differences between these rules and
789# the Shepherd et al. rules. Since the Shepherd et al. rules
790# and Bradley White's newspaper article are in agreement on
791# current DST ending dates, no worries.
792#
793# Rule Oz 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 -
794# Rule Oz 1986 max - Oct Sun<=24 2:00 1:00 -
795# Rule Oz 1972 only - Feb 27 3:00 0 -
796# Rule Oz 1973 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 -
797# Rule Oz 1987 max - Mar Sun<=21 3:00 0 -
798# Zone Australia/Tasmania 10:00 Oz EST
799# Zone Australia/South 9:30 Oz CST
800# Zone Australia/Victoria 10:00 Oz EST 1985 Oct lastSun 2:00
801# 10:00 1:00 EST 1986 Mar Sun<=21 3:00
802# 10:00 Oz EST
803
804# From Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
805# I believe that the current start date for DST is "lastSun" in Oct...
806# that changed Oct 89. That is, we're back to the
807# original rule, and that rule currently applies in all the states
808# that have dst, incl Qld. (Certainly it was true in Vic).
809# The file I'm including says that happened in 1988, I think
810# that's incorrect, but I'm not 100% certain.
811
812# South Australia
813
814# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
815# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
816# ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
817# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
818
819# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
820# # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ]
821# # [ Nov 1990 ]
822# ...
823# Zone Australia/South 9:30 AS %sST
824# ...
825# Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
826# Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
827# Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun<=21 3:00 0 C
828# Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
829
830# From Bradley White (1992-03-11):
831# Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide
832# contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival,
833# South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."
834
835# From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):
836# I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)
837# South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even
838# numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival
839# is on...
840
841# From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):
842# DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....
843# But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...
844# (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).
845
846# From Bradley White (1994-04-11):
847# If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,
848# 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can
849# only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....
850
851# From John Warburton <jwarb@SACBH.com.au> (1994-10-07):
852# The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...
853# was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....
854# start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.
855
856# Tasmania
857
858# The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
859# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
860# # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
861# # [ Nov 1990 ]
862
863# From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
864# Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
865# 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
866# (but nothing new about that).
867
868# From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
869# I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
870# (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
871# has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
872# (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
873# instead of the first Sunday in October.
874
875# Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
876# http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300
877
878# Victoria
879
880# The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
881# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
882# # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
883# # [ Nov 1990 ]
884
885# From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
886# On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
887# interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was
888# discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
889# Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
890# in Melbourne, Australia.
891#
892# Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
893# illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
894# of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
895# fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
896# you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
897# expected time.
898#
899# However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
900# to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
901# the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps
902# someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
903#
904# [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html
905# [2] http://www.shrine.org.au
906
907# New South Wales
908
909# From Arthur David Olson:
910# New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.
911# Based on law library research by John Mackin (john@basser.cs.su.oz),
912# who notes:
913# In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
914# individual states. Thus, while such terms as ``Eastern Standard Time''
915# [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
916# use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
917# legislation. This is very important to understand.
918# I have researched New South Wales time only...
919
920# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
921# The Information Service of the Australian National Standards Commission
922# <a href="http://www.nsc.gov.au/InfoServ/Ileaflet/il27.htm">
923# Daylight Saving
924# </a> page (1995-04) has an excellent overall history of Australian DST.
925# The Community Relations Division of the NSW Attorney General's Department
926# publishes a history of daylight saving in NSW. See:
927# <a href="http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/crd.nsf/pages/time2">
928# Lawlink NSW: Daylight Saving in New South Wales
929# </a>
930
931# From Eric Ulevik <eau@ozemail.com.au> (1999-05-26):
932# DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
933# October in 2000. [See: Matthew Moore,
934# <a href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html">
935# Two months more daylight saving
936# </a>
937# Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).]
938
939# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
940# See the following official NSW source:
941# <a href="http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ">
942# Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
943# </a>
944#
945# Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
946# daylight saving next year. See:
947# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm">
948# Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
949# </a> (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
950#
951# Victoria will following NSW. See:
952# <a href="http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm">
953# Vic to extend daylight saving
954# </a> (1999-07-28).
955#
956# However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See:
957# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm">
958# South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request
959# </a> (1999-07-19).
960#
961# Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See:
962# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm">
963# Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
964# </a> (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
965# ``Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
966# I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
967# well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
968# bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
969# I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules.''
970#
971# Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See:
972# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm">
973# Broken Hill to be behind the times
974# </a> (1999-07-21).
975
976# IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
977# Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
978# Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.
979
980# From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
981# The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
982# towns to use Queensland time.
983
984# Yancowinna
985
986# From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
987# `Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
988
989# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
990# # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
991# # [ Dec 1990 ]
992# ...
993# # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the
994# # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings
995# # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government
996# # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have
997# # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not
998# # presently available.
999# Zone Australia/Yancowinna 9:30 AY %sST
1000# ...
1001# Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1002# Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C
1003# [followed by other Rules]
1004
1005# Lord Howe Island
1006
1007# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1008# LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen.. pauline@Aus ]
1009# [ Dec 1990 ]
1010# Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
1011# hour ahead of NSW time.
1012
1013# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
1014# Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
1015# date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the
1016# Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
1017# seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
1018# arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
1019# instead of only 30 minutes. Dependant on the wishes of residents
1020# the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
1021# arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will
1022# however always coincide with the rest of NSW.
1023
1024# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
1025# Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
1026# clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
1027# introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
1028# shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
1029# of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.
1030
1031# From Paul Eggert (2001-02-09):
1032# For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks through 1989, and Lonergan thereafter.
1033# For times we use Lonergan.
1034
1035###############################################################################
1036
1037# New Zealand
1038
1039# From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
1040# the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
1041# This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
1042# subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
1043# source -- phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
1044
1045# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1046# # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
1047# # or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
1048# # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Geofft@Aus.. Auckland N.Z. ]
1049# # [ Nov 1990 ]
1050# ...
1051# Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1052# Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1053# Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1054# Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S
1055# ...
1056# Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand
1057# Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island
1058
1059# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1060# The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989
1061# rather than the October 1 value.
1062
1063# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);
1064# Shanks reports 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and New Zealand.
1065# Robert Uzgalis <buz@cs.aukuni.ac.nz> writes that the New Zealand Daylight
1066# Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard
1067# time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
1068# As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
1069#
1070# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1071# Shanks gives no time data for Chatham; usno1989 says it's +12:45,
1072# usno1995 says it's +12:45/+13:45, and IATA SSIM (1991/1999)
1073# gives the NZ rules but with transitions at 2:45 local standard time.
1074# Guess that they have been in lock-step with NZ since 1990.
1075
1076###############################################################################
1077
1078
1079# Fiji
1080
1081# Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
1082# enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
1083# instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
1084
1085# From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
1086# Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
1087# until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will
1088# be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
1089
1090# From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
1091# IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow.
1092
1093# From the BBC World Service (1998-10-31 11:32 UTC):
1094# The Fijiian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
1095# improve productivity and reduce road accidents. But correspondents say it
1096# also hopes the move will boost Fiji's ability to compete with other pacific
1097# islands in the effort to attract tourists to witness the dawning of the new
1098# millenium.
1099
1100# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
1101# reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
1102
1103# Johnston
1104
1105# Johnston data is from usno1995.
1106
1107
1108# Kiribati
1109
1110# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1111# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
1112# ``declared it the same day throught the country as of Jan. 1, 1995''
1113# as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
1114
1115
1116# Kwajalein
1117
1118# In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:
1119# I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday,
1120# 1993-08-20. Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with
1121# respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,
1122# going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.
1123
1124
1125# N Mariana Is, Guam
1126
1127# Howse writes (p 153) ``The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
1128# Philippines and the Ladrones from America,'' and implies that the Ladrones
1129# (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
1130# For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
1131# see Asia/Manila.
1132
1133# US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UTC+10 the official standard time,
1134# under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation,
1135# but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
1136# wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
1137
1138
1139# Micronesia
1140
1141# Alan Eugene Davis <adavis@kuentos.guam.net> writes (1996-03-16),
1142# ``I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that "Truk"
1143# (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10.''
1144#
1145# Shanks writes that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11 on 1978-10-01;
1146# ignore this for now.
1147
1148# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1149# The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
1150# <a href="http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html">
1151# The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information
1152# </a> (1999-01-26)
1153# that Truk and Yap are UTC+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are UTC+11.
1154# We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now.
1155
1156
1157# Pitcairn
1158
1159# From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
1160# A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
1161# with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows.
1162#
1163# The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
1164# Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
1165# as Pitcairn Standard Time.
1166#
1167# ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
1168# references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
1169# somehow in light of this proclamation.
1170
1171# From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
1172# The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
1173# ... at midnight.
1174
1175# From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
1176# Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
1177# Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in
1178# Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
1179
1180
1181# Samoa
1182
1183# Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald)
1184# that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change
1185# ``the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
1186# ordaining -- by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery -- that
1187# the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year.''
1188
1189
1190# Tonga
1191
1192# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1193# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that ``Tonga has been plotting
1194# to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time.''
1195# Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
1196
1197# Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
1198# <a href="http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm">
1199# How Tonga became `The Land where Time Begins'
1200# </a>:
1201
1202# Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
1203# 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its
1204# standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
1205# local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
1206# advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees
1207# (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
1208#
1209# Because His Majesty King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
1210# Tungi, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
1211# begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
1212#
1213# But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
1214# islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
1215# minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
1216# minutes we have lost?"
1217#
1218# The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
1219# on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
1220# to say your prayers in the morning."
1221
1222# From Paul Eggert (1999-08-12):
1223# Shanks says the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.
1224
1225# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
1226# Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millenium
1227# Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
1228# He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
1229# October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
1230# Government.
1231
1232# From Steffen Thorsen [straen@thorsen.priv.no] (1999-09-09):
1233# * Tonga will introduce DST in November
1234#
1235# I was given this link by John Letts <johnletts@earthlink.net>:
1236# <a hef="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm">
1237# http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
1238# </a>
1239#
1240# I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
1241# yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
1242# of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
1243# (12 + 1 hour DST).
1244
1245# From Arthur David Olson [arthur_david_olson@nih.gov] (1999-09-20):
1246# According to <a href="http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html>
1247# http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html
1248# </a>:
1249# "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
1250# and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
1251# third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on
1252# Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
1253# set back an hour on the closing date."
1254# Alas, no indication of the time of day.
1255
1256# From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
1257# Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
1258# Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.
1259
1260# From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
1261# Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com
1262# that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
1263# instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
1264# is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
1265# text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
1266# (Original URL was: http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm )
1267
1268# From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
1269# Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
1270
1271# From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
1272# At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
1273# shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday
1274# of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
1275# hour to 1:00am.
1276
1277# From Pulu 'Anau (2002-11-05):
1278# The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't.
1279
1280###############################################################################
1281
1282# The International Date Line
1283
1284# From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
1285#
1286# The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
1287# convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
1288# Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
1289# the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
1290#
1291# When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
1292# Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
1293# to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
1294# mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line
1295# has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
1296# island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
1297# convention, but are not legally binding national borders.
1298#
1299# An Anglo-French Conference on Time-Keeping at Sea (June, 1917) agreed that
1300# legal time on the high seas would be zone time, i.e., the standard time at
1301# the nearest meridian that is a multiple of fifteen degrees. The date is
1302# governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
1303# places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not
1304# an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
1305# correct date is ambiguous.
2# This file also includes Pacific islands.
3
4# Notes are at the end of this file
5
6###############################################################################
7
8# Australia
9
10# Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.
11
12# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
13Rule Aus 1917 only - Jan 1 0:01 1:00 -
14Rule Aus 1917 only - Mar 25 2:00 0 -
15Rule Aus 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00 1:00 -
16Rule Aus 1942 only - Mar 29 2:00 0 -
17Rule Aus 1942 only - Sep 27 2:00 1:00 -
18Rule Aus 1943 1944 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
19Rule Aus 1943 only - Oct 3 2:00 1:00 -
20# Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which
21# says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944. Ignore Whitman's claim that
22# 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944.
23
24# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
25# Northern Territory
26Zone Australia/Darwin 8:43:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
27 9:00 - CST 1899 May
28 9:30 Aus CST
29# Western Australia
30Zone Australia/Perth 7:43:24 - LMT 1895 Dec
31 8:00 Aus WST 1943 Jul
32 8:00 - WST 1974 Oct lastSun 2:00s
33 8:00 1:00 WST 1975 Mar Sun>=1 2:00s
34 8:00 - WST 1983 Oct lastSun 2:00s
35 8:00 1:00 WST 1984 Mar Sun>=1 2:00s
36 8:00 - WST 1991 Nov 17 2:00s
37 8:00 1:00 WST 1992 Mar Sun>=1 2:00s
38 8:00 - WST
39# Queensland
40#
41# From Alex Livingston <alex@agsm.unsw.edu.au> (1996-11-01):
42# I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast
43# of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after
44# Queensland ceased to.
45#
46# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
47# IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman,
48# Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped.
49# Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria,
50# so use Lindeman.
51#
52# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
53Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
54Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
55Rule AQ 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
56Rule AQ 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
57Rule Holiday 1992 1993 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
58Rule Holiday 1993 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
59Zone Australia/Brisbane 10:12:08 - LMT 1895
60 10:00 Aus EST 1971
61 10:00 AQ EST
62Zone Australia/Lindeman 9:55:56 - LMT 1895
63 10:00 Aus EST 1971
64 10:00 AQ EST 1992 Jul
65 10:00 Holiday EST
66
67# South Australia
68# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
69Rule AS 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
70Rule AS 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 -
71Rule AS 1987 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
72Rule AS 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 -
73Rule AS 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
74Rule AS 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
75Rule AS 1990 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -
76Rule AS 1991 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
77Rule AS 1992 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -
78Rule AS 1993 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
79Rule AS 1994 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -
80Rule AS 1995 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
81# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
82Zone Australia/Adelaide 9:14:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
83 9:00 - CST 1899 May
84 9:30 Aus CST 1971
85 9:30 AS CST
86
87# Tasmania
88# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
89Rule AT 1967 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
90Rule AT 1968 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
91Rule AT 1968 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
92Rule AT 1969 1971 - Mar Sun>=8 2:00s 0 -
93Rule AT 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
94Rule AT 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
95Rule AT 1982 1983 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
96Rule AT 1984 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
97Rule AT 1986 only - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 -
98Rule AT 1987 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
99Rule AT 1987 only - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 -
100Rule AT 1988 1990 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
101Rule AT 1991 1999 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
102Rule AT 1991 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
103Rule AT 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
104Rule AT 2001 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
105# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
106Zone Australia/Hobart 9:49:16 - LMT 1895 Sep
107 10:00 - EST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
108 10:00 1:00 EST 1917 Feb
109 10:00 Aus EST 1967
110 10:00 AT EST
111
112# Victoria
113# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
114Rule AV 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
115Rule AV 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
116Rule AV 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
117Rule AV 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
118Rule AV 1986 1987 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 -
119Rule AV 1988 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
120Rule AV 1991 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
121Rule AV 1995 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
122Rule AV 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
123Rule AV 2001 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
124# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
125Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
126 10:00 Aus EST 1971
127 10:00 AV EST
128
129# New South Wales
130# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
131Rule AN 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
132Rule AN 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 -
133Rule AN 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
134Rule AN 1982 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
135Rule AN 1983 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
136Rule AN 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
137Rule AN 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 -
138Rule AN 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
139Rule AN 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
140Rule AN 1996 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
141Rule AN 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
142Rule AN 2001 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
143# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
144Zone Australia/Sydney 10:04:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
145 10:00 Aus EST 1971
146 10:00 AN EST
147Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 - LMT 1895 Feb
148 10:00 - EST 1896 Aug 23
149 9:00 - CST 1899 May
150 9:30 Aus CST 1971
151 9:30 AN CST 2000
152 9:30 AS CST
153
154# Lord Howe Island
155# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
156Rule LH 1981 1984 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 -
157Rule LH 1982 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
158Rule LH 1985 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
159Rule LH 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
160Rule LH 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00 0:30 -
161Rule LH 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
162Rule LH 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
163Rule LH 1996 max - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
164Rule LH 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
165Rule LH 2001 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
166Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
167 10:00 - EST 1981 Mar
168 10:30 LH LHST
169
170# Australian miscellany
171#
172# Ashmore Is, Cartier
173# no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers
174# like Australia/Perth, says Turner
175#
176# Coral Sea Is
177# no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists
178# no information
179#
180# Macquarie
181# permanent occupation (scientific station) since 1948;
182# sealing and penguin oil station operated 1888/1917
183# like Australia/Hobart, says Turner
184
185# Christmas
186# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
187Zone Indian/Christmas 7:02:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
188 7:00 - CXT # Christmas Island Time
189
190# Cook Is
191# From Shanks:
192# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
193Rule Cook 1978 only - Nov 12 0:00 0:30 HS
194Rule Cook 1979 1991 - Mar Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
195Rule Cook 1979 1990 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0:30 HS
196# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
197Zone Pacific/Rarotonga -10:39:04 - LMT 1901 # Avarua
198 -10:30 - CKT 1978 Nov 12 # Cook Is Time
199 -10:00 Cook CK%sT
200
201# Cocos
202# From USNO (1989):
203# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
204Zone Indian/Cocos 6:30 - CCT # Cocos Islands Time
205
206# Fiji
207# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
208Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
209Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 -
210# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
211Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:53:40 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva
212 12:00 Fiji FJ%sT # Fiji Time
213
214# French Polynesia
215# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
216Zone Pacific/Gambier -8:59:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Rikitea
217 -9:00 - GAMT # Gambier Time
218Zone Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 - LMT 1912 Oct
219 -9:30 - MART # Marquesas Time
220Zone Pacific/Tahiti -9:58:16 - LMT 1912 Oct # Papeete
221 -10:00 - TAHT # Tahiti Time
222# Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
223# it is uninhabited.
224
225# Guam
226# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
227Zone Pacific/Guam -14:21:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
228 9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana
229 10:00 - GST 2000 Dec 23 # Guam
230 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
231
232# Kiribati
233# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
234Zone Pacific/Tarawa 11:32:04 - LMT 1901 # Bairiki
235 12:00 - GILT # Gilbert Is Time
236Zone Pacific/Enderbury -11:24:20 - LMT 1901
237 -12:00 - PHOT 1979 Oct # Phoenix Is Time
238 -11:00 - PHOT 1995
239 13:00 - PHOT
240Zone Pacific/Kiritimati -10:29:20 - LMT 1901
241 -10:40 - LINT 1979 Oct # Line Is Time
242 -10:00 - LINT 1995
243 14:00 - LINT
244
245# N Mariana Is
246# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
247Zone Pacific/Saipan -14:17:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
248 9:43:00 - LMT 1901
249 9:00 - MPT 1969 Oct # N Mariana Is Time
250 10:00 - MPT 2000 Dec 23
251 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
252
253# Marshall Is
254# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
255Zone Pacific/Majuro 11:24:48 - LMT 1901
256 11:00 - MHT 1969 Oct # Marshall Islands Time
257 12:00 - MHT
258Zone Pacific/Kwajalein 11:09:20 - LMT 1901
259 11:00 - MHT 1969 Oct
260 -12:00 - KWAT 1993 Aug 20 # Kwajalein Time
261 12:00 - MHT
262
263# Micronesia
264# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
265Zone Pacific/Yap 9:12:32 - LMT 1901 # Colonia
266 9:00 - YAPT 1969 Oct # Yap Time
267 10:00 - YAPT
268Zone Pacific/Truk 10:07:08 - LMT 1901
269 10:00 - TRUT # Truk Time
270Zone Pacific/Ponape 10:32:52 - LMT 1901 # Kolonia
271 11:00 - PONT # Ponape Time
272Zone Pacific/Kosrae 10:51:56 - LMT 1901
273 11:00 - KOST 1969 Oct # Kosrae Time
274 12:00 - KOST 1999
275 11:00 - KOST
276
277# Nauru
278# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
279Zone Pacific/Nauru 11:07:40 - LMT 1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe
280 11:30 - NRT 1942 Mar 15 # Nauru Time
281 9:00 - JST 1944 Aug 15
282 11:30 - NRT 1979 May
283 12:00 - NRT
284
285# New Caledonia
286# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
287Rule NC 1977 1978 - Dec Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
288Rule NC 1978 1979 - Feb 27 0:00 0 -
289Rule NC 1996 only - Dec 1 2:00s 1:00 S
290# Shanks says the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
291Rule NC 1997 only - Mar 2 2:00s 0 -
292# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
293Zone Pacific/Noumea 11:05:48 - LMT 1912 Jan 13
294 11:00 NC NC%sT
295
296
297###############################################################################
298
299# New Zealand
300#
301# From Paul Eggert (2002-10-23):
302# The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history;
303# see tz-link.htm for the full reference.
304#
305# Shanks gives 1868 for the introduction of standard time; go with the
306# DIA's more-precise 1868-11-02. The DIA says that clocks were
307# advanced by half an hour in 1941; go with Shanks's more-precise
308# 1940-09-29 02:00. The DIA says that starting in 1933 DST began the
309# first Sunday in September; go with Shanks's last Sunday starting in
310# 1934.
311
312# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
313# Shanks gives 1927 Nov 6 - 1928 Mar 4, 1928 Oct 14 - 1929 Mar 17,
314# 1929 Oct 13 - 1930 Mar 16; go with Whitman.
315Rule NZ 1927 only - Nov 26 2:00 0:30 HD
316Rule NZ 1928 1929 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
317Rule NZ 1928 only - Nov 4 2:00 0:30 HD
318Rule NZ 1929 only - Oct 30 2:00 0:30 HD
319Rule NZ 1930 1933 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 S
320Rule NZ 1930 1933 - Oct Sun>=8 2:00 0:30 HD
321# Whitman says DST went on and off during war years, and the base UT offset
322# didn't change until 1945 Apr 30; go with Shanks.
323Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Apr lastSun 2:00 0 S
324Rule NZ 1934 1939 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0:30 HD
325Rule NZ 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
326Rule NZ 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
327Rule NZ 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
328Rule NZ 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
329Rule NZ 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:00s 1:00 D
330Rule NZ 1990 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
331Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
332Rule Chatham 1990 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D
333Rule Chatham 1991 max - Mar Sun>=15 2:45s 0 S
334# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
335Zone Pacific/Auckland 11:39:04 - LMT 1868 Nov 2
336 11:30 NZ NZ%sT 1940 Sep 29 2:00
337 12:00 NZ NZ%sT
338Zone Pacific/Chatham 12:45 Chatham CHA%sT
339
340
341# Auckland Is
342# uninhabited; Maori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
343# and scientific personnel have wintered
344
345# Campbell I
346# minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914
347# scientific station operated 1941/1995;
348# previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
349# was probably like Pacific/Auckland
350
351###############################################################################
352
353
354# Niue
355# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
356Zone Pacific/Niue -11:19:40 - LMT 1901 # Alofi
357 -11:20 - NUT 1951 # Niue Time
358 -11:30 - NUT 1978 Oct 1
359 -11:00 - NUT
360
361# Norfolk
362# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
363Zone Pacific/Norfolk 11:11:52 - LMT 1901 # Kingston
364 11:12 - NMT 1951 # Norfolk Mean Time
365 11:30 - NFT # Norfolk Time
366
367# Palau (Belau)
368# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
369Zone Pacific/Palau 8:57:56 - LMT 1901 # Koror
370 9:00 - PWT # Palau Time
371
372# Papua New Guinea
373# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
374Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880
375 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
376 10:00 - PGT # Papua New Guinea Time
377
378# Pitcairn
379# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
380Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown
381 -8:30 - PNT 1998 Apr 27 00:00
382 -8:00 - PST # Pitcairn Standard Time
383
384# American Samoa
385Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
386 -11:22:48 - LMT 1911
387 -11:30 - SAMT 1950 # Samoa Time
388 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
389 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
390 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
391
392# W Samoa
393Zone Pacific/Apia 12:33:04 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
394 -11:26:56 - LMT 1911
395 -11:30 - SAMT 1950 # Samoa Time
396 -11:00 - WST # W Samoa Time
397
398# Solomon Is
399# excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
400# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
401Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Honiara
402 11:00 - SBT # Solomon Is Time
403
404# Tokelau Is
405# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
406Zone Pacific/Fakaofo -11:24:56 - LMT 1901
407 -10:00 - TKT # Tokelau Time
408
409# Tonga
410# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
411Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 S
412Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 -
413Rule Tonga 2000 2001 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
414Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 -
415# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
416Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:20 - LMT 1901
417 12:20 - TOT 1941 # Tonga Time
418 13:00 - TOT 1999
419 13:00 Tonga TO%sT
420
421# Tuvalu
422# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
423Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901
424 12:00 - TVT # Tuvalu Time
425
426
427# US minor outlying islands
428
429# Howland, Baker
430# uninhabited since World War II
431# no information; was probably like Pacific/Pago_Pago
432
433# Jarvis
434# uninhabited since 1958
435# no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
436
437# Johnston
438# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
439Zone Pacific/Johnston -10:00 - HST
440
441# Kingman
442# uninhabited
443
444# Midway
445Zone Pacific/Midway -11:49:28 - LMT 1901
446 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
447 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
448 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
449
450# Palmyra
451# uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
452
453# Wake
454# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
455Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901
456 12:00 - WAKT # Wake Time
457
458
459# Vanuatu
460# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
461Rule Vanuatu 1983 only - Sep 25 0:00 1:00 S
462Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
463Rule Vanuatu 1984 only - Oct 23 0:00 1:00 S
464Rule Vanuatu 1985 1991 - Sep Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
465Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
466Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
467# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
468Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila
469 11:00 Vanuatu VU%sT # Vanuatu Time
470
471# Wallis and Futuna
472# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
473Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901
474 12:00 - WFT # Wallis & Futuna Time
475
476###############################################################################
477
478# NOTES
479
480# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
481# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
482# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
483
484# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
485# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
486# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
487# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
488#
489# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
490# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
491# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
492# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
493# of the IATA's data after 1990.
494#
495# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1990,
496# and IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
497#
498# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
499# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
500# I found in the UCLA library.
501#
502# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
503# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
504#
505# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
506# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
507# Corrections are welcome!
508# std dst
509# LMT Local Mean Time
510# 8:00 WST WST Western Australia
511# 9:00 JST Japan
512# 9:30 CST CST Central Australia
513# 10:00 EST EST Eastern Australia
514# 10:00 ChST Chamorro
515# 10:30 LHST LHST Lord Howe*
516# 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand
517# 12:45 CHAST CHADT Chatham*
518# -11:00 SST Samoa
519# -10:00 HST Hawaii
520# - 8:00 PST Pitcairn*
521#
522# See the `northamerica' file for Hawaii.
523# See the `southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galapagos Is.
524
525###############################################################################
526
527# Australia
528
529# <a href="http://www.dstc.qut.edu.au/DST/marg/daylight.html">
530# Australia's Daylight Saving Times
531# </a>, by Margaret Turner, summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
532
533# From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
534# We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as `daylight' time.
535# It is called `summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, `summer'
536# and `standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
537# abbreviation does _not_ change...
538# The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
539# in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
540# initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
541# the phrase `summer time' and does not use the phrase `daylight
542# time'.
543# Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
544# Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases `Eastern Standard Time'
545# or `Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the
546# current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers
547# on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
548# prefixed by the word `Australian' when referring to local times;
549# time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
550
551# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
552# Given the above, what's chosen for year-round use is:
553# CST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 9:30
554# WST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 8:00
555# EST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 10:00
556
557# From Paul Eggert (2001-04-05), summarizing a long discussion about "EST"
558# versus "AEST" etc.:
559#
560# I see the following points of dispute:
561#
562# * How important are unique time zone abbreviations?
563#
564# Here I tend to agree with the point (most recently made by Chris
565# Newman) that unique abbreviations should not be essential for proper
566# operation of software. We have other instances of ambiguity
567# (e.g. "IST" denoting both "Israel Standard Time" and "Indian
568# Standard Time"), and they are not likely to go away any time soon.
569# In the old days, some software mistakenly relied on unique
570# abbreviations, but this is becoming less true with time, and I don't
571# think it's that important to cater to such software these days.
572#
573# On the other hand, there is another motivation for unambiguous
574# abbreviations: it cuts down on human confusion. This is
575# particularly true for Australia, where "EST" can mean one thing for
576# time T and a different thing for time T plus 1 second.
577#
578# * Does the relevant legislation indicate which abbreviations should be used?
579#
580# Here I tend to think that things are a mess, just as they are in
581# many other countries. We Americans are currently disagreeing about
582# which abbreviation to use for the newly legislated Chamorro Standard
583# Time, for example.
584#
585# Personally, I would prefer to use common practice; I would like to
586# refer to legislation only for examples of common practice, or as a
587# tiebreaker.
588#
589# * Do Australians more often use "Eastern Daylight Time" or "Eastern
590# Summer Time"? Do they typically prefix the time zone names with
591# the word "Australian"?
592#
593# My own impression is that both "Daylight Time" and "Summer Time" are
594# common and are widely understood, but that "Summer Time" is more
595# popular; and that the leading "A" is also common but is omitted more
596# often than not. I just used AltaVista advanced search and got the
597# following count of page hits:
598#
599# 1,103 "Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
600# 971 "Australian Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
601# 613 "Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
602# 127 "Australian Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
603#
604# Here "Summer" seems quite a bit more popular than "Daylight",
605# particularly when we know the time zone is Australian and not US,
606# say. The "Australian" prefix seems to be popular for Eastern Summer
607# Time, but unpopular for Eastern Daylight Time.
608#
609# For abbreviations, tools like AltaVista are less useful because of
610# ambiguity. Many hits are not really time zones, unfortunately, and
611# many hits denote US time zones and not Australian ones. But here
612# are the hit counts anyway:
613#
614# 161,304 "EST" and domain:au
615# 25,156 "EDT" and domain:au
616# 18,263 "AEST" and domain:au
617# 10,416 "AEDT" and domain:au
618#
619# 14,538 "CST" and domain:au
620# 5,728 "CDT" and domain:au
621# 176 "ACST" and domain:au
622# 29 "ACDT" and domain:au
623#
624# 7,539 "WST" and domain:au
625# 68 "AWST" and domain:au
626#
627# This data suggest that Australians tend to omit the "A" prefix in
628# practice. The situation for "ST" versus "DT" is less clear, given
629# the ambiguities involved.
630#
631# * How do Australians feel about the abbreviations in the tz database?
632#
633# If you just count Australians on this list, I count 2 in favor and 3
634# against. One of the "against" votes (David Keegel) counseled delay,
635# saying that both AEST/AEDT and EST/EST are widely used and
636# understood in Australia.
637
638# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
639# Shanks reports 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and New Zealand.
640# Mark Prior <mrp@itd.adelaide.edu.au> writes that his newspaper
641# reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
642# but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
643# and perhaps the newspaper's `2:00' is referring to standard time.
644# For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
645
646# From Eric Ulevik <eau@zip.com.au> (1998-01-05):
647#
648# Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
649# and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
650# relevant entries in this database.
651#
652# NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
653# <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html">
654# Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
655# </a>
656# ACT
657# <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html">
658# Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
659# </a>
660# SA
661# <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html">
662# Standard Time Act, 1898
663# </a>
664
665# Northern Territory
666
667# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
668# # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]
669# # [ Nov 1990 ]
670# # N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location.
671# ...
672# Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST
673
674# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
675# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
676# the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.
677
678# Western Australia
679
680# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
681# # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]
682# # [ Nov 1990 ]
683# # W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to
684# # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but
685# # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus
686# # before reaching parliament.
687# ...
688# Zone Australia/West 8:00 AW %sST
689# ...
690# Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
691# Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
692# Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
693# Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
694
695# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
696# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
697# Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving.
698
699# From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):
700# Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney
701# rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at
702# work at 9.00am.)
703# W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse
704# everybody again.
705
706# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
707# The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
708# it matches what was used in the past.
709
710# <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm">
711# The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
712# </a> (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
713# South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
714
715# Queensland
716# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
717# # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
718# # [ Dec 1990 ]
719# ...
720# Zone Australia/Queensland 10:00 AQ %sST
721# ...
722# Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
723# Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E
724# Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
725# Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E
726
727# From Bradley White (1989-12-24):
728# "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from
729# October 1989).
730
731# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
732# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
733# ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
734# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
735
736# From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
737# I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact
738# end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised
739# me.)
740
741# From Bradley White (1992-03-08):
742# ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted
743# in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...
744# ...
745# Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
746# Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
747# ...
748
749# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
750# The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
751
752# From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
753# The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
754# southern coast of Australia, population 10 at last report, along with
755# 50,000 sheep, about 100 kilometers long and 40 kilometers into the
756# continent. The primary town is Madura, with the other towns being
757# Mundrabilla and Eucla. According to the sheriff of Madura, the
758# residents got tired of having to change the time so often, as they are
759# located in a strip overlapping the border of South Australia and Western
760# Australia. South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western
761# Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The
762# residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so
763# much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the
764# international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South
765# Australia and Western Australia. As it only affects about 10 people and
766# tourists staying at the Madura Motel, it has never really made as big an
767# impact as Broken Hill. However, as tourist visiting there or anyone
768# calling the local sheriff will attest, they do keep time in this way.
769#
770# From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
771# This is confirmed by the section entitled
772# "What's the deal with time zones???" in
773# <http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html>,
774# which says a few other things:
775#
776# * Border Village, SA also is 45 minutes ahead of Perth.
777# * The locals call this time zone "central W.A. Time" (presumably "CWAT").
778# * The locals also call Western Australia time "Perth time".
779#
780# It's not clear from context whether everyone in Western Australia
781# knows of this naming convention, or whether it's just the people in
782# this subregion.
783
784# South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria
785
786# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
787# The rules from version 7.1 follow.
788# There are lots of differences between these rules and
789# the Shepherd et al. rules. Since the Shepherd et al. rules
790# and Bradley White's newspaper article are in agreement on
791# current DST ending dates, no worries.
792#
793# Rule Oz 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 -
794# Rule Oz 1986 max - Oct Sun<=24 2:00 1:00 -
795# Rule Oz 1972 only - Feb 27 3:00 0 -
796# Rule Oz 1973 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 -
797# Rule Oz 1987 max - Mar Sun<=21 3:00 0 -
798# Zone Australia/Tasmania 10:00 Oz EST
799# Zone Australia/South 9:30 Oz CST
800# Zone Australia/Victoria 10:00 Oz EST 1985 Oct lastSun 2:00
801# 10:00 1:00 EST 1986 Mar Sun<=21 3:00
802# 10:00 Oz EST
803
804# From Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
805# I believe that the current start date for DST is "lastSun" in Oct...
806# that changed Oct 89. That is, we're back to the
807# original rule, and that rule currently applies in all the states
808# that have dst, incl Qld. (Certainly it was true in Vic).
809# The file I'm including says that happened in 1988, I think
810# that's incorrect, but I'm not 100% certain.
811
812# South Australia
813
814# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
815# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
816# ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
817# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
818
819# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
820# # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ]
821# # [ Nov 1990 ]
822# ...
823# Zone Australia/South 9:30 AS %sST
824# ...
825# Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
826# Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
827# Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun<=21 3:00 0 C
828# Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
829
830# From Bradley White (1992-03-11):
831# Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide
832# contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival,
833# South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."
834
835# From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):
836# I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)
837# South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even
838# numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival
839# is on...
840
841# From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):
842# DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....
843# But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...
844# (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).
845
846# From Bradley White (1994-04-11):
847# If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,
848# 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can
849# only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....
850
851# From John Warburton <jwarb@SACBH.com.au> (1994-10-07):
852# The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...
853# was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....
854# start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.
855
856# Tasmania
857
858# The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
859# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
860# # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
861# # [ Nov 1990 ]
862
863# From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
864# Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
865# 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
866# (but nothing new about that).
867
868# From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
869# I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
870# (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
871# has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
872# (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
873# instead of the first Sunday in October.
874
875# Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
876# http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300
877
878# Victoria
879
880# The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
881# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
882# # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
883# # [ Nov 1990 ]
884
885# From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
886# On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
887# interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was
888# discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
889# Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
890# in Melbourne, Australia.
891#
892# Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
893# illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
894# of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
895# fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
896# you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
897# expected time.
898#
899# However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
900# to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
901# the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps
902# someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
903#
904# [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html
905# [2] http://www.shrine.org.au
906
907# New South Wales
908
909# From Arthur David Olson:
910# New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.
911# Based on law library research by John Mackin (john@basser.cs.su.oz),
912# who notes:
913# In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
914# individual states. Thus, while such terms as ``Eastern Standard Time''
915# [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
916# use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
917# legislation. This is very important to understand.
918# I have researched New South Wales time only...
919
920# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
921# The Information Service of the Australian National Standards Commission
922# <a href="http://www.nsc.gov.au/InfoServ/Ileaflet/il27.htm">
923# Daylight Saving
924# </a> page (1995-04) has an excellent overall history of Australian DST.
925# The Community Relations Division of the NSW Attorney General's Department
926# publishes a history of daylight saving in NSW. See:
927# <a href="http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/crd.nsf/pages/time2">
928# Lawlink NSW: Daylight Saving in New South Wales
929# </a>
930
931# From Eric Ulevik <eau@ozemail.com.au> (1999-05-26):
932# DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
933# October in 2000. [See: Matthew Moore,
934# <a href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html">
935# Two months more daylight saving
936# </a>
937# Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).]
938
939# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
940# See the following official NSW source:
941# <a href="http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ">
942# Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
943# </a>
944#
945# Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
946# daylight saving next year. See:
947# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm">
948# Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
949# </a> (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
950#
951# Victoria will following NSW. See:
952# <a href="http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm">
953# Vic to extend daylight saving
954# </a> (1999-07-28).
955#
956# However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See:
957# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm">
958# South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request
959# </a> (1999-07-19).
960#
961# Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See:
962# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm">
963# Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
964# </a> (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
965# ``Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
966# I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
967# well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
968# bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
969# I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules.''
970#
971# Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See:
972# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm">
973# Broken Hill to be behind the times
974# </a> (1999-07-21).
975
976# IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
977# Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
978# Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.
979
980# From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
981# The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
982# towns to use Queensland time.
983
984# Yancowinna
985
986# From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
987# `Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
988
989# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
990# # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
991# # [ Dec 1990 ]
992# ...
993# # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the
994# # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings
995# # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government
996# # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have
997# # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not
998# # presently available.
999# Zone Australia/Yancowinna 9:30 AY %sST
1000# ...
1001# Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1002# Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C
1003# [followed by other Rules]
1004
1005# Lord Howe Island
1006
1007# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1008# LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen.. pauline@Aus ]
1009# [ Dec 1990 ]
1010# Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
1011# hour ahead of NSW time.
1012
1013# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
1014# Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
1015# date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the
1016# Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
1017# seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
1018# arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
1019# instead of only 30 minutes. Dependant on the wishes of residents
1020# the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
1021# arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will
1022# however always coincide with the rest of NSW.
1023
1024# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
1025# Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
1026# clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
1027# introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
1028# shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
1029# of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.
1030
1031# From Paul Eggert (2001-02-09):
1032# For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks through 1989, and Lonergan thereafter.
1033# For times we use Lonergan.
1034
1035###############################################################################
1036
1037# New Zealand
1038
1039# From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
1040# the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
1041# This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
1042# subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
1043# source -- phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
1044
1045# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1046# # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
1047# # or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
1048# # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Geofft@Aus.. Auckland N.Z. ]
1049# # [ Nov 1990 ]
1050# ...
1051# Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1052# Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1053# Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1054# Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S
1055# ...
1056# Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand
1057# Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island
1058
1059# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1060# The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989
1061# rather than the October 1 value.
1062
1063# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);
1064# Shanks reports 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and New Zealand.
1065# Robert Uzgalis <buz@cs.aukuni.ac.nz> writes that the New Zealand Daylight
1066# Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard
1067# time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
1068# As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
1069#
1070# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1071# Shanks gives no time data for Chatham; usno1989 says it's +12:45,
1072# usno1995 says it's +12:45/+13:45, and IATA SSIM (1991/1999)
1073# gives the NZ rules but with transitions at 2:45 local standard time.
1074# Guess that they have been in lock-step with NZ since 1990.
1075
1076###############################################################################
1077
1078
1079# Fiji
1080
1081# Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
1082# enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
1083# instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
1084
1085# From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
1086# Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
1087# until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will
1088# be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
1089
1090# From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
1091# IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow.
1092
1093# From the BBC World Service (1998-10-31 11:32 UTC):
1094# The Fijiian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
1095# improve productivity and reduce road accidents. But correspondents say it
1096# also hopes the move will boost Fiji's ability to compete with other pacific
1097# islands in the effort to attract tourists to witness the dawning of the new
1098# millenium.
1099
1100# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
1101# reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
1102
1103# Johnston
1104
1105# Johnston data is from usno1995.
1106
1107
1108# Kiribati
1109
1110# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1111# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
1112# ``declared it the same day throught the country as of Jan. 1, 1995''
1113# as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
1114
1115
1116# Kwajalein
1117
1118# In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:
1119# I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday,
1120# 1993-08-20. Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with
1121# respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,
1122# going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.
1123
1124
1125# N Mariana Is, Guam
1126
1127# Howse writes (p 153) ``The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
1128# Philippines and the Ladrones from America,'' and implies that the Ladrones
1129# (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
1130# For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
1131# see Asia/Manila.
1132
1133# US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UTC+10 the official standard time,
1134# under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation,
1135# but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
1136# wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
1137
1138
1139# Micronesia
1140
1141# Alan Eugene Davis <adavis@kuentos.guam.net> writes (1996-03-16),
1142# ``I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that "Truk"
1143# (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10.''
1144#
1145# Shanks writes that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11 on 1978-10-01;
1146# ignore this for now.
1147
1148# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1149# The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
1150# <a href="http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html">
1151# The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information
1152# </a> (1999-01-26)
1153# that Truk and Yap are UTC+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are UTC+11.
1154# We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now.
1155
1156
1157# Pitcairn
1158
1159# From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
1160# A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
1161# with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows.
1162#
1163# The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
1164# Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
1165# as Pitcairn Standard Time.
1166#
1167# ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
1168# references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
1169# somehow in light of this proclamation.
1170
1171# From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
1172# The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
1173# ... at midnight.
1174
1175# From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
1176# Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
1177# Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in
1178# Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
1179
1180
1181# Samoa
1182
1183# Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald)
1184# that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change
1185# ``the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
1186# ordaining -- by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery -- that
1187# the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year.''
1188
1189
1190# Tonga
1191
1192# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1193# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that ``Tonga has been plotting
1194# to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time.''
1195# Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
1196
1197# Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
1198# <a href="http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm">
1199# How Tonga became `The Land where Time Begins'
1200# </a>:
1201
1202# Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
1203# 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its
1204# standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
1205# local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
1206# advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees
1207# (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
1208#
1209# Because His Majesty King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
1210# Tungi, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
1211# begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
1212#
1213# But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
1214# islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
1215# minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
1216# minutes we have lost?"
1217#
1218# The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
1219# on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
1220# to say your prayers in the morning."
1221
1222# From Paul Eggert (1999-08-12):
1223# Shanks says the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.
1224
1225# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
1226# Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millenium
1227# Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
1228# He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
1229# October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
1230# Government.
1231
1232# From Steffen Thorsen [straen@thorsen.priv.no] (1999-09-09):
1233# * Tonga will introduce DST in November
1234#
1235# I was given this link by John Letts <johnletts@earthlink.net>:
1236# <a hef="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm">
1237# http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
1238# </a>
1239#
1240# I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
1241# yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
1242# of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
1243# (12 + 1 hour DST).
1244
1245# From Arthur David Olson [arthur_david_olson@nih.gov] (1999-09-20):
1246# According to <a href="http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html>
1247# http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html
1248# </a>:
1249# "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
1250# and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
1251# third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on
1252# Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
1253# set back an hour on the closing date."
1254# Alas, no indication of the time of day.
1255
1256# From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
1257# Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
1258# Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.
1259
1260# From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
1261# Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com
1262# that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
1263# instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
1264# is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
1265# text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
1266# (Original URL was: http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm )
1267
1268# From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
1269# Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
1270
1271# From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
1272# At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
1273# shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday
1274# of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
1275# hour to 1:00am.
1276
1277# From Pulu 'Anau (2002-11-05):
1278# The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't.
1279
1280###############################################################################
1281
1282# The International Date Line
1283
1284# From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
1285#
1286# The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
1287# convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
1288# Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
1289# the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
1290#
1291# When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
1292# Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
1293# to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
1294# mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line
1295# has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
1296# island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
1297# convention, but are not legally binding national borders.
1298#
1299# An Anglo-French Conference on Time-Keeping at Sea (June, 1917) agreed that
1300# legal time on the high seas would be zone time, i.e., the standard time at
1301# the nearest meridian that is a multiple of fifteen degrees. The date is
1302# governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
1303# places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not
1304# an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
1305# correct date is ambiguous.