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1# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
2# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
3
4# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
5# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
6# tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
7# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
8
9# From Paul Eggert (2017-01-13):
10#
11# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
12# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
13# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
14# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
15#
16# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
17# for time zone data was the International Air Transport
18# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
19# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
20# of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
21# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
22#
23# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
24# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
25# I found in the UCLA library.
26#
27# For data circa 1899, a common source is:
28# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
29# https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
30#
31# For Russian data circa 1919, a source is:
32# Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
33# (See the 'europe' file for a fuller citation.)
34#
35# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
36# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
37#
38# The following alphabetic abbreviations appear in these tables:
39# std dst
40# LMT Local Mean Time
41# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern European Time
42# 2:00 IST IDT Israel
43# 5:30 IST India
44# 7:00 WIB west Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Barat)
45# 8:00 WITA central Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Tengah)
46# 8:00 CST China
47# 8:30 KST KDT Korea when at +0830
48# 9:00 WIT east Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Timur)
49# 9:00 JST JDT Japan
50# 9:00 KST KDT Korea when at +09
51# 9:30 ACST Australian Central Standard Time
52# Otherwise, these tables typically use numeric abbreviations like +03
53# and +0330 for integer hour and minute UT offsets. Although earlier
54# editions invented alphabetic time zone abbreviations for every
55# offset, this did not reflect common practice.
56#
57# See the 'europe' file for Russia and Turkey in Asia.
58
59# From Guy Harris:
60# Incorporates data for Singapore from Robert Elz' asia 1.1, as well as
61# additional information from Tom Yap, Sun Microsystems Intercontinental
62# Technical Support (including a page from the Official Airline Guide -
63# Worldwide Edition).
64
65###############################################################################
66
67# These rules are stolen from the 'europe' file.
68# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
69Rule EUAsia 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
70Rule EUAsia 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
71Rule EUAsia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -

72Rule E-EurAsia 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S

72Rule E-EurAsia 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 -

73Rule E-EurAsia 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
74Rule E-EurAsia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -

75Rule RussiaAsia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S

75Rule RussiaAsia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 -

76Rule RussiaAsia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
77Rule RussiaAsia 1984 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -

78Rule RussiaAsia 1985 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S

78Rule RussiaAsia 1985 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -

79Rule RussiaAsia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
80
81# Afghanistan
82# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
83Zone Asia/Kabul 4:36:48 - LMT 1890
84 4:00 - +04 1945
85 4:30 - +0430
86
87# Armenia
88# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
89# Shanks & Pottenger have Yerevan switching to 3:00 (with Russian DST)
90# in spring 1991, then to 4:00 with no DST in fall 1995, then
91# readopting Russian DST in 1997. Go with Shanks & Pottenger, even
92# when they disagree with others. Edgar Der-Danieliantz
93# reported (1996-05-04) that Yerevan probably wouldn't use DST
94# in 1996, though it did use DST in 1995. IATA SSIM (1991/1998) reports that
95# Armenia switched from 3:00 to 4:00 in 1998 and observed DST after 1991,
96# but started switching at 3:00s in 1998.
97
98# From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
99# While Russia abandoned DST in 2011, Armenia may choose to
100# follow Russia's "old" rules.
101
102# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2012-02-10):
103# According to News Armenia, on Feb 9, 2012,
104# http://newsarmenia.ru/society/20120209/42609695.html
105#
106# The Armenia National Assembly adopted final reading of Amendments to the
107# Law "On procedure of calculation time on the territory of the Republic of
108# Armenia" according to which Armenia [is] abolishing Daylight Saving Time.
109# or
110# (brief)
111# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_armenia03.html
112# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

~~113~~Rule Armenia 2011 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S

113Rule Armenia 2011 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -

114Rule Armenia 2011 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
115# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
116Zone Asia/Yerevan 2:58:00 - LMT 1924 May 2
117 3:00 - +03 1957 Mar
118 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
119 3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 1995 Sep 24 2:00s
120 4:00 - +04 1997
121 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2011
122 4:00 Armenia +04/+05
123
124# Azerbaijan
125
126# From Rustam Aliyev of the Azerbaijan Internet Forum (2005-10-23):
127# According to the resolution of Cabinet of Ministers, 1997
128# From Paul Eggert (2015-09-17): It was Resolution No. 21 (1997-03-17).
129# http://code.az/files/daylight_res.pdf
130
131# From Steffen Thorsen (2016-03-17):
132# ... the Azerbaijani Cabinet of Ministers has cancelled switching to
133# daylight saving time....
134# https://www.azernews.az/azerbaijan/94137.html
135# http://vestnikkavkaza.net/news/Azerbaijani-Cabinet-of-Ministers-cancels-daylight-saving-time.html
136# http://en.apa.az/xeber_azerbaijan_abolishes_daylight_savings_ti_240862.html
137
138# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

~~139~~Rule Azer 1997 2015 - Mar lastSun 4:00 1:00 S

139Rule Azer 1997 2015 - Mar lastSun 4:00 1:00 -

140Rule Azer 1997 2015 - Oct lastSun 5:00 0 -
141# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
142Zone Asia/Baku 3:19:24 - LMT 1924 May 2
143 3:00 - +03 1957 Mar
144 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
145 3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 1992 Sep lastSun 2:00s
146 4:00 - +04 1996
147 4:00 EUAsia +04/+05 1997
148 4:00 Azer +04/+05
149
150# Bahrain
151# See Asia/Qatar.
152
153# Bangladesh
154# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-05-13):
155# According to newspaper Asian Tribune (May 6, 2009) Bangladesh may introduce
156# Daylight Saving Time from June 16 to Sept 30
157#
158# Bangladesh to introduce daylight saving time likely from June 16
159# http://www.asiantribune.com/?q=node/17288
160# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh02.html
161#
162# "... Bangladesh government has decided to switch daylight saving time from
163# June
164# 16 till September 30 in a bid to ensure maximum use of daylight to cope with
165# crippling power crisis. "
166#
167# The switch will remain in effect from June 16 to Sept 30 (2009) but if
168# implemented the next year, it will come in force from April 1, 2010
169
170# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-06-02):
171# They have finally decided now, but changed the start date to midnight between
172# the 19th and 20th, and they have not set the end date yet.
173#
174# Some sources:
175# https://in.reuters.com/article/southAsiaNews/idINIndia-40017620090601
176# http://bdnews24.com/details.php?id=85889&cid=2
177#
178# Our wrap-up:
179# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/bangladesh-daylight-saving-2009.html
180
181# From A. N. M. Kamrus Saadat (2009-06-15):
182# Finally we've got the official mail regarding DST start time where DST start
183# time is mentioned as Jun 19 2009, 23:00 from BTRC (Bangladesh
184# Telecommunication Regulatory Commission).
185#
186# No DST end date has been announced yet.
187
188# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-25):
189# Bangladesh won't go back to Standard Time from October 1, 2009,
190# instead it will continue DST measure till the cabinet makes a fresh decision.
191#
192# Following report by same newspaper-"The Daily Star Friday":
193# "DST change awaits cabinet decision-Clock won't go back by 1-hr from Oct 1"
194# http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=107021
195# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh04.html
196
197# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-13):
198# IANS (Indo-Asian News Service) now reports:
199# Bangladesh has decided that the clock advanced by an hour to make
200# maximum use of daylight hours as an energy saving measure would
201# "continue for an indefinite period."
202#
203# One of many places where it is published:
204# http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/bangladesh-to-continue-indefinitely-with-advanced-time_100259987.html
205
206# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-12-24):
207# According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
208# Bangladesh will change its clock back to Standard Time on Dec 31, 2009.
209#
210# Clock goes back 1-hr on Dec 31 night.
211# http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=119228
212# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh05.html
213#
214# "...The government yesterday decided to put the clock back by one hour
215# on December 31 midnight and the new time will continue until March 31,
216# 2010 midnight. The decision came at a cabinet meeting at the Prime
217# Minister's Office last night..."
218
219# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-22):
220# According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
221# Cabinet cancels Daylight Saving Time
222# http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=22817
223# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh06.html
224
225# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

~~226~~Rule Dhaka 2009 only - Jun 19 23:00 1:00 S

226Rule Dhaka 2009 only - Jun 19 23:00 1:00 -

227Rule Dhaka 2009 only - Dec 31 24:00 0 -
228
229# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
230Zone Asia/Dhaka 6:01:40 - LMT 1890
231 5:53:20 - HMT 1941 Oct # Howrah Mean Time?
232 6:30 - +0630 1942 May 15
233 5:30 - +0530 1942 Sep
234 6:30 - +0630 1951 Sep 30
235 6:00 - +06 2009
236 6:00 Dhaka +06/+07
237
238# Bhutan
239# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
240Zone Asia/Thimphu 5:58:36 - LMT 1947 Aug 15 # or Thimbu
241 5:30 - +0530 1987 Oct
242 6:00 - +06
243
244# British Indian Ocean Territory
245# Whitman and the 1995 CIA time zone map say 5:00, but the
246# 1997 and later maps say 6:00. Assume the switch occurred in 1996.
247# We have no information as to when standard time was introduced;
248# assume it occurred in 1907, the same year as Mauritius (which
249# then contained the Chagos Archipelago).
250# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
251Zone Indian/Chagos 4:49:40 - LMT 1907
252 5:00 - +05 1996
253 6:00 - +06
254
255# Brunei
256# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
257Zone Asia/Brunei 7:39:40 - LMT 1926 Mar # Bandar Seri Begawan
258 7:30 - +0730 1933
259 8:00 - +08
260
261# Burma / Myanmar
262
263# Milne says 6:24:40 was the meridian of the time ball observatory at Rangoon.
264
265# From Paul Eggert (2017-04-20):
266# Page 27 of Reed & Low (cited for Asia/Kolkata) says "Rangoon local time is
267# used upon the railways and telegraphs of Burma, and is 6h. 24m. 47s. ahead
268# of Greenwich." This refers to the period before Burma's transition to +0630,
269# a transition for which Shanks is the only source.
270
271# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
272Zone Asia/Yangon 6:24:47 - LMT 1880 # or Rangoon
273 6:24:47 - RMT 1920 # Rangoon local time
274 6:30 - +0630 1942 May
275 9:00 - +09 1945 May 3
276 6:30 - +0630
277
278# Cambodia
279# See Asia/Bangkok.
280
281
282# China
283
284# From Guy Harris:
285# People's Republic of China. Yes, they really have only one time zone.
286
287# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
288# No they don't. See TIME mag, 1986-02-17 p.52. Even though
289# China is across 4 physical time zones, before Feb 1, 1986 only the
290# Peking (Beijing) time zone was recognized. Since that date, China
291# has two of 'em - Peking's and ��r��mqi (named after the capital of
292# the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region). I don't know about DST for it.
293#
294# . . .I just deleted the DST table and this editor makes it too
295# painful to suck in another copy. So, here is what I have for
296# DST start/end dates for Peking's time zone (info from AP):
297#
298# 1986 May 4 - Sept 14
299# 1987 mid-April - ??
300
301# From U. S. Naval Observatory (1989-01-19):
302# CHINA 8 H AHEAD OF UTC ALL OF CHINA, INCL TAIWAN
303# CHINA 9 H AHEAD OF UTC APR 17 - SEP 10
304
305# From Paul Eggert (2008-02-11):
306# Jim Mann, "A clumsy embrace for another western custom: China on daylight
307# time - sort of", Los Angeles Times, 1986-05-05 ... [says] that China began
308# observing daylight saving time in 1986.
309
310# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
311# Shanks & Pottenger have China switching to a single time zone in 1980, but
312# this doesn't seem to be correct. They also write that China observed summer
313# DST from 1986 through 1991, which seems to match the above commentary, so
314# go with them for DST rules as follows:
315# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
316Rule Shang 1940 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 D
317Rule Shang 1940 1941 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
318Rule Shang 1941 only - Mar 16 0:00 1:00 D
319Rule PRC 1986 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 D
320Rule PRC 1986 1991 - Sep Sun>=11 0:00 0 S
321Rule PRC 1987 1991 - Apr Sun>=10 0:00 1:00 D
322
323# From Anthony Fok (2001-12-20):
324# BTW, I did some research on-line and found some info regarding these five
325# historic timezones from some Taiwan websites. And yes, there are official
326# Chinese names for these locales (before 1949).
327#
328# From Jesper N��rgaard Welen (2006-07-14):
329# I have investigated the timezones around 1970 on the
330# https://www.astro.com/atlas site [with provinces and county
331# boundaries summarized below].... A few other exceptions were two
332# counties on the Sichuan side of the Xizang-Sichuan border,
333# counties Dege and Baiyu which lies on the Sichuan side and are
334# therefore supposed to be GMT+7, Xizang region being GMT+6, but Dege
335# county is GMT+8 according to astro.com while Baiyu county is GMT+6
336# (could be true), for the moment I am assuming that those two
337# counties are mistakes in the astro.com data.
338
339# From Paul Eggert (2017-01-05):
340# Alois Treindl kindly sent me translations of the following two sources:
341#
342# (1)
343# Guo Qingsheng (National Time-Service Center, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
344# Beijing Time at the Beginning of the PRC
345# China Historical Materials of Science and Technology
346# (Zhongguo ke ji shi liao, ��), Vol. 24, No. 1 (2003)
347# It gives evidence that at the beginning of the PRC, Beijing time was
348# officially apparent solar time! However, Guo also says that the
349# evidence is dubious, as the relevant institute of astronomy had not
350# been taken over by the PRC yet. It's plausible that apparent solar
351# time was announced but never implemented, and that people continued
352# to use UT+8. As the Shanghai radio station (and I presume the
353# observatory) was still under control of French missionaries, it
354# could well have ignored any such mandate.
355#
356# (2)
357# Guo Qing-sheng (Shaanxi Astronomical Observatory, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
358# A Study on the Standard Time Changes for the Past 100 Years in China
359# [undated and unknown publication location]
360# It says several things:
361# * The Qing dynasty used local apparent solar time throughout China.
362# * The Republic of China instituted Beijing mean solar time effective
363# the official calendar book of 1914.
364# * The French Concession in Shanghai set up signal stations in
365# French docks in the 1890s, controlled by Xujiahui (Zikawei)
366# Observatory and set to local mean time.
367# * "From the end of the 19th century" it changed to UT+8.
368# * Chinese Customs (by then reduced to a tool of foreign powers)
369# eventually standardized on this time for all ports, and it
370# became used by railways as well.
371# * In 1918 the Central Observatory proposed dividing China into
372# five time zones (see below for details). This caught on
373# at first only in coastal areas observing UT+8.
374# * During WWII all of China was in theory was at UT+7. In practice
375# this was ignored in the west, and I presume was ignored in
376# Japanese-occupied territory.
377# * Japanese-occupied Manchuria was at UT+9, i.e., Japan time.
378# * The five-zone plan was resurrected after WWII and officially put into
379# place (with some modifications) in March 1948. It's not clear
380# how well it was observed in areas under Nationalist control.
381# * The People's Liberation Army used UT+8 during the civil war.
382#
383# An AP article "Shanghai Internat'l Area Little Changed" in the
384# Lewiston (ME) Daily Sun (1939-05-29), p 17, said "Even the time is
385# different - the occupied districts going by Tokyo time, an hour
386# ahead of that prevailing in the rest of Shanghai." Guess that the
387# Xujiahui Observatory was under French control and stuck with UT +08.
388#
389# In earlier versions of this file, China had many separate Zone entries, but
390# this was based on what were apparently incorrect data in Shanks & Pottenger.
391# This has now been simplified to the two entries Asia/Shanghai and
392# Asia/Urumqi, with the others being links for backward compatibility.
393# Proposed in 1918 and theoretically in effect until 1949 (although in practice
394# mainly observed in coastal areas), the five zones were:
395#
396# Changbai Time ("Long-white Time", Long-white = Heilongjiang area) UT +08:30
397# Now part of Asia/Shanghai; its pre-1970 times are not recorded here.
398# Heilongjiang (except Mohe county), Jilin
399#
400# Zhongyuan Time ("Central plain Time") UT +08
401# Now part of Asia/Shanghai.
402# most of China
403# Milne gives 8:05:43.2 for Xujiahui Observatory time; round to nearest.
404# Guo says Shanghai switched to UT +08 "from the end of the 19th century".
405#
406# Long-shu Time (probably as Long and Shu were two names of the area) UT +07
407# Now part of Asia/Shanghai; its pre-1970 times are not recorded here.
408# Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Ningxia, Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Yunnan;
409# most of Gansu; west Inner Mongolia; east Qinghai; and the Guangdong
410# counties Deqing, Enping, Kaiping, Luoding, Taishan, Xinxing,
411# Yangchun, Yangjiang, Yu'nan, and Yunfu.
412#
413# Xin-zang Time ("Xinjiang-Tibet Time") UT +06
414# This region is now part of either Asia/Urumqi or Asia/Shanghai with
415# current boundaries uncertain; times before 1970 for areas that
416# disagree with ��r��mqi or Shanghai are not recorded here.
417# The Gansu counties Aksay, Anxi, Dunhuang, Subei; west Qinghai;
418# the Guangdong counties Xuwen, Haikang, Suixi, Lianjiang,
419# Zhanjiang, Wuchuan, Huazhou, Gaozhou, Maoming, Dianbai, and Xinyi;
420# east Tibet, including Lhasa, Chamdo, Shigaise, Jimsar, Shawan and Hutubi;
421# east Xinjiang, including ��r��mqi, Turpan, Karamay, Korla, Minfeng, Jinghe,
422# Wusu, Qiemo, Xinyan, Wulanwusu, Jinghe, Yumin, Tacheng, Tuoli, Emin,
423# Shihezi, Changji, Yanqi, Heshuo, Tuokexun, Tulufan, Shanshan, Hami,
424# Fukang, Kuitun, Kumukuli, Miquan, Qitai, and Turfan.
425#
426# Kunlun Time UT +05:30
427# This region is now in the same status as Xin-zang Time (see above).
428# West Tibet, including Pulan, Aheqi, Shufu, Shule;
429# West Xinjiang, including Aksu, Atushi, Yining, Hetian, Cele, Luopu, Nileke,
430# Zhaosu, Tekesi, Gongliu, Chabuchaer, Huocheng, Bole, Pishan, Suiding,
431# and Yarkand.
432
433# From Luther Ma (2009-10-17):
434# Almost all (>99.9%) ethnic Chinese (properly ethnic Han) living in
435# Xinjiang use Chinese Standard Time. Some are aware of Xinjiang time,
436# but have no need of it. All planes, trains, and schools function on
437# what is called "Beijing time." When Han make an appointment in Chinese
438# they implicitly use Beijing time.
439#
440# On the other hand, ethnic Uyghurs, who make up about half the
441# population of Xinjiang, typically use "Xinjiang time" which is two
442# hours behind Beijing time, or UT +06. The government of the Xinjiang
443# Uyghur Autonomous Region, (XAUR, or just Xinjiang for short) as well as
444# local governments such as the ��r��mqi city government use both times in
445# publications, referring to what is popularly called Xinjiang time as
446# "��r��mqi time." When Uyghurs make an appointment in the Uyghur language
447# they almost invariably use Xinjiang time.
448#
449# (Their ethnic Han compatriots would typically have no clue of its
450# widespread use, however, because so extremely few of them are fluent in
451# Uyghur, comparable to the number of Anglo-Americans fluent in Navajo.)
452#
453# (...As with the rest of China there was a brief interval ending in 1990
454# or 1991 when summer time was in use. The confusion was severe, with
455# the province not having dual times but four times in use at the same
456# time. Some areas remained on standard Xinjiang time or Beijing time and
457# others moving their clocks ahead.)
458
459# From Luther Ma (2009-11-19):
460# With the risk of being redundant to previous answers these are the most common
461# English "transliterations" (w/o using non-English symbols):
462#
463# 1. Wulumuqi...
464# 2. Kashi...
465# 3. Urumqi...
466# 4. Kashgar...
467# ...
468# 5. It seems that Uyghurs in ��r��mqi has been using Xinjiang since at least the
469# 1960's. I know of one Han, now over 50, who grew up in the surrounding
470# countryside and used Xinjiang time as a child.
471#
472# 6. Likewise for Kashgar and the rest of south Xinjiang I don't know of any
473# start date for Xinjiang time.
474#
475# Without having access to local historical records, nor the ability to legally
476# publish them, I would go with October 1, 1949, when Xinjiang became the Uyghur
477# Autonomous Region under the PRC. (Before that Uyghurs, of course, would also
478# not be using Beijing time, but some local time.)
479
480# From David Cochrane (2014-03-26):
481# Just a confirmation that ��r��mqi time was implemented in ��r��mqi on 1 Feb 1986:
482# https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,960684,00.html
483
484# From Luther Ma (2014-04-22):
485# I have interviewed numerous people of various nationalities and from
486# different localities in Xinjiang and can confirm the information in Guo's
487# report regarding Xinjiang, as well as the Time article reference by David
488# Cochrane. Whether officially recognized or not (and both are officially
489# recognized), two separate times have been in use in Xinjiang since at least
490# the Cultural Revolution: Xinjiang Time (XJT), aka ��r��mqi Time or local time;
491# and Beijing Time. There is no confusion in Xinjiang as to which name refers
492# to which time. Both are widely used in the province, although in some
493# population groups might be use one to the exclusion of the other. The only
494# problem is that computers and smart phones list ��r��mqi (or Kashgar) as
495# having the same time as Beijing.
496
497# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
498# In the early days of the PRC, Tibet was given its own time zone (UT +06)
499# but this was withdrawn in 1959 and never reinstated; see Tubten Kh��tsun,
500# Memories of life in Lhasa under Chinese Rule, Columbia U Press, ISBN
501# 978-0231142861 (2008), translator's introduction by Matthew Akester, p x.
502# As this is before our 1970 cutoff, Tibet doesn't need a separate zone.
503#
504# Xinjiang Time is well-documented as being officially recognized. E.g., see
505# "The Working-Calendar for The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Government"
506# <http://www.sinkiang.gov.cn/service/ourworking/> (2014-04-22).
507# Unfortunately, we have no good records of time in Xinjiang before 1986.
508# During the 20th century parts of Xinjiang were ruled by the Qing dynasty,
509# the Republic of China, various warlords, the First and Second East Turkestan
510# Republics, the Soviet Union, the Kuomintang, and the People's Republic of
511# China, and tracking down all these organizations' timekeeping rules would be
512# quite a trick. Approximate this lost history by a transition from LMT to
513# UT +06 at the start of 1928, the year of accession of the warlord Jin Shuren,
514# which happens to be the date given by Shanks & Pottenger (no doubt as a
515# guess) as the transition from LMT. Ignore the usage of +08 before
516# 1986-02-01 under the theory that the transition date to +08 is unknown and
517# that the sort of users who prefer Asia/Urumqi now typically ignored the
518# +08 mandate back then.
519
520# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
521# Beijing time, used throughout China; represented by Shanghai.
522Zone Asia/Shanghai 8:05:43 - LMT 1901
523 8:00 Shang C%sT 1949
524 8:00 PRC C%sT
525# Xinjiang time, used by many in western China; represented by ��r��mqi / ��r��mchi
526# / Wulumuqi. (Please use Asia/Shanghai if you prefer Beijing time.)
527Zone Asia/Urumqi 5:50:20 - LMT 1928
528 6:00 - +06
529
530
531# Hong Kong (Xianggang)
532
533# Milne gives 7:36:41.7; round this.
534
535# From Lee Yiu Chung (2009-10-24):
536# I found there are some mistakes for the...DST rule for Hong
537# Kong. [According] to the DST record from Hong Kong Observatory (actually,
538# it is not [an] observatory, but the official meteorological agency of HK,
539# and also serves as the official timing agency), there are some missing
540# and incorrect rules. Although the exact switch over time is missing, I
541# think 3:30 is correct. The official DST record for Hong Kong can be
542# obtained from
543# http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
544
545# From Arthur David Olson (2009-10-28):
546# Here are the dates given at
547# http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
548# as of 2009-10-28:
549# Year Period
550# 1941 1 Apr to 30 Sep
551# 1942 Whole year
552# 1943 Whole year
553# 1944 Whole year
554# 1945 Whole year
555# 1946 20 Apr to 1 Dec
556# 1947 13 Apr to 30 Dec
557# 1948 2 May to 31 Oct
558# 1949 3 Apr to 30 Oct
559# 1950 2 Apr to 29 Oct
560# 1951 1 Apr to 28 Oct
561# 1952 6 Apr to 25 Oct
562# 1953 5 Apr to 1 Nov
563# 1954 21 Mar to 31 Oct
564# 1955 20 Mar to 6 Nov
565# 1956 18 Mar to 4 Nov
566# 1957 24 Mar to 3 Nov
567# 1958 23 Mar to 2 Nov
568# 1959 22 Mar to 1 Nov
569# 1960 20 Mar to 6 Nov
570# 1961 19 Mar to 5 Nov
571# 1962 18 Mar to 4 Nov
572# 1963 24 Mar to 3 Nov
573# 1964 22 Mar to 1 Nov
574# 1965 18 Apr to 17 Oct
575# 1966 17 Apr to 16 Oct
576# 1967 16 Apr to 22 Oct
577# 1968 21 Apr to 20 Oct
578# 1969 20 Apr to 19 Oct
579# 1970 19 Apr to 18 Oct
580# 1971 18 Apr to 17 Oct
581# 1972 16 Apr to 22 Oct
582# 1973 22 Apr to 21 Oct
583# 1973/74 30 Dec 73 to 20 Oct 74
584# 1975 20 Apr to 19 Oct
585# 1976 18 Apr to 17 Oct
586# 1977 Nil
587# 1978 Nil
588# 1979 13 May to 21 Oct
589# 1980 to Now Nil
590# The page does not give start or end times of day.
591# The page does not give a start date for 1942.
592# The page does not givw an end date for 1945.
593# The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began on 1941-12-25.
594# The Japanese surrender of Hong Kong was signed 1945-09-15.
595# For lack of anything better, use start of those days as the transition times.
596
597# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
598Rule HK 1941 only - Apr 1 3:30 1:00 S
599Rule HK 1941 only - Sep 30 3:30 0 -
600Rule HK 1946 only - Apr 20 3:30 1:00 S
601Rule HK 1946 only - Dec 1 3:30 0 -
602Rule HK 1947 only - Apr 13 3:30 1:00 S
603Rule HK 1947 only - Dec 30 3:30 0 -
604Rule HK 1948 only - May 2 3:30 1:00 S
605Rule HK 1948 1951 - Oct lastSun 3:30 0 -
606Rule HK 1952 only - Oct 25 3:30 0 -
607Rule HK 1949 1953 - Apr Sun>=1 3:30 1:00 S
608Rule HK 1953 only - Nov 1 3:30 0 -
609Rule HK 1954 1964 - Mar Sun>=18 3:30 1:00 S
610Rule HK 1954 only - Oct 31 3:30 0 -
611Rule HK 1955 1964 - Nov Sun>=1 3:30 0 -
612Rule HK 1965 1976 - Apr Sun>=16 3:30 1:00 S
613Rule HK 1965 1976 - Oct Sun>=16 3:30 0 -
614Rule HK 1973 only - Dec 30 3:30 1:00 S
615Rule HK 1979 only - May Sun>=8 3:30 1:00 S
616Rule HK 1979 only - Oct Sun>=16 3:30 0 -
617# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
618Zone Asia/Hong_Kong 7:36:42 - LMT 1904 Oct 30
619 8:00 HK HK%sT 1941 Dec 25
620 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 15
621 8:00 HK HK%sT
622
623###############################################################################
624
625# Taiwan
626
627# From smallufo (2010-04-03):
628# According to Taiwan's CWB [Central Weather Bureau],
629# http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V6/astronomy/cdata/summert.htm
630# Taipei has DST in 1979 between July 1st and Sep 30.
631
632# From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
633# On Dec 28, 1895, the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of
634# Meiji Year 28 "The clause about standard time", mentioned that
635# Taiwan and Penghu Islands, as well as Yaeyama and Miyako Islands
636# (both in Okinawa) adopt the Western Standard Time which is based on
637# 120E. The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896. The original text can be
638# found on Wikisource:
639# https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/��_(��)
640# ... This could be the first adoption of time zone in Taiwan, because
641# during the Qing Dynasty, it seems that there was no time zone
642# declared officially.
643#
644# Later, in the beginning of World War II, on Sep 25, 1937, the Showa
645# Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 "The clause of
646# revision in the ordinance No. 167 of Meiji year 28 about standard
647# time", in which abolished the adoption of Western Standard Time in
648# western islands (listed above), which means the whole Japan
649# territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan Central Time
650# (UT+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937. The original text can
651# be found on Wikisource:
652# https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/��
653#
654# That is, the time zone of Taipei switched to UT+9 on Oct 1, 1937.
655
656# From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
657# I've found more evidence about when the time zone was switched from UT+9
658# back to UT+8 after WW2. I believe it was on Sep 21, 1945. In a document
659# during Japanese era [1] in which the officer told the staff to change time
660# zone back to Western Standard Time (UT+8) on Sep 21. And in another
661# history page of National Cheng Kung University [2], on Sep 21 there is a
662# note "from today, switch back to Western Standard Time". From these two
663# materials, I believe that the time zone change happened on Sep 21. And
664# today I have found another monthly journal called "The Astronomical Herald"
665# from The Astronomical Society of Japan [3] in which it mentioned the fact
666# that:
667#
668# 1. Standard Time of the Country (Japan) was adopted on Jan 1, 1888, using
669# the time at 135E (GMT+9)
670#
671# 2. Standard Time of the Country was renamed to Central Standard Time, on Jan
672# 1, 1898, and on the same day, the new territories Taiwan and Penghu islands,
673# as well as Yaeyama and Miyako islands, adopted a new time zone called
674# Western Standard Time, which is in GMT+8.
675#
676# 3. Western Standard Time was deprecated on Sep 30, 1937. From then all the
677# territories of Japan adopted the same time zone, which is Central Standard
678# Time.
679#
680# [1] Academica Historica, Taiwan:
681# http://163.29.208.22:8080/govsaleShowImage/connect_img.php?s=00101738900090036&e=00101738900090037
682# [2] Nat'l Cheng Kung University 70th Anniversary Special Site:
683# http://www.ncku.edu.tw/~ncku70/menu/001/01_01.htm
684# [3] Yukio Niimi, The Standard Time in Japan (1997), p.475:
685# http://www.asj.or.jp/geppou/archive_open/1997/pdf/19971001c.pdf
686
687# Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-03):
688# I finally have found the real official gazette about changing back to
689# Western Standard Time on Sep 21 in Taiwan. It's Taiwan Governor-General
690# Bulletin No. 386 in Showa 20 years (1945), published on Sep 19, 1945. [1] ...
691# [It] abolishes Bulletin No. 207 in Showa 12 years (1937), which is a local
692# bulletin in Taiwan for that Ordinance No. 529. It also mentioned that 1am on
693# Sep 21, 1945 will be 12am on Sep 21. I think this bulletin is much more
694# official than the one I mentioned in my first mail, because it's from the
695# top-level government in Taiwan. If you're going to quote any resource, this
696# would be a good one.
697# [1] Taiwan Governor-General Gazette, No. 1018, Sep 19, 1945:
698# http://db2.th.gov.tw/db2/view/viewImg.php?imgcode=0072031018a&num=19&bgn=019&end=019&otherImg=&type=gener
699
700# From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
701# In 1946, DST in Taiwan was from May 15 and ended on Sep 30. The info from
702# Central Weather Bureau website was not correct.
703#
704# Original Bulletin:
705# http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=03502F0AKM1AF
706# http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=0350300AKM1B0 (cont.)
707#
708# In 1947, DST in Taiwan was expanded to Oct 31. There is a backup of that
709# telegram announcement from Taiwan Province Government:
710#
711# http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=0360310AKZ431
712#
713# Here is a brief translation:
714#
715# The Summer Time this year is adopted from midnight Apr 15 until Sep 20
716# midnight. To save (energy?) consumption, we're expanding Summer Time
717# adoption till Oct 31 midnight.
718#
719# The Central Weather Bureau website didn't mention that, however it can
720# be found from historical government announcement database.
721
722# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-03):
723# As per Yu-Cheng Chuang, say that Taiwan was at UT +09 from 1937-10-01
724# until 1945-09-21 at 01:00, overriding Shanks & Pottenger.
725# Likewise, use Yu-Cheng Chuang's data for DST in Taiwan.
726
727# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
728Rule Taiwan 1946 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 D
729Rule Taiwan 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
730Rule Taiwan 1947 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 D
731Rule Taiwan 1947 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 S
732Rule Taiwan 1948 1951 - May 1 0:00 1:00 D
733Rule Taiwan 1948 1951 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
734Rule Taiwan 1952 only - Mar 1 0:00 1:00 D
735Rule Taiwan 1952 1954 - Nov 1 0:00 0 S
736Rule Taiwan 1953 1959 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
737Rule Taiwan 1955 1961 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
738Rule Taiwan 1960 1961 - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D
739Rule Taiwan 1974 1975 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
740Rule Taiwan 1974 1975 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
741Rule Taiwan 1979 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 D
742Rule Taiwan 1979 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
743
744# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
745# Taipei or Taibei or T'ai-pei
746Zone Asia/Taipei 8:06:00 - LMT 1896 Jan 1
747 8:00 - CST 1937 Oct 1
748 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 21 1:00
749 8:00 Taiwan C%sT
750
751# Macau (Macao, Aomen)
752# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
753Rule Macau 1961 1962 - Mar Sun>=16 3:30 1:00 D
754Rule Macau 1961 1964 - Nov Sun>=1 3:30 0 S
755Rule Macau 1963 only - Mar Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 D
756Rule Macau 1964 only - Mar Sun>=16 3:30 1:00 D
757Rule Macau 1965 only - Mar Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 D
758Rule Macau 1965 only - Oct 31 0:00 0 S
759Rule Macau 1966 1971 - Apr Sun>=16 3:30 1:00 D
760Rule Macau 1966 1971 - Oct Sun>=16 3:30 0 S
761Rule Macau 1972 1974 - Apr Sun>=15 0:00 1:00 D
762Rule Macau 1972 1973 - Oct Sun>=15 0:00 0 S
763Rule Macau 1974 1977 - Oct Sun>=15 3:30 0 S
764Rule Macau 1975 1977 - Apr Sun>=15 3:30 1:00 D
765Rule Macau 1978 1980 - Apr Sun>=15 0:00 1:00 D
766Rule Macau 1978 1980 - Oct Sun>=15 0:00 0 S

767# See Europe/Lisbon for info about the 1912 transition.

768# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

~~768~~Zone Asia/Macau 7:34:20 - LMT 1912 Jan 1

769Zone Asia/Macau 7:34:20 - LMT 1911 Dec 31 16:00u

770 8:00 Macau C%sT
771
772
773###############################################################################
774
775# Cyprus
776
777# Milne says the Eastern Telegraph Company used 2:14:00. Stick with LMT.
778# IATA SSIM (1998-09) has Cyprus using EU rules for the first time.
779
780# From Paul Eggert (2016-09-09):
781# Yesterday's Cyprus Mail reports that Northern Cyprus followed Turkey's
782# lead and switched from +02/+03 to +03 year-round.
783# http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/09/08/two-time-zones-cyprus-turkey-will-not-turn-clocks-back-next-month/
784#
785# From Even Scharning (2016-10-31):
786# Looks like the time zone split in Cyprus went through last night.
787# http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/10/30/cyprus-new-division-two-time-zones-now-reality/
788
789# From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):
790# Northern Cyprus will reinstate winter time on October 29, thus
791# staying in sync with the rest of Cyprus. See: Anastasiou A.
792# Cyprus to remain united in time. Cyprus Mail 2017-10-17.
793# https://cyprus-mail.com/2017/10/17/cyprus-remain-united-time/
794
795# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
796Rule Cyprus 1975 only - Apr 13 0:00 1:00 S
797Rule Cyprus 1975 only - Oct 12 0:00 0 -
798Rule Cyprus 1976 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
799Rule Cyprus 1976 only - Oct 11 0:00 0 -
800Rule Cyprus 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
801Rule Cyprus 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00 0 -
802Rule Cyprus 1978 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
803Rule Cyprus 1979 1997 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
804Rule Cyprus 1981 1998 - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
805# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
806Zone Asia/Nicosia 2:13:28 - LMT 1921 Nov 14
807 2:00 Cyprus EE%sT 1998 Sep
808 2:00 EUAsia EE%sT
809Zone Asia/Famagusta 2:15:48 - LMT 1921 Nov 14
810 2:00 Cyprus EE%sT 1998 Sep
811 2:00 EUAsia EE%sT 2016 Sep 8
812 3:00 - +03 2017 Oct 29 1:00u
813 2:00 EUAsia EE%sT
814
815# Classically, Cyprus belongs to Asia; e.g. see Herodotus, Histories, I.72.
816# However, for various reasons many users expect to find it under Europe.
817Link Asia/Nicosia Europe/Nicosia
818
819# Georgia
820# From Paul Eggert (1994-11-19):
821# Today's _Economist_ (p 60) reports that Georgia moved its clocks forward
822# an hour recently, due to a law proposed by Zurab Murvanidze,
823# an MP who went on a hunger strike for 11 days to force discussion about it!
824# We have no details, but we'll guess they didn't move the clocks back in fall.
825#
826# From Mathew Englander, quoting AP (1996-10-23 13:05-04):
827# Instead of putting back clocks at the end of October, Georgia
828# will stay on daylight savings time this winter to save energy,
829# President Eduard Shevardnadze decreed Wednesday.
830#
831# From the BBC via Joseph S. Myers (2004-06-27):
832#
833# Georgia moved closer to Western Europe on Sunday... The former Soviet
834# republic has changed its time zone back to that of Moscow. As a result it
835# is now just four hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time, rather than five hours
836# ahead. The switch was decreed by the pro-Western president of Georgia,
837# Mikheil Saakashvili, who said the change was partly prompted by the process
838# of integration into Europe.
839
840# From Teimuraz Abashidze (2005-11-07):
841# Government of Georgia ... decided to NOT CHANGE daylight savings time on
842# [Oct.] 30, as it was done before during last more than 10 years.
843# Currently, we are in fact GMT +4:00, as before 30 October it was GMT
844# +3:00.... The problem is, there is NO FORMAL LAW or governmental document
845# about it. As far as I can find, I was told, that there is no document,
846# because we just DIDN'T ISSUE document about switching to winter time....
847# I don't know what can be done, especially knowing that some years ago our
848# DST rules where changed THREE TIMES during one month.
849
850# Milne 1899 says Tbilisi (Tiflis) time was 2:59:05.7.
851# Byalokoz 1919 says Georgia was 2:59:11.
852# Go with Byalokoz.
853
854# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
855Zone Asia/Tbilisi 2:59:11 - LMT 1880
856 2:59:11 - TBMT 1924 May 2 # Tbilisi Mean Time
857 3:00 - +03 1957 Mar
858 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
859 3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 1992
860 3:00 E-EurAsia +03/+04 1994 Sep lastSun
861 4:00 E-EurAsia +04/+05 1996 Oct lastSun
862 4:00 1:00 +05 1997 Mar lastSun
863 4:00 E-EurAsia +04/+05 2004 Jun 27
864 3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 2005 Mar lastSun 2:00
865 4:00 - +04
866
867# East Timor
868
869# See Indonesia for the 1945 transition.
870
871# From Jo��o Carrascal��o, brother of the former governor of East Timor, in
872# East Timor may be late for its millennium
873# <https://etan.org/et99c/december/26-31/30ETMAY.htm> (1999-12-26/31):
874# Portugal tried to change the time forward in 1974 because the sun
875# rises too early but the suggestion raised a lot of problems with the
876# Timorese and I still don't think it would work today because it
877# conflicts with their way of life.
878
879# From Paul Eggert (2000-12-04):
880# We don't have any record of the above attempt.
881# Most likely our records are incomplete, but we have no better data.
882
883# From Manoel de Almeida e Silva, Deputy Spokesman for the UN Secretary-General
884# http://www.hri.org/news/world/undh/2000/00-08-16.undh.html
885# (2000-08-16):
886# The Cabinet of the East Timor Transition Administration decided
887# today to advance East Timor's time by one hour. The time change,
888# which will be permanent, with no seasonal adjustment, will happen at
889# midnight on Saturday, September 16.
890
891# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
892Zone Asia/Dili 8:22:20 - LMT 1912 Jan 1
893 8:00 - +08 1942 Feb 21 23:00
894 9:00 - +09 1976 May 3
895 8:00 - +08 2000 Sep 17 0:00
896 9:00 - +09
897
898# India
899
900# From Ian P. Beacock, in "A brief history of (modern) time", The Atlantic
901# https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/12/the-creation-of-modern-time/421419/
902# (2015-12-22):
903# In January 1906, several thousand cotton-mill workers rioted on the
904# outskirts of Bombay.... They were protesting the proposed abolition of
905# local time in favor of Indian Standard Time.... Journalists called this
906# dispute the "Battle of the Clocks." It lasted nearly half a century.
907
908# From Paul Eggert (2017-04-20):
909# Good luck trying to nail down old timekeeping records in India.
910# "... in the nineteenth century ... Madras Observatory took its magnetic
911# measurements on G��ttingen time, its meteorological measurements on Madras
912# (local) time, dropped its time ball on Greenwich (ocean navigator's) time,
913# and distributed civil (local time)." -- Bartky IR. Selling the true time:
914# 19th-century timekeeping in america. Stanford U Press (2000), 247 note 19.
915# "A more potent cause of resistance to the general adoption of the present
916# standard time lies in the fact that it is Madras time. The citizen of
917# Bombay, proud of being 'primus in Indis' and of Calcutta, equally proud of
918# his city being the Capital of India, and - for a part of the year - the Seat
919# of the Supreme Government, alike look down on Madras, and refuse to change
920# the time they are using, for that of what they regard as a benighted
921# Presidency; while Madras, having for long given the standard time to the
922# rest of India, would resist the adoption of any other Indian standard in its
923# place." -- Oldham RD. On Time in India: a suggestion for its improvement.
924# Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (April 1899), 49-55.
925#
926# "In 1870 ... Madras time - 'now used by the telegraph and regulated from the
927# only government observatory' - was suggested as a standard railway time,
928# first to be adopted on the Great Indian Peninsular Railway (GIPR)....
929# Calcutta, Bombay, and Karachi, were to be allowed to continue with their
930# local time for civil purposes." - Prasad R. Tracks of Change: Railways and
931# Everyday Life in Colonial India. Cambridge University Press (2016), 145.
932#
933# Reed S, Low F. The Indian Year Book 1936-37. Bennett, Coleman, pp 27-8.
934# https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282212
935# This lists +052110 as Madras local time used in railways, and says that on
936# 1906-01-01 railways and telegraphs in India switched to +0530. Some
937# municipalities retained their former time, and the time in Calcutta
938# continued to depend on whether you were at the railway station or at
939# government offices. Government time was at +055320 (according to Shanks) or
940# at +0554 (according to the Indian Year Book). Railway time is more
941# appropriate for our purposes, as it was better documented, it is what we do
942# elsewhere (e.g., Europe/London before 1880), and after 1906 it was
943# consistent in the region now identified by Asia/Kolkata. So, use railway
944# time for 1870-1941. Shanks is our only (and dubious) source for the
945# 1941-1945 data.
946
947# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
948Zone Asia/Kolkata 5:53:28 - LMT 1854 Jun 28 # Kolkata
949 5:53:20 - HMT 1870 # Howrah Mean Time?
950 5:21:10 - MMT 1906 Jan 1 # Madras local time
951 5:30 - IST 1941 Oct
952 5:30 1:00 +0630 1942 May 15
953 5:30 - IST 1942 Sep
954 5:30 1:00 +0630 1945 Oct 15
955 5:30 - IST
956# Since 1970 the following are like Asia/Kolkata:
957# Andaman Is
958# Lakshadweep (Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Is)
959# Nicobar Is
960
961# Indonesia
962#
963# From Paul Eggert (2014-09-06):
964# The 1876 Report of the Secretary of the [US] Navy, p 306 says that Batavia
965# civil time was 7:07:12.5; round to even for Jakarta.
966#
967# From Gwillim Law (2001-05-28), overriding Shanks & Pottenger:
968# http://www.sumatera-inc.com/go_to_invest/about_indonesia.asp#standtime
969# says that Indonesia's time zones changed on 1988-01-01. Looking at some
970# time zone maps, I think that must refer to Western Borneo (Kalimantan Barat
971# and Kalimantan Tengah) switching from UTC+8 to UTC+7.
972#
973# From Paul Eggert (2007-03-10):
974# Here is another correction to Shanks & Pottenger.
975# JohnTWB writes that Japanese forces did not surrender control in
976# Indonesia until 1945-09-01 00:00 at the earliest (in Jakarta) and
977# other formal surrender ceremonies were September 9, 11, and 13, plus
978# September 12 for the regional surrender to Mountbatten in Singapore.
979# These would be the earliest possible times for a change.
980# R��gimes horaires pour le monde entier, by Henri Le Corre, (��ditions
981# Traditionnelles, 1987, Paris) says that Java and Madura switched
982# from UT +09 to +07:30 on 1945-09-23, and gives 1944-09-01 for Jayapura
983# (Hollandia). For now, assume all Indonesian locations other than Jayapura
984# switched on 1945-09-23.
985#
986# From Paul Eggert (2013-08-11):
987# Normally the tz database uses English-language abbreviations, but in
988# Indonesia it's typical to use Indonesian-language abbreviations even
989# when writing in English. For example, see the English-language
990# summary published by the Time and Frequency Laboratory of the
991# Research Center for Calibration, Instrumentation and Metrology,
992# Indonesia, <http://time.kim.lipi.go.id/time-eng.php> (2006-09-29).
993# The time zone abbreviations and UT offsets are:
994#
995# WIB - +07 - Waktu Indonesia Barat (Indonesia western time)
996# WITA - +08 - Waktu Indonesia Tengah (Indonesia central time)
997# WIT - +09 - Waktu Indonesia Timur (Indonesia eastern time)
998#
999# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1000# Java, Sumatra
1001Zone Asia/Jakarta 7:07:12 - LMT 1867 Aug 10
1002# Shanks & Pottenger say the next transition was at 1924 Jan 1 0:13,
1003# but this must be a typo.
1004 7:07:12 - BMT 1923 Dec 31 23:47:12 # Batavia
1005 7:20 - +0720 1932 Nov
1006 7:30 - +0730 1942 Mar 23
1007 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 23
1008 7:30 - +0730 1948 May
1009 8:00 - +08 1950 May
1010 7:30 - +0730 1964
1011 7:00 - WIB
1012# west and central Borneo
1013Zone Asia/Pontianak 7:17:20 - LMT 1908 May
1014 7:17:20 - PMT 1932 Nov # Pontianak MT
1015 7:30 - +0730 1942 Jan 29
1016 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 23
1017 7:30 - +0730 1948 May
1018 8:00 - +08 1950 May
1019 7:30 - +0730 1964
1020 8:00 - WITA 1988 Jan 1
1021 7:00 - WIB
1022# Sulawesi, Lesser Sundas, east and south Borneo
1023Zone Asia/Makassar 7:57:36 - LMT 1920
1024 7:57:36 - MMT 1932 Nov # Macassar MT
1025 8:00 - +08 1942 Feb 9
1026 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 23
1027 8:00 - WITA
1028# Maluku Islands, West Papua, Papua
1029Zone Asia/Jayapura 9:22:48 - LMT 1932 Nov
1030 9:00 - +09 1944 Sep 1
1031 9:30 - +0930 1964
1032 9:00 - WIT
1033
1034# Iran
1035
1036# From Roozbeh Pournader (2003-03-15):
1037# This is an English translation of what I just found (originally in Persian).
1038# The Gregorian dates in brackets are mine:
1039#
1040# Official Newspaper No. 13548-1370/6/25 [1991-09-16]
1041# No. 16760/T233 H 1370/6/10 [1991-09-01]
1042#
1043# The Rule About Change of the Official Time of the Country
1044#
1045# The Board of Ministers, in the meeting dated 1370/5/23 [1991-08-14],
1046# based on the suggestion number 2221/D dated 1370/4/22 [1991-07-13]
1047# of the Country's Organization for Official and Employment Affairs,
1048# and referring to the law for equating the working hours of workers
1049# and officers in the whole country dated 1359/4/23 [1980-07-14], and
1050# for synchronizing the official times of the country, agreed that:
1051#
1052# The official time of the country will should move forward one hour
1053# at the 24[:00] hours of the first day of Farvardin and should return
1054# to its previous state at the 24[:00] hours of the 30th day of
1055# Shahrivar.
1056#
1057# First Deputy to the President - Hassan Habibi
1058#
1059# From personal experience, that agrees with what has been followed
1060# for at least the last 5 years. Before that, for a few years, the
1061# date used was the first Thursday night of Farvardin and the last
1062# Thursday night of Shahrivar, but I can't give exact dates....
1063#
1064# From Roozbeh Pournader (2005-04-05):
1065# The text of the Iranian law, in effect since 1925, clearly mentions
1066# that the true solar year is the measure, and there is no arithmetic
1067# leap year calculation involved. There has never been any serious
1068# plan to change that law....
1069#
1070# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1071# Go with Shanks & Pottenger before Sept. 1991, and with Pournader thereafter.
1072# I used Ed Reingold's cal-persia in GNU Emacs 21.2 to check Persian dates,
1073# stopping after 2037 when 32-bit time_t's overflow.
1074# That cal-persia used Birashk's approximation, which disagrees with the solar
1075# calendar predictions for the year 2025, so I corrected those dates by hand.
1076#
1077# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-03-30), writing about future
1078# discrepancies between cal-persia and the Iranian calendar:
1079# For 2091 solar-longitude-after yields 2091-03-20 08:40:07.7 UT for
1080# the vernal equinox and that gets so close to 12:00 some local
1081# Iranian time that the definition of the correct location needs to be
1082# known exactly, amongst other factors. 2157 is even closer:
1083# 2157-03-20 08:37:15.5 UT. But the Gregorian year 2025 should give
1084# no interpretation problem whatsoever. By the way, another instant
1085# in the near future where there will be a discrepancy between
1086# arithmetical and astronomical Iranian calendars will be in 2058:
1087# vernal equinox on 2058-03-20 09:03:05.9 UT. The Java version of
1088# Reingold's/Dershowitz' calculator gives correctly the Gregorian date
1089# 2058-03-21 for 1 Farvardin 1437 (astronomical).
1090#
1091# From Steffen Thorsen (2006-03-22):
1092# Several of my users have reported that Iran will not observe DST anymore:
1093# http://www.irna.ir/en/news/view/line-17/0603193812164948.htm
1094#
1095# From Reuters (2007-09-16), with a heads-up from Jesper N��rgaard Welen:
1096# ... the Guardian Council ... approved a law on Sunday to re-introduce
1097# daylight saving time ...
1098# https://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKBLA65048420070916
1099#
1100# From Roozbeh Pournader (2007-11-05):
1101# This is quoted from Official Gazette of the Islamic Republic of
1102# Iran, Volume 63, No. 18242, dated Tuesday 1386/6/24
1103# [2007-10-16]. I am doing the best translation I can:...
1104# The official time of the country will be moved forward for one hour
1105# on the 24 hours of the first day of the month of Farvardin and will
1106# be changed back to its previous state on the 24 hours of the
1107# thirtieth day of Shahrivar.
1108#
1109# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

~~1109~~Rule Iran 1978 1980 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
~~1110~~Rule Iran 1978 only - Oct 21 0:00 0 S
~~1111~~Rule Iran 1979 only - Sep 19 0:00 0 S
~~1112~~Rule Iran 1980 only - Sep 23 0:00 0 S
~~1113~~Rule Iran 1991 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 D
~~1114~~Rule Iran 1992 1995 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
~~1115~~Rule Iran 1991 1995 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
~~1116~~Rule Iran 1996 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
~~1117~~Rule Iran 1996 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
~~1118~~Rule Iran 1997 1999 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
~~1119~~Rule Iran 1997 1999 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
~~1120~~Rule Iran 2000 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
~~1121~~Rule Iran 2000 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
~~1122~~Rule Iran 2001 2003 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
~~1123~~Rule Iran 2001 2003 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
~~1124~~Rule Iran 2004 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
~~1125~~Rule Iran 2004 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
~~1126~~Rule Iran 2005 only - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
~~1127~~Rule Iran 2005 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
~~1128~~Rule Iran 2008 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
~~1129~~Rule Iran 2008 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
~~1130~~Rule Iran 2009 2011 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
~~1131~~Rule Iran 2009 2011 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
~~1132~~Rule Iran 2012 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
~~1133~~Rule Iran 2012 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
~~1134~~Rule Iran 2013 2015 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
~~1135~~Rule Iran 2013 2015 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
~~1136~~Rule Iran 2016 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
~~1137~~Rule Iran 2016 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
~~1138~~Rule Iran 2017 2019 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
~~1139~~Rule Iran 2017 2019 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
~~1140~~Rule Iran 2020 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
~~1141~~Rule Iran 2020 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
~~1142~~Rule Iran 2021 2023 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
~~1143~~Rule Iran 2021 2023 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
~~1144~~Rule Iran 2024 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
~~1145~~Rule Iran 2024 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
~~1146~~Rule Iran 2025 2027 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
~~1147~~Rule Iran 2025 2027 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
~~1148~~Rule Iran 2028 2029 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
~~1149~~Rule Iran 2028 2029 - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
~~1150~~Rule Iran 2030 2031 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
~~1151~~Rule Iran 2030 2031 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
~~1152~~Rule Iran 2032 2033 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
~~1153~~Rule Iran 2032 2033 - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
~~1154~~Rule Iran 2034 2035 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
~~1155~~Rule Iran 2034 2035 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S

1110Rule Iran 1978 1980 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1111Rule Iran 1978 only - Oct 21 0:00 0 -
1112Rule Iran 1979 only - Sep 19 0:00 0 -
1113Rule Iran 1980 only - Sep 23 0:00 0 -
1114Rule Iran 1991 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 -
1115Rule Iran 1992 1995 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -
1116Rule Iran 1991 1995 - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
1117Rule Iran 1996 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1118Rule Iran 1996 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1119Rule Iran 1997 1999 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -
1120Rule Iran 1997 1999 - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
1121Rule Iran 2000 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1122Rule Iran 2000 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1123Rule Iran 2001 2003 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -
1124Rule Iran 2001 2003 - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
1125Rule Iran 2004 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1126Rule Iran 2004 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1127Rule Iran 2005 only - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -
1128Rule Iran 2005 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
1129Rule Iran 2008 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1130Rule Iran 2008 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1131Rule Iran 2009 2011 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -
1132Rule Iran 2009 2011 - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
1133Rule Iran 2012 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1134Rule Iran 2012 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1135Rule Iran 2013 2015 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -
1136Rule Iran 2013 2015 - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
1137Rule Iran 2016 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1138Rule Iran 2016 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1139Rule Iran 2017 2019 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -
1140Rule Iran 2017 2019 - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
1141Rule Iran 2020 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1142Rule Iran 2020 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1143Rule Iran 2021 2023 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -
1144Rule Iran 2021 2023 - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
1145Rule Iran 2024 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1146Rule Iran 2024 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1147Rule Iran 2025 2027 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -
1148Rule Iran 2025 2027 - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
1149Rule Iran 2028 2029 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1150Rule Iran 2028 2029 - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1151Rule Iran 2030 2031 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -
1152Rule Iran 2030 2031 - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
1153Rule Iran 2032 2033 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1154Rule Iran 2032 2033 - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1155Rule Iran 2034 2035 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -
1156Rule Iran 2034 2035 - Sep 22 0:00 0 -

1157#
1158# The following rules are approximations starting in the year 2038.
1159# These are the best post-2037 approximations available, given the
1160# restrictions of a single rule using a Gregorian-based data format.
1161# At some point this table will need to be extended, though quite
1162# possibly Iran will change the rules first.

~~1162~~Rule Iran 2036 max - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
~~1163~~Rule Iran 2036 max - Sep 21 0:00 0 S

1163Rule Iran 2036 max - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1164Rule Iran 2036 max - Sep 21 0:00 0 -

1165
1166# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1167Zone Asia/Tehran 3:25:44 - LMT 1916
1168 3:25:44 - TMT 1946 # Tehran Mean Time
1169 3:30 - +0330 1977 Nov
1170 4:00 Iran +04/+05 1979
1171 3:30 Iran +0330/+0430
1172
1173
1174# Iraq
1175#
1176# From Jonathan Lennox (2000-06-12):
1177# An article in this week's Economist ("Inside the Saddam-free zone", p. 50 in
1178# the U.S. edition) on the Iraqi Kurds contains a paragraph:
1179# "The three northern provinces ... switched their clocks this spring and
1180# are an hour ahead of Baghdad."
1181#
1182# But Rives McDow (2000-06-18) quotes a contact in Iraqi-Kurdistan as follows:
1183# In the past, some Kurdish nationalists, as a protest to the Iraqi
1184# Government, did not adhere to daylight saving time. They referred
1185# to daylight saving as Saddam time. But, as of today, the time zone
1186# in Iraqi-Kurdistan is on standard time with Baghdad, Iraq.
1187#
1188# So we'll ignore the Economist's claim.
1189
1190# From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-10):
1191# The cabinet in Iraq abolished DST last week, according to the following
1192# news sources (in Arabic):
1193# http://www.aljeeran.net/wesima_articles/news-20080305-98602.html
1194# http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/article.tpl?id=2047&IdLanguage=17&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=71743&NrIssue=1&NrSection=10
1195#
1196# We have published a short article in English about the change:
1197# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/iraq-dumps-daylight-saving.html
1198
1199# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

~~1199~~Rule Iraq 1982 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 D
~~1200~~Rule Iraq 1982 1984 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
~~1201~~Rule Iraq 1983 only - Mar 31 0:00 1:00 D
~~1202~~Rule Iraq 1984 1985 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
~~1203~~Rule Iraq 1985 1990 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 S
~~1204~~Rule Iraq 1986 1990 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 D

1200Rule Iraq 1982 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 -
1201Rule Iraq 1982 1984 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1202Rule Iraq 1983 only - Mar 31 0:00 1:00 -
1203Rule Iraq 1984 1985 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 -
1204Rule Iraq 1985 1990 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1205Rule Iraq 1986 1990 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 -

1206# IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says Apr 1 12:01am UTC; guess the ':01' is a typo.
1207# Shanks & Pottenger say Iraq did not observe DST 1992/1997; ignore this.
1208#

~~1208~~Rule Iraq 1991 2007 - Apr 1 3:00s 1:00 D
~~1209~~Rule Iraq 1991 2007 - Oct 1 3:00s 0 S

1209Rule Iraq 1991 2007 - Apr 1 3:00s 1:00 -
1210Rule Iraq 1991 2007 - Oct 1 3:00s 0 -

1211# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1212Zone Asia/Baghdad 2:57:40 - LMT 1890
1213 2:57:36 - BMT 1918 # Baghdad Mean Time?
1214 3:00 - +03 1982 May
1215 3:00 Iraq +03/+04
1216
1217
1218###############################################################################
1219
1220# Israel
1221
1222# From Ephraim Silverberg (2001-01-11):
1223#
1224# I coined "IST/IDT" circa 1988. Until then there were three
1225# different abbreviations in use:
1226#
1227# JST Jerusalem Standard Time [Danny Braniss, Hebrew University]
1228# IZT Israel Zonal (sic) Time [Prof. Haim Papo, Technion]
1229# EEST Eastern Europe Standard Time [used by almost everyone else]
1230#
1231# Since timezones should be called by country and not capital cities,
1232# I ruled out JST. As Israel is in Asia Minor and not Eastern Europe,
1233# EEST was equally unacceptable. Since "zonal" was not compatible with
1234# any other timezone abbreviation, I felt that 'IST' was the way to go
1235# and, indeed, it has received almost universal acceptance in timezone
1236# settings in Israeli computers.
1237#
1238# In any case, I am happy to share timezone abbreviations with India,
1239# high on my favorite-country list (and not only because my wife's
1240# family is from India).
1241
1242# From Shanks & Pottenger:
1243# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1244Rule Zion 1940 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D
1245Rule Zion 1942 1944 - Nov 1 0:00 0 S
1246Rule Zion 1943 only - Apr 1 2:00 1:00 D
1247Rule Zion 1944 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
1248Rule Zion 1945 only - Apr 16 0:00 1:00 D
1249Rule Zion 1945 only - Nov 1 2:00 0 S
1250Rule Zion 1946 only - Apr 16 2:00 1:00 D
1251Rule Zion 1946 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 S
1252Rule Zion 1948 only - May 23 0:00 2:00 DD
1253Rule Zion 1948 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 D
1254Rule Zion 1948 1949 - Nov 1 2:00 0 S
1255Rule Zion 1949 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 D
1256Rule Zion 1950 only - Apr 16 0:00 1:00 D
1257Rule Zion 1950 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 S
1258Rule Zion 1951 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
1259Rule Zion 1951 only - Nov 11 3:00 0 S
1260Rule Zion 1952 only - Apr 20 2:00 1:00 D
1261Rule Zion 1952 only - Oct 19 3:00 0 S
1262Rule Zion 1953 only - Apr 12 2:00 1:00 D
1263Rule Zion 1953 only - Sep 13 3:00 0 S
1264Rule Zion 1954 only - Jun 13 0:00 1:00 D
1265Rule Zion 1954 only - Sep 12 0:00 0 S
1266Rule Zion 1955 only - Jun 11 2:00 1:00 D
1267Rule Zion 1955 only - Sep 11 0:00 0 S
1268Rule Zion 1956 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 D
1269Rule Zion 1956 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 S
1270Rule Zion 1957 only - Apr 29 2:00 1:00 D
1271Rule Zion 1957 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
1272Rule Zion 1974 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 D
1273Rule Zion 1974 only - Oct 13 0:00 0 S
1274Rule Zion 1975 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 D
1275Rule Zion 1975 only - Aug 31 0:00 0 S
1276Rule Zion 1985 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 D
1277Rule Zion 1985 only - Sep 15 0:00 0 S
1278Rule Zion 1986 only - May 18 0:00 1:00 D
1279Rule Zion 1986 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 S
1280Rule Zion 1987 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 D
1281Rule Zion 1987 only - Sep 13 0:00 0 S
1282
1283# From Avigdor Finkelstein (2014-03-05):
1284# I check the Parliament (Knesset) records and there it's stated that the
1285# [1988] transition should take place on Saturday night, when the Sabbath
1286# ends and changes to Sunday.
1287Rule Zion 1988 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 D
1288Rule Zion 1988 only - Sep 4 0:00 0 S
1289
1290# From Ephraim Silverberg
1291# (1997-03-04, 1998-03-16, 1998-12-28, 2000-01-17, 2000-07-25, 2004-12-22,
1292# and 2005-02-17):
1293
1294# According to the Office of the Secretary General of the Ministry of
1295# Interior, there is NO set rule for Daylight-Savings/Standard time changes.
1296# One thing is entrenched in law, however: that there must be at least 150
1297# days of daylight savings time annually. From 1993-1998, the change to
1298# daylight savings time was on a Friday morning from midnight IST to
1299# 1 a.m IDT; up until 1998, the change back to standard time was on a
1300# Saturday night from midnight daylight savings time to 11 p.m. standard
1301# time. 1996 is an exception to this rule where the change back to standard
1302# time took place on Sunday night instead of Saturday night to avoid
1303# conflicts with the Jewish New Year. In 1999, the change to
1304# daylight savings time was still on a Friday morning but from
1305# 2 a.m. IST to 3 a.m. IDT; furthermore, the change back to standard time
1306# was also on a Friday morning from 2 a.m. IDT to 1 a.m. IST for
1307# 1999 only. In the year 2000, the change to daylight savings time was
1308# similar to 1999, but although the change back will be on a Friday, it
1309# will take place from 1 a.m. IDT to midnight IST. Starting in 2001, all
1310# changes to/from will take place at 1 a.m. old time, but now there is no
1311# rule as to what day of the week it will take place in as the start date
1312# (except in 2003) is the night after the Passover Seder (i.e. the eve
1313# of the 16th of Nisan in the lunar Hebrew calendar) and the end date
1314# (except in 2002) is three nights before Yom Kippur [Day of Atonement]
1315# (the eve of the 7th of Tishrei in the lunar Hebrew calendar).
1316
1317# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1318Rule Zion 1989 only - Apr 30 0:00 1:00 D
1319Rule Zion 1989 only - Sep 3 0:00 0 S
1320Rule Zion 1990 only - Mar 25 0:00 1:00 D
1321Rule Zion 1990 only - Aug 26 0:00 0 S
1322Rule Zion 1991 only - Mar 24 0:00 1:00 D
1323Rule Zion 1991 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 S
1324Rule Zion 1992 only - Mar 29 0:00 1:00 D
1325Rule Zion 1992 only - Sep 6 0:00 0 S
1326Rule Zion 1993 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 D
1327Rule Zion 1993 only - Sep 5 0:00 0 S
1328
1329# The dates for 1994-1995 were obtained from Office of the Spokeswoman for the
1330# Ministry of Interior, Jerusalem, Israel. The spokeswoman can be reached by
1331# calling the office directly at 972-2-6701447 or 972-2-6701448.
1332
1333# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1334Rule Zion 1994 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
1335Rule Zion 1994 only - Aug 28 0:00 0 S
1336Rule Zion 1995 only - Mar 31 0:00 1:00 D
1337Rule Zion 1995 only - Sep 3 0:00 0 S
1338
1339# The dates for 1996 were determined by the Minister of Interior of the
1340# time, Haim Ramon. The official announcement regarding 1996-1998
1341# (with the dates for 1997-1998 no longer being relevant) can be viewed at:
1342#
1343# ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/1996-1998.ramon.ps.gz
1344#
1345# The dates for 1997-1998 were altered by his successor, Rabbi Eli Suissa.
1346#
1347# The official announcements for the years 1997-1999 can be viewed at:
1348#
1349# ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/YYYY.ps.gz
1350#
1351# where YYYY is the relevant year.
1352
1353# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1354Rule Zion 1996 only - Mar 15 0:00 1:00 D
1355Rule Zion 1996 only - Sep 16 0:00 0 S
1356Rule Zion 1997 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
1357Rule Zion 1997 only - Sep 14 0:00 0 S
1358Rule Zion 1998 only - Mar 20 0:00 1:00 D
1359Rule Zion 1998 only - Sep 6 0:00 0 S
1360Rule Zion 1999 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 D
1361Rule Zion 1999 only - Sep 3 2:00 0 S
1362
1363# The Knesset Interior Committee has changed the dates for 2000 for
1364# the third time in just over a year and have set new dates for the
1365# years 2001-2004 as well.
1366#
1367# The official announcement for the start date of 2000 can be viewed at:
1368#
1369# ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-start.ps.gz
1370#
1371# The official announcement for the end date of 2000 and the dates
1372# for the years 2001-2004 can be viewed at:
1373#
1374# ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-2004.ps.gz
1375
1376# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1377Rule Zion 2000 only - Apr 14 2:00 1:00 D
1378Rule Zion 2000 only - Oct 6 1:00 0 S
1379Rule Zion 2001 only - Apr 9 1:00 1:00 D
1380Rule Zion 2001 only - Sep 24 1:00 0 S
1381Rule Zion 2002 only - Mar 29 1:00 1:00 D
1382Rule Zion 2002 only - Oct 7 1:00 0 S
1383Rule Zion 2003 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 D
1384Rule Zion 2003 only - Oct 3 1:00 0 S
1385Rule Zion 2004 only - Apr 7 1:00 1:00 D
1386Rule Zion 2004 only - Sep 22 1:00 0 S
1387
1388# The proposed law agreed upon by the Knesset Interior Committee on
1389# 2005-02-14 is that, for 2005 and beyond, DST starts at 02:00 the
1390# last Friday before April 2nd (i.e. the last Friday in March or April
1391# 1st itself if it falls on a Friday) and ends at 02:00 on the Saturday
1392# night _before_ the fast of Yom Kippur.
1393#
1394# Those who can read Hebrew can view the announcement at:
1395#
1396# ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2005+beyond.ps
1397
1398# From Paul Eggert (2012-10-26):
1399# I used Ephraim Silverberg's dst-israel.el program
1400# <ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/software/dst-israel.el> (2005-02-20)
1401# along with Ed Reingold's cal-hebrew in GNU Emacs 21.4,
1402# to generate the transitions from 2005 through 2012.
1403# (I replaced "lastFri" with "Fri>=26" by hand.)
1404# The spring transitions all correspond to the following Rule:
1405#
1406# Rule Zion 2005 2012 - Mar Fri>=26 2:00 1:00 D
1407#
1408# but older zic implementations (e.g., Solaris 8) do not support
1409# "Fri>=26" to mean April 1 in years like 2005, so for now we list the
1410# springtime transitions explicitly.
1411
1412# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1413Rule Zion 2005 only - Apr 1 2:00 1:00 D
1414Rule Zion 2005 only - Oct 9 2:00 0 S
1415Rule Zion 2006 2010 - Mar Fri>=26 2:00 1:00 D
1416Rule Zion 2006 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 S
1417Rule Zion 2007 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 S
1418Rule Zion 2008 only - Oct 5 2:00 0 S
1419Rule Zion 2009 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 S
1420Rule Zion 2010 only - Sep 12 2:00 0 S
1421Rule Zion 2011 only - Apr 1 2:00 1:00 D
1422Rule Zion 2011 only - Oct 2 2:00 0 S
1423Rule Zion 2012 only - Mar Fri>=26 2:00 1:00 D
1424Rule Zion 2012 only - Sep 23 2:00 0 S
1425
1426# From Ephraim Silverberg (2013-06-27):
1427# On June 23, 2013, the Israeli government approved changes to the
1428# Time Decree Law. The next day, the changes passed the First Reading
1429# in the Knesset. The law is expected to pass the Second and Third
1430# (final) Readings by the beginning of September 2013.
1431#
1432# As of 2013, DST starts at 02:00 on the Friday before the last Sunday
1433# in March. DST ends at 02:00 on the last Sunday of October.
1434
1435# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1436Rule Zion 2013 max - Mar Fri>=23 2:00 1:00 D
1437Rule Zion 2013 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
1438
1439# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1440Zone Asia/Jerusalem 2:20:54 - LMT 1880
1441 2:20:40 - JMT 1918 # Jerusalem Mean Time?
1442 2:00 Zion I%sT
1443
1444
1445
1446###############################################################################
1447
1448# Japan
1449
1450# '9:00' and 'JST' is from Guy Harris.
1451
1452# From Paul Eggert (1995-03-06):
1453# Today's _Asahi Evening News_ (page 4) reports that Japan had
1454# daylight saving between 1948 and 1951, but "the system was discontinued
1455# because the public believed it would lead to longer working hours."
1456
1457# From Mayumi Negishi in the 2005-08-10 Japan Times:
1458# http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?nn20050810f2.htm
1459# Occupation authorities imposed daylight-saving time on Japan on
1460# [1948-05-01].... But lack of prior debate and the execution of
1461# daylight-saving time just three days after the bill was passed generated
1462# deep hatred of the concept.... The Diet unceremoniously passed a bill to
1463# dump the unpopular system in October 1951, less than a month after the San
1464# Francisco Peace Treaty was signed. (A government poll in 1951 showed 53%
1465# of the Japanese wanted to scrap daylight-saving time, as opposed to 30% who
1466# wanted to keep it.)
1467
1468# From Takayuki Nikai (2018-01-19):
1469# The source of information is Japanese law.
1470# http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/00219480428029.htm
1471# http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/00719500331039.htm
1472# ... In summary, it is written as follows. From 24:00 on the first Saturday
1473# in May, until 0:00 on the day after the second Saturday in September.
1474# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1475Rule Japan 1948 only - May Sat>=1 24:00 1:00 D
1476Rule Japan 1948 1951 - Sep Sun>=9 0:00 0 S
1477Rule Japan 1949 only - Apr Sat>=1 24:00 1:00 D
1478Rule Japan 1950 1951 - May Sat>=1 24:00 1:00 D
1479
1480# From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-09):
1481# 'Tokyo' usually stands for the former location of Tokyo Astronomical

~~1481~~# Observatory: 139 degrees 44' 40.90" E (9h 18m 58.727s),
~~1482~~# 35 degrees 39' 16.0" N.

1482# Observatory: 139�� 44' 40.90" E (9h 18m 58.727s), 35�� 39' 16.0" N.

1483# This data is from 'Rika Nenpyou (Chronological Scientific Tables) 1996'
1484# edited by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan....
1485# JST (Japan Standard Time) has been used since 1888-01-01 00:00 (JST).
1486# The law is enacted on 1886-07-07.
1487
1488# From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-16):
1489# The ordinance No. 51 (1886) established "standard time" in Japan,

~~1490~~# which stands for the time on 135 degrees E.

1490# which stands for the time on 135�� E.

1491# In the ordinance No. 167 (1895), "standard time" was renamed to "central
1492# standard time". And the same ordinance also established "western standard

~~1493~~# time", which stands for the time on 120 degrees E.... But "western standard

1493# time", which stands for the time on 120�� E.... But "western standard

1494# time" was abolished in the ordinance No. 529 (1937). In the ordinance No.
1495# 167, there is no mention regarding for what place western standard time is
1496# standard....
1497#
1498# I wrote "ordinance" above, but I don't know how to translate.
1499# In Japanese it's "chokurei", which means ordinance from emperor.
1500
1501# From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
1502# ...the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of Meiji Year 28 "The clause
1503# about standard time" ... The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896.
1504# https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/��_(��)
1505#
1506# ...the Showa Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 ... which
1507# means the whole Japan territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan
1508# Central Time (UT+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937.
1509# https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/��
1510
1511# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1512Zone Asia/Tokyo 9:18:59 - LMT 1887 Dec 31 15:00u
1513 9:00 Japan J%sT
1514# Since 1938, all Japanese possessions have been like Asia/Tokyo.
1515
1516# Jordan
1517#
1518# From <http://star.arabia.com/990701/JO9.html>
1519# Jordan Week (1999-07-01) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
1520# Clocks in Jordan were forwarded one hour on Wednesday at midnight,
1521# in accordance with the government's decision to implement summer time
1522# all year round.
1523#
1524# From <http://star.arabia.com/990930/JO9.html>
1525# Jordan Week (1999-09-30) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-11-09):
1526# Winter time starts today Thursday, 30 September. Clocks will be turned back
1527# by one hour. This is the latest government decision and it's final!
1528# The decision was taken because of the increase in working hours in
1529# government's departments from six to seven hours.
1530#
1531# From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
1532# Starting 2003 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.
1533#
1534# From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23):
1535# For Jordan I have received multiple independent user reports every year
1536# about DST end dates, as the end-rule is different every year.
1537#
1538# From Steffen Thorsen (2006-10-01), after a heads-up from Hilal Malawi:
1539# http://www.petranews.gov.jo/nepras/2006/Sep/05/4000.htm
1540# "Jordan will switch to winter time on Friday, October 27".
1541#
1542
1543# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-02):
1544# This single one might be good enough, (2009-03-24, Arabic):
1545# http://petra.gov.jo/Artical.aspx?Lng=2&Section=8&Artical=95279
1546#
1547# Google's translation:
1548#
1549# > The Council of Ministers decided in 2002 to adopt the principle of timely
1550# > submission of the summer at 60 minutes as of midnight on the last Thursday
1551# > of the month of March of each year.
1552#
1553# So - this means the midnight between Thursday and Friday since 2002.
1554
1555# From Arthur David Olson (2009-04-06):
1556# We still have Jordan switching to DST on Thursdays in 2000 and 2001.
1557
1558# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-10-25):
1559# Yesterday the government in Jordan announced that they will not
1560# switch back to standard time this winter, so the will stay on DST
1561# until about the same time next year (at least).
1562# http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?NewsID=88950
1563
1564# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-12-11):
1565# Jordan Times and other sources say that Jordan is going back to
1566# UTC+2 on 2013-12-19 at midnight:
1567# http://jordantimes.com/govt-decides-to-switch-back-to-wintertime
1568# Official, in Arabic:
1569# http://www.petra.gov.jo/public_news/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Menu_ID=&Site_Id=2&lang=1&NewsID=133230&CatID=14
1570# ... Our background/permalink about it
1571# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/jordan-reverses-dst-decision.html
1572# ...
1573# http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?lang=2&site_id=1&NewsID=133313&Type=P
1574# ... says midnight for the coming one and 1:00 for the ones in the future
1575# (and they will use DST again next year, using the normal schedule).
1576
1577# From Paul Eggert (2013-12-11):
1578# As Steffen suggested, consider the past 21-month experiment to be DST.
1579
1580# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1581Rule Jordan 1973 only - Jun 6 0:00 1:00 S
1582Rule Jordan 1973 1975 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1583Rule Jordan 1974 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
1584Rule Jordan 1976 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1585Rule Jordan 1977 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1586Rule Jordan 1978 only - Apr 30 0:00 1:00 S
1587Rule Jordan 1978 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1588Rule Jordan 1985 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1589Rule Jordan 1985 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1590Rule Jordan 1986 1988 - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1591Rule Jordan 1986 1990 - Oct Fri>=1 0:00 0 -
1592Rule Jordan 1989 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
1593Rule Jordan 1990 only - Apr 27 0:00 1:00 S
1594Rule Jordan 1991 only - Apr 17 0:00 1:00 S
1595Rule Jordan 1991 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
1596Rule Jordan 1992 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
1597Rule Jordan 1992 1993 - Oct Fri>=1 0:00 0 -
1598Rule Jordan 1993 1998 - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1599Rule Jordan 1994 only - Sep Fri>=15 0:00 0 -
1600Rule Jordan 1995 1998 - Sep Fri>=15 0:00s 0 -
1601Rule Jordan 1999 only - Jul 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1602Rule Jordan 1999 2002 - Sep lastFri 0:00s 0 -
1603Rule Jordan 2000 2001 - Mar lastThu 0:00s 1:00 S
1604Rule Jordan 2002 2012 - Mar lastThu 24:00 1:00 S
1605Rule Jordan 2003 only - Oct 24 0:00s 0 -
1606Rule Jordan 2004 only - Oct 15 0:00s 0 -
1607Rule Jordan 2005 only - Sep lastFri 0:00s 0 -
1608Rule Jordan 2006 2011 - Oct lastFri 0:00s 0 -
1609Rule Jordan 2013 only - Dec 20 0:00 0 -
1610Rule Jordan 2014 max - Mar lastThu 24:00 1:00 S
1611Rule Jordan 2014 max - Oct lastFri 0:00s 0 -
1612# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1613Zone Asia/Amman 2:23:44 - LMT 1931
1614 2:00 Jordan EE%sT
1615
1616
1617# Kazakhstan
1618
1619# From Kazakhstan Embassy's News Bulletin No. 11
1620# <http://www.kazsociety.org.uk/news/2005/03/30.htm> (2005-03-21):
1621# The Government of Kazakhstan passed a resolution March 15 abolishing
1622# daylight saving time citing lack of economic benefits and health
1623# complications coupled with a decrease in productivity.
1624#
1625# From Branislav Kojic (in Astana) via Gwillim Law (2005-06-28):
1626# ... what happened was that the former Kazakhstan Eastern time zone
1627# was "blended" with the Central zone. Therefore, Kazakhstan now has
1628# two time zones, and difference between them is one hour. The zone
1629# closer to UTC is the former Western zone (probably still called the
1630# same), encompassing four provinces in the west: Aqt��be, Atyra��,
1631# Mangghysta��, and West Kazakhstan. The other zone encompasses
1632# everything else.... I guess that would make Kazakhstan time zones
1633# de jure UTC+5 and UTC+6 respectively.
1634
1635# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
1636# Review of the linked documents from http://adilet.zan.kz/
1637# produced the following data for post-1991 Kazakhstan:
1638#
1639# 0. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR
1640# from 1991-02-04 No. 20
1641# http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102010545
1642# removed the extra hour ("decree time") on the territory of the USSR
1643# starting with the last Sunday of March 1991.
1644# It also allowed (but not mandated) Kazakh SSR, Kirghiz SSR, Tajik SSR,
1645# Turkmen SSR and Uzbek SSR to not have "summer" time.
1646#
1647# The 1992-01-13 act also refers to the act of the Cabinet of Ministers
1648# of the Kazakh SSR from 1991-03-20 No. 170 "About the act of the Cabinet
1649# of Ministers of the USSR from 1991-02-04 No. 20" but I didn't found its
1650# text.
1651#
1652# According to Izvestia newspaper No. 68 (23334) from 1991-03-20
1653# (page 6; available at http://libinfo.org/newsr/newsr2574.djvu via
1654# http://libinfo.org/index.php?id=58564) on 1991-03-31 at 2:00 during
1655# transition to "summer" time:
1656# Republic of Georgia, Latvian SSR, Lithuanian SSR, SSR Moldova,
1657# Estonian SSR; Komi ASSR; Kaliningrad oblast; Nenets autonomous okrug
1658# were to move clocks 1 hour forward.
1659# Kazakh SSR (excluding Uralsk oblast); Republic of Kyrgyzstan, Tajik
1660# SSR; Andijan, Jizzakh, Namangan, Sirdarya, Tashkent, Fergana oblasts
1661# of the Uzbek SSR were to move clocks 1 hour backwards.
1662# Other territories were to not move clocks.
1663# When the "summer" time would end on 1991-09-29, clocks were to be
1664# moved 1 hour backwards on the territory of the USSR excluding
1665# Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenia, Tajikistan.
1666#
1667# Apparently there were last minute changes. Apparently Kazakh act No. 170
1668# was one of such changes.
1669#
1670# https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/��
1671# claims that Sovetskaya Rossiya newspaper on 1991-03-29 published that
1672# Nenets autonomous okrug, Komi and Kazakhstan (excluding Uralsk oblast)
1673# were to not move clocks and Uralsk oblast was to move clocks
1674# forward; on 1991-09-29 Kazakhstan was to move clocks backwards.
1675# (Probably there were changes even after that publication. There is an
1676# article claiming that Kaliningrad oblast decided on 1991-03-29 to not
1677# move clocks.)
1678#
1679# This implies that on 1991-03-31 Asia/Oral remained on +04/+05 while
1680# the rest of Kazakhstan switched from +06/+07 to +05/06 or from +05/06
1681# to +04/+05. It's unclear how Qyzylorda oblast moved into the fifth
1682# time belt. (By switching from +04/+05 to +05/+06 on 1991-09-29?) ...
1683#
1684# 1. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1685# from 1992-01-13 No. 28
1686# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P920000028_
1687# (text includes modification from the 1996 act)
1688# introduced new rules for calculation of time, mirroring Russian
1689# 1992-01-08 act. It specified that time would be calculated
1690# according to time belts plus extra hour ("decree time"), moved clocks
1691# on the whole territory of Kazakhstan 1 hour forward on 1992-01-19 at
1692# 2:00, specified DST rules. It acknowledged that Kazakhstan was
1693# located in the fourth and the fifth time belts and specified the
1694# border between them to be located east of Qostanay and Aktyubinsk
1695# oblasts (notably including Turgai and Qyzylorda oblasts into the fifth
1696# time belt).
1697#
1698# This means switch on 1992-01-19 at 2:00 from +04/+05 to +05/+06 for
1699# Asia/Aqtau, Asia/Aqtobe, Asia/Oral, Atyra�� and Qostanay oblasts; from
1700# +05/+06 to +06/+07 for Asia/Almaty and Asia/Qyzylorda (and Arkalyk)....
1701#
1702# 2. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1703# from 1992-03-27 No. 284
1704# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P920000284_
1705# cancels extra hour ("decree time") for Uralsk and Qyzylorda oblasts
1706# since the last Sunday of March 1992, while keeping them in the fourth
1707# and the fifth time belts respectively.
1708#
1709# 3. Order of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1710# from 1994-09-23 No. 384
1711# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/R940000384_
1712# cancels the extra hour ("decree time") on the territory of Mangghysta��
1713# oblast since the last Sunday of September 1994 (saying that time on
1714# the territory would correspond to the third time belt as a
1715# result)....
1716#
1717# 4. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1718# from 1996-05-08 No. 575
1719# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P960000575_
1720# amends the 1992-01-13 act to end summer time in October instead
1721# of September, mirroring identical Russian change from 1996-04-23 act.
1722#
1723# 5. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1724# from 1999-03-26 No. 305
1725# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P990000305_
1726# cancels the extra hour ("decree time") for Atyra�� oblast since the
1727# last Sunday of March 1999 while retaining the oblast in the fourth
1728# time belt.
1729#
1730# This means change from +05/+06 to +04/+05....
1731#
1732# 6. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1733# from 2000-11-23 No. 1749
1734# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/archive/docs/P000001749_/23.11.2000
1735# replaces the previous five documents.
1736#
1737# The only changes I noticed are in definition of the border between the
1738# fourth and the fifth time belts. They account for changes in spelling
1739# and administrative division (splitting of Turgai oblast in 1997
1740# probably changed time in territories incorporated into Qostanay oblast
1741# (including Arkalyk) from +06/+07 to +05/+06) and move Qyzylorda oblast
1742# from being in the fifth time belt and not using decree time into the
1743# fourth time belt (no change in practice).
1744#
1745# 7. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1746# from 2003-12-29 No. 1342
1747# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P030001342_
1748# modified the 2000-11-23 act. No relevant changes, apparently.
1749#
1750# 8. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1751# from 2004-07-20 No. 775
1752# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/archive/docs/P040000775_/20.07.2004
1753# modified the 2000-11-23 act to move Qostanay and Qyzylorda oblasts into
1754# the fifth time belt and add Aktobe oblast to the list of regions not
1755# using extra hour ("decree time"), leaving Kazakhstan with only 2 time
1756# zones (+04/+05 and +06/+07). The changes were to be implemented
1757# during DST transitions in 2004 and 2005 but the acts got radically
1758# amended before implementation happened.
1759#
1760# 9. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1761# from 2004-09-15 No. 1059
1762# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P040001059_
1763# modified the 2000-11-23 act to remove exceptions from the "decree time"
1764# (leaving Kazakhstan in +05/+06 and +06/+07 zones), amended the
1765# 2004-07-20 act to implement changes for Atyra��, West Kazakhstan,
1766# Qostanay, Qyzylorda and Mangghysta�� oblasts by not moving clocks
1767# during the 2004 transition to "winter" time.
1768#
1769# This means transition from +04/+05 to +05/+06 for Atyra�� oblast (no
1770# zone currently), Asia/Oral, Asia/Aqtau and transition from +05/+06 to
1771# +06/+07 for Qostanay oblast (Qostanay and Arkalyk, no zones currently)
1772# and Asia/Qyzylorda on 2004-10-31 at 3:00....
1773#
1774# 10. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1775# from 2005-03-15 No. 231
1776# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P050000231_
1777# removes DST provisions from the 2000-11-23 act, removes most of the
1778# (already implemented) provisions from the 2004-07-20 and 2004-09-15
1779# acts, comes into effect 10 days after official publication.
1780# The only practical effect seems to be the abolition of the summer
1781# time.
1782#
1783# Unamended version of the act of the Government of the Russian Federation
1784# No. 23 from 1992-01-08 [See 'europe' file for details].
1785# Kazakh 1992-01-13 act appears to provide the same rules and 1992-03-27
1786# act was to be enacted on the last Sunday of March 1992.
1787
1788# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-08):
1789# Turgai reorganization should affect only southern part of Qostanay
1790# oblast. Which should probably be separated into Asia/Arkalyk zone.
1791# (There were also 1970, 1988 and 1990 Turgai oblast reorganizations
1792# according to wikipedia.)
1793#
1794# [For Qostanay] http://www.ng.kz/gazeta/195/hranit/
1795# suggests that clocks were to be moved 40 minutes backwards on
1796# 1920-01-01 to the fourth time belt. But I do not understand
1797# how that could happen....
1798#
1799# [For Atyrau and Oral] 1919 decree
1800# (http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-1919-02-08.html
1801# and in Byalokoz) lists Ural river (plus 10 versts on its left bank) in
1802# the third time belt (before 1930 this means +03).
1803
1804# From Paul Eggert (2016-12-06):
1805# The tables below reflect Golosunov's remarks, with exceptions as noted.
1806
1807# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1808#
1809# Almaty (formerly Alma-Ata), representing most locations in Kazakhstan
1810# This includes KZ-AKM, KZ-ALA, KZ-ALM, KZ-AST, KZ-BAY, KZ-VOS, KZ-ZHA,
1811# KZ-KAR, KZ-SEV, KZ-PAV, and KZ-YUZ.
1812Zone Asia/Almaty 5:07:48 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Alma-Ata
1813 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
1814 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1815 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1816 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
1817 6:00 - +06
1818# Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda, Kizilorda, Kzyl-Orda, etc.) (KZ-KZY)
1819# This currently includes Qostanay (aka Kostanay, Kustanay) (KZ-KUS);
1820# see comments below.
1821Zone Asia/Qyzylorda 4:21:52 - LMT 1924 May 2
1822 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
1823 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
1824 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
1825 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
1826 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1827 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1828 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1829 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
1830 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
1831 6:00 - +06
1832# The following zone is like Asia/Qyzylorda except for being one
1833# hour earlier from 1991-09-29 to 1992-03-29. The 1991/2 rules for
1834# Qostanay are unclear partly because of the 1997 Turgai
1835# reorganization, so this zone is commented out for now.
1836#Zone Asia/Qostanay 4:14:20 - LMT 1924 May 2
1837# 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
1838# 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
1839# 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
1840# 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
1841# 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1842# 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1843# 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
1844# 6:00 - +06
1845#
1846# Aqt��be (aka Aktobe, formerly Aktyubinsk) (KZ-AKT)
1847Zone Asia/Aqtobe 3:48:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
1848 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
1849 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
1850 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
1851 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
1852 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1853 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1854 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
1855 5:00 - +05
1856# Mangghysta�� (KZ-MAN)
1857# Aqtau was not founded until 1963, but it represents an inhabited region,
1858# so include time stamps before 1963.
1859Zone Asia/Aqtau 3:21:04 - LMT 1924 May 2
1860 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
1861 5:00 - +05 1981 Oct 1
1862 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
1863 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1864 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1865 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1994 Sep 25 2:00s
1866 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
1867 5:00 - +05
1868# Atyra�� (KZ-ATY) is like Mangghysta�� except it switched from
1869# +04/+05 to +05/+06 in spring 1999, not fall 1994.
1870Zone Asia/Atyrau 3:27:44 - LMT 1924 May 2
1871 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
1872 5:00 - +05 1981 Oct 1
1873 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
1874 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1875 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1876 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1999 Mar 28 2:00s
1877 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
1878 5:00 - +05
1879# West Kazakhstan (KZ-ZAP)
1880# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
1881# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
1882Zone Asia/Oral 3:25:24 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Ural'sk
1883 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
1884 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
1885 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
1886 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
1887 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1888 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1889 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
1890 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
1891 5:00 - +05
1892
1893# Kyrgyzstan (Kirgizstan)
1894# Transitions through 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
1895
1896# From Paul Eggert (2005-08-15):
1897# According to an article dated today in the Kyrgyzstan Development Gateway
1898# http://eng.gateway.kg/cgi-bin/page.pl?id=1&story_name=doc9979.shtml
1899# Kyrgyzstan is canceling the daylight saving time system. I take the article
1900# to mean that they will leave their clocks at 6 hours ahead of UTC.
1901# From Malik Abdugaliev (2005-09-21):
1902# Our government cancels daylight saving time 6th of August 2005.
1903# From 2005-08-12 our GMT-offset is +6, w/o any daylight saving.
1904
1905# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

~~1906~~Rule Kyrgyz 1992 1996 - Apr Sun>=7 0:00s 1:00 S

1906Rule Kyrgyz 1992 1996 - Apr Sun>=7 0:00s 1:00 -

1907Rule Kyrgyz 1992 1996 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -

~~1908~~Rule Kyrgyz 1997 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:30 1:00 S

1908Rule Kyrgyz 1997 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:30 1:00 -

1909Rule Kyrgyz 1997 2004 - Oct lastSun 2:30 0 -
1910# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1911Zone Asia/Bishkek 4:58:24 - LMT 1924 May 2
1912 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
1913 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1914 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Aug 31 2:00
1915 5:00 Kyrgyz +05/+06 2005 Aug 12
1916 6:00 - +06
1917
1918###############################################################################
1919
1920# Korea (North and South)
1921
1922# From Annie I. Bang (2006-07-10):
1923# http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=200607100012
1924# Korea ran a daylight saving program from 1949-61 but stopped it
1925# during the 1950-53 Korean War. The system was temporarily enforced
1926# between 1987 and 1988 ...
1927
1928# From Sanghyuk Jung (2014-10-29):
1929# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021830.html
1930# According to the Korean Wikipedia
1931# https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/��_��
1932# [oldid=12896437 2014-09-04 08:03 UTC]
1933# DST in Republic of Korea was as follows.... And I checked old
1934# newspapers in Korean, all articles correspond with data in Wikipedia.
1935# For example, the article in 1948 (Korean Language) proved that DST
1936# started at June 1 in that year. For another example, the article in
1937# 1988 said that DST started at 2:00 AM in that year.
1938
1939# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1940Rule ROK 1948 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D
1941Rule ROK 1948 only - Sep 13 0:00 0 S
1942Rule ROK 1949 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 D
1943Rule ROK 1949 1951 - Sep Sun>=8 0:00 0 S
1944Rule ROK 1950 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
1945Rule ROK 1951 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 D
1946Rule ROK 1955 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 D
1947Rule ROK 1955 only - Sep 9 0:00 0 S
1948Rule ROK 1956 only - May 20 0:00 1:00 D
1949Rule ROK 1956 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 S
1950Rule ROK 1957 1960 - May Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 D
1951Rule ROK 1957 1960 - Sep Sun>=18 0:00 0 S
1952Rule ROK 1987 1988 - May Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
1953Rule ROK 1987 1988 - Oct Sun>=8 3:00 0 S
1954
1955# From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
1956# The Korean Wikipedia entry gives the following sources for UT offsets:
1957#
1958# 1908: Official Journal Article No. 3994 (decree No. 5)
1959# 1912: Governor-General of Korea Official Gazette Issue No. 367
1960# (Announcement No. 338)
1961# 1954: Presidential Decree No. 876 (1954-03-17)
1962# 1961: Law No. 676 (1961-08-07)
1963#
1964# (Another source "1987: Law No. 3919 (1986-12-31)" was in the 2014-10-30
1965# edition of the Korean Wikipedia entry.)
1966#
1967# I guessed that time zone abbreviations through 1945 followed the same
1968# rules as discussed under Taiwan, with nominal switches from JST to KST
1969# when the respective cities were taken over by the Allies after WWII.
1970#
1971# For Pyongyang, guess no changes from World War II until 2015, as we
1972# have no information otherwise.
1973
1974# From Steffen Thorsen (2015-08-07):
1975# According to many news sources, North Korea is going to change to
1976# the 8:30 time zone on August 15, one example:
1977# http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33815049
1978#
1979# From Paul Eggert (2015-08-15):
1980# Bells rang out midnight (00:00) Friday as part of the celebrations. See:
1981# Talmadge E. North Korea celebrates new time zone, 'Pyongyang Time'
1982# http://news.yahoo.com/north-korea-celebrates-time-zone-pyongyang-time-164038128.html
1983# There is no common English-language abbreviation for this time zone.
1984# Use KST, as that's what we already use for 1954-1961 in ROK.
1985
1986# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1987Zone Asia/Seoul 8:27:52 - LMT 1908 Apr 1
1988 8:30 - KST 1912 Jan 1
1989 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 8
1990 9:00 - KST 1954 Mar 21
1991 8:30 ROK K%sT 1961 Aug 10
1992 9:00 ROK K%sT
1993Zone Asia/Pyongyang 8:23:00 - LMT 1908 Apr 1
1994 8:30 - KST 1912 Jan 1
1995 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 24
1996 9:00 - KST 2015 Aug 15 00:00
1997 8:30 - KST
1998
1999###############################################################################
2000
2001# Kuwait
2002# See Asia/Riyadh.
2003
2004# Laos
2005# See Asia/Bangkok.
2006
2007
2008# Lebanon
2009# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2010Rule Lebanon 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
2011Rule Lebanon 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
2012Rule Lebanon 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
2013Rule Lebanon 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2014Rule Lebanon 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2015Rule Lebanon 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2016Rule Lebanon 1923 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
2017Rule Lebanon 1923 only - Sep 16 0:00 0 -
2018Rule Lebanon 1957 1961 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2019Rule Lebanon 1957 1961 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2020Rule Lebanon 1972 only - Jun 22 0:00 1:00 S
2021Rule Lebanon 1972 1977 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2022Rule Lebanon 1973 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2023Rule Lebanon 1978 only - Apr 30 0:00 1:00 S
2024Rule Lebanon 1978 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2025Rule Lebanon 1984 1987 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2026Rule Lebanon 1984 1991 - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2027Rule Lebanon 1988 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2028Rule Lebanon 1989 only - May 10 0:00 1:00 S
2029Rule Lebanon 1990 1992 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2030Rule Lebanon 1992 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
2031Rule Lebanon 1993 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
2032Rule Lebanon 1993 1998 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2033Rule Lebanon 1999 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2034# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2035Zone Asia/Beirut 2:22:00 - LMT 1880
2036 2:00 Lebanon EE%sT
2037
2038# Malaysia
2039# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

~~2040~~Rule NBorneo 1935 1941 - Sep 14 0:00 0:20 TS # one-Third Summer

2040Rule NBorneo 1935 1941 - Sep 14 0:00 0:20 -

2041Rule NBorneo 1935 1941 - Dec 14 0:00 0 -
2042#
2043# peninsular Malaysia
2044# taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
2045# http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html
2046# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2047Zone Asia/Kuala_Lumpur 6:46:46 - LMT 1901 Jan 1
2048 6:55:25 - SMT 1905 Jun 1 # Singapore M.T.
2049 7:00 - +07 1933 Jan 1
2050 7:00 0:20 +0720 1936 Jan 1
2051 7:20 - +0720 1941 Sep 1
2052 7:30 - +0730 1942 Feb 16
2053 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 12
2054 7:30 - +0730 1982 Jan 1
2055 8:00 - +08
2056# Sabah & Sarawak
2057# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-12):
2058# The data entries here are mostly from Shanks & Pottenger, but the 1942, 1945
2059# and 1982 transition dates are from Mok Ly Yng.
2060# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2061Zone Asia/Kuching 7:21:20 - LMT 1926 Mar
2062 7:30 - +0730 1933
2063 8:00 NBorneo +08/+0820 1942 Feb 16
2064 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 12
2065 8:00 - +08
2066
2067# Maldives
2068# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2069Zone Indian/Maldives 4:54:00 - LMT 1880 # Mal��
2070 4:54:00 - MMT 1960 # Mal�� Mean Time
2071 5:00 - +05
2072
2073# Mongolia
2074
2075# Shanks & Pottenger say that Mongolia has three time zones, but
2076# The USNO (1995-12-21) and the CIA map Standard Time Zones of the World
2077# (2005-03) both say that it has just one.
2078
2079# From Oscar van Vlijmen (1999-12-11):
2080# General Information Mongolia
2081# <http://www.mongoliatourism.gov.mn/general.htm> (1999-09)
2082# "Time: Mongolia has two time zones. Three westernmost provinces of
2083# Bayan-��lgii, Uvs, and Hovd are one hour earlier than the capital city, and
2084# the rest of the country follows the Ulaanbaatar time, which is UTC/GMT plus
2085# eight hours."
2086
2087# From Rives McDow (1999-12-13):
2088# Mongolia discontinued the use of daylight savings time in 1999; 1998
2089# being the last year it was implemented. The dates of implementation I am
2090# unsure of, but most probably it was similar to Russia, except for the time
2091# of implementation may have been different....
2092# Some maps in the past have indicated that there was an additional time
2093# zone in the eastern part of Mongolia, including the provinces of Dornod,
2094# S��khbaatar, and possibly Khentii.
2095
2096# From Paul Eggert (1999-12-15):
2097# Naming and spelling is tricky in Mongolia.
2098# We'll use Hovd (also spelled Chovd and Khovd) to represent the west zone;
2099# the capital of the Hovd province is sometimes called Hovd, sometimes Dund-Us,
2100# and sometimes Jirgalanta (with variant spellings), but the name Hovd
2101# is good enough for our purposes.
2102
2103# From Rives McDow (2001-05-13):
2104# In addition to Mongolia starting daylight savings as reported earlier
2105# (adopted DST on 2001-04-27 02:00 local time, ending 2001-09-28),
2106# there are three time zones.
2107#
2108# Provinces [at 7:00]: Bayan-��lgii, Uvs, Khovd, Zavkhan, Govi-Altai
2109# Provinces [at 8:00]: Kh��vsg��l, Bulgan, Arkhangai, Khentii, T��v,
2110# Bayankhongor, ��v��rkhangai, Dundgovi, Dornogovi, ��mn��govi
2111# Provinces [at 9:00]: Dornod, S��khbaatar
2112#
2113# [The province of Selenge is omitted from the above lists.]
2114
2115# From Ganbold Ts., Ulaanbaatar (2004-04-17):
2116# Daylight saving occurs at 02:00 local time last Saturday of March.
2117# It will change back to normal at 02:00 local time last Saturday of
2118# September.... As I remember this rule was changed in 2001.
2119#
2120# From Paul Eggert (2004-04-17):
2121# For now, assume Rives McDow's informant got confused about Friday vs
2122# Saturday, and that his 2001 dates should have 1 added to them.
2123
2124# From Paul Eggert (2005-07-26):
2125# We have wildly conflicting information about Mongolia's time zones.
2126# Bill Bonnet (2005-05-19) reports that the US Embassy in Ulaanbaatar says
2127# there is only one time zone and that DST is observed, citing Microsoft
2128# Windows XP as the source. Risto Nyk��nen (2005-05-16) reports that
2129# travelmongolia.org says there are two time zones (UT +07, +08) with no DST.
2130# Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-05-20) reports that the Mongolian Embassy in
2131# Washington, DC says there are two time zones, with DST observed.
2132# He also found
2133# http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?subaction=showcomments&id=1111634894&archive=&start_from=&ucat=1&
2134# which also says that there is DST, and which has a comment by "Toddius"
2135# (2005-03-31 06:05 +0700) saying "Mongolia actually has 3.5 time zones.
2136# The West (OLGII) is +7 GMT, most of the country is ULAT is +8 GMT
2137# and some Eastern provinces are +9 GMT but S��khbaatar Aimag is SUHK +8.5 GMT.
2138# The SUKH timezone is new this year, it is one of the few things the
2139# parliament passed during the tumultuous winter session."
2140# For now, let's ignore this information, until we have more confirmation.
2141
2142# From Ganbold Ts. (2007-02-26):
2143# Parliament of Mongolia has just changed the daylight-saving rule in February.
2144# They decided not to adopt daylight-saving time....
2145# http://www.mongolnews.mn/index.php?module=unuudur&sec=view&id=15742
2146
2147# From Deborah Goldsmith (2008-03-30):
2148# We received a bug report claiming that the tz database UTC offset for
2149# Asia/Choibalsan (GMT+09:00) is incorrect, and that it should be GMT
2150# +08:00 instead. Different sources appear to disagree with the tz
2151# database on this, e.g.:
2152#
2153# https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=1026
2154# http://www.worldtimeserver.com/current_time_in_MN.aspx
2155#
2156# both say GMT+08:00.
2157
2158# From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-31):
2159# eznis airways, which operates several domestic flights, has a flight
2160# schedule here:
2161# http://www.eznis.com/Container.jsp?id=112
2162# (click the English flag for English)
2163#
2164# There it appears that flights between Choibalsan and Ulaanbaatar arrive
2165# about 1:35 - 1:50 hours later in local clock time, no matter the
2166# direction, while Ulaanbaatar-Khovd takes 2 hours in the Eastern
2167# direction and 3:35 back, which indicates that Ulaanbaatar and Khovd are
2168# in different time zones (like we know about), while Choibalsan and
2169# Ulaanbaatar are in the same time zone (correction needed).
2170
2171# From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
2172# Assume that Choibalsan is indeed offset by 8:00.
2173# XXX--in the absence of better information, assume that transition
2174# was at the start of 2008-03-31 (the day of Steffen Thorsen's report);
2175# this is almost surely wrong.
2176
2177# From Ganbold Tsagaankhuu (2015-03-10):
2178# It seems like yesterday Mongolian Government meeting has concluded to use
2179# daylight saving time in Mongolia.... Starting at 2:00AM of last Saturday of
2180# March 2015, daylight saving time starts. And 00:00AM of last Saturday of
2181# September daylight saving time ends. Source:
2182# http://zasag.mn/news/view/8969
2183
2184# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

~~2185~~Rule Mongol 1983 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S

2185Rule Mongol 1983 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 -

2186Rule Mongol 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2187# Shanks & Pottenger and IATA SSIM say 1990s switches occurred at 00:00,
2188# but McDow says the 2001 switches occurred at 02:00. Also, IATA SSIM
2189# (1996-09) says 1996-10-25. Go with Shanks & Pottenger through 1998.
2190#
2191# Shanks & Pottenger say that the Sept. 1984 through Sept. 1990 switches
2192# in Choibalsan (more precisely, in Dornod and S��khbaatar) took place
2193# at 02:00 standard time, not at 00:00 local time as in the rest of
2194# the country. That would be odd, and possibly is a result of their
2195# correction of 02:00 (in the previous edition) not being done correctly
2196# in the latest edition; so ignore it for now.
2197
2198# From Ganbold Tsagaankhuu (2017-02-09):
2199# Mongolian Government meeting has concluded today to cancel daylight
2200# saving time adoption in Mongolia. Source: http://zasag.mn/news/view/16192
2201

~~2202~~Rule Mongol 1985 1998 - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S

2202Rule Mongol 1985 1998 - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 -

2203Rule Mongol 1984 1998 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2204# IATA SSIM (1999-09) says Mongolia no longer observes DST.

~~2205~~Rule Mongol 2001 only - Apr lastSat 2:00 1:00 S

2205Rule Mongol 2001 only - Apr lastSat 2:00 1:00 -

2206Rule Mongol 2001 2006 - Sep lastSat 2:00 0 -

~~2207~~Rule Mongol 2002 2006 - Mar lastSat 2:00 1:00 S
~~2208~~Rule Mongol 2015 2016 - Mar lastSat 2:00 1:00 S

2207Rule Mongol 2002 2006 - Mar lastSat 2:00 1:00 -
2208Rule Mongol 2015 2016 - Mar lastSat 2:00 1:00 -

2209Rule Mongol 2015 2016 - Sep lastSat 0:00 0 -
2210
2211# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2212# Hovd, a.k.a. Chovd, Dund-Us, Dzhargalant, Khovd, Jirgalanta
2213Zone Asia/Hovd 6:06:36 - LMT 1905 Aug
2214 6:00 - +06 1978
2215 7:00 Mongol +07/+08
2216# Ulaanbaatar, a.k.a. Ulan Bataar, Ulan Bator, Urga
2217Zone Asia/Ulaanbaatar 7:07:32 - LMT 1905 Aug
2218 7:00 - +07 1978
2219 8:00 Mongol +08/+09
2220# Choibalsan, a.k.a. Bajan T��men, Bajan Tumen, Chojbalsan,
2221# Choybalsan, Sanbejse, Tchoibalsan
2222Zone Asia/Choibalsan 7:38:00 - LMT 1905 Aug
2223 7:00 - +07 1978
2224 8:00 - +08 1983 Apr
2225 9:00 Mongol +09/+10 2008 Mar 31
2226 8:00 Mongol +08/+09
2227
2228# Nepal
2229# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2230Zone Asia/Kathmandu 5:41:16 - LMT 1920
2231 5:30 - +0530 1986
2232 5:45 - +0545
2233
2234# Oman
2235# See Asia/Dubai.
2236
2237# Pakistan
2238
2239# From Rives McDow (2002-03-13):
2240# I have been advised that Pakistan has decided to adopt dst on a
2241# TRIAL basis for one year, starting 00:01 local time on April 7, 2002
2242# and ending at 00:01 local time October 6, 2002. This is what I was
2243# told, but I believe that the actual time of change may be 00:00; the
2244# 00:01 was to make it clear which day it was on.
2245
2246# From Paul Eggert (2002-03-15):
2247# Jesper N��rgaard found this URL:
2248# http://www.pak.gov.pk/public/news/app/app06_dec.htm
2249# (dated 2001-12-06) which says that the Cabinet adopted a scheme "to
2250# advance the clocks by one hour on the night between the first
2251# Saturday and Sunday of April and revert to the original position on
2252# 15th October each year". This agrees with McDow's 04-07 at 00:00,
2253# but disagrees about the October transition, and makes it sound like
2254# it's not on a trial basis. Also, the "between the first Saturday
2255# and Sunday of April" phrase, if taken literally, means that the
2256# transition takes place at 00:00 on the first Sunday on or after 04-02.
2257
2258# From Paul Eggert (2003-02-09):
2259# DAWN <http://www.dawn.com/2002/10/06/top13.htm> reported on 2002-10-05
2260# that 2002 DST ended that day at midnight. Go with McDow for now.
2261
2262# From Steffen Thorsen (2003-03-14):
2263# According to http://www.dawn.com/2003/03/07/top15.htm
2264# there will be no DST in Pakistan this year:
2265#
2266# ISLAMABAD, March 6: Information and Media Development Minister Sheikh
2267# Rashid Ahmed on Thursday said the cabinet had reversed a previous
2268# decision to advance clocks by one hour in summer and put them back by
2269# one hour in winter with the aim of saving light hours and energy.
2270#
2271# The minister told a news conference that the experiment had rather
2272# shown 8 per cent higher consumption of electricity.
2273
2274# From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-15):
2275#
2276# Here is an article that Pakistan plan to introduce Daylight Saving Time
2277# on June 1, 2008 for 3 months.
2278#
2279# "... The federal cabinet on Wednesday announced a new conservation plan to
2280# help reduce load shedding by approving the closure of commercial centres at
2281# 9pm and moving clocks forward by one hour for the next three months. ...."
2282#
2283# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan01.html
2284# http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C05%5C15%5Cstory_15-5-2008_pg1_4
2285
2286# From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
2287# XXX--midnight transitions is a guess; 2008 only is a guess.
2288
2289# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-08-28):
2290# Pakistan government has decided to keep the watches one-hour advanced
2291# for another 2 months - plan to return to Standard Time on October 31
2292# instead of August 31.
2293#
2294# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan02.html
2295# http://dailymailnews.com/200808/28/news/dmbrn03.html
2296
2297# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-04-08):
2298# Based on previous media reports that "... proposed plan to
2299# advance clocks by one hour from May 1 will cause disturbance
2300# to the working schedules rather than bringing discipline in
2301# official working."
2302# http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=171280
2303#
2304# recent news that instead of May 2009 - Pakistan plan to
2305# introduce DST from April 15, 2009
2306#
2307# FYI: Associated Press Of Pakistan
2308# April 08, 2009
2309# Cabinet okays proposal to advance clocks by one hour from April 15
2310# http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=73043&Itemid=1
2311# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan05.html
2312#
2313# ....
2314# The Federal Cabinet on Wednesday approved the proposal to
2315# advance clocks in the country by one hour from April 15 to
2316# conserve energy"
2317
2318# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-17):
2319# "The News International," Pakistan reports that: "The Federal
2320# Government has decided to restore the previous time by moving the
2321# clocks backward by one hour from October 1. A formal announcement to
2322# this effect will be made after the Prime Minister grants approval in
2323# this regard."
2324# http://www.thenews.com.pk/updates.asp?id=87168
2325
2326# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-28):
2327# According to Associated Press Of Pakistan, it is confirmed that
2328# Pakistan clocks across the country would be turned back by an hour from
2329# October 1, 2009.
2330#
2331# "Clocks to go back one hour from 1 Oct"
2332# http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=86715&Itemid=2
2333# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan07.htm
2334#
2335# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-29):
2336# Now they seem to have changed their mind, November 1 is the new date:
2337# http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=24742
2338# "The country's clocks will be reversed by one hour on November 1.
2339# Officials of Federal Ministry for Interior told this to Geo News on
2340# Monday."
2341#
2342# And more importantly, it seems that these dates will be kept every year:
2343# "It has now been decided that clocks will be wound forward by one hour
2344# on April 15 and reversed by an hour on November 1 every year without
2345# obtaining prior approval, the officials added."
2346#
2347# We have confirmed this year's end date with both with the Ministry of
2348# Water and Power and the Pakistan Electric Power Company:
2349# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/pakistan-ends-dst09.html
2350
2351# From Christoph G��hre (2009-10-01):
2352# [T]he German Consulate General in Karachi reported me today that Pakistan
2353# will go back to standard time on 1st of November.
2354
2355# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-26):
2356# Steffen Thorsen wrote:
2357# > On Thursday (2010-03-25) it was announced that DST would start in
2358# > Pakistan on 2010-04-01.
2359# >
2360# > Then today, the president said that they might have to revert the
2361# > decision if it is not supported by the parliament. So at the time
2362# > being, it seems unclear if DST will be actually observed or not - but
2363# > April 1 could be a more likely date than April 15.
2364# Now, it seems that the decision to not observe DST in final:
2365#
2366# "Govt Withdraws Plan To Advance Clocks"
2367# http://www.apakistannews.com/govt-withdraws-plan-to-advance-clocks-172041
2368#
2369# "People laud PM's announcement to end DST"
2370# http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=99374&Itemid=2
2371
2372# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2373Rule Pakistan 2002 only - Apr Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
2374Rule Pakistan 2002 only - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2375Rule Pakistan 2008 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2376Rule Pakistan 2008 2009 - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2377Rule Pakistan 2009 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 S
2378
2379# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2380Zone Asia/Karachi 4:28:12 - LMT 1907
2381 5:30 - +0530 1942 Sep
2382 5:30 1:00 +0630 1945 Oct 15
2383 5:30 - +0530 1951 Sep 30
2384 5:00 - +05 1971 Mar 26
2385 5:00 Pakistan PK%sT # Pakistan Time
2386
2387# Palestine
2388
2389# From Amos Shapir (1998-02-15):
2390#
2391# From 1917 until 1948-05-15, all of Palestine, including the parts now
2392# known as the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, was under British rule.
2393# Therefore the rules given for Israel for that period, apply there too...
2394#
2395# The Gaza Strip was under Egyptian rule between 1948-05-15 until 1967-06-05
2396# (except a short occupation by Israel from 1956-11 till 1957-03, but no
2397# time zone was affected then). It was never formally annexed to Egypt,
2398# though.
2399#
2400# The rest of Palestine was under Jordanian rule at that time, formally
2401# annexed in 1950 as the West Bank (and the word "Trans" was dropped from
2402# the country's previous name of "the Hashemite Kingdom of the
2403# Trans-Jordan"). So the rules for Jordan for that time apply. Major
2404# towns in that area are Nablus (Shchem), El-Halil (Hebron), Ramallah, and
2405# East Jerusalem.
2406#
2407# Both areas were occupied by Israel in June 1967, but not annexed (except
2408# for East Jerusalem). They were on Israel time since then; there might
2409# have been a Military Governor's order about time zones, but I'm not aware
2410# of any (such orders may have been issued semi-annually whenever summer
2411# time was in effect, but maybe the legal aspect of time was just neglected).
2412#
2413# The Palestinian Authority was established in 1993, and got hold of most
2414# towns in the West Bank and Gaza by 1995. I know that in order to
2415# demonstrate...independence, they have been switching to
2416# summer time and back on a different schedule than Israel's, but I don't
2417# know when this was started, or what algorithm is used (most likely the
2418# Jordanian one).
2419#
2420# To summarize, the table should probably look something like that:
2421#
2422# Area \ when | 1918-1947 | 1948-1967 | 1967-1995 | 1996-
2423# ------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
2424# Israel | Zion | Zion | Zion | Zion
2425# West bank | Zion | Jordan | Zion | Jordan
2426# Gaza | Zion | Egypt | Zion | Jordan
2427#
2428# I guess more info may be available from the PA's web page (if/when they
2429# have one).
2430
2431# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2432# Shanks & Pottenger write that Gaza did not observe DST until 1957, but go
2433# with Shapir and assume that it observed DST from 1940 through 1947,
2434# and that it used Jordanian rules starting in 1996.
2435# We don't yet need a separate entry for the West Bank, since
2436# the only differences between it and Gaza that we know about
2437# occurred before our cutoff date of 1970.
2438# However, as we get more information, we may need to add entries
2439# for parts of the West Bank as they transitioned from Israel's rules
2440# to Palestine's rules.
2441
2442# From IINS News Service - Israel - 1998-03-23 10:38:07 Israel time,
2443# forwarded by Ephraim Silverberg:
2444#
2445# Despite the fact that Israel changed over to daylight savings time
2446# last week, the PLO Authority (PA) has decided not to turn its clocks
2447# one-hour forward at this time. As a sign of independence from Israeli rule,
2448# the PA has decided to implement DST in April.
2449
2450# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-20):
2451# Daoud Kuttab writes in Holiday havoc
2452# http://www.jpost.com/com/Archive/22.Apr.1999/Opinion/Article-2.html
2453# (Jerusalem Post, 1999-04-22) that
2454# the Palestinian National Authority changed to DST on 1999-04-15.
2455# I vaguely recall that they switch back in October (sorry, forgot the source).
2456# For now, let's assume that the spring switch was at 24:00,
2457# and that they switch at 0:00 on the 3rd Fridays of April and October.
2458
2459# From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
2460# Starting 2004 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.
2461
2462# From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23):
2463# A user from Gaza reported that Gaza made the change early because of
2464# the Ramadan. Next year Ramadan will be even earlier, so I think
2465# there is a good chance next year's end date will be around two weeks
2466# earlier - the same goes for Jordan.
2467
2468# From Steffen Thorsen (2006-08-17):
2469# I was informed by a user in Bethlehem that in Bethlehem it started the
2470# same day as Israel, and after checking with other users in the area, I
2471# was informed that they started DST one day after Israel. I was not
2472# able to find any authoritative sources at the time, nor details if
2473# Gaza changed as well, but presumed Gaza to follow the same rules as
2474# the West Bank.
2475
2476# From Steffen Thorsen (2006-09-26):
2477# according to the Palestine News Network (2006-09-19):
2478# http://english.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=596&Itemid=5
2479# > The Council of Ministers announced that this year its winter schedule
2480# > will begin early, as of midnight Thursday. It is also time to turn
2481# > back the clocks for winter. Friday will begin an hour late this week.
2482# I guess it is likely that next year's date will be moved as well,
2483# because of the Ramadan.
2484
2485# From Jesper N��rgaard Welen (2007-09-18):
2486# According to Steffen Thorsen's web site the Gaza Strip and the rest of the
2487# Palestinian territories left DST early on 13.th. of September at 2:00.
2488
2489# From Paul Eggert (2007-09-20):
2490# My understanding is that Gaza and the West Bank disagree even over when
2491# the weekend is (Thursday+Friday versus Friday+Saturday), so I'd be a bit
2492# surprised if they agreed about DST. But for now, assume they agree.
2493# For lack of better information, predict that future changes will be
2494# the 2nd Thursday of September at 02:00.
2495
2496# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-08-28):
2497# Here is an article, that Mideast running on different clocks at Ramadan.
2498#
2499# Gaza Strip (as Egypt) ended DST at midnight Thursday (Aug 28, 2008), while
2500# the West Bank will end Daylight Saving Time at midnight Sunday (Aug 31, 2008).
2501#
2502# http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/feedarticle/7759001
2503# http://www.abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=5676087
2504# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip01.html
2505
2506# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-26):
2507# According to the Palestine News Network (arabic.pnn.ps), Palestinian
2508# government decided to start Daylight Time on Thursday night March
2509# 26 and continue until the night of 27 September 2009.
2510#
2511# (in Arabic)
2512# http://arabic.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=50850
2513#
2514# (English translation)
2515# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank01.html
2516
2517# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-08-31):
2518# Palestine's Council of Ministers announced that they will revert back to
2519# winter time on Friday, 2009-09-04.
2520#
2521# One news source:
2522# http://www.safa.ps/ara/?action=showdetail&seid=4158
2523# (Palestinian press agency, Arabic),
2524# Google translate: "Decided that the Palestinian government in Ramallah
2525# headed by Salam Fayyad, the start of work in time for the winter of
2526# 2009, starting on Friday approved the fourth delay Sept. clock sixty
2527# minutes per hour as of Friday morning."
2528#
2529# We are not sure if Gaza will do the same, last year they had a different
2530# end date, we will keep this page updated:
2531# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-dst-2009.html
2532
2533# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-02):
2534# Seems that Gaza Strip will go back to Winter Time same date as West Bank.
2535#
2536# According to Palestinian Ministry Of Interior, West Bank and Gaza Strip plan
2537# to change time back to Standard time on September 4, 2009.
2538#
2539# "Winter time unite the West Bank and Gaza"
2540# (from Palestinian National Authority):
2541# http://www.moi.gov.ps/en/?page=633167343250594025&nid=11505
2542# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip02.html
2543
2544# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-19):
2545# According to Voice of Palestine DST will last for 191 days, from March
2546# 26, 2010 till "the last Sunday before the tenth day of Tishri
2547# (October), each year" (October 03, 2010?)
2548#
2549# http://palvoice.org/forums/showthread.php?t=245697
2550# (in Arabic)
2551# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank03.html
2552
2553# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-24):
2554# ...Ma'an News Agency reports that Hamas cabinet has decided it will
2555# start one day later, at 12:01am. Not sure if they really mean 12:01am or
2556# noon though:
2557#
2558# http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=271178
2559# (Ma'an News Agency)
2560# "At 12:01am Friday, clocks in Israel and the West Bank will change to
2561# 1:01am, while Gaza clocks will change at 12:01am Saturday morning."
2562
2563# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-08-11):
2564# According to several sources, including
2565# http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=306795
2566# the clocks were set back one hour at 2010-08-11 00:00:00 local time in
2567# Gaza and the West Bank.
2568# Some more background info:
2569# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-end-dst-2010.html
2570
2571# From Steffen Thorsen (2011-08-26):
2572# Gaza and the West Bank did go back to standard time in the beginning of
2573# August, and will now enter daylight saving time again on 2011-08-30
2574# 00:00 (so two periods of DST in 2011). The pause was because of
2575# Ramadan.
2576#
2577# http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=416217
2578# Additional info:
2579# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/palestine-dst-2011.html
2580
2581# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-08-27):
2582# According to the article in The Jerusalem Post:
2583# "...Earlier this month, the Palestinian government in the West Bank decided to
2584# move to standard time for 30 days, during Ramadan. The Palestinians in the
2585# Gaza Strip accepted the change and also moved their clocks one hour back.
2586# The Hamas government said on Saturday that it won't observe summertime after
2587# the Muslim feast of Id al-Fitr, which begins on Tuesday..."
2588# ...
2589# https://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=235650
2590# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip05.html
2591# The rules for Egypt are stolen from the 'africa' file.
2592
2593# From Steffen Thorsen (2011-09-30):
2594# West Bank did end Daylight Saving Time this morning/midnight (2011-09-30
2595# 00:00).
2596# So West Bank and Gaza now have the same time again.
2597#
2598# Many sources, including:
2599# http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=424808
2600
2601# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
2602# Palestinian news sources tell that both Gaza and West Bank will start DST
2603# on Friday (Thursday midnight, 2012-03-29 24:00).
2604# Some of many sources in Arabic:
2605# http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=122638
2606#
2607# http://safa.ps/details/news/74352/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9.html
2608#
2609# Our brief summary:
2610# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/gaza-west-bank-dst-2012.html
2611
2612# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-03-26):
2613# The following news sources tells that Palestine will "start daylight saving
2614# time from midnight on Friday, March 29, 2013" (translated).
2615# [These are in Arabic and are for Gaza and for Ramallah, respectively.]
2616# http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=154120
2617# http://safa.ps/details/news/99844/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-29-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A.html
2618
2619# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-09-24):
2620# The Gaza and West Bank are ending DST Thursday at midnight
2621# (2013-09-27 00:00:00) (one hour earlier than last year...).
2622# This source in English, says "that winter time will go into effect
2623# at midnight on Thursday in the West Bank and Gaza Strip":
2624# http://english.wafa.ps/index.php?action=detail&id=23246
2625# official source...:
2626# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/ar/Views/ViewDetails.aspx?pid=1252
2627
2628# From Steffen Thorsen (2015-03-03):
2629# Sources such as http://www.alquds.com/news/article/view/id/548257
2630# and https://www.raya.ps/ar/news/890705.html say Palestine areas will
2631# start DST on 2015-03-28 00:00 which is one day later than expected.
2632#
2633# From Paul Eggert (2015-03-03):
2634# https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/ramallah?year=2014
2635# says that the fall 2014 transition was Oct 23 at 24:00.
2636
2637# From Hannah Kreitem (2016-03-09):
2638# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/ar/ViewDetails?ID=31728
2639# [Google translation]: "The Council also decided to start daylight
2640# saving in Palestine as of one o'clock on Saturday morning,
2641# 2016-03-26, to provide the clock 60 minutes ahead."

~~2642~~#
~~2643~~# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-12):
~~2644~~# Predict spring transitions on March's last Saturday at 01:00 from now on.

2642
2643# From Sharef Mustafa (2016-10-19):
2644# [T]he Palestinian cabinet decision (Mar 8th 2016) published on
2645# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/Upload/Decree/GOV_17/16032016134830.pdf
2646# states that summer time will end on Oct 29th at 01:00.
2647#
2648# From Tim Parenti (2016-10-19):
2649# Predict fall transitions on October's last Saturday at 01:00 from now on.
2650# This is consistent with the 2016 transition as well as our spring
2651# predictions.
2652#
2653# From Paul Eggert (2016-10-19):
2654# It's also consistent with predictions in the following URLs today:
2655# https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/gaza-strip/gaza
2656# https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/hebron
2657

2658# From Sharef Mustafa (2018-03-16):
2659# Palestine summer time will start on Mar 24th 2018 by advancing the
2660# clock by 60 minutes as per Palestinian cabinet decision published on
2661# the offical website, though the decree did not specify the exact
2662# time of the time shift.
2663# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/Website/AR/NDecrees/ViewFile.ashx?ID=e7a42ab7-ee23-435a-b9c8-a4f7e81f3817
2664#
2665# From Paul Eggert (2018-03-16):
2666# For 2016 on, predict spring transitions on March's fourth Saturday at 01:00.
2667

2668# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2669Rule EgyptAsia 1957 only - May 10 0:00 1:00 S
2670Rule EgyptAsia 1957 1958 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2671Rule EgyptAsia 1958 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2672Rule EgyptAsia 1959 1967 - May 1 1:00 1:00 S
2673Rule EgyptAsia 1959 1965 - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
2674Rule EgyptAsia 1966 only - Oct 1 3:00 0 -
2675
2676Rule Palestine 1999 2005 - Apr Fri>=15 0:00 1:00 S
2677Rule Palestine 1999 2003 - Oct Fri>=15 0:00 0 -
2678Rule Palestine 2004 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2679Rule Palestine 2005 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
2680Rule Palestine 2006 2007 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2681Rule Palestine 2006 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
2682Rule Palestine 2007 only - Sep Thu>=8 2:00 0 -
2683Rule Palestine 2008 2009 - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
2684Rule Palestine 2008 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2685Rule Palestine 2009 only - Sep Fri>=1 1:00 0 -
2686Rule Palestine 2010 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2687Rule Palestine 2010 only - Aug 11 0:00 0 -
2688Rule Palestine 2011 only - Apr 1 0:01 1:00 S
2689Rule Palestine 2011 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2690Rule Palestine 2011 only - Aug 30 0:00 1:00 S
2691Rule Palestine 2011 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2692Rule Palestine 2012 2014 - Mar lastThu 24:00 1:00 S
2693Rule Palestine 2012 only - Sep 21 1:00 0 -
2694Rule Palestine 2013 only - Sep Fri>=21 0:00 0 -
2695Rule Palestine 2014 2015 - Oct Fri>=21 0:00 0 -
2696Rule Palestine 2015 only - Mar lastFri 24:00 1:00 S

~~2690~~Rule Palestine 2016 max - Mar lastSat 1:00 1:00 S

2697Rule Palestine 2016 max - Mar Sat>=22 1:00 1:00 S

2698Rule Palestine 2016 max - Oct lastSat 1:00 0 -
2699
2700# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2701Zone Asia/Gaza 2:17:52 - LMT 1900 Oct
2702 2:00 Zion EET/EEST 1948 May 15
2703 2:00 EgyptAsia EE%sT 1967 Jun 5
2704 2:00 Zion I%sT 1996
2705 2:00 Jordan EE%sT 1999
2706 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2008 Aug 29 0:00
2707 2:00 - EET 2008 Sep
2708 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2010
2709 2:00 - EET 2010 Mar 27 0:01
2710 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2011 Aug 1
2711 2:00 - EET 2012
2712 2:00 Palestine EE%sT
2713
2714Zone Asia/Hebron 2:20:23 - LMT 1900 Oct
2715 2:00 Zion EET/EEST 1948 May 15
2716 2:00 EgyptAsia EE%sT 1967 Jun 5
2717 2:00 Zion I%sT 1996
2718 2:00 Jordan EE%sT 1999
2719 2:00 Palestine EE%sT
2720
2721# Paracel Is
2722# no information
2723
2724# Philippines
2725# On 1844-08-16, Narciso Claver��a, governor-general of the
2726# Philippines, issued a proclamation announcing that 1844-12-30 was to
2727# be immediately followed by 1845-01-01; see R.H. van Gent's
2728# History of the International Date Line
2729# https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl_philippines.htm
2730# The rest of the data entries are from Shanks & Pottenger.
2731
2732# From Jesper N��rgaard Welen (2006-04-26):
2733# ... claims that Philippines had DST last time in 1990:
2734# http://story.philippinetimes.com/p.x/ct/9/id/145be20cc6b121c0/cid/3e5bbccc730d258c/
2735# [a story dated 2006-04-25 by Cris Larano of Dow Jones Newswires,
2736# but no details]
2737
2738# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-14):
2739# The following source says DST may be instituted November-January and again
2740# March-June, but this is not definite. It also says DST was last proclaimed
2741# during the Ramos administration (1992-1998); but again, no details.
2742# Carcamo D. PNoy urged to declare use of daylight saving time.
2743# Philippine Star 2014-08-05
2744# http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/08/05/1354152/pnoy-urged-declare-use-daylight-saving-time
2745
2746# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

~~2740~~Rule Phil 1936 only - Nov 1 0:00 1:00 S

2747Rule Phil 1936 only - Nov 1 0:00 1:00 -

2748Rule Phil 1937 only - Feb 1 0:00 0 -

~~2742~~Rule Phil 1954 only - Apr 12 0:00 1:00 S

2749Rule Phil 1954 only - Apr 12 0:00 1:00 -

2750Rule Phil 1954 only - Jul 1 0:00 0 -

~~2744~~Rule Phil 1978 only - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 S

2751Rule Phil 1978 only - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -

2752Rule Phil 1978 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
2753# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2754Zone Asia/Manila -15:56:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
2755 8:04:00 - LMT 1899 May 11
2756 8:00 Phil +08/+09 1942 May
2757 9:00 - +09 1944 Nov
2758 8:00 Phil +08/+09
2759
2760# Qatar
2761# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2762Zone Asia/Qatar 3:26:08 - LMT 1920 # Al Dawhah / Doha
2763 4:00 - +04 1972 Jun
2764 3:00 - +03
2765Link Asia/Qatar Asia/Bahrain
2766
2767# Saudi Arabia
2768#
2769# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
2770# Time in Saudi Arabia and other countries in the Arabian peninsula was not
2771# standardized until relatively recently; we don't know when, and possibly it
2772# has never been made official. Richard P Hunt, in "Islam city yielding to
2773# modern times", New York Times (1961-04-09), p 20, wrote that only airlines
2774# observed standard time, and that people in Jeddah mostly observed quasi-solar
2775# time, doing so by setting their watches at sunrise to 6 o'clock (or to 12
2776# o'clock for "Arab" time).
2777#
2778# The TZ database cannot represent quasi-solar time; airline time is the best
2779# we can do. The 1946 foreign air news digest of the U.S. Civil Aeronautics
2780# Board (OCLC 42299995) reported that the "... Arabian Government, inaugurated
2781# a weekly Dhahran-Cairo service, via the Saudi Arabian cities of Riyadh and
2782# Jidda, on March 14, 1947". Shanks & Pottenger guessed 1950; go with the
2783# earlier date.
2784#
2785# Shanks & Pottenger also state that until 1968-05-01 Saudi Arabia had two
2786# time zones; the other zone, at UT +04, was in the far eastern part of
2787# the country. Ignore this, as it's before our 1970 cutoff.
2788#
2789# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2790Zone Asia/Riyadh 3:06:52 - LMT 1947 Mar 14
2791 3:00 - +03
2792Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Aden # Yemen
2793Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Kuwait
2794
2795# Singapore
2796# taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
2797# http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html
2798# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2799Zone Asia/Singapore 6:55:25 - LMT 1901 Jan 1
2800 6:55:25 - SMT 1905 Jun 1 # Singapore M.T.
2801 7:00 - +07 1933 Jan 1
2802 7:00 0:20 +0720 1936 Jan 1
2803 7:20 - +0720 1941 Sep 1
2804 7:30 - +0730 1942 Feb 16
2805 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 12
2806 7:30 - +0730 1982 Jan 1
2807 8:00 - +08
2808
2809# Spratly Is
2810# no information
2811
2812# Sri Lanka
2813
2814# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
2815# Milne says "Madras mean time use from May 1, 1898. Prior to this Colombo
2816# mean time, 5h. 4m. 21.9s. F., was used." But 5:04:21.9 differs considerably
2817# from Colombo's meridian 5:19:24, so for now ignore Milne and stick with
2818# Shanks and Pottenger.
2819
2820# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
2821# "Sri Lanka advances clock by an hour to avoid blackout"
2822# (<http://www.virtual-pc.com/lankaweb/news/items/240596-2.html>, 1996-05-24,
2823# no longer available as of 1999-08-17)
2824# reported "the country's standard time will be put forward by one hour at
2825# midnight Friday (1830 GMT) 'in the light of the present power crisis'."
2826#
2827# From Dharmasiri Senanayake, Sri Lanka Media Minister (1996-10-24), as quoted
2828# by Shamindra in Daily News - Hot News Section
2829# <news:54rka5$m5h@mtinsc01-mgt.ops.worldnet.att.net> (1996-10-26):
2830# With effect from 12.30 a.m. on 26th October 1996
2831# Sri Lanka will be six (06) hours ahead of GMT.
2832
2833# From Jesper N��rgaard Welen (2006-04-14), quoting Sri Lanka News Online
2834# <http://news.sinhalaya.com/wmview.php?ArtID=11002> (2006-04-13):
2835# 0030 hrs on April 15, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006 +30 minutes)
2836# at present, become 2400 hours of April 14, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006).
2837
2838# From Peter Apps and Ranga Sirila of Reuters (2006-04-12) in:
2839# http://today.reuters.co.uk/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=scienceNews&storyID=2006-04-12T172228Z_01_COL295762_RTRIDST_0_SCIENCE-SRILANKA-TIME-DC.XML
2840# [The Tamil Tigers] never accepted the original 1996 time change and simply
2841# kept their clocks set five and a half hours ahead of Greenwich Mean
2842# Time (GMT), in line with neighbor India.
2843# From Paul Eggert (2006-04-18):
2844# People who live in regions under Tamil control can use [TZ='Asia/Kolkata'],
2845# as that zone has agreed with the Tamil areas since our cutoff date of 1970.
2846
2847# From Sadika Sumanapala (2016-10-19):
2848# According to http://www.sltime.org (maintained by Measurement Units,
2849# Standards & Services Department, Sri Lanka) abbreviation for Sri Lanka
2850# standard time is SLST.
2851#
2852# From Paul Eggert (2016-10-18):
2853# "SLST" seems to be reasonably recent and rarely-used outside time
2854# zone nerd sources. I searched Google News and found three uses of
2855# it in the International Business Times of India in February and
2856# March of this year when discussing cricket match times, but nothing
2857# since then (though there has been a lot of cricket) and nothing in
2858# other English-language news sources. Our old abbreviation "LKT" is
2859# even worse. For now, let's use a numeric abbreviation; we can
2860# switch to "SLST" if it catches on.
2861
2862# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2863Zone Asia/Colombo 5:19:24 - LMT 1880
2864 5:19:32 - MMT 1906 # Moratuwa Mean Time
2865 5:30 - +0530 1942 Jan 5
2866 5:30 0:30 +06 1942 Sep
2867 5:30 1:00 +0630 1945 Oct 16 2:00
2868 5:30 - +0530 1996 May 25 0:00
2869 6:30 - +0630 1996 Oct 26 0:30
2870 6:00 - +06 2006 Apr 15 0:30
2871 5:30 - +0530
2872
2873# Syria
2874# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2875Rule Syria 1920 1923 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
2876Rule Syria 1920 1923 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
2877Rule Syria 1962 only - Apr 29 2:00 1:00 S
2878Rule Syria 1962 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
2879Rule Syria 1963 1965 - May 1 2:00 1:00 S
2880Rule Syria 1963 only - Sep 30 2:00 0 -
2881Rule Syria 1964 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
2882Rule Syria 1965 only - Sep 30 2:00 0 -
2883Rule Syria 1966 only - Apr 24 2:00 1:00 S
2884Rule Syria 1966 1976 - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
2885Rule Syria 1967 1978 - May 1 2:00 1:00 S
2886Rule Syria 1977 1978 - Sep 1 2:00 0 -
2887Rule Syria 1983 1984 - Apr 9 2:00 1:00 S
2888Rule Syria 1983 1984 - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
2889Rule Syria 1986 only - Feb 16 2:00 1:00 S
2890Rule Syria 1986 only - Oct 9 2:00 0 -
2891Rule Syria 1987 only - Mar 1 2:00 1:00 S
2892Rule Syria 1987 1988 - Oct 31 2:00 0 -
2893Rule Syria 1988 only - Mar 15 2:00 1:00 S
2894Rule Syria 1989 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
2895Rule Syria 1989 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
2896Rule Syria 1990 only - Apr 1 2:00 1:00 S
2897Rule Syria 1990 only - Sep 30 2:00 0 -
2898Rule Syria 1991 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2899Rule Syria 1991 1992 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2900Rule Syria 1992 only - Apr 8 0:00 1:00 S
2901Rule Syria 1993 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2902Rule Syria 1993 only - Sep 25 0:00 0 -
2903# IATA SSIM (1998-02) says 1998-04-02;
2904# (1998-09) says 1999-03-29 and 1999-09-29; (1999-02) says 1999-04-02,
2905# 2000-04-02, and 2001-04-02; (1999-09) says 2000-03-31 and 2001-03-31;
2906# (2006) says 2006-03-31 and 2006-09-22;
2907# for now ignore all these claims and go with Shanks & Pottenger,
2908# except for the 2006-09-22 claim (which seems right for Ramadan).
2909Rule Syria 1994 1996 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2910Rule Syria 1994 2005 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2911Rule Syria 1997 1998 - Mar lastMon 0:00 1:00 S
2912Rule Syria 1999 2006 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2913# From Stephen Colebourne (2006-09-18):
2914# According to IATA data, Syria will change DST on 21st September [21:00 UTC]
2915# this year [only].... This is probably related to Ramadan, like Egypt.
2916Rule Syria 2006 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
2917# From Paul Eggert (2007-03-29):
2918# Today the AP reported "Syria will switch to summertime at midnight Thursday."
2919# http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/03/29/africa/ME-GEN-Syria-Time-Change.php
2920Rule Syria 2007 only - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
2921# From Jesper N��rgaard (2007-10-27):
2922# The sister center ICARDA of my work CIMMYT is confirming that Syria DST will
2923# not take place 1st November at 0:00 o'clock but 1st November at 24:00 or
2924# rather Midnight between Thursday and Friday. This does make more sense than
2925# having it between Wednesday and Thursday (two workdays in Syria) since the
2926# weekend in Syria is not Saturday and Sunday, but Friday and Saturday. So now
2927# it is implemented at midnight of the last workday before weekend...
2928#
2929# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-10-27):
2930# Jesper N��rgaard Welen wrote:
2931#
2932# > "Winter local time in Syria will be observed at midnight of Thursday 1
2933# > November 2007, and the clock will be put back 1 hour."
2934#
2935# I found confirmation on this in this gov.sy-article (Arabic):
2936# http://wehda.alwehda.gov.sy/_print_veiw.asp?FileName=12521710520070926111247
2937#
2938# which using Google's translate tools says:
2939# Council of Ministers also approved the commencement of work on
2940# identifying the winter time as of Friday, 2/11/2007 where the 60th
2941# minute delay at midnight Thursday 1/11/2007.
2942Rule Syria 2007 only - Nov Fri>=1 0:00 0 -
2943
2944# From Stephen Colebourne (2008-03-17):
2945# For everyone's info, I saw an IATA time zone change for [Syria] for
2946# this month (March 2008) in the last day or so....
2947# Country Time Standard --- DST Start --- --- DST End --- DST
2948# Name Zone Variation Time Date Time Date
2949# Variation
2950# Syrian Arab
2951# Republic SY +0200 2200 03APR08 2100 30SEP08 +0300
2952# 2200 02APR09 2100 30SEP09 +0300
2953# 2200 01APR10 2100 30SEP10 +0300
2954
2955# From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-17):
2956# Here's a link to English-language coverage by the Syrian Arab News
2957# Agency (SANA)...
2958# http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2008/03/11/165173.htm
2959# ...which reads (in part) "The Cabinet approved the suggestion of the
2960# Ministry of Electricity to begin daylight savings time on Friday April
2961# 4th, advancing clocks one hour ahead on midnight of Thursday April 3rd."
2962# Since Syria is two hours east of UTC, the 2200 and 2100 transition times
2963# shown above match up with midnight in Syria.
2964
2965# From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
2966# My best guess at a Syrian rule is "the Friday nearest April 1";
2967# coding that involves either using a "Mar Fri>=29" construct that old time zone
2968# compilers can't handle or having multiple Rules (a la Israel).
2969# For now, use "Apr Fri>=1", and go with IATA on a uniform Sep 30 end.
2970
2971# From Steffen Thorsen (2008-10-07):
2972# Syria has now officially decided to end DST on 2008-11-01 this year,
2973# according to the following article in the Syrian Arab News Agency (SANA).
2974#
2975# The article is in Arabic, and seems to tell that they will go back to
2976# winter time on 2008-11-01 at 00:00 local daylight time (delaying/setting
2977# clocks back 60 minutes).
2978#
2979# http://sana.sy/ara/2/2008/10/07/195459.htm
2980
2981# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-19):
2982# Syria will start DST on 2009-03-27 00:00 this year according to many sources,
2983# two examples:
2984#
2985# http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2009/03/17/217563.htm
2986# (English, Syrian Arab News # Agency)
2987# http://thawra.alwehda.gov.sy/_View_news2.asp?FileName=94459258720090318012209
2988# (Arabic, gov-site)
2989#
2990# We have not found any sources saying anything about when DST ends this year.
2991#
2992# Our summary
2993# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-starts-march-27-2009.html
2994
2995# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-27):
2996# The Syrian Arab News Network on 2009-09-29 reported that Syria will
2997# revert back to winter (standard) time on midnight between Thursday
2998# 2009-10-29 and Friday 2009-10-30:
2999# http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2009/09/29/247012.htm (Arabic)
3000
3001# From Arthur David Olson (2009-10-28):
3002# We'll see if future DST switching times turn out to be end of the last
3003# Thursday of the month or the start of the last Friday of the month or
3004# something else. For now, use the start of the last Friday.
3005
3006# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-17):
3007# The "Syrian News Station" reported on 2010-03-16 that the Council of
3008# Ministers has decided that Syria will start DST on midnight Thursday
3009# 2010-04-01: (midnight between Thursday and Friday):
3010# http://sns.sy/sns/?path=news/read/11421 (Arabic)
3011
3012# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
3013# Today, Syria's government announced that they will start DST early on Friday
3014# (00:00). This is a bit earlier than the past two years.
3015#
3016# From Syrian Arab News Agency, in Arabic:
3017# http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2012/03/26/408215.htm
3018#
3019# Our brief summary:
3020# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-2012.html
3021
3022# From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-27):
3023# Assume last Friday in March going forward XXX.
3024
3025Rule Syria 2008 only - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
3026Rule Syria 2008 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
3027Rule Syria 2009 only - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
3028Rule Syria 2010 2011 - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
3029Rule Syria 2012 max - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
3030Rule Syria 2009 max - Oct lastFri 0:00 0 -
3031
3032# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3033Zone Asia/Damascus 2:25:12 - LMT 1920 # Dimashq
3034 2:00 Syria EE%sT
3035
3036# Tajikistan
3037# From Shanks & Pottenger.
3038# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3039Zone Asia/Dushanbe 4:35:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
3040 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
3041 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3042 5:00 1:00 +05/+06 1991 Sep 9 2:00s
3043 5:00 - +05
3044
3045# Thailand
3046# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3047Zone Asia/Bangkok 6:42:04 - LMT 1880
3048 6:42:04 - BMT 1920 Apr # Bangkok Mean Time
3049 7:00 - +07
3050Link Asia/Bangkok Asia/Phnom_Penh # Cambodia
3051Link Asia/Bangkok Asia/Vientiane # Laos
3052
3053# Turkmenistan
3054# From Shanks & Pottenger.
3055# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3056Zone Asia/Ashgabat 3:53:32 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Ashkhabad
3057 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
3058 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00
3059 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00
3060 5:00 - +05
3061
3062# United Arab Emirates
3063# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3064Zone Asia/Dubai 3:41:12 - LMT 1920
3065 4:00 - +04
3066Link Asia/Dubai Asia/Muscat # Oman
3067
3068# Uzbekistan
3069# Byalokoz 1919 says Uzbekistan was 4:27:53.
3070# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3071Zone Asia/Samarkand 4:27:53 - LMT 1924 May 2
3072 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
3073 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
3074 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
3075 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
3076 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992
3077 5:00 - +05
3078# Milne says Tashkent was 4:37:10.8; round to nearest.
3079Zone Asia/Tashkent 4:37:11 - LMT 1924 May 2
3080 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
3081 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00
3082 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992
3083 5:00 - +05
3084
3085# Vietnam
3086
3087# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-04):
3088# Milne gives 7:16:56 for the meridian of Saigon in 1899, as being
3089# used in Lower Laos, Cambodia, and Annam. But this is quite a ways
3090# from Saigon's location. For now, ignore this and stick with Shanks
3091# and Pottenger for LMT before 1906.
3092
3093# From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
3094# The English-language name of Vietnam's most populous city is "Ho Chi Minh
3095# City"; use Ho_Chi_Minh below to avoid a name of more than 14 characters.
3096
3097# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-21) after a heads-up from Tr��n Ng��c Qu��n:
3098# Tr��n Ti��n B��nh's authoritative book "L��ch Vi��t Nam: th�� k�� XX-XXI (1901-2100)"
3099# (Nh�� xu��t b��n V��n Ho�� - Th��ng Tin, Hanoi, 2005), pp 49-50,
3100# is quoted verbatim in:
3101# http://www.thoigian.com.vn/?mPage=P80D01
3102# is translated by Brian Inglis in:
3103# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021654.html
3104# and is the basis for the information below.
3105#
3106# The 1906 transition was effective July 1 and standardized Indochina to

~~3100~~# Ph�� Li��n Observatory, legally 104 deg. 17'17" east of Paris.

3107# Ph�� Li��n Observatory, legally 104�� 17' 17" east of Paris.

3108# It's unclear whether this meant legal Paris Mean Time (00:09:21) or

~~3102~~# the Paris Meridian (2 deg. 20'14.03" E); the former yields 07:06:30.1333...

3109# the Paris Meridian (2�� 20' 14.03" E); the former yields 07:06:30.1333...

3110# and the latter 07:06:29.333... so either way it rounds to 07:06:30,
3111# which is used below even though the modern-day Ph�� Li��n Observatory
3112# is closer to 07:06:31. Abbreviate Ph�� Li��n Mean Time as PLMT.
3113#
3114# The following transitions occurred in Indochina in general (before 1954)
3115# and in South Vietnam in particular (after 1954):
3116# To 07:00 on 1911-05-01.
3117# To 08:00 on 1942-12-31 at 23:00.
3118# To 09:00 in 1945-03-14 at 23:00.
3119# To 07:00 on 1945-09-02 in Vietnam.
3120# To 08:00 on 1947-04-01 in French-controlled Indochina.
3121# To 07:00 on 1955-07-01 in South Vietnam.
3122# To 08:00 on 1959-12-31 at 23:00 in South Vietnam.
3123# To 07:00 on 1975-06-13 in South Vietnam.
3124#
3125# Tr��n cites the following sources; it's unclear which supplied the info above.
3126#
3127# Ho��ng Xu��n H��n: "L��ch v�� l��ch Vi��t Nam". T��p san Khoa h��c X�� h��i,
3128# No. 9, Paris, February 1982.
3129#
3130# L�� Th��nh L��n: "L��ch v�� ni��n bi��u l��ch s�� hai m��i th�� k�� (0001-2010)",
3131# NXB Th��ng k��, Hanoi, 2000.
3132#
3133# L�� Th��nh L��n: "L��ch hai th�� k�� (1802-2010) v�� c��c l��ch v��nh c��u",
3134# NXB Thu��n Ho��, Hu��, 1995.
3135
3136# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3137Zone Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh 7:06:40 - LMT 1906 Jul 1
3138 7:06:30 - PLMT 1911 May 1 # Ph�� Li��n MT
3139 7:00 - +07 1942 Dec 31 23:00
3140 8:00 - +08 1945 Mar 14 23:00
3141 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 2
3142 7:00 - +07 1947 Apr 1
3143 8:00 - +08 1955 Jul 1
3144 7:00 - +07 1959 Dec 31 23:00
3145 8:00 - +08 1975 Jun 13
3146 7:00 - +07
3147
3148# Yemen
3149# See Asia/Riyadh.