2# <pre> 3 4# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better, 5# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to 6# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future). 7 8# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 9# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is 10# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition), 11# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003). 12# 13# Gwillim Law writes that a good source 14# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport 15# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM), 16# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries 17# of the IATA's data after 1990. 18# 19# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for 20# entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards. 21# 22# Other sources occasionally used include: 23# 24# Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences, 25# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), 26# which I found in the UCLA library. 27# 28# <a href="http://www.pettswoodvillage.co.uk/Daylight_Savings_William_Willett.pdf"> 29# William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition 30# </a> (1914-03) 31# 32# Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH), 33# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm"> 34# History of Summer Time 35# </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese) 36 37# 38# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table; 39# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources. 40# Corrections are welcome! 41# std dst 2dst 42# LMT Local Mean Time 43# -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic 44# -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland* 45# -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland* 46# 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer 47# 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer 48# 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe 49# 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)* 50# 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)* 51# 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe 52# 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)* 53# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe 54# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow 55# 56# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain, 57# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997). 58 59# From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04), 60# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy, 61# Luxembourg, the Netherlands. 62# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom. 63# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece. 64# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal. 65# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for 66# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8% 67# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous 68# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice. 69# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.) 70# ... 71# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT. 72# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards. 73# ... 74# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules]. 75# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact 76# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the 77# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed 78# in the Directive. 79 80 81############################################################################### 82 83# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire) 84 85# From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06): 86# 87# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about 88# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo 89# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph 90# of the text said: 91# 92# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands 93# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude 94# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed 95# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They 96# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament, 97# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking 98# along the towpath within a few yards of it.' 99# 100# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's 101# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should 102# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761. 103# 104# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.] 105 106# From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18): 107# 108# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time. 109# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time, 110# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country. 111# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828) 112# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903). 113# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway 114# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most 115# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the 116# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be 117# adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it. 118# The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian, 119# and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many 120# railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public 121# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock 122# on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands, 123# one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal 124# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading 125# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13. 126# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition 127# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02. 128# 129# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single 130# transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much 131# about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time. 132 133# From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27): 134# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915), 135# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society 136# who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907) 137# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April, 138# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September. 139# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times, 140# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests. 141# Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and 142# it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916. 143# See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18). 144# A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in 145# a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular 146# subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith, 147# designed by G. W. Miller, is the the William Willett Memorial Sundial, 148# which is permanently set to Summer Time. 149 150# From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28): 151# It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of 152# summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country 153# between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which 154# plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the 155# foundations of civilization throughout the world. 156# -- <a href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/fh114willett.htm"> 157# "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly 158# </a> 159 160# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03): 161# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving'' 162# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this 163# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the 164# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''. 165 166# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19): 167# 168# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's 169# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom. 170 171# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed) 172# From: Jonathan Leffler 173# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament. 174# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in 175# politics making a fortune, not computing. 176 177# From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14): 178# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the 179# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published 180# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and 181# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T." 182 183# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02): 184# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the 185# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516) 186# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945). 187 188# From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03): 189# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir 190# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any 191# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't 192# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British 193# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally. 194# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png 195# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png 196 197# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21): 198# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time 199# which is to be introduced in May.... 200# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time" 201# which could not be said to run counter to any official description. 202 203# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02): 204# Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common 205# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first, 206# so we use `BDST'. 207 208# Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length 209# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom. 210# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating 211# and extending this list, which can be found in 212# <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/"> 213# History of legal time in Britain 214# </a> 215 216# From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06): 217# 218# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC; 219# see Lord Tanlaw's speech 220# <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0"> 221# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976) 222# </a>. 223 224# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 225# 226# For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948. 227# 228# Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger 229# are incorrect: 230# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until 231# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain. 232# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880. 233# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1. 234# It actually just had one transition. 235# * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II. 236# Actually, it conformed to Britain. 237# * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18. 238# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time. 239# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change). 240# 241# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger: 242# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT 243# to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to 244# conform with Great Britain. 245# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise. 246# 247# The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful; 248# we'll ignore it for now. 249# * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00. 250# 251# 252# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than 253# Shanks & Pottenger. 254# Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory 255# (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was 256# to London. For example: 257# 258# "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time." 259# -- James Joyce, Ulysses 260 261# From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26): 262# Irish laws are available online at www.irishstatutebook.ie. These include 263# various relating to legal time, for example: 264# 265# ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html 266# 267# ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html 268# ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html 269# 270# ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html 271# ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html 272# ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html 273# 274# ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html 275# ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html 276# ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html 277# 278# [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is 279# <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.] 280# 281# (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these 282# should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover 283# the laws applicable in Ireland.) 284# 285# (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined 286# in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it 287# is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time 288# being GMT+1.) 289 290# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28): 291# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31) 292# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time 293# (CT), equivalent to French civil time. 294# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that 295# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door) 296# and Frethun run in CT. 297# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities, 298# the French concession operators and the British civil authorities, 299# and that the time depends on who you're talking to. 300# If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason, 301# I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST. 302# This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST. 303 304# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02): 305# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94, 306# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC. 307# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate 308# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of 309# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is 310# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST". 311 312# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 313# Summer Time Act, 1916 314Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST 315Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT 316# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358 317Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST 318Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT 319# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274 320Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST 321Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT 322# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297 323Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST 324Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT 325# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458 326Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST 327# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844 328Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT 329# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363 330Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST 331Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT 332# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264 333Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST 334Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT 335# The Summer Time Act, 1922 336Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 337Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT 338Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 339Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 340# The Summer Time Act, 1925 341Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 342Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 343Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 344Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 345Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 346Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 347Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 348Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 349Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 350Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 351Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 352# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379 353Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT 354# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883 355Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST 356# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476 357Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 358Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST 359# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506 360Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 361# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932 362Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST 363# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312 364Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 365Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST 366# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208 367Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 368Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 369# The Summer Time Act, 1947 370Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST 371Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST 372Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST 373Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT 374# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495) 375Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST 376Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT 377# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373) 378Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST 379Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT 380# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518) 381# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430) 382# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451) 383Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST 384Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT 385# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925 386Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 387Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 388Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 389Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 390Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 391Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 392Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 393# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71) 394# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465) 395# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81) 396Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST 397Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT 398# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101) 399# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201) 400# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148) 401Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST 402# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117) 403Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST 404# The British Standard Time Act, 1968 405# (no summer time) 406# The Summer Time Act, 1972 407Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 408Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT 409# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089) 410# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673) 411# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223) 412# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931) 413Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST 414Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT 415# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985) 416# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729) 417# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798) 418Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT 419# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982) 420# See EU for rules starting in 1996. 421 422# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 423Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s 424 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27 425 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 426 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996 427 0:00 EU GMT/BST 428Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey 429Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey 430Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man 431Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 432 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 433 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s 434 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence 435 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00 436 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00 437 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00 438 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00 439 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00 440 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27 441 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 442 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996 443 0:00 EU GMT/IST 444 445############################################################################### 446 447# Europe 448 449# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC, 450# Common Market, etc. 451 452# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 453Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S 454Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - 455Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 - 456Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - 457Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S 458Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 - 459# The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See: 460# <a href="http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/dat/2000/en_300L0084.html"> 461# Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council 462# of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements. 463# </a> 464 465# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time. 466Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 467Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 468Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 - 469Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 470Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 471Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 - 472 473# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables. 474# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time. 475Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S 476Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 477Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 478Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - 479Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S 480Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 - 481Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S 482Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 - 483Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 484# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 485Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 - 486# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2008-07-13): 487# 488# I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s 489# in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was 490# corrected in version 2008d). The circumstancial evidence is simply the 491# tz database itself, as seen below: 492# 493# Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01 494# 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 495# 496# Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 497# 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 498# 499# Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884 500# 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 501# 502# Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 - 503# Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 504# Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 505# 506# The rule line to be changed is: 507# 508# Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 - 509# 510# It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on 511# 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time. However there are no 512# countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items 513# affected are apparently these ficticious zones that translates acronyms 514# CET and MET: 515# 516# Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 517# Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT 518# 519# It this is right then the corrected version would look like: 520# 521# Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 522# 523# A small step for mankind though 8-) 524Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 525Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 526Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 527Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - 528Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 529Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 530Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 - 531 532# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time. 533Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 534Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 535Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 536Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 537Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S 538Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 - 539 540# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 541Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time 542Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time 543Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time 544Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST 545Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST 546Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S 547Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 - 548Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S 549Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 550Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S 551Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 552# Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24): 553Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 554Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 555# Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in 556# Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14): 557Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 558Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 559# 560Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S 561Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 - 562Rule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 563Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 564Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 - 565 566# These are for backward compatibility with older versions. 567 568# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 569Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT 570Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 571Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT 572Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT 573 574# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST 575# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage. 576 577# From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12): 578# The official German names ... are 579# 580# Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00 581# Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00 582# 583# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG), 584# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111).... 585# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution 586# 587# Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) 588# Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit" 589# Postfach 3345 590# D-38023 Braunschweig 591# phone: +49 531 592-0 592# 593# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB 594# department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the 595# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as 596# 597# Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00 598# Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00 599 600 601# Albania 602# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 603Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S 604Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 - 605Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S 606Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 - 607Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S 608Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 609Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 610Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 611Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S 612Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 613Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S 614Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 615Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S 616Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 617Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S 618Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 619Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S 620Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - 621Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S 622Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 - 623Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S 624Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 625Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S 626Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 627Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 628# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 629Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914 630 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16 631 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul 632 1:00 EU CE%sT 633 634# Andorra 635# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 636Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901 637 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30 638 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00 639 1:00 EU CE%sT 640 641# Austria 642 643# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and 644# 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and 645# Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged" 646# date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition 647# Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV, 648# and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12. 649 650# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 651Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S 652Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 - 653Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S 654Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 655Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S 656Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 657Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S 658Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 659# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 660Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr 661 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920 662 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s 663 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s 664 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s 665 1:00 - CET 1946 666 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981 667 1:00 EU CE%sT 668 669# Belarus 670# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 671Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880 672 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time 673 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 674 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28 675 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3 676 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 677 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 678 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 679 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s 680 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s 681 2:00 Russia EE%sT 682 683# Belgium 684# 685# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02): 686# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from: 687# Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique, 688# Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991 689# (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC), 690# pp 8-9. 691# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium: 692# Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121. 693# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references. 694# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium. 695# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect. 696# 697# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 698Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S 699Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 700Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 701Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S 702Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 - 703Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S 704Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - 705Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 706Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 707Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S 708Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S 709Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S 710# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd 711# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier), 712# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15 713# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT. 714Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 715Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 716Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 717Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 - 718Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S 719Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S 720Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S 721Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S 722Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S 723Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S 724Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S 725Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S 726Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S 727Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S 728Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S 729Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 - 730Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S 731Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 - 732Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 733Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 734Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S 735Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - 736# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 737Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880 738 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT 739 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8 740 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00 741 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u 742 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s 743 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3 744 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977 745 1:00 EU CE%sT 746 747# Bosnia and Herzegovina 748# see Serbia 749 750# Bulgaria 751# 752# From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09): 753# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says: 754# EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ... 755# EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October 756# 757# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 758Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S 759Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 760Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S 761Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 - 762Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 - 763# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 764Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880 765 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT? 766 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00 767 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 768 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00 769 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00 770 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00 771 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 772 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997 773 2:00 EU EE%sT 774 775# Croatia 776# see Serbia 777 778# Cyprus 779# Please see the `asia' file for Asia/Nicosia. 780 781# Czech Republic 782# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 783Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S 784Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 785Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S 786Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 787Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S 788Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 789Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S 790# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 791Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850 792 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time 793 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s 794 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979 795 1:00 EU CE%sT 796 797# Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland 798 799# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-04-26): 800# http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law 801# [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01.... 802# The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL 803# confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29. 804# 805# The EU treaty with effect from 1973: 806# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL 807# 808# This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes 809# in subsequenet decrees with the law 810# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL 811# 812# It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have 813# not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST 814# changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to 815# 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from 816# the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know 817# when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only 818# confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981: 819# The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning 820# working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which 821# was suspended on that night): 822# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL 823 824# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-06-11): 825# The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between 826# Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two. 827 828# From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11): 829# Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not 830# wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980. 831 832# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 833Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S 834Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 - 835Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S 836Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 837Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 - 838Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S 839Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 - 840Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S 841Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 - 842Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S 843Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 - 844# 845# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 846Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890 847 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT 848 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 849 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 850 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980 851 1:00 EU CE%sT 852Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn 853 0:00 - WET 1981 854 0:00 EU WE%sT 855# 856# From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31): 857# During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in 858# East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones. 859# My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard. 860# 861# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 862# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01, 863# and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU 864# rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthab 865# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU 866# rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980. 867 868# From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing 869# <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15), 870# and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen: 871# 872# Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC 873# is according to the following time line: 874# 875# The military zone near Thule UTC-4 876# Standard Greenland time UTC-3 877# Scoresbysund UTC-1 878# Danmarkshavn UTC 879# 880# In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be 881# introduced. 882 883# From Rives McDow (2001-11-01): 884# 885# I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at 886# the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have 887# not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have 888# info from earlier correspondence.] 889# 890# According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule 891# Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight 892# savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time.... 893# 894# The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund 895# uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst. 896# There are just a few stations on this coast, including the 897# Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th 898# email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in 899# Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the 900# DPC research station at Zackenberg. 901# 902# Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use 903# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab). 904# 905# The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it 906# includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time 907# UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules. 908# 909# It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and 910# North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators 911# maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of 912# this area is that it sticks with Godthab time. This area might be 913# considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this. 914 915# From Rives McDow (2001-11-19): 916# I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place 917# there at 2:00 AM. 918 919# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 920# From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT; 921# the 1995 map as like Godthab. 922# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996. 923# startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error, 924# so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year. 925# For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules. 926# 927# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 928Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 929Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S 930Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D 931Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S 932Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D 933Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S 934# 935# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 936Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 937 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 938 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996 939 0:00 - GMT 940Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit 941 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 942 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29 943 -1:00 EU EG%sT 944Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk 945 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 946 -3:00 EU WG%sT 947Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base 948 -4:00 Thule A%sT 949 950# Estonia 951# From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15): 952# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards 953# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it, 954# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989.... 955# 956# From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28): 957# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s, 958# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:] 959# ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different 960# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules 961# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia.... 962# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on 963# human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to 964# summer time next spring.'' 965 966# From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited: 967# <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390"> 968# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law 969# </a> 970# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between 971# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120). 972# 973# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation 974# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg" 975# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time). 976 977# From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09) 978# via Steffen Thorsen: 979# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time, 980# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6.... 981# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European 982# Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory 983# for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do 984# after that. 985 986# From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29): 987# Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation 988# no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all 989# the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01. 990 991# From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21): 992# The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics. 993# Now we are using again EU rules. 994# 995# From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28): 996# The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21. 997 998# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 999Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880 1000 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time 1001 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul 1002 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May 1003 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6 1004 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15 1005 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22 1006 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s 1007 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s 1008 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22 1009 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1 1010 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21 1011 2:00 EU EE%sT 1012 1013# Finland 1014# 1015# From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC): 1016# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one, 1017# and it's supposed to change at 4am... 1018# 1019# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1020# Shanks & Pottenger say Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time 1021# since 1981. Go with Strang instead. 1022# 1023# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1024Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S 1025Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 1026# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1027Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31 1028 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time 1029 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00 1030 2:00 EU EE%sT 1031 1032# Aaland Is 1033Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn 1034 1035 1036# France 1037 1038# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20): 1039# 1040# Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions 1041# Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993 1042# 1043# Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur, 1044# Paris, 1991 1045# 1046# Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie, 1047# Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987 1048 1049 1050# 1051# Shank & Pottenger seem to use `24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman. 1052# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1053Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1054Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 - 1055Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S 1056Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S 1057Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 1058Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1059Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 - 1060Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1061Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - 1062Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 1063# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st 1064# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions 1065# were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1066Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1067Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S 1068Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S 1069Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S 1070Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 1071Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 1072Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1073Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 1074Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S 1075Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 1076Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S 1077Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 1078Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S 1079Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S 1080Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 1081Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S 1082Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S 1083Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 1084Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 - 1085Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S 1086# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger 1087# write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations. 1088# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez, 1089# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La 1090# Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Decartes, 1091# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin, 1092# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois, 1093# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collognes (Haute-Savioe). 1094Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 1095# Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00, 1096# but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12), 1097# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes 1098# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT. 1099Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S 1100Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M 1101Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S 1102Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M 1103Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S 1104Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M 1105Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S 1106Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M 1107Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 - 1108# Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00; 1109# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT. 1110Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S 1111Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 - 1112# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05, 1113# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21. 1114# Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based 1115# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC. 1116# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1117Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01 1118 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT 1119# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre. 1120 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00 1121# Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation; 1122# go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1123 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25 1124 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 1125 1:00 France CE%sT 1977 1126 1:00 EU CE%sT 1127 1128# Germany 1129 1130# From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29): 1131# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische 1132# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916. 1133# [See tz-link.htm for the URL.] 1134 1135# From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23): 1136# In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by 1137# <a href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/"> 1138# General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>. 1139 1140# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08): 1141# <a href="http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf"> 1142# http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf 1143# </a> 1144# says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20. 1145# However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so 1146# this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4. 1147 1148 1149# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1150Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S 1151Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - 1152Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1153# http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition 1154# occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger. 1155# Go with the PTB. 1156Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S 1157Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M 1158Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S 1159Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 1160Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S 1161 1162Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 1163Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S 1164Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 1165 1166# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1167Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr 1168 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00 1169 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946 1170 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980 1171 1:00 EU CE%sT 1172 1173# Georgia 1174# Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi. 1175# Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni) 1176# is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part. 1177 1178# Gibraltar 1179# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1180Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s 1181 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00 1182 1:00 - CET 1982 1183 1:00 EU CE%sT 1184 1185# Greece 1186# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1187# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1188Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S 1189Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 - 1190# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1191Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S 1192# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1193Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 - 1194Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S 1195Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - 1196# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1197Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S 1198Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 - 1199Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S 1200Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 - 1201Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S 1202Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 - 1203Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 1204Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 - 1205Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 - 1206Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S 1207Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 - 1208Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 1209Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 1210# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1211Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14 1212 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT 1213 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30 1214 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4 1215 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981 1216 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981; 1217 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1. 1218 2:00 EU EE%sT 1219 1220# Hungary 1221# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1222Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S 1223Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 - 1224Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S 1225Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 - 1226Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S 1227Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 - 1228Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S 1229Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 - 1230Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S 1231Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1232Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S 1233Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S 1234Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 - 1235Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S 1236Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 1237Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 1238Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1239Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S 1240Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 - 1241Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S 1242# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1243Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct 1244 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 1245 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00 1246 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 1247 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s 1248 1:00 EU CE%sT 1249 1250# Iceland 1251# 1252# From Adam David (1993-11-06): 1253# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT. 1254# 1255# (1993-12-05): 1256# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of 1257# Iceland Almanak. 1258# 1259# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour 1260# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts 1261# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which 1262# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT. 1263# 1264# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks 1265# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the 1266# time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always 1267# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars. 1268# 1269# (1993-12-10): 1270# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the 1271# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus 1272# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question. 1273# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day 1274# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday. 1275# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style" 1276# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it 1277# might mean something else (???). 1278# 1279# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1280# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks & Pottenger, and Whitman disagree on many points. 1281# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks & Pottenger, namely 1282# that Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that. 1283# 1284# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1285Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S 1286Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 - 1287Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 - 1288Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S 1289Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 - 1290Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S 1291Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 - 1292Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S 1293Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 - 1294Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S 1295Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 - 1296# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter 1297Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 1298Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 - 1299# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter 1300Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 1301# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week 1302Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 - 1303Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 - 1304Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 - 1305# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1306Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837 1307 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time? 1308 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s 1309 0:00 - GMT 1310 1311# Italy 1312# 1313# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06): 1314# Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893, 1315# called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32). 1316# During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time. 1317# But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff, 1318# so record only the time in Rome. 1319# 1320# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1321# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and 1322# F. Pollastri 1323# <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html"> 1324# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03) 1325# </a> 1326# (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute 1327# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows: 1328# 1329# year FP Shanks&P. (S) Whitman (W) Go with: 1330# 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W 1331# 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1332# 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S 1333# 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W 1334# 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S 1335# 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W 1336# 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S 1337# 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1338# 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S 1339# 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1340# 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur) 1341# 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1342# 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1343# 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S 1344# 09-20 09-27 00:00 S 1345# 1346# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1347Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S 1348Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 1349Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S 1350Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - 1351Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S 1352Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 - 1353Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S 1354Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S 1355Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 - 1356Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S 1357Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 - 1358Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S 1359Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 - 1360Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S 1361Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 - 1362Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S 1363Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 - 1364Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S 1365Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 - 1366Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S 1367Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 - 1368Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 1369Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S 1370Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1371Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S 1372Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 1373Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 1374Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S 1375Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1376Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S 1377Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S 1378Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 - 1379Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S 1380Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S 1381Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 1382Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - 1383# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1384Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22 1385 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov 1 0:00s # Rome Mean 1386 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1387 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 1388 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980 1389 1:00 EU CE%sT 1390 1391Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican 1392Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino 1393 1394# Latvia 1395 1396# From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17): 1397 1398# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy 1399# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the 1400# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about 1401# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981.... 1402# 1403# Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ... 1404# according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24 1405# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning 1406# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00) 1407# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00). 1408# 1409# Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ... 1410# according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13 1411# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning 1412# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00 1413# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of 1414# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day). 1415# 1416# Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ... 1417# according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14 1418# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, 1419# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the 1420# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia 1421# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00 1422# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of 1423# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00 1424# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is 1425# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock.... 1426# 1427# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of 1428# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of 1429# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union. 1430 1431# From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06): 1432# This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in 1433# <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm"> 1434# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of 1435# 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only). 1436 1437# <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html"> 1438# From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow: 1439# </a> 1440# The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will 1441# institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported. 1442# Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their 1443# clocks one hour in the spring.... 1444# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few 1445# daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European 1446# Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving 1447# time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government 1448# urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it 1449# appears that they will not do so.... 1450 1451# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1452Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 1453Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 1454# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1455Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880 1456 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time 1457 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer 1458 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00 1459 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00 1460 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11 1461 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5 1462 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul 1463 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13 1464 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s 1465 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s 1466 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21 1467 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29 1468 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2 1469 2:00 EU EE%sT 1470 1471# Liechtenstein 1472# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1473Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun 1474 1:00 - CET 1981 1475 1:00 EU CE%sT 1476 1477# Lithuania 1478 1479# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): 1480# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is 1481# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too. 1482 1483# From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07): 1484# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone 1485# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed. 1486 1487# From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29), 1488# via Steffen Thorsen: 1489# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours) 1490# to be valid here starting from October 31, 1491# as decided by the national government on Wednesday.... 1492# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a 1493# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was 1494# already done by Estonia. 1495 1496# From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm"> 1497# Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism 1498# </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving. 1499 1500# From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07): 1501# As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will 1502# observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid 1503# down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its 1504# neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of 1505# 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at 1506# http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm 1507 1508 1509# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1510Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880 1511 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time 1512 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time 1513 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12 1514 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9 1515 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3 1516 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24 1517 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 1518 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1519 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1520 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 1521 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u 1522 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u 1523 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1 1524 2:00 EU EE%sT 1525 1526# Luxembourg 1527# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; 1528# go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1529# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1530Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S 1531Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 1532Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S 1533Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 - 1534Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 1535Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - 1536Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S 1537Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 - 1538Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S 1539Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 - 1540Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S 1541Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 - 1542Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S 1543Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 - 1544Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S 1545Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 - 1546Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S 1547Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 - 1548Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S 1549Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S 1550Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S 1551Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S 1552Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S 1553# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1554Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun 1555 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25 1556 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s 1557 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00 1558 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00 1559 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977 1560 1:00 EU CE%sT 1561 1562# Macedonia 1563# see Serbia 1564 1565# Malta 1566# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1567Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S 1568Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 - 1569Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S 1570Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 - 1571Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S 1572Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 - 1573Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S 1574# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1575Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta 1576 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1577 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s 1578 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31 1579 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981 1580 1:00 EU CE%sT 1581 1582# Moldova 1583 1584# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1585# A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write 1586# that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00. 1587# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence 1588# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree). 1589# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area 1590# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time. 1591# But [two people] separately reported via 1592# Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau. 1593# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now. 1594 1595# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1596Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880 1597 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT 1598 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT 1599 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15 1600 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17 1601 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24 1602 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 1603 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6 1604 2:00 - EET 1991 1605 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 1606 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997 1607# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules. 1608 2:00 EU EE%sT 1609 1610# Monaco 1611# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's 1612# more precise 0:09:21. 1613# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1614Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 1615 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time 1616 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 1617 1:00 France CE%sT 1977 1618 1:00 EU CE%sT 1619 1620# Montenegro 1621# see Serbia 1622 1623# Netherlands 1624 1625# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940, 1626# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time. 1627 1628# However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01): 1629# Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00 1630# Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including 1631# the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time 1632# (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the 1633# common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was 1634# not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law. 1635# On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and 1636# was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd"). 1637# 1638# (2001-04-08): 1639# 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to 1640# observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common 1641# practice of following Amsterdam mean time. 1642# 1643# (2001-04-09): 1644# In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the 1645# municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe 1646# Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was 1647# actually followed. 1648# 1649# From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to 1650# observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of 1651# Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most 1652# places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically 1653# adopted Amsterdam mean time. 1654# 1655# Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety 1656# of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it 1657# was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe 1658# Amsterdam mean time. 1659 1660# The data before 1945 are taken from 1661# <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>. 1662 1663# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1664Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time 1665Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time 1666Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST 1667Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT 1668Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 1669Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT 1670Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST 1671Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT 1672Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 1673Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST 1674Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 1675# From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week 1676# in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend. 1677Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST 1678Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST 1679Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST 1680Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST 1681Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S 1682Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 - 1683Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S 1684Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 1685Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 1686# 1687# Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted 1688# below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer. 1689# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1690Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835 1691 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1 1692 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time 1693 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1694 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977 1695 1:00 EU CE%sT 1696 1697# Norway 1698# http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks & 1699# Pottenger. 1700# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1701Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S 1702Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 1703Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 1704Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - 1705Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 1706Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 - 1707Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S 1708# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1709Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1 1710 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00 1711 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1712 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980 1713 1:00 EU CE%sT 1714 1715# Svalbard & Jan Mayen 1716 1717# From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01): 1718# Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and 1719# Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the 1720# time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared 1721# as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan 1722# Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From 1723# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and 1724# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation 1725# for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came 1726# into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a 1727# part of this law since 1925/1930. (From 1728# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been 1729# able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100) 1730# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by 1731# Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever 1732# since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since 1733# before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere 1734# between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive). 1735 1736# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01): 1737# 1738# Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II, 1739# so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was 1740# keeping Berlin time. 1741# 1742# <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists 1743# burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in 1744# 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite 1745# frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a 1746# radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly 1747# the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that 1748# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules. 1749# 1750# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an 1751# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says 1752# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ 1753# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were 1754# expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return, 1755# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954) 1756# <http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html> 1757# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named 1758# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945. 1759# 1760# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970. Unless we can 1761# come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the 1762# war years it's probably best just do do the following for now: 1763Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen 1764 1765# Poland 1766# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1767Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 1768Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S 1769Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S 1770# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1771Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 - 1772# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1773Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S 1774Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 - 1775# For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski, 1776# Torun Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U., 1777# <http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1> 1778# Thanks to Przemyslaw Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference. 1779# He also gives these further references: 1780# Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm> 1781# Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf> 1782Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S 1783Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - 1784Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S 1785Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1786Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 1787Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S 1788Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S 1789Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 1790Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S 1791Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S 1792Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 - 1793Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S 1794Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 1795Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 1796# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1797Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880 1798 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time 1799 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00 1800 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun 1801 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00 1802 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 1803 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977 1804 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988 1805 1:00 EU CE%sT 1806 1807# Portugal 1808# 1809# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12): 1810# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone 1811# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC. 1812# 1813# Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve 1814# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring. 1815# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter. 1816# 1817# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12): 1818# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions 1819# at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos. 1820# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00. 1821# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00. 1822# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal 1823# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter. 1824# 1825# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1826# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not 1827# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules. 1828# Go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1829Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S 1830# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1831Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 - 1832Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 1833Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 - 1834Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 1835Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 1836Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S 1837Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 1838Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S 1839Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 - 1840Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 1841Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1842Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 1843Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1844Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 1845Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 1846# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1847Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1848Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S 1849Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S 1850# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1851Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1852# Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman. 1853Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S 1854Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 1855# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1856Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S 1857Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S 1858Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 1859# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1860Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 - 1861Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S 1862# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman. 1863Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 - 1864Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S 1865Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S 1866Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer 1867Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S 1868Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 - 1869Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M 1870Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S 1871Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M 1872Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S 1873Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1874Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 1875Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1876# Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman. 1877# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1878Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 1879Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1880Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S 1881Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 - 1882Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S 1883Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 1884Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 1885Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S 1886Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 1887Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 1888# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1889# Shanks & Pottenger say the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24; 1890# Willett says 1912-01-01. Go with Willett. 1891Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884 1892 -0:36:32 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time 1893 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 1894 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00 1895 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 1896 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s 1897 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u 1898 0:00 EU WE%sT 1899Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada 1900 -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time 1901 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time 1902 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 1903 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s 1904 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u 1905 -1:00 EU AZO%sT 1906Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal 1907 -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time 1908 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time 1909 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 1910 0:00 EU WE%sT 1911 1912# Romania 1913# 1914# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07): 1915# <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html"> 1916# Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at 1917# 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info, 1918# assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997, 1919# the same year as Bulgaria. 1920# 1921# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1922Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S 1923Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 - 1924Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S 1925Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S 1926Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1927Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S 1928Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 1929Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S 1930Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 - 1931# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1932Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct 1933 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT 1934 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s 1935 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 1936 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994 1937 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997 1938 2:00 EU EE%sT 1939 1940# Russia 1941 1942# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1943# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations. 1944# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991, 1945# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger, 1946# except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat 1947# 23:00, not Sun 02:00s. 1948# 1949# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29): 1950# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow! 1951# I do not know why they have decided to make this change; 1952# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching 1953# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch. 1954# 1955# From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04): 1956# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with 1957# UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group).... 1958# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor 1959# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there. 1960# 1961# From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30): 1962# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from 1963# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ... 1964# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located. 1965# 1966# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from 1967# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07): 1968# News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was 1969# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with 1970# the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began 1971# enforcing curfew at the wrong time. 1972# 1973# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05): 1974# There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in 1975# UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the 1976# SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan 1977# until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok 1978# since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are 1979# administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have 1980# remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan. 1981# 1982# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1983# 1984# Kaliningradskaya oblast'. 1985Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr 1986 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 1987 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946 1988 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1989 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1990# 1991# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 1992# Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast', 1993# Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast', 1994# Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast', 1995# Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya, 1996# Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya, 1997# Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya, 1998# Respublika Kareliya, Respublika Komi, 1999# Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast', 2000# Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El, 2001# Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast', 2002# Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug, 2003# Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast', 2004# Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast', 2005# Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg, 2006# Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast', 2007# Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan, 2008# Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast', 2009# Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast', 2010# Yaroslavskaya oblast' 2011Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880 2012 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time 2013 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00 2014 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct 2015 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 2016 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2017 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2018 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2019# 2020# Astrakhanskaya oblast', Kirovskaya oblast', Saratovskaya oblast', 2021# Volgogradskaya oblast'. Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400 2022# but Wikipedia (2006-05-09) says +0300. Perhaps it switched after the 2023# others? But we have no data. 2024Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3 2025 3:00 - TSAT 1925 Apr 6 # Tsaritsyn Time 2026 3:00 - STAT 1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time 2027 4:00 - STAT 1961 Nov 11 2028 4:00 Russia VOL%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Volgograd T 2029 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2030 4:00 - VOLT 1992 Mar 29 2:00s 2031 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 2032# 2033# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 2034# Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika 2035Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00 2036 3:00 - SAMT 1930 Jun 21 2037 4:00 - SAMT 1935 Jan 27 2038 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev 2039 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2040 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2041 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00 2042 4:00 Russia SAM%sT # Samara Time 2043# 2044# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 2045# Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug, 2046# Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast', 2047# Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast', 2048# Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast', 2049# Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug. 2050Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00 2051 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time 2052 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2053 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2054 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time 2055# 2056# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 2057# Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'. 2058Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14 2059 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme 2060 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2061 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2062 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 2063# 2064# From Paul Eggert (2006-08-19): I'm guessing about Tomsk here; it's 2065# not clear when it switched from +7 to +6. 2066# Novosibirskaya oblast', Tomskaya oblast'. 2067Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00 2068 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time 2069 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2070 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2071 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P. 2072 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 2073# 2074# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 2075# Kemerovskaya oblast', Krasnoyarskij kraj, 2076# Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug, 2077# Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug. 2078Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6 2079 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time 2080 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2081 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2082 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2083# 2084# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 2085# Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast', 2086# Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug. 2087Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880 2088 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time 2089 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time 2090 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2091 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2092 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 2093# 2094# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of] 2095# Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast', 2096# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'. 2097# The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij, 2098# Bulunskij, Verkhnekolymskij, Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj, 2099# Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij, 2100# Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenekskij, Olekminskij, Srednekolymskij, 2101# Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij, 2102# Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij. 2103Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15 2104 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time 2105 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2106 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2107 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2108# 2109# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of] 2110# Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj, 2111# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya). 2112# The Sakha districts are: Verkhoyanskij, Tomponskij, Ust'-Majskij, 2113# Ust'-Yanskij. 2114Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15 2115 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time 2116 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2117 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2118 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2119# 2120# Sakhalinskaya oblast'. 2121# The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long. 2122Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23 2123 9:00 - CJT 1938 2124 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25 2125 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T. 2126 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2127 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s 2128 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 2129# 2130# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of] 2131# Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya). 2132# Probably also: Kuril Islands. 2133# The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Momskij, 2134# Nizhnekolymskij, Ojmyakonskij. 2135Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2 2136 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time 2137 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2138 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2139 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2140# 2141# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 2142# Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug. 2143# 2144# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long. 2145Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10 2146 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time 2147 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2148 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2149 12:00 Russia PET%sT 2150# 2151# Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug 2152Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2 2153 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time 2154 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s 2155 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2156 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2157 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 2158 2159# Serbia 2160# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2161Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884 2162 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 2163 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 2164 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s 2165 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 2166# Metod Kozelj reports that the legal date of 2167# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time. 2168# Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj. 2169 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27 2170 1:00 EU CE%sT 2171Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia 2172Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro 2173Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina 2174Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia 2175Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia 2176 2177# Slovakia 2178Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava 2179 2180# Slovenia 2181# see Serbia 2182 2183# Spain 2184# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 2185# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; 2186# go with Shanks & Pottenger. 2187Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S 2188Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 - 2189Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 2190Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S 2191# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 2192Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S 2193# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 2194Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 - 2195Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 2196# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 2197Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 2198Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 2199Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 2200Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 2201# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; 2202# go with Shanks & Pottenger. 2203Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S 2204Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 2205Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S 2206Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 2207Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S 2208# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 2209Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer 2210Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S 2211Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M 2212Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S 2213Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S 2214Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S 2215Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 2216Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S 2217Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 - 2218Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S 2219Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 - 2220Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S 2221Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 2222Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S 2223Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 2224# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978. 2225Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S 2226Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 2227Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S 2228Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 - 2229Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 2230Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 - 2231Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 2232Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 2233Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 - 2234# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2235Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 Jan 1 0:00s 2236 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30 2237 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979 2238 1:00 EU CE%sT 2239Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901 2240 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00 2241 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00 2242 0:00 - WET 1924 2243 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929 2244 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16 2245 1:00 - CET 1986 2246 1:00 EU CE%sT 2247Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C. 2248 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time 2249 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s 2250 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s 2251 0:00 EU WE%sT 2252# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u. 2253# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU. 2254 2255# Sweden 2256 2257# From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger: 2258# 2259# The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879: 2260# From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all 2261# places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at 2262# three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the 2263# meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31. 2264# 2265# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30" 2266# eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the 2267# national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT.... 2268# 2269# About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk 2270# forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning 2271# of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at 2272# the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English 2273# observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west 2274# from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 2275# 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time 2276# in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT. 2277# 2278# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states 2279# that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is 2280# pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00.... 2281# Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later". 2282# 2283# The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish 2284# Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are 2285# not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available 2286# in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type 2287# "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click 2288# the Sok-button). 2289# 2290# (2001-05-13): 2291# 2292# I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00 2293# summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show 2294# 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some 2295# people thought the switch to standard time would take place already 2296# at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another 2297# hour before the event took place. 2298# 2299# Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left. 2300 2301# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2302Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1 2303 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time 2304 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00 2305 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00 2306 1:00 - CET 1980 2307 1:00 EU CE%sT 2308 2309# Switzerland 2310# From Howse: 2311# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace 2312# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep 2313# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 .... 2314# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 2315# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''): 2316Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S 2317Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 - 2318# From Shanks & Pottenger: 2319Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S 2320Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 - 2321# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2322Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12 2323 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time 2324 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981 2325 1:00 EU CE%sT 2326 2327# Turkey 2328 2329# From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03): 2330# The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now. 2331# ... The latest rules are available at - 2332# http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107 2333# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03): 2334# I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that 2335# DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time. I am not sure 2336# what happened before that. One example for each year from 1996 to 2001: 2337# http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm 2338# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT 2339# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM 2340# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016 2341# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021 2342# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027 2343# From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03): 2344# Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990. 2345 2346# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09): 2347# Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC 2348# start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07): 2349# http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp 2350# The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...: 2351# http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm 2352# I was able to locate the following seemingly official document 2353# (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006: 2354# http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm 2355
| 2# <pre> 3 4# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better, 5# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to 6# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future). 7 8# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 9# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is 10# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition), 11# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003). 12# 13# Gwillim Law writes that a good source 14# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport 15# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM), 16# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries 17# of the IATA's data after 1990. 18# 19# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for 20# entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards. 21# 22# Other sources occasionally used include: 23# 24# Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences, 25# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), 26# which I found in the UCLA library. 27# 28# <a href="http://www.pettswoodvillage.co.uk/Daylight_Savings_William_Willett.pdf"> 29# William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition 30# </a> (1914-03) 31# 32# Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH), 33# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm"> 34# History of Summer Time 35# </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese) 36 37# 38# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table; 39# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources. 40# Corrections are welcome! 41# std dst 2dst 42# LMT Local Mean Time 43# -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic 44# -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland* 45# -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland* 46# 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer 47# 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer 48# 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe 49# 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)* 50# 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)* 51# 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe 52# 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)* 53# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe 54# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow 55# 56# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain, 57# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997). 58 59# From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04), 60# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy, 61# Luxembourg, the Netherlands. 62# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom. 63# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece. 64# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal. 65# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for 66# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8% 67# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous 68# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice. 69# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.) 70# ... 71# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT. 72# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards. 73# ... 74# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules]. 75# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact 76# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the 77# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed 78# in the Directive. 79 80 81############################################################################### 82 83# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire) 84 85# From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06): 86# 87# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about 88# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo 89# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph 90# of the text said: 91# 92# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands 93# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude 94# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed 95# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They 96# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament, 97# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking 98# along the towpath within a few yards of it.' 99# 100# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's 101# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should 102# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761. 103# 104# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.] 105 106# From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18): 107# 108# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time. 109# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time, 110# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country. 111# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828) 112# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903). 113# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway 114# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most 115# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the 116# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be 117# adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it. 118# The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian, 119# and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many 120# railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public 121# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock 122# on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands, 123# one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal 124# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading 125# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13. 126# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition 127# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02. 128# 129# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single 130# transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much 131# about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time. 132 133# From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27): 134# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915), 135# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society 136# who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907) 137# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April, 138# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September. 139# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times, 140# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests. 141# Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and 142# it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916. 143# See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18). 144# A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in 145# a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular 146# subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith, 147# designed by G. W. Miller, is the the William Willett Memorial Sundial, 148# which is permanently set to Summer Time. 149 150# From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28): 151# It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of 152# summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country 153# between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which 154# plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the 155# foundations of civilization throughout the world. 156# -- <a href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/fh114willett.htm"> 157# "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly 158# </a> 159 160# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03): 161# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving'' 162# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this 163# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the 164# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''. 165 166# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19): 167# 168# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's 169# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom. 170 171# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed) 172# From: Jonathan Leffler 173# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament. 174# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in 175# politics making a fortune, not computing. 176 177# From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14): 178# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the 179# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published 180# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and 181# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T." 182 183# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02): 184# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the 185# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516) 186# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945). 187 188# From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03): 189# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir 190# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any 191# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't 192# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British 193# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally. 194# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png 195# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png 196 197# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21): 198# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time 199# which is to be introduced in May.... 200# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time" 201# which could not be said to run counter to any official description. 202 203# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02): 204# Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common 205# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first, 206# so we use `BDST'. 207 208# Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length 209# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom. 210# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating 211# and extending this list, which can be found in 212# <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/"> 213# History of legal time in Britain 214# </a> 215 216# From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06): 217# 218# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC; 219# see Lord Tanlaw's speech 220# <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0"> 221# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976) 222# </a>. 223 224# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 225# 226# For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948. 227# 228# Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger 229# are incorrect: 230# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until 231# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain. 232# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880. 233# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1. 234# It actually just had one transition. 235# * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II. 236# Actually, it conformed to Britain. 237# * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18. 238# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time. 239# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change). 240# 241# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger: 242# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT 243# to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to 244# conform with Great Britain. 245# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise. 246# 247# The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful; 248# we'll ignore it for now. 249# * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00. 250# 251# 252# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than 253# Shanks & Pottenger. 254# Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory 255# (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was 256# to London. For example: 257# 258# "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time." 259# -- James Joyce, Ulysses 260 261# From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26): 262# Irish laws are available online at www.irishstatutebook.ie. These include 263# various relating to legal time, for example: 264# 265# ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html 266# 267# ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html 268# ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html 269# 270# ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html 271# ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html 272# ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html 273# 274# ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html 275# ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html 276# ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html 277# 278# [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is 279# <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.] 280# 281# (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these 282# should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover 283# the laws applicable in Ireland.) 284# 285# (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined 286# in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it 287# is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time 288# being GMT+1.) 289 290# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28): 291# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31) 292# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time 293# (CT), equivalent to French civil time. 294# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that 295# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door) 296# and Frethun run in CT. 297# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities, 298# the French concession operators and the British civil authorities, 299# and that the time depends on who you're talking to. 300# If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason, 301# I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST. 302# This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST. 303 304# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02): 305# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94, 306# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC. 307# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate 308# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of 309# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is 310# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST". 311 312# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 313# Summer Time Act, 1916 314Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST 315Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT 316# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358 317Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST 318Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT 319# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274 320Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST 321Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT 322# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297 323Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST 324Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT 325# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458 326Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST 327# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844 328Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT 329# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363 330Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST 331Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT 332# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264 333Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST 334Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT 335# The Summer Time Act, 1922 336Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 337Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT 338Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 339Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 340# The Summer Time Act, 1925 341Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 342Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 343Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 344Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 345Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 346Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 347Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 348Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 349Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 350Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 351Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 352# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379 353Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT 354# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883 355Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST 356# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476 357Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 358Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST 359# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506 360Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 361# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932 362Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST 363# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312 364Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 365Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST 366# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208 367Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 368Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 369# The Summer Time Act, 1947 370Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST 371Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST 372Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST 373Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT 374# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495) 375Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST 376Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT 377# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373) 378Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST 379Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT 380# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518) 381# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430) 382# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451) 383Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST 384Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT 385# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925 386Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 387Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 388Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 389Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 390Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 391Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 392Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 393# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71) 394# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465) 395# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81) 396Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST 397Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT 398# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101) 399# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201) 400# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148) 401Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST 402# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117) 403Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST 404# The British Standard Time Act, 1968 405# (no summer time) 406# The Summer Time Act, 1972 407Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 408Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT 409# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089) 410# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673) 411# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223) 412# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931) 413Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST 414Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT 415# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985) 416# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729) 417# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798) 418Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT 419# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982) 420# See EU for rules starting in 1996. 421 422# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 423Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s 424 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27 425 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 426 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996 427 0:00 EU GMT/BST 428Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey 429Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey 430Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man 431Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 432 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 433 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s 434 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence 435 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00 436 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00 437 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00 438 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00 439 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00 440 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27 441 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 442 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996 443 0:00 EU GMT/IST 444 445############################################################################### 446 447# Europe 448 449# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC, 450# Common Market, etc. 451 452# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 453Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S 454Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - 455Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 - 456Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - 457Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S 458Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 - 459# The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See: 460# <a href="http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/dat/2000/en_300L0084.html"> 461# Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council 462# of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements. 463# </a> 464 465# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time. 466Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 467Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 468Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 - 469Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 470Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 471Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 - 472 473# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables. 474# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time. 475Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S 476Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 477Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 478Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - 479Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S 480Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 - 481Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S 482Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 - 483Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 484# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 485Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 - 486# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2008-07-13): 487# 488# I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s 489# in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was 490# corrected in version 2008d). The circumstancial evidence is simply the 491# tz database itself, as seen below: 492# 493# Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01 494# 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 495# 496# Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 497# 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 498# 499# Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884 500# 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 501# 502# Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 - 503# Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 504# Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 505# 506# The rule line to be changed is: 507# 508# Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 - 509# 510# It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on 511# 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time. However there are no 512# countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items 513# affected are apparently these ficticious zones that translates acronyms 514# CET and MET: 515# 516# Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 517# Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT 518# 519# It this is right then the corrected version would look like: 520# 521# Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 522# 523# A small step for mankind though 8-) 524Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 525Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 526Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 527Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - 528Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 529Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 530Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 - 531 532# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time. 533Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 534Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 535Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 536Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 537Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S 538Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 - 539 540# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 541Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time 542Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time 543Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time 544Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST 545Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST 546Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S 547Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 - 548Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S 549Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 550Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S 551Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 552# Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24): 553Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 554Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 555# Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in 556# Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14): 557Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 558Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 559# 560Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S 561Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 - 562Rule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 563Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 564Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 - 565 566# These are for backward compatibility with older versions. 567 568# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 569Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT 570Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 571Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT 572Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT 573 574# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST 575# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage. 576 577# From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12): 578# The official German names ... are 579# 580# Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00 581# Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00 582# 583# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG), 584# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111).... 585# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution 586# 587# Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) 588# Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit" 589# Postfach 3345 590# D-38023 Braunschweig 591# phone: +49 531 592-0 592# 593# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB 594# department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the 595# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as 596# 597# Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00 598# Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00 599 600 601# Albania 602# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 603Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S 604Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 - 605Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S 606Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 - 607Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S 608Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 609Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 610Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 611Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S 612Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 613Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S 614Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 615Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S 616Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 617Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S 618Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 619Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S 620Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - 621Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S 622Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 - 623Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S 624Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 625Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S 626Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 627Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 628# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 629Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914 630 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16 631 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul 632 1:00 EU CE%sT 633 634# Andorra 635# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 636Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901 637 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30 638 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00 639 1:00 EU CE%sT 640 641# Austria 642 643# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and 644# 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and 645# Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged" 646# date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition 647# Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV, 648# and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12. 649 650# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 651Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S 652Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 - 653Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S 654Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 655Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S 656Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 657Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S 658Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 659# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 660Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr 661 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920 662 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s 663 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s 664 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s 665 1:00 - CET 1946 666 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981 667 1:00 EU CE%sT 668 669# Belarus 670# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 671Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880 672 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time 673 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 674 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28 675 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3 676 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 677 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 678 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 679 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s 680 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s 681 2:00 Russia EE%sT 682 683# Belgium 684# 685# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02): 686# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from: 687# Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique, 688# Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991 689# (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC), 690# pp 8-9. 691# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium: 692# Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121. 693# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references. 694# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium. 695# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect. 696# 697# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 698Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S 699Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 700Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 701Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S 702Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 - 703Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S 704Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - 705Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 706Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 707Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S 708Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S 709Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S 710# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd 711# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier), 712# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15 713# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT. 714Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 715Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 716Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 717Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 - 718Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S 719Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S 720Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S 721Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S 722Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S 723Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S 724Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S 725Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S 726Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S 727Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S 728Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S 729Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 - 730Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S 731Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 - 732Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 733Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 734Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S 735Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - 736# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 737Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880 738 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT 739 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8 740 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00 741 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u 742 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s 743 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3 744 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977 745 1:00 EU CE%sT 746 747# Bosnia and Herzegovina 748# see Serbia 749 750# Bulgaria 751# 752# From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09): 753# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says: 754# EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ... 755# EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October 756# 757# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 758Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S 759Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 760Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S 761Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 - 762Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 - 763# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 764Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880 765 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT? 766 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00 767 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 768 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00 769 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00 770 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00 771 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 772 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997 773 2:00 EU EE%sT 774 775# Croatia 776# see Serbia 777 778# Cyprus 779# Please see the `asia' file for Asia/Nicosia. 780 781# Czech Republic 782# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 783Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S 784Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 785Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S 786Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 787Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S 788Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 789Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S 790# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 791Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850 792 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time 793 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s 794 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979 795 1:00 EU CE%sT 796 797# Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland 798 799# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-04-26): 800# http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law 801# [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01.... 802# The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL 803# confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29. 804# 805# The EU treaty with effect from 1973: 806# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL 807# 808# This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes 809# in subsequenet decrees with the law 810# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL 811# 812# It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have 813# not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST 814# changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to 815# 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from 816# the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know 817# when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only 818# confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981: 819# The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning 820# working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which 821# was suspended on that night): 822# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL 823 824# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-06-11): 825# The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between 826# Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two. 827 828# From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11): 829# Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not 830# wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980. 831 832# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 833Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S 834Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 - 835Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S 836Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 837Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 - 838Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S 839Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 - 840Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S 841Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 - 842Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S 843Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 - 844# 845# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 846Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890 847 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT 848 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 849 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 850 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980 851 1:00 EU CE%sT 852Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn 853 0:00 - WET 1981 854 0:00 EU WE%sT 855# 856# From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31): 857# During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in 858# East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones. 859# My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard. 860# 861# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 862# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01, 863# and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU 864# rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthab 865# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU 866# rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980. 867 868# From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing 869# <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15), 870# and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen: 871# 872# Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC 873# is according to the following time line: 874# 875# The military zone near Thule UTC-4 876# Standard Greenland time UTC-3 877# Scoresbysund UTC-1 878# Danmarkshavn UTC 879# 880# In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be 881# introduced. 882 883# From Rives McDow (2001-11-01): 884# 885# I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at 886# the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have 887# not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have 888# info from earlier correspondence.] 889# 890# According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule 891# Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight 892# savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time.... 893# 894# The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund 895# uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst. 896# There are just a few stations on this coast, including the 897# Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th 898# email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in 899# Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the 900# DPC research station at Zackenberg. 901# 902# Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use 903# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab). 904# 905# The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it 906# includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time 907# UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules. 908# 909# It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and 910# North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators 911# maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of 912# this area is that it sticks with Godthab time. This area might be 913# considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this. 914 915# From Rives McDow (2001-11-19): 916# I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place 917# there at 2:00 AM. 918 919# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 920# From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT; 921# the 1995 map as like Godthab. 922# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996. 923# startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error, 924# so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year. 925# For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules. 926# 927# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 928Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 929Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S 930Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D 931Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S 932Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D 933Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S 934# 935# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 936Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 937 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 938 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996 939 0:00 - GMT 940Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit 941 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 942 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29 943 -1:00 EU EG%sT 944Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk 945 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 946 -3:00 EU WG%sT 947Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base 948 -4:00 Thule A%sT 949 950# Estonia 951# From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15): 952# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards 953# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it, 954# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989.... 955# 956# From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28): 957# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s, 958# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:] 959# ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different 960# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules 961# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia.... 962# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on 963# human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to 964# summer time next spring.'' 965 966# From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited: 967# <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390"> 968# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law 969# </a> 970# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between 971# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120). 972# 973# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation 974# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg" 975# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time). 976 977# From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09) 978# via Steffen Thorsen: 979# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time, 980# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6.... 981# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European 982# Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory 983# for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do 984# after that. 985 986# From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29): 987# Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation 988# no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all 989# the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01. 990 991# From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21): 992# The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics. 993# Now we are using again EU rules. 994# 995# From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28): 996# The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21. 997 998# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 999Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880 1000 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time 1001 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul 1002 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May 1003 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6 1004 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15 1005 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22 1006 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s 1007 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s 1008 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22 1009 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1 1010 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21 1011 2:00 EU EE%sT 1012 1013# Finland 1014# 1015# From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC): 1016# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one, 1017# and it's supposed to change at 4am... 1018# 1019# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1020# Shanks & Pottenger say Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time 1021# since 1981. Go with Strang instead. 1022# 1023# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1024Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S 1025Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 1026# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1027Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31 1028 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time 1029 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00 1030 2:00 EU EE%sT 1031 1032# Aaland Is 1033Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn 1034 1035 1036# France 1037 1038# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20): 1039# 1040# Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions 1041# Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993 1042# 1043# Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur, 1044# Paris, 1991 1045# 1046# Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie, 1047# Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987 1048 1049 1050# 1051# Shank & Pottenger seem to use `24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman. 1052# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1053Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1054Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 - 1055Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S 1056Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S 1057Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 1058Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1059Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 - 1060Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1061Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - 1062Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 1063# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st 1064# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions 1065# were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1066Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1067Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S 1068Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S 1069Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S 1070Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 1071Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 1072Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1073Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 1074Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S 1075Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 1076Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S 1077Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 1078Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S 1079Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S 1080Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 1081Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S 1082Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S 1083Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 1084Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 - 1085Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S 1086# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger 1087# write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations. 1088# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez, 1089# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La 1090# Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Decartes, 1091# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin, 1092# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois, 1093# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collognes (Haute-Savioe). 1094Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 1095# Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00, 1096# but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12), 1097# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes 1098# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT. 1099Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S 1100Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M 1101Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S 1102Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M 1103Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S 1104Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M 1105Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S 1106Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M 1107Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 - 1108# Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00; 1109# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT. 1110Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S 1111Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 - 1112# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05, 1113# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21. 1114# Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based 1115# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC. 1116# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1117Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01 1118 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT 1119# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre. 1120 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00 1121# Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation; 1122# go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1123 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25 1124 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 1125 1:00 France CE%sT 1977 1126 1:00 EU CE%sT 1127 1128# Germany 1129 1130# From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29): 1131# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische 1132# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916. 1133# [See tz-link.htm for the URL.] 1134 1135# From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23): 1136# In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by 1137# <a href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/"> 1138# General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>. 1139 1140# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08): 1141# <a href="http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf"> 1142# http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf 1143# </a> 1144# says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20. 1145# However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so 1146# this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4. 1147 1148 1149# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1150Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S 1151Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - 1152Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1153# http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition 1154# occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger. 1155# Go with the PTB. 1156Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S 1157Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M 1158Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S 1159Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 1160Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S 1161 1162Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 1163Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S 1164Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 1165 1166# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1167Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr 1168 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00 1169 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946 1170 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980 1171 1:00 EU CE%sT 1172 1173# Georgia 1174# Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi. 1175# Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni) 1176# is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part. 1177 1178# Gibraltar 1179# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1180Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s 1181 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00 1182 1:00 - CET 1982 1183 1:00 EU CE%sT 1184 1185# Greece 1186# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1187# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1188Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S 1189Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 - 1190# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1191Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S 1192# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1193Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 - 1194Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S 1195Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - 1196# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1197Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S 1198Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 - 1199Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S 1200Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 - 1201Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S 1202Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 - 1203Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 1204Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 - 1205Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 - 1206Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S 1207Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 - 1208Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 1209Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 1210# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1211Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14 1212 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT 1213 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30 1214 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4 1215 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981 1216 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981; 1217 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1. 1218 2:00 EU EE%sT 1219 1220# Hungary 1221# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1222Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S 1223Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 - 1224Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S 1225Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 - 1226Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S 1227Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 - 1228Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S 1229Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 - 1230Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S 1231Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1232Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S 1233Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S 1234Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 - 1235Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S 1236Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 1237Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 1238Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1239Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S 1240Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 - 1241Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S 1242# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1243Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct 1244 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 1245 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00 1246 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 1247 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s 1248 1:00 EU CE%sT 1249 1250# Iceland 1251# 1252# From Adam David (1993-11-06): 1253# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT. 1254# 1255# (1993-12-05): 1256# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of 1257# Iceland Almanak. 1258# 1259# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour 1260# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts 1261# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which 1262# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT. 1263# 1264# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks 1265# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the 1266# time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always 1267# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars. 1268# 1269# (1993-12-10): 1270# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the 1271# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus 1272# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question. 1273# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day 1274# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday. 1275# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style" 1276# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it 1277# might mean something else (???). 1278# 1279# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1280# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks & Pottenger, and Whitman disagree on many points. 1281# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks & Pottenger, namely 1282# that Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that. 1283# 1284# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1285Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S 1286Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 - 1287Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 - 1288Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S 1289Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 - 1290Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S 1291Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 - 1292Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S 1293Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 - 1294Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S 1295Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 - 1296# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter 1297Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 1298Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 - 1299# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter 1300Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 1301# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week 1302Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 - 1303Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 - 1304Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 - 1305# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1306Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837 1307 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time? 1308 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s 1309 0:00 - GMT 1310 1311# Italy 1312# 1313# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06): 1314# Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893, 1315# called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32). 1316# During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time. 1317# But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff, 1318# so record only the time in Rome. 1319# 1320# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1321# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and 1322# F. Pollastri 1323# <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html"> 1324# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03) 1325# </a> 1326# (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute 1327# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows: 1328# 1329# year FP Shanks&P. (S) Whitman (W) Go with: 1330# 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W 1331# 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1332# 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S 1333# 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W 1334# 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S 1335# 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W 1336# 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S 1337# 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1338# 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S 1339# 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1340# 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur) 1341# 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1342# 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1343# 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S 1344# 09-20 09-27 00:00 S 1345# 1346# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1347Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S 1348Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 1349Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S 1350Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - 1351Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S 1352Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 - 1353Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S 1354Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S 1355Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 - 1356Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S 1357Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 - 1358Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S 1359Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 - 1360Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S 1361Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 - 1362Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S 1363Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 - 1364Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S 1365Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 - 1366Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S 1367Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 - 1368Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 1369Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S 1370Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1371Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S 1372Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 1373Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 1374Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S 1375Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1376Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S 1377Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S 1378Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 - 1379Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S 1380Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S 1381Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 1382Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - 1383# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1384Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22 1385 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov 1 0:00s # Rome Mean 1386 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1387 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 1388 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980 1389 1:00 EU CE%sT 1390 1391Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican 1392Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino 1393 1394# Latvia 1395 1396# From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17): 1397 1398# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy 1399# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the 1400# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about 1401# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981.... 1402# 1403# Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ... 1404# according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24 1405# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning 1406# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00) 1407# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00). 1408# 1409# Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ... 1410# according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13 1411# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning 1412# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00 1413# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of 1414# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day). 1415# 1416# Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ... 1417# according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14 1418# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, 1419# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the 1420# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia 1421# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00 1422# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of 1423# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00 1424# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is 1425# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock.... 1426# 1427# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of 1428# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of 1429# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union. 1430 1431# From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06): 1432# This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in 1433# <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm"> 1434# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of 1435# 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only). 1436 1437# <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html"> 1438# From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow: 1439# </a> 1440# The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will 1441# institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported. 1442# Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their 1443# clocks one hour in the spring.... 1444# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few 1445# daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European 1446# Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving 1447# time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government 1448# urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it 1449# appears that they will not do so.... 1450 1451# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1452Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 1453Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 1454# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1455Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880 1456 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time 1457 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer 1458 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00 1459 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00 1460 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11 1461 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5 1462 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul 1463 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13 1464 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s 1465 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s 1466 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21 1467 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29 1468 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2 1469 2:00 EU EE%sT 1470 1471# Liechtenstein 1472# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1473Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun 1474 1:00 - CET 1981 1475 1:00 EU CE%sT 1476 1477# Lithuania 1478 1479# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): 1480# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is 1481# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too. 1482 1483# From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07): 1484# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone 1485# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed. 1486 1487# From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29), 1488# via Steffen Thorsen: 1489# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours) 1490# to be valid here starting from October 31, 1491# as decided by the national government on Wednesday.... 1492# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a 1493# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was 1494# already done by Estonia. 1495 1496# From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm"> 1497# Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism 1498# </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving. 1499 1500# From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07): 1501# As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will 1502# observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid 1503# down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its 1504# neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of 1505# 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at 1506# http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm 1507 1508 1509# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1510Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880 1511 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time 1512 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time 1513 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12 1514 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9 1515 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3 1516 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24 1517 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 1518 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1519 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1520 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 1521 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u 1522 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u 1523 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1 1524 2:00 EU EE%sT 1525 1526# Luxembourg 1527# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; 1528# go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1529# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1530Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S 1531Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 1532Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S 1533Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 - 1534Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 1535Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - 1536Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S 1537Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 - 1538Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S 1539Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 - 1540Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S 1541Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 - 1542Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S 1543Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 - 1544Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S 1545Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 - 1546Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S 1547Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 - 1548Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S 1549Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S 1550Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S 1551Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S 1552Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S 1553# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1554Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun 1555 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25 1556 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s 1557 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00 1558 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00 1559 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977 1560 1:00 EU CE%sT 1561 1562# Macedonia 1563# see Serbia 1564 1565# Malta 1566# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1567Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S 1568Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 - 1569Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S 1570Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 - 1571Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S 1572Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 - 1573Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S 1574# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1575Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta 1576 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1577 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s 1578 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31 1579 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981 1580 1:00 EU CE%sT 1581 1582# Moldova 1583 1584# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1585# A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write 1586# that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00. 1587# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence 1588# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree). 1589# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area 1590# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time. 1591# But [two people] separately reported via 1592# Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau. 1593# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now. 1594 1595# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1596Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880 1597 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT 1598 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT 1599 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15 1600 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17 1601 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24 1602 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 1603 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6 1604 2:00 - EET 1991 1605 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 1606 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997 1607# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules. 1608 2:00 EU EE%sT 1609 1610# Monaco 1611# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's 1612# more precise 0:09:21. 1613# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1614Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 1615 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time 1616 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 1617 1:00 France CE%sT 1977 1618 1:00 EU CE%sT 1619 1620# Montenegro 1621# see Serbia 1622 1623# Netherlands 1624 1625# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940, 1626# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time. 1627 1628# However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01): 1629# Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00 1630# Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including 1631# the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time 1632# (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the 1633# common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was 1634# not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law. 1635# On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and 1636# was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd"). 1637# 1638# (2001-04-08): 1639# 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to 1640# observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common 1641# practice of following Amsterdam mean time. 1642# 1643# (2001-04-09): 1644# In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the 1645# municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe 1646# Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was 1647# actually followed. 1648# 1649# From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to 1650# observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of 1651# Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most 1652# places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically 1653# adopted Amsterdam mean time. 1654# 1655# Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety 1656# of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it 1657# was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe 1658# Amsterdam mean time. 1659 1660# The data before 1945 are taken from 1661# <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>. 1662 1663# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1664Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time 1665Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time 1666Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST 1667Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT 1668Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 1669Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT 1670Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST 1671Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT 1672Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 1673Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST 1674Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 1675# From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week 1676# in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend. 1677Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST 1678Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST 1679Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST 1680Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST 1681Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S 1682Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 - 1683Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S 1684Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 1685Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 1686# 1687# Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted 1688# below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer. 1689# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1690Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835 1691 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1 1692 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time 1693 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1694 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977 1695 1:00 EU CE%sT 1696 1697# Norway 1698# http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks & 1699# Pottenger. 1700# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1701Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S 1702Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 1703Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 1704Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - 1705Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 1706Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 - 1707Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S 1708# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1709Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1 1710 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00 1711 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1712 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980 1713 1:00 EU CE%sT 1714 1715# Svalbard & Jan Mayen 1716 1717# From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01): 1718# Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and 1719# Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the 1720# time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared 1721# as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan 1722# Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From 1723# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and 1724# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation 1725# for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came 1726# into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a 1727# part of this law since 1925/1930. (From 1728# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been 1729# able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100) 1730# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by 1731# Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever 1732# since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since 1733# before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere 1734# between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive). 1735 1736# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01): 1737# 1738# Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II, 1739# so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was 1740# keeping Berlin time. 1741# 1742# <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists 1743# burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in 1744# 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite 1745# frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a 1746# radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly 1747# the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that 1748# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules. 1749# 1750# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an 1751# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says 1752# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ 1753# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were 1754# expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return, 1755# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954) 1756# <http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html> 1757# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named 1758# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945. 1759# 1760# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970. Unless we can 1761# come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the 1762# war years it's probably best just do do the following for now: 1763Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen 1764 1765# Poland 1766# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1767Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 1768Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S 1769Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S 1770# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1771Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 - 1772# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1773Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S 1774Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 - 1775# For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski, 1776# Torun Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U., 1777# <http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1> 1778# Thanks to Przemyslaw Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference. 1779# He also gives these further references: 1780# Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm> 1781# Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf> 1782Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S 1783Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - 1784Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S 1785Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1786Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 1787Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S 1788Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S 1789Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 1790Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S 1791Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S 1792Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 - 1793Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S 1794Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 1795Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 1796# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1797Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880 1798 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time 1799 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00 1800 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun 1801 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00 1802 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 1803 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977 1804 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988 1805 1:00 EU CE%sT 1806 1807# Portugal 1808# 1809# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12): 1810# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone 1811# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC. 1812# 1813# Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve 1814# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring. 1815# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter. 1816# 1817# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12): 1818# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions 1819# at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos. 1820# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00. 1821# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00. 1822# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal 1823# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter. 1824# 1825# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1826# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not 1827# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules. 1828# Go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1829Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S 1830# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1831Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 - 1832Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 1833Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 - 1834Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 1835Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 1836Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S 1837Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 1838Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S 1839Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 - 1840Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 1841Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1842Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 1843Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1844Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 1845Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 1846# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1847Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1848Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S 1849Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S 1850# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1851Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1852# Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman. 1853Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S 1854Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 1855# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1856Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S 1857Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S 1858Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 1859# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1860Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 - 1861Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S 1862# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman. 1863Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 - 1864Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S 1865Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S 1866Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer 1867Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S 1868Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 - 1869Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M 1870Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S 1871Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M 1872Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S 1873Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1874Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 1875Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1876# Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman. 1877# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1878Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 1879Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1880Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S 1881Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 - 1882Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S 1883Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 1884Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 1885Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S 1886Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 1887Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 1888# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1889# Shanks & Pottenger say the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24; 1890# Willett says 1912-01-01. Go with Willett. 1891Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884 1892 -0:36:32 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time 1893 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 1894 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00 1895 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 1896 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s 1897 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u 1898 0:00 EU WE%sT 1899Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada 1900 -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time 1901 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time 1902 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 1903 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s 1904 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u 1905 -1:00 EU AZO%sT 1906Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal 1907 -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time 1908 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time 1909 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 1910 0:00 EU WE%sT 1911 1912# Romania 1913# 1914# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07): 1915# <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html"> 1916# Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at 1917# 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info, 1918# assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997, 1919# the same year as Bulgaria. 1920# 1921# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1922Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S 1923Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 - 1924Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S 1925Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S 1926Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1927Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S 1928Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 1929Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S 1930Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 - 1931# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1932Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct 1933 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT 1934 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s 1935 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 1936 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994 1937 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997 1938 2:00 EU EE%sT 1939 1940# Russia 1941 1942# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1943# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations. 1944# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991, 1945# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger, 1946# except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat 1947# 23:00, not Sun 02:00s. 1948# 1949# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29): 1950# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow! 1951# I do not know why they have decided to make this change; 1952# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching 1953# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch. 1954# 1955# From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04): 1956# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with 1957# UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group).... 1958# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor 1959# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there. 1960# 1961# From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30): 1962# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from 1963# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ... 1964# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located. 1965# 1966# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from 1967# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07): 1968# News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was 1969# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with 1970# the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began 1971# enforcing curfew at the wrong time. 1972# 1973# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05): 1974# There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in 1975# UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the 1976# SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan 1977# until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok 1978# since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are 1979# administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have 1980# remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan. 1981# 1982# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1983# 1984# Kaliningradskaya oblast'. 1985Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr 1986 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 1987 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946 1988 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1989 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1990# 1991# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 1992# Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast', 1993# Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast', 1994# Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast', 1995# Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya, 1996# Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya, 1997# Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya, 1998# Respublika Kareliya, Respublika Komi, 1999# Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast', 2000# Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El, 2001# Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast', 2002# Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug, 2003# Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast', 2004# Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast', 2005# Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg, 2006# Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast', 2007# Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan, 2008# Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast', 2009# Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast', 2010# Yaroslavskaya oblast' 2011Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880 2012 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time 2013 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00 2014 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct 2015 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 2016 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2017 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2018 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2019# 2020# Astrakhanskaya oblast', Kirovskaya oblast', Saratovskaya oblast', 2021# Volgogradskaya oblast'. Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400 2022# but Wikipedia (2006-05-09) says +0300. Perhaps it switched after the 2023# others? But we have no data. 2024Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3 2025 3:00 - TSAT 1925 Apr 6 # Tsaritsyn Time 2026 3:00 - STAT 1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time 2027 4:00 - STAT 1961 Nov 11 2028 4:00 Russia VOL%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Volgograd T 2029 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2030 4:00 - VOLT 1992 Mar 29 2:00s 2031 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 2032# 2033# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 2034# Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika 2035Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00 2036 3:00 - SAMT 1930 Jun 21 2037 4:00 - SAMT 1935 Jan 27 2038 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev 2039 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2040 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2041 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00 2042 4:00 Russia SAM%sT # Samara Time 2043# 2044# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 2045# Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug, 2046# Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast', 2047# Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast', 2048# Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast', 2049# Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug. 2050Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00 2051 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time 2052 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2053 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2054 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time 2055# 2056# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 2057# Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'. 2058Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14 2059 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme 2060 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2061 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2062 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 2063# 2064# From Paul Eggert (2006-08-19): I'm guessing about Tomsk here; it's 2065# not clear when it switched from +7 to +6. 2066# Novosibirskaya oblast', Tomskaya oblast'. 2067Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00 2068 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time 2069 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2070 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2071 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P. 2072 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 2073# 2074# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 2075# Kemerovskaya oblast', Krasnoyarskij kraj, 2076# Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug, 2077# Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug. 2078Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6 2079 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time 2080 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2081 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2082 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2083# 2084# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 2085# Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast', 2086# Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug. 2087Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880 2088 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time 2089 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time 2090 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2091 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2092 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 2093# 2094# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of] 2095# Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast', 2096# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'. 2097# The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij, 2098# Bulunskij, Verkhnekolymskij, Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj, 2099# Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij, 2100# Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenekskij, Olekminskij, Srednekolymskij, 2101# Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij, 2102# Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij. 2103Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15 2104 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time 2105 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2106 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2107 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2108# 2109# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of] 2110# Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj, 2111# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya). 2112# The Sakha districts are: Verkhoyanskij, Tomponskij, Ust'-Majskij, 2113# Ust'-Yanskij. 2114Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15 2115 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time 2116 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2117 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2118 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2119# 2120# Sakhalinskaya oblast'. 2121# The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long. 2122Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23 2123 9:00 - CJT 1938 2124 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25 2125 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T. 2126 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2127 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s 2128 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 2129# 2130# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of] 2131# Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya). 2132# Probably also: Kuril Islands. 2133# The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Momskij, 2134# Nizhnekolymskij, Ojmyakonskij. 2135Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2 2136 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time 2137 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2138 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2139 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2140# 2141# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 2142# Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug. 2143# 2144# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long. 2145Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10 2146 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time 2147 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2148 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2149 12:00 Russia PET%sT 2150# 2151# Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug 2152Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2 2153 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time 2154 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s 2155 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2156 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2157 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 2158 2159# Serbia 2160# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2161Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884 2162 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 2163 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 2164 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s 2165 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 2166# Metod Kozelj reports that the legal date of 2167# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time. 2168# Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj. 2169 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27 2170 1:00 EU CE%sT 2171Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia 2172Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro 2173Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina 2174Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia 2175Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia 2176 2177# Slovakia 2178Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava 2179 2180# Slovenia 2181# see Serbia 2182 2183# Spain 2184# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 2185# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; 2186# go with Shanks & Pottenger. 2187Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S 2188Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 - 2189Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 2190Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S 2191# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 2192Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S 2193# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 2194Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 - 2195Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 2196# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 2197Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 2198Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 2199Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 2200Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 2201# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; 2202# go with Shanks & Pottenger. 2203Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S 2204Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 2205Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S 2206Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 2207Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S 2208# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 2209Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer 2210Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S 2211Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M 2212Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S 2213Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S 2214Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S 2215Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 2216Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S 2217Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 - 2218Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S 2219Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 - 2220Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S 2221Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 2222Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S 2223Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 2224# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978. 2225Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S 2226Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 2227Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S 2228Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 - 2229Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 2230Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 - 2231Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 2232Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 2233Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 - 2234# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2235Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 Jan 1 0:00s 2236 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30 2237 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979 2238 1:00 EU CE%sT 2239Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901 2240 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00 2241 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00 2242 0:00 - WET 1924 2243 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929 2244 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16 2245 1:00 - CET 1986 2246 1:00 EU CE%sT 2247Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C. 2248 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time 2249 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s 2250 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s 2251 0:00 EU WE%sT 2252# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u. 2253# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU. 2254 2255# Sweden 2256 2257# From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger: 2258# 2259# The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879: 2260# From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all 2261# places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at 2262# three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the 2263# meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31. 2264# 2265# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30" 2266# eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the 2267# national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT.... 2268# 2269# About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk 2270# forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning 2271# of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at 2272# the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English 2273# observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west 2274# from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 2275# 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time 2276# in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT. 2277# 2278# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states 2279# that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is 2280# pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00.... 2281# Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later". 2282# 2283# The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish 2284# Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are 2285# not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available 2286# in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type 2287# "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click 2288# the Sok-button). 2289# 2290# (2001-05-13): 2291# 2292# I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00 2293# summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show 2294# 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some 2295# people thought the switch to standard time would take place already 2296# at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another 2297# hour before the event took place. 2298# 2299# Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left. 2300 2301# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2302Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1 2303 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time 2304 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00 2305 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00 2306 1:00 - CET 1980 2307 1:00 EU CE%sT 2308 2309# Switzerland 2310# From Howse: 2311# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace 2312# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep 2313# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 .... 2314# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 2315# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''): 2316Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S 2317Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 - 2318# From Shanks & Pottenger: 2319Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S 2320Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 - 2321# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2322Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12 2323 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time 2324 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981 2325 1:00 EU CE%sT 2326 2327# Turkey 2328 2329# From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03): 2330# The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now. 2331# ... The latest rules are available at - 2332# http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107 2333# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03): 2334# I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that 2335# DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time. I am not sure 2336# what happened before that. One example for each year from 1996 to 2001: 2337# http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm 2338# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT 2339# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM 2340# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016 2341# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021 2342# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027 2343# From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03): 2344# Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990. 2345 2346# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09): 2347# Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC 2348# start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07): 2349# http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp 2350# The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...: 2351# http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm 2352# I was able to locate the following seemingly official document 2353# (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006: 2354# http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm 2355
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