2# <pre>
3
4# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
5# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
6# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
7
8# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
9# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
10# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
11# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
12#
13# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
14# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
15# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
16# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
17# of the IATA's data after 1990.
18#
19# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
20# entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
21#
22# Other sources occasionally used include:
23#
24# Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
25# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
26# which I found in the UCLA library.
27#
28# <a href="http://www.pettswoodvillage.co.uk/Daylight_Savings_William_Willett.pdf">
29# William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
30# </a> (1914-03)
31#
32# Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
33# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
34# History of Summer Time
35# </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
36
37#
38# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
39# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
40# Corrections are welcome!
41# std dst 2dst
42# LMT Local Mean Time
43# -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
44# -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
45# -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
46# 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
47# 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
48# 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
49# 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
50# 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
51# 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
52# 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
53# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
54# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
55#
56# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
57# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
58
59# From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
60# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
61# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
62# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
63# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
64# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
65# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
66# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
67# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
68# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
69# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
70# ...
71# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
72# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
73# ...
74# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
75# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
76# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
77# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
78# in the Directive.
79
80
81###############################################################################
82
83# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
84
85# From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
86#
87# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
88# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
89# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
90# of the text said:
91#
92# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
93# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
94# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
95# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
96# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
97# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
98# along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
99#
100# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
101# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
102# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
103#
104# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
105
106# From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
107#
108# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
109# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
110# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
111# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
112# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
113# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
114# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
115# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
116# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
117# adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
118# The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
119# and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
120# railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
121# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
122# on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
123# one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
124# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
125# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
126# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
127# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
128#
129# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
130# transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
131# about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
132
133# From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27):
134# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
135# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
136# who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
137# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
138# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
139# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
140# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
141# Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
142# it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
143# See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
144# A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
145# a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
146# subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
147# designed by G. W. Miller, is the the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
148# which is permanently set to Summer Time.
149
150# From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
151# It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
152# summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
153# between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
154# plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
155# foundations of civilization throughout the world.
156# -- <a href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/fh114willett.htm">
157# "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly
158# </a>
159
160# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
161# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
162# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
163# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
164# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
165
166# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
167#
168# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
169# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
170
171# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
172# From: Jonathan Leffler
173# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
174# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
175# politics making a fortune, not computing.
176
177# From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
178# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
179# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
180# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
181# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
182
183# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
184# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
185# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
186# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
187
188# From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
189# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
190# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
191# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
192# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
193# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
194# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
195# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
196
197# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
198# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
199# which is to be introduced in May....
200# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
201# which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
202
203# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
204# Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common
205# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
206# so we use `BDST'.
207
208# Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
209# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
210# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
211# and extending this list, which can be found in
212# <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/">
213# History of legal time in Britain
214# </a>
215
216# From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
217#
218# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
219# see Lord Tanlaw's speech
220# <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
221# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
222# </a>.
223
224# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
225#
226# For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
227#
228# Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
229# are incorrect:
230# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
231# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
232# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
233# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
234# It actually just had one transition.
235# * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
236# Actually, it conformed to Britain.
237# * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
238# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
239# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
240#
241# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
242# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
243# to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
244# conform with Great Britain.
245# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
246#
247# The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
248# we'll ignore it for now.
249# * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
250#
251#
252# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
253# Shanks & Pottenger.
254# Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
255# (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
256# to London. For example:
257#
258# "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
259# -- James Joyce, Ulysses
260
261# From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
262# Irish laws are available online at www.irishstatutebook.ie. These include
263# various relating to legal time, for example:
264#
265# ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
266#
267# ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
268# ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
269#
270# ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
271# ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
272# ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
273#
274# ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
275# ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
276# ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
277#
278# [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
279# <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
280#
281# (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
282# should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
283# the laws applicable in Ireland.)
284#
285# (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
286# in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
287# is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
288# being GMT+1.)
289
290# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
291# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
292# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
293# (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
294# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
295# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
296# and Frethun run in CT.
297# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
298# the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
299# and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
300# If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
301# I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
302# This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
303
304# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
305# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
306# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
307# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
308# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
309# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
310# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
311
312# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
313# Summer Time Act, 1916
314Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
315Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
316# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
317Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
318Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
319# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
320Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
321Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
322# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
323Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
324Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
325# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
326Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
327# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
328Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
329# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
330Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
331Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
332# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
333Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
334Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
335# The Summer Time Act, 1922
336Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
337Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
338Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
339Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
340# The Summer Time Act, 1925
341Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
342Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
343Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
344Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
345Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
346Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
347Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
348Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
349Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
350Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
351Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
352# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
353Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
354# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
355Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
356# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
357Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
358Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
359# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
360Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
361# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
362Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
363# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
364Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
365Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
366# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
367Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
368Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
369# The Summer Time Act, 1947
370Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
371Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
372Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
373Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
374# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
375Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
376Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
377# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
378Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
379Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
380# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
381# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
382# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
383Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
384Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
385# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
386Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
387Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
388Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
389Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
390Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
391Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
392Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
393# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
394# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
395# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
396Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
397Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
398# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
399# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
400# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
401Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
402# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
403Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
404# The British Standard Time Act, 1968
405# (no summer time)
406# The Summer Time Act, 1972
407Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
408Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
409# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
410# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
411# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
412# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
413Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
414Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
415# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
416# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
417# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
418Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
419# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
420# See EU for rules starting in 1996.
421
422# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
423Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
424 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
425 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
426 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
427 0:00 EU GMT/BST
428Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
429Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
430Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
431Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
432 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
433 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
434 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
435 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
436 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
437 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
438 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
439 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
440 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
441 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
442 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
443 0:00 EU GMT/IST
444
445###############################################################################
446
447# Europe
448
449# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
450# Common Market, etc.
451
452# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
453Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
454Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
455Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
456Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
457Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
458Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
459# The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
460# <a href="http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/dat/2000/en_300L0084.html">
461# Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
462# of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
463# </a>
464
465# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
466Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
467Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
468Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
469Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
470Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
471Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
472
473# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
474# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
475Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
476Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
477Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
478Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
479Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
480Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
481Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
482Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
483Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
484# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
485Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
486# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
487#
488# I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
489# in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
490# corrected in version 2008d). The circumstancial evidence is simply the
491# tz database itself, as seen below:
492#
493# Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
494# 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
495#
496# Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
497# 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
498#
499# Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
500# 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
501#
502# Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
503# Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
504# Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
505#
506# The rule line to be changed is:
507#
508# Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 -
509#
510# It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
511# 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time. However there are no
512# countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
513# affected are apparently these ficticious zones that translates acronyms
514# CET and MET:
515#
516# Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
517# Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
518#
519# It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
520#
521# Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
522#
523# A small step for mankind though 8-)
524Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
525Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
526Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
527Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
528Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
529Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
530Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
531
532# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
533Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
534Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
535Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
536Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
537Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
538Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
539
540# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
541Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
542Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
543Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
544Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
545Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
546Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
547Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
548Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
549Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
550Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
551Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
552# Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
553Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
554Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
555# Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
556# Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
557Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
558Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
559#
560Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
561Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
562Rule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
563Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
564Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
565
566# These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
567
568# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
569Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
570Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
571Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
572Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
573
574# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
575# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
576
577# From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
578# The official German names ... are
579#
580# Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
581# Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
582#
583# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
584# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
585# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
586#
587# Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
588# Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
589# Postfach 3345
590# D-38023 Braunschweig
591# phone: +49 531 592-0
592#
593# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
594# department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
595# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
596#
597# Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
598# Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
599
600
601# Albania
602# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
603Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
604Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
605Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
606Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
607Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
608Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
609Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
610Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
611Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
612Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
613Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
614Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
615Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
616Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
617Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
618Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
619Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
620Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
621Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
622Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
623Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
624Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
625Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
626Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
627Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
628# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
629Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
630 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
631 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
632 1:00 EU CE%sT
633
634# Andorra
635# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
636Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
637 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
638 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
639 1:00 EU CE%sT
640
641# Austria
642
643# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
644# 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
645# Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
646# date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
647# Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV,
648# and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
649
650# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
651Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
652Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
653Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
654Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
655Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
656Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
657Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
658Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
659# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
660Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
661 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
662 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
663 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
664 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
665 1:00 - CET 1946
666 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
667 1:00 EU CE%sT
668
669# Belarus
670# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
671Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
672 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
673 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
674 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
675 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
676 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
677 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
678 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
679 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
680 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
681 2:00 Russia EE%sT
682
683# Belgium
684#
685# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
686# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
687# Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
688# Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
689# (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
690# pp 8-9.
691# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
692# Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
693# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
694# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
695# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
696#
697# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
698Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
699Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
700Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
701Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
702Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
703Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
704Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
705Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
706Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
707Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
708Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
709Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
710# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
711# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
712# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
713# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
714Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
715Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
716Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
717Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
718Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
719Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
720Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
721Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
722Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
723Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
724Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
725Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
726Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
727Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
728Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
729Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
730Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
731Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
732Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
733Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
734Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
735Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
736# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
737Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
738 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
739 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
740 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
741 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
742 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
743 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
744 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
745 1:00 EU CE%sT
746
747# Bosnia and Herzegovina
748# see Serbia
749
750# Bulgaria
751#
752# From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
753# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
754# EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
755# EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
756#
757# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
758Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
759Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
760Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S
761Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
762Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
763# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
764Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
765 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
766 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
767 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
768 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00
769 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
770 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
771 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
772 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
773 2:00 EU EE%sT
774
775# Croatia
776# see Serbia
777
778# Cyprus
779# Please see the `asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
780
781# Czech Republic
782# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
783Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
784Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
785Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
786Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
787Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
788Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
789Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
790# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
791Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
792 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
793 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
794 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
795 1:00 EU CE%sT
796
797# Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
798
799# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
800# http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
801# [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
802# The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
803# confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
804#
805# The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
806# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
807#
808# This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
809# in subsequenet decrees with the law
810# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
811#
812# It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
813# not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
814# changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
815# 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
816# the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
817# when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
818# confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
819# The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
820# working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
821# was suspended on that night):
822# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
823
824# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
825# The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
826# Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
827
828# From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
829# Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
830# wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
831
832# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
833Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
834Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
835Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
836Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
837Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
838Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
839Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
840Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
841Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
842Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
843Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
844#
845# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
846Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
847 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
848 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
849 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
850 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
851 1:00 EU CE%sT
852Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
853 0:00 - WET 1981
854 0:00 EU WE%sT
855#
856# From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
857# During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
858# East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
859# My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
860#
861# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
862# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
863# and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
864# rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthab
865# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
866# rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
867
868# From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
869# <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
870# and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
871#
872# Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
873# is according to the following time line:
874#
875# The military zone near Thule UTC-4
876# Standard Greenland time UTC-3
877# Scoresbysund UTC-1
878# Danmarkshavn UTC
879#
880# In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
881# introduced.
882
883# From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
884#
885# I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
886# the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
887# not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
888# info from earlier correspondence.]
889#
890# According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
891# Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
892# savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
893#
894# The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
895# uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
896# There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
897# Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
898# email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
899# Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
900# DPC research station at Zackenberg.
901#
902# Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
903# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab).
904#
905# The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it
906# includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
907# UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
908#
909# It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
910# North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
911# maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
912# this area is that it sticks with Godthab time. This area might be
913# considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
914
915# From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
916# I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
917# there at 2:00 AM.
918
919# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
920# From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
921# the 1995 map as like Godthab.
922# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.
923# startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
924# so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
925# For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
926#
927# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
928Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
929Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
930Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
931Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
932Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
933Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
934#
935# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
936Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
937 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
938 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996
939 0:00 - GMT
940Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
941 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
942 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
943 -1:00 EU EG%sT
944Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
945 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
946 -3:00 EU WG%sT
947Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
948 -4:00 Thule A%sT
949
950# Estonia
951# From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
952# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
953# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
954# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
955#
956# From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
957# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
958# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
959# ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
960# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
961# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
962# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
963# human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
964# summer time next spring.''
965
966# From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
967# <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
968# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
969# </a>
970# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
971# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
972#
973# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
974# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
975# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
976
977# From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
978# via Steffen Thorsen:
979# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
980# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
981# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
982# Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
983# for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
984# after that.
985
986# From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
987# Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
988# no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
989# the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
990
991# From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
992# The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
993# Now we are using again EU rules.
994#
995# From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28):
996# The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
997
998# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
999Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1000 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1001 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1002 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1003 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1004 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1005 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1006 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1007 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1008 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
1009 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
1010 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
1011 2:00 EU EE%sT
1012
1013# Finland
1014#
1015# From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1016# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1017# and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1018#
1019# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1020# Shanks & Pottenger say Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time
1021# since 1981. Go with Strang instead.
1022#
1023# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1024Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
1025Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1026# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1027Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
1028 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1029 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00
1030 2:00 EU EE%sT
1031
1032# Aaland Is
1033Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
1034
1035
1036# France
1037
1038# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
1039#
1040# Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
1041# Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1042#
1043# Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
1044# Paris, 1991
1045#
1046# Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
1047# Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
1048
1049
1050#
1051# Shank & Pottenger seem to use `24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1052# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1053Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1054Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1055Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1056Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1057Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1058Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1059Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1060Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1061Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1062Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1063# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1064# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1065# were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1066Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1067Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1068Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1069Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1070Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1071Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1072Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1073Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1074Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1075Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1076Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1077Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1078Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1079Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1080Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1081Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1082Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1083Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1084Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1085Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1086# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1087# write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1088# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
1089# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
1090# Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Decartes,
1091# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1092# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
1093# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collognes (Haute-Savioe).
1094Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1095# Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1096# but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1097# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1098# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1099Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1100Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1101Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1102Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1103Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1104Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1105Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1106Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1107Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1108# Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1109# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1110Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1111Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1112# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1113# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1114# Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1115# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1116# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1117Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1118 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1119# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1120 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1121# Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1122# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1123 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1124 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1125 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1126 1:00 EU CE%sT
1127
1128# Germany
1129
1130# From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1131# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1132# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1133# [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1134
1135# From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1136# In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1137# <a href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/">
1138# General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>.
1139
1140# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1141# <a href="http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf">
1142# http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
1143# </a>
1144# says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1145# However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1146# this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
1147
1148
1149# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1150Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1151Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1152Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1153# http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1154# occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1155# Go with the PTB.
1156Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S
1157Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1158Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1159Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1160Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1161
1162Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1163Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1164Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1165
1166# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1167Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1168 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00
1169 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946
1170 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1171 1:00 EU CE%sT
1172
1173# Georgia
1174# Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1175# Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1176# is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1177
1178# Gibraltar
1179# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1180Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s
1181 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1182 1:00 - CET 1982
1183 1:00 EU CE%sT
1184
1185# Greece
1186# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1187# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1188Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1189Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1190# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1191Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1192# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1193Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1194Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1195Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1196# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1197Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1198Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1199Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1200Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1201Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1202Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1203Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1204Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1205Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1206Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1207Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1208Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1209Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1210# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1211Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1212 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1213 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1214 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1215 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1216 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1217 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1218 2:00 EU EE%sT
1219
1220# Hungary
1221# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1222Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1223Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1224Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1225Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1226Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
1227Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1228Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1229Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1230Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1231Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1232Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1233Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1234Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1235Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1236Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1237Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1238Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1239Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1240Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1241Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1242# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1243Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1244 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1245 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1246 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1247 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1248 1:00 EU CE%sT
1249
1250# Iceland
1251#
1252# From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1253# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1254#
1255# (1993-12-05):
1256# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1257# Iceland Almanak.
1258#
1259# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1260# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1261# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1262# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1263#
1264# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1265# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1266# time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1267# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1268#
1269# (1993-12-10):
1270# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1271# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1272# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1273# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1274# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1275# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1276# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1277# might mean something else (???).
1278#
1279# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1280# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks & Pottenger, and Whitman disagree on many points.
1281# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks & Pottenger, namely
1282# that Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1283#
1284# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1285Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1286Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1287Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1288Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1289Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1290Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1291Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1292Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1293Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1294Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1295Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1296# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1297Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1298Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1299# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1300Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1301# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1302Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1303Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1304Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1305# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1306Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1307 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1308 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1309 0:00 - GMT
1310
1311# Italy
1312#
1313# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1314# Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1315# called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1316# During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1317# But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1318# so record only the time in Rome.
1319#
1320# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1321# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and
1322# F. Pollastri
1323# <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html">
1324# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)
1325# </a>
1326# (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1327# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1328#
1329# year FP Shanks&P. (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1330# 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1331# 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1332# 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1333# 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1334# 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1335# 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1336# 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1337# 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1338# 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1339# 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1340# 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1341# 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1342# 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1343# 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1344# 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1345#
1346# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1347Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1348Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1349Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1350Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1351Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1352Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1353Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1354Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1355Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1356Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1357Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1358Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1359Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1360Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1361Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1362Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1363Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1364Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1365Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1366Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1367Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1368Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1369Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1370Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1371Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1372Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1373Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1374Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1375Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1376Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1377Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1378Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1379Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1380Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1381Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1382Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1383# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1384Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1385 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov 1 0:00s # Rome Mean
1386 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1387 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1388 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1389 1:00 EU CE%sT
1390
1391Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1392Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1393
1394# Latvia
1395
1396# From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1397
1398# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1399# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1400# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1401# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1402#
1403# Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1404# according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1405# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1406# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1407# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1408#
1409# Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1410# according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1411# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1412# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1413# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1414# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1415#
1416# Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1417# according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1418# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1419# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1420# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1421# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1422# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1423# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1424# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1425# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1426#
1427# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1428# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1429# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1430
1431# From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1432# This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1433# <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm">
1434# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1435# 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).
1436
1437# <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html">
1438# From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1439# </a>
1440# The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1441# institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1442# Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1443# clocks one hour in the spring....
1444# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
1445# daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1446# Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1447# time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1448# urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1449# appears that they will not do so....
1450
1451# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1452Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1453Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1454# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1455Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1456 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1457 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1458 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1459 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1460 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1461 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1462 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1463 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1464 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1465 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1466 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1467 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1468 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1469 2:00 EU EE%sT
1470
1471# Liechtenstein
1472# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1473Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1474 1:00 - CET 1981
1475 1:00 EU CE%sT
1476
1477# Lithuania
1478
1479# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1480# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1481# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1482
1483# From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1484# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1485# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1486
1487# From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
1488# via Steffen Thorsen:
1489# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1490# to be valid here starting from October 31,
1491# as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1492# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1493# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1494# already done by Estonia.
1495
1496# From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm">
1497# Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1498# </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1499
1500# From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1501# As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1502# observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1503# down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1504# neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1505# 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1506# http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1507
1508
1509# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1510Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1511 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1512 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1513 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1514 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1515 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1516 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1517 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1518 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1519 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1520 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1521 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1522 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1523 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1524 2:00 EU EE%sT
1525
1526# Luxembourg
1527# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
1528# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1529# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1530Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1531Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1532Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1533Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1534Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1535Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1536Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1537Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1538Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1539Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1540Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1541Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1542Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1543Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1544Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1545Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1546Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1547Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1548Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1549Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1550Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1551Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1552Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1553# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1554Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1555 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1556 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1557 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1558 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1559 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1560 1:00 EU CE%sT
1561
1562# Macedonia
1563# see Serbia
1564
1565# Malta
1566# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1567Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1568Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1569Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1570Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1571Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1572Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1573Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1574# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1575Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta
1576 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1577 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1578 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1579 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1580 1:00 EU CE%sT
1581
1582# Moldova
1583
1584# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1585# A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1586# that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1587# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1588# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1589# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1590# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1591# But [two people] separately reported via
1592# Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1593# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1594
1595# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1596Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1597 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1598 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1599 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1600 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1601 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1602 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1603 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
1604 2:00 - EET 1991
1605 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1606 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1607# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1608 2:00 EU EE%sT
1609
1610# Monaco
1611# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
1612# more precise 0:09:21.
1613# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1614Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1615 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1616 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1617 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1618 1:00 EU CE%sT
1619
1620# Montenegro
1621# see Serbia
1622
1623# Netherlands
1624
1625# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1626# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1627
1628# However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1629# Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1630# Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1631# the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1632# (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1633# common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1634# not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1635# On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1636# was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1637#
1638# (2001-04-08):
1639# 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1640# observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1641# practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1642#
1643# (2001-04-09):
1644# In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1645# municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1646# Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1647# actually followed.
1648#
1649# From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1650# observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1651# Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1652# places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1653# adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1654#
1655# Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1656# of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1657# was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1658# Amsterdam mean time.
1659
1660# The data before 1945 are taken from
1661# <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>.
1662
1663# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1664Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1665Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1666Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1667Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1668Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1669Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1670Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1671Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1672Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1673Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1674Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1675# From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1676# in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1677Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1678Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1679Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1680Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1681Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1682Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1683Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1684Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1685Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1686#
1687# Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1688# below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1689# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1690Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1691 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1692 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1693 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1694 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1695 1:00 EU CE%sT
1696
1697# Norway
1698# http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
1699# Pottenger.
1700# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1701Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1702Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1703Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1704Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1705Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1706Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1707Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1708# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1709Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1710 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1711 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1712 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1713 1:00 EU CE%sT
1714
1715# Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1716
1717# From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1718# Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1719# Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1720# time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
1721# as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1722# Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1723# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and
1724# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation
1725# for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1726# into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1727# part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1728# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been
1729# able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1730# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by
1731# Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1732# since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1733# before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1734# between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1735
1736# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01):
1737#
1738# Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1739# so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
1740# keeping Berlin time.
1741#
1742# <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1743# burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1744# 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1745# frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
1746# radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
1747# the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1748# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1749#
1750# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1751# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1752# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
1753# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1754# expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
1755# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1756# <http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html>
1757# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1758# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1759#
1760# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970. Unless we can
1761# come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the
1762# war years it's probably best just do do the following for now:
1763Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1764
1765# Poland
1766# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1767Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1768Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1769Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
1770# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1771Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1772# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1773Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1774Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1775# For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
1776# Torun Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
1777# <http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1>
1778# Thanks to Przemyslaw Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
1779# He also gives these further references:
1780# Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
1781# Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
1782Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
1783Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1784Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1785Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1786Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1787Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1788Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1789Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1790Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1791Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1792Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1793Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1794Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1795Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1796# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1797Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1798 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1799 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1800 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1801 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1802 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1803 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
1804 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
1805 1:00 EU CE%sT
1806
1807# Portugal
1808#
1809# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
1810# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1811# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1812#
1813# Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1814# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1815# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1816#
1817# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1818# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1819# at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1820# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1821# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1822# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1823# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1824#
1825# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1826# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
1827# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
1828# Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1829Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1830# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1831Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1832Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1833Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1834Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1835Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1836Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1837Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1838Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1839Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1840Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1841Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1842Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1843Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1844Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1845Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1846# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1847Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1848Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1849Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1850# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1851Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1852# Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1853Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1854Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1855# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1856Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1857Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1858Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1859# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1860Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1861Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1862# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1863Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
1864Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1865Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
1866Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
1867Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
1868Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
1869Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
1870Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
1871Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
1872Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
1873Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1874Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1875Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1876# Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
1877# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1878Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1879Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1880Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
1881Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
1882Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
1883Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1884Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1885Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1886Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1887Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1888# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1889# Shanks & Pottenger say the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24;
1890# Willett says 1912-01-01. Go with Willett.
1891Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
1892 -0:36:32 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time
1893 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1894 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
1895 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1896 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1897 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
1898 0:00 EU WE%sT
1899Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
1900 -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
1901 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
1902 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1903 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1904 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
1905 -1:00 EU AZO%sT
1906Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
1907 -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
1908 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
1909 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1910 0:00 EU WE%sT
1911
1912# Romania
1913#
1914# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
1915# <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html">
1916# Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
1917# 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
1918# assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
1919# the same year as Bulgaria.
1920#
1921# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1922Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1923Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1924Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
1925Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
1926Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1927Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1928Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1929Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1930Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1931# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1932Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
1933 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1934 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1935 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
1936 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
1937 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1938 2:00 EU EE%sT
1939
1940# Russia
1941
1942# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1943# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
1944# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
1945# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
1946# except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
1947# 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
1948#
1949# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
1950# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
1951# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
1952# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
1953# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
1954#
1955# From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
1956# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
1957# UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
1958# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
1959# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
1960#
1961# From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
1962# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
1963# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
1964# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
1965#
1966# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
1967# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
1968# News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
1969# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
1970# the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
1971# enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
1972#
1973# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
1974# There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
1975# UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
1976# SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
1977# until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
1978# since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
1979# administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
1980# remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
1981#
1982# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1983#
1984# Kaliningradskaya oblast'.
1985Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
1986 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1987 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
1988 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1989 2:00 Russia EE%sT
1990#
1991# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1992# Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast',
1993# Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',
1994# Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',
1995# Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,
1996# Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,
1997# Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,
1998# Respublika Kareliya, Respublika Komi,
1999# Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',
2000# Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,
2001# Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',
2002# Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,
2003# Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',
2004# Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',
2005# Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg,
2006# Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',
2007# Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,
2008# Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',
2009# Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',
2010# Yaroslavskaya oblast'
2011Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
2012 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
2013 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2014 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2015 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2016 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2017 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2018 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD
2019#
2020# Astrakhanskaya oblast', Kirovskaya oblast', Saratovskaya oblast',
2021# Volgogradskaya oblast'. Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400
2022# but Wikipedia (2006-05-09) says +0300. Perhaps it switched after the
2023# others? But we have no data.
2024Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3
2025 3:00 - TSAT 1925 Apr 6 # Tsaritsyn Time
2026 3:00 - STAT 1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time
2027 4:00 - STAT 1961 Nov 11
2028 4:00 Russia VOL%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Volgograd T
2029 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2030 4:00 - VOLT 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2031 3:00 Russia VOL%sT
2032#
2033# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2034# Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika
2035Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2036 3:00 - SAMT 1930 Jun 21
2037 4:00 - SAMT 1935 Jan 27
2038 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev
2039 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2040 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2041 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
2042 4:00 Russia SAM%sT # Samara Time
2043#
2044# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2045# Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,
2046# Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',
2047# Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',
2048# Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',
2049# Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2050Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
2051 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
2052 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2053 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2054 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time
2055#
2056# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2057# Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.
2058Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
2059 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
2060 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2061 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2062 6:00 Russia OMS%sT
2063#
2064# From Paul Eggert (2006-08-19): I'm guessing about Tomsk here; it's
2065# not clear when it switched from +7 to +6.
2066# Novosibirskaya oblast', Tomskaya oblast'.
2067Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
2068 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
2069 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2070 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2071 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
2072 6:00 Russia NOV%sT
2073#
2074# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2075# Kemerovskaya oblast', Krasnoyarskij kraj,
2076# Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug,
2077# Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2078Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
2079 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2080 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2081 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2082 7:00 Russia KRA%sT
2083#
2084# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2085# Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',
2086# Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2087Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
2088 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2089 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
2090 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2091 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2092 8:00 Russia IRK%sT
2093#
2094# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2095# Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',
2096# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.
2097# The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij,
2098# Bulunskij, Verkhnekolymskij, Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj,
2099# Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij,
2100# Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenekskij, Olekminskij, Srednekolymskij,
2101# Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij,
2102# Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij.
2103Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2104 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2105 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2106 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2107 9:00 Russia YAK%sT
2108#
2109# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2110# Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,
2111# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2112# The Sakha districts are: Verkhoyanskij, Tomponskij, Ust'-Majskij,
2113# Ust'-Yanskij.
2114Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
2115 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
2116 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2117 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2118 10:00 Russia VLA%sT
2119#
2120# Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
2121# The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
2122Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
2123 9:00 - CJT 1938
2124 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25
2125 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
2126 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2127 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
2128 10:00 Russia SAK%sT
2129#
2130# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2131# Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2132# Probably also: Kuril Islands.
2133# The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Momskij,
2134# Nizhnekolymskij, Ojmyakonskij.
2135Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
2136 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2137 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2138 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2139 11:00 Russia MAG%sT
2140#
2141# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2142# Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2143#
2144# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
2145Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
2146 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
2147 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2148 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2149 12:00 Russia PET%sT
2150#
2151# Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug
2152Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
2153 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
2154 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
2155 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2156 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2157 12:00 Russia ANA%sT
2158
2159# Serbia
2160# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2161Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2162 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2163 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2164 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s
2165 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2166# Metod Kozelj reports that the legal date of
2167# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2168# Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
2169 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2170 1:00 EU CE%sT
2171Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2172Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro
2173Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2174Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2175Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
2176
2177# Slovakia
2178Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
2179
2180# Slovenia
2181# see Serbia
2182
2183# Spain
2184# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2185# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1;
2186# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2187Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2188Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
2189Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2190Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2191# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2192Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2193# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2194Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
2195Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2196# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2197Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2198Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2199Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2200Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2201# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13;
2202# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2203Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2204Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2205Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2206Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2207Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2208# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2209Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2210Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
2211Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
2212Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
2213Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
2214Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
2215Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2216Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
2217Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
2218Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
2219Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
2220Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
2221Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2222Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
2223Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2224# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
2225Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
2226Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2227Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
2228Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2229Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2230Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2231Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2232Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2233Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
2234# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2235Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 Jan 1 0:00s
2236 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
2237 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
2238 1:00 EU CE%sT
2239Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
2240 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
2241 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
2242 0:00 - WET 1924
2243 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
2244 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2245 1:00 - CET 1986
2246 1:00 EU CE%sT
2247Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2248 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2249 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2250 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2251 0:00 EU WE%sT
2252# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2253# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2254
2255# Sweden
2256
2257# From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
2258#
2259# The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
2260# From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
2261# places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
2262# three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
2263# meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
2264#
2265# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
2266# eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
2267# national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
2268#
2269# About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
2270# forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
2271# of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
2272# the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
2273# observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
2274# from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
2275# 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
2276# in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
2277#
2278# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
2279# that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
2280# pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
2281# Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
2282#
2283# The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
2284# Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
2285# not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
2286# in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
2287# "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
2288# the Sok-button).
2289#
2290# (2001-05-13):
2291#
2292# I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
2293# summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
2294# 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
2295# people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
2296# at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
2297# hour before the event took place.
2298#
2299# Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
2300
2301# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2302Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
2303 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
2304 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
2305 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00
2306 1:00 - CET 1980
2307 1:00 EU CE%sT
2308
2309# Switzerland
2310# From Howse:
2311# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2312# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2313# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
2314# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2315# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
2316Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
2317Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2318# From Shanks & Pottenger:
2319Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
2320Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2321# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2322Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
2323 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
2324 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2325 1:00 EU CE%sT
2326
2327# Turkey
2328
2329# From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03):
2330# The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now.
2331# ... The latest rules are available at -
2332# http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107
2333# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03):
2334# I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that
2335# DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time. I am not sure
2336# what happened before that. One example for each year from 1996 to 2001:
2337# http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm
2338# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT
2339# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM
2340# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016
2341# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021
2342# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027
2343# From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03):
2344# Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990.
2345
2346# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
2347# Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
2348# start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
2349# http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
2350# The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
2351# http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
2352# I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
2353# (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
2354# http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
2355
| 2# <pre>
3
4# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
5# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
6# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
7
8# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
9# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
10# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
11# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
12#
13# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
14# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
15# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
16# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
17# of the IATA's data after 1990.
18#
19# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
20# entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
21#
22# Other sources occasionally used include:
23#
24# Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
25# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
26# which I found in the UCLA library.
27#
28# <a href="http://www.pettswoodvillage.co.uk/Daylight_Savings_William_Willett.pdf">
29# William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
30# </a> (1914-03)
31#
32# Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
33# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
34# History of Summer Time
35# </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
36
37#
38# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
39# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
40# Corrections are welcome!
41# std dst 2dst
42# LMT Local Mean Time
43# -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
44# -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
45# -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
46# 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
47# 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
48# 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
49# 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
50# 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
51# 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
52# 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
53# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
54# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
55#
56# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
57# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
58
59# From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
60# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
61# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
62# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
63# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
64# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
65# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
66# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
67# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
68# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
69# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
70# ...
71# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
72# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
73# ...
74# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
75# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
76# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
77# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
78# in the Directive.
79
80
81###############################################################################
82
83# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
84
85# From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
86#
87# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
88# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
89# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
90# of the text said:
91#
92# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
93# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
94# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
95# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
96# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
97# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
98# along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
99#
100# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
101# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
102# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
103#
104# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
105
106# From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
107#
108# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
109# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
110# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
111# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
112# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
113# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
114# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
115# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
116# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
117# adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
118# The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
119# and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
120# railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
121# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
122# on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
123# one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
124# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
125# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
126# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
127# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
128#
129# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
130# transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
131# about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
132
133# From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27):
134# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
135# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
136# who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
137# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
138# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
139# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
140# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
141# Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
142# it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
143# See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
144# A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
145# a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
146# subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
147# designed by G. W. Miller, is the the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
148# which is permanently set to Summer Time.
149
150# From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
151# It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
152# summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
153# between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
154# plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
155# foundations of civilization throughout the world.
156# -- <a href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/fh114willett.htm">
157# "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly
158# </a>
159
160# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
161# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
162# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
163# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
164# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
165
166# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
167#
168# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
169# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
170
171# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
172# From: Jonathan Leffler
173# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
174# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
175# politics making a fortune, not computing.
176
177# From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
178# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
179# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
180# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
181# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
182
183# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
184# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
185# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
186# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
187
188# From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
189# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
190# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
191# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
192# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
193# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
194# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
195# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
196
197# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
198# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
199# which is to be introduced in May....
200# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
201# which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
202
203# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
204# Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common
205# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
206# so we use `BDST'.
207
208# Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
209# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
210# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
211# and extending this list, which can be found in
212# <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/">
213# History of legal time in Britain
214# </a>
215
216# From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
217#
218# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
219# see Lord Tanlaw's speech
220# <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
221# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
222# </a>.
223
224# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
225#
226# For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
227#
228# Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
229# are incorrect:
230# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
231# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
232# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
233# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
234# It actually just had one transition.
235# * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
236# Actually, it conformed to Britain.
237# * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
238# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
239# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
240#
241# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
242# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
243# to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
244# conform with Great Britain.
245# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
246#
247# The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
248# we'll ignore it for now.
249# * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
250#
251#
252# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
253# Shanks & Pottenger.
254# Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
255# (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
256# to London. For example:
257#
258# "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
259# -- James Joyce, Ulysses
260
261# From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
262# Irish laws are available online at www.irishstatutebook.ie. These include
263# various relating to legal time, for example:
264#
265# ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
266#
267# ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
268# ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
269#
270# ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
271# ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
272# ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
273#
274# ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
275# ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
276# ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
277#
278# [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
279# <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
280#
281# (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
282# should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
283# the laws applicable in Ireland.)
284#
285# (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
286# in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
287# is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
288# being GMT+1.)
289
290# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
291# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
292# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
293# (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
294# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
295# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
296# and Frethun run in CT.
297# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
298# the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
299# and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
300# If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
301# I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
302# This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
303
304# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
305# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
306# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
307# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
308# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
309# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
310# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
311
312# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
313# Summer Time Act, 1916
314Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
315Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
316# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
317Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
318Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
319# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
320Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
321Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
322# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
323Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
324Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
325# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
326Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
327# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
328Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
329# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
330Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
331Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
332# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
333Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
334Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
335# The Summer Time Act, 1922
336Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
337Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
338Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
339Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
340# The Summer Time Act, 1925
341Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
342Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
343Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
344Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
345Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
346Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
347Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
348Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
349Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
350Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
351Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
352# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
353Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
354# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
355Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
356# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
357Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
358Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
359# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
360Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
361# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
362Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
363# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
364Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
365Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
366# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
367Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
368Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
369# The Summer Time Act, 1947
370Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
371Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
372Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
373Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
374# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
375Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
376Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
377# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
378Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
379Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
380# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
381# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
382# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
383Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
384Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
385# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
386Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
387Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
388Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
389Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
390Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
391Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
392Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
393# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
394# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
395# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
396Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
397Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
398# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
399# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
400# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
401Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
402# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
403Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
404# The British Standard Time Act, 1968
405# (no summer time)
406# The Summer Time Act, 1972
407Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
408Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
409# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
410# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
411# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
412# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
413Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
414Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
415# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
416# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
417# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
418Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
419# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
420# See EU for rules starting in 1996.
421
422# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
423Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
424 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
425 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
426 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
427 0:00 EU GMT/BST
428Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
429Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
430Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
431Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
432 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
433 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
434 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
435 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
436 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
437 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
438 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
439 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
440 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
441 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
442 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
443 0:00 EU GMT/IST
444
445###############################################################################
446
447# Europe
448
449# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
450# Common Market, etc.
451
452# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
453Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
454Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
455Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
456Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
457Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
458Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
459# The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
460# <a href="http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/dat/2000/en_300L0084.html">
461# Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
462# of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
463# </a>
464
465# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
466Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
467Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
468Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
469Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
470Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
471Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
472
473# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
474# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
475Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
476Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
477Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
478Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
479Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
480Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
481Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
482Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
483Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
484# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
485Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
486# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
487#
488# I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
489# in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
490# corrected in version 2008d). The circumstancial evidence is simply the
491# tz database itself, as seen below:
492#
493# Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
494# 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
495#
496# Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
497# 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
498#
499# Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
500# 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
501#
502# Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
503# Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
504# Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
505#
506# The rule line to be changed is:
507#
508# Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 -
509#
510# It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
511# 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time. However there are no
512# countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
513# affected are apparently these ficticious zones that translates acronyms
514# CET and MET:
515#
516# Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
517# Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
518#
519# It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
520#
521# Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
522#
523# A small step for mankind though 8-)
524Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
525Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
526Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
527Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
528Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
529Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
530Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
531
532# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
533Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
534Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
535Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
536Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
537Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
538Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
539
540# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
541Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
542Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
543Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
544Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
545Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
546Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
547Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
548Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
549Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
550Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
551Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
552# Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
553Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
554Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
555# Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
556# Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
557Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
558Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
559#
560Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
561Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
562Rule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
563Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
564Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
565
566# These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
567
568# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
569Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
570Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
571Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
572Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
573
574# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
575# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
576
577# From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
578# The official German names ... are
579#
580# Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
581# Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
582#
583# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
584# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
585# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
586#
587# Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
588# Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
589# Postfach 3345
590# D-38023 Braunschweig
591# phone: +49 531 592-0
592#
593# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
594# department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
595# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
596#
597# Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
598# Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
599
600
601# Albania
602# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
603Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
604Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
605Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
606Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
607Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
608Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
609Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
610Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
611Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
612Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
613Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
614Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
615Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
616Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
617Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
618Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
619Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
620Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
621Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
622Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
623Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
624Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
625Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
626Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
627Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
628# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
629Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
630 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
631 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
632 1:00 EU CE%sT
633
634# Andorra
635# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
636Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
637 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
638 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
639 1:00 EU CE%sT
640
641# Austria
642
643# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
644# 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
645# Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
646# date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
647# Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV,
648# and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
649
650# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
651Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
652Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
653Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
654Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
655Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
656Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
657Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
658Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
659# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
660Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
661 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
662 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
663 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
664 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
665 1:00 - CET 1946
666 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
667 1:00 EU CE%sT
668
669# Belarus
670# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
671Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
672 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
673 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
674 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
675 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
676 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
677 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
678 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
679 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
680 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
681 2:00 Russia EE%sT
682
683# Belgium
684#
685# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
686# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
687# Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
688# Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
689# (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
690# pp 8-9.
691# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
692# Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
693# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
694# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
695# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
696#
697# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
698Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
699Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
700Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
701Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
702Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
703Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
704Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
705Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
706Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
707Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
708Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
709Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
710# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
711# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
712# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
713# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
714Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
715Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
716Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
717Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
718Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
719Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
720Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
721Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
722Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
723Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
724Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
725Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
726Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
727Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
728Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
729Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
730Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
731Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
732Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
733Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
734Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
735Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
736# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
737Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
738 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
739 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
740 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
741 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
742 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
743 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
744 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
745 1:00 EU CE%sT
746
747# Bosnia and Herzegovina
748# see Serbia
749
750# Bulgaria
751#
752# From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
753# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
754# EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
755# EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
756#
757# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
758Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
759Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
760Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S
761Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
762Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
763# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
764Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
765 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
766 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
767 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
768 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00
769 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
770 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
771 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
772 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
773 2:00 EU EE%sT
774
775# Croatia
776# see Serbia
777
778# Cyprus
779# Please see the `asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
780
781# Czech Republic
782# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
783Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
784Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
785Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
786Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
787Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
788Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
789Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
790# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
791Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
792 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
793 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
794 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
795 1:00 EU CE%sT
796
797# Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
798
799# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
800# http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
801# [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
802# The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
803# confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
804#
805# The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
806# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
807#
808# This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
809# in subsequenet decrees with the law
810# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
811#
812# It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
813# not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
814# changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
815# 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
816# the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
817# when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
818# confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
819# The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
820# working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
821# was suspended on that night):
822# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
823
824# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
825# The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
826# Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
827
828# From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
829# Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
830# wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
831
832# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
833Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
834Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
835Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
836Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
837Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
838Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
839Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
840Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
841Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
842Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
843Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
844#
845# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
846Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
847 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
848 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
849 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
850 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
851 1:00 EU CE%sT
852Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
853 0:00 - WET 1981
854 0:00 EU WE%sT
855#
856# From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
857# During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
858# East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
859# My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
860#
861# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
862# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
863# and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
864# rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthab
865# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
866# rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
867
868# From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
869# <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
870# and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
871#
872# Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
873# is according to the following time line:
874#
875# The military zone near Thule UTC-4
876# Standard Greenland time UTC-3
877# Scoresbysund UTC-1
878# Danmarkshavn UTC
879#
880# In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
881# introduced.
882
883# From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
884#
885# I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
886# the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
887# not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
888# info from earlier correspondence.]
889#
890# According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
891# Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
892# savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
893#
894# The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
895# uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
896# There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
897# Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
898# email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
899# Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
900# DPC research station at Zackenberg.
901#
902# Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
903# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab).
904#
905# The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it
906# includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
907# UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
908#
909# It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
910# North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
911# maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
912# this area is that it sticks with Godthab time. This area might be
913# considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
914
915# From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
916# I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
917# there at 2:00 AM.
918
919# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
920# From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
921# the 1995 map as like Godthab.
922# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.
923# startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
924# so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
925# For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
926#
927# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
928Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
929Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
930Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
931Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
932Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
933Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
934#
935# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
936Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
937 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
938 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996
939 0:00 - GMT
940Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
941 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
942 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
943 -1:00 EU EG%sT
944Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
945 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
946 -3:00 EU WG%sT
947Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
948 -4:00 Thule A%sT
949
950# Estonia
951# From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
952# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
953# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
954# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
955#
956# From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
957# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
958# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
959# ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
960# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
961# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
962# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
963# human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
964# summer time next spring.''
965
966# From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
967# <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
968# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
969# </a>
970# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
971# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
972#
973# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
974# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
975# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
976
977# From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
978# via Steffen Thorsen:
979# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
980# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
981# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
982# Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
983# for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
984# after that.
985
986# From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
987# Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
988# no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
989# the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
990
991# From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
992# The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
993# Now we are using again EU rules.
994#
995# From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28):
996# The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
997
998# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
999Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1000 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1001 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1002 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1003 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1004 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1005 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1006 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1007 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1008 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
1009 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
1010 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
1011 2:00 EU EE%sT
1012
1013# Finland
1014#
1015# From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1016# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1017# and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1018#
1019# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1020# Shanks & Pottenger say Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time
1021# since 1981. Go with Strang instead.
1022#
1023# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1024Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
1025Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1026# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1027Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
1028 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1029 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00
1030 2:00 EU EE%sT
1031
1032# Aaland Is
1033Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
1034
1035
1036# France
1037
1038# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
1039#
1040# Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
1041# Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1042#
1043# Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
1044# Paris, 1991
1045#
1046# Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
1047# Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
1048
1049
1050#
1051# Shank & Pottenger seem to use `24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1052# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1053Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1054Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1055Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1056Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1057Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1058Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1059Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1060Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1061Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1062Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1063# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1064# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1065# were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1066Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1067Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1068Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1069Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1070Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1071Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1072Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1073Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1074Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1075Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1076Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1077Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1078Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1079Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1080Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1081Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1082Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1083Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1084Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1085Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1086# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1087# write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1088# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
1089# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
1090# Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Decartes,
1091# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1092# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
1093# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collognes (Haute-Savioe).
1094Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1095# Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1096# but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1097# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1098# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1099Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1100Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1101Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1102Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1103Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1104Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1105Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1106Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1107Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1108# Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1109# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1110Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1111Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1112# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1113# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1114# Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1115# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1116# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1117Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1118 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1119# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1120 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1121# Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1122# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1123 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1124 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1125 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1126 1:00 EU CE%sT
1127
1128# Germany
1129
1130# From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1131# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1132# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1133# [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1134
1135# From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1136# In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1137# <a href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/">
1138# General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>.
1139
1140# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1141# <a href="http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf">
1142# http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
1143# </a>
1144# says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1145# However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1146# this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
1147
1148
1149# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1150Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1151Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1152Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1153# http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1154# occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1155# Go with the PTB.
1156Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S
1157Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1158Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1159Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1160Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1161
1162Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1163Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1164Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1165
1166# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1167Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1168 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00
1169 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946
1170 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1171 1:00 EU CE%sT
1172
1173# Georgia
1174# Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1175# Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1176# is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1177
1178# Gibraltar
1179# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1180Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s
1181 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1182 1:00 - CET 1982
1183 1:00 EU CE%sT
1184
1185# Greece
1186# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1187# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1188Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1189Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1190# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1191Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1192# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1193Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1194Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1195Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1196# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1197Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1198Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1199Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1200Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1201Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1202Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1203Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1204Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1205Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1206Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1207Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1208Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1209Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1210# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1211Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1212 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1213 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1214 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1215 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1216 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1217 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1218 2:00 EU EE%sT
1219
1220# Hungary
1221# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1222Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1223Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1224Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1225Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1226Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
1227Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1228Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1229Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1230Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1231Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1232Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1233Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1234Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1235Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1236Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1237Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1238Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1239Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1240Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1241Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1242# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1243Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1244 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1245 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1246 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1247 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1248 1:00 EU CE%sT
1249
1250# Iceland
1251#
1252# From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1253# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1254#
1255# (1993-12-05):
1256# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1257# Iceland Almanak.
1258#
1259# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1260# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1261# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1262# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1263#
1264# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1265# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1266# time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1267# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1268#
1269# (1993-12-10):
1270# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1271# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1272# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1273# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1274# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1275# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1276# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1277# might mean something else (???).
1278#
1279# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1280# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks & Pottenger, and Whitman disagree on many points.
1281# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks & Pottenger, namely
1282# that Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1283#
1284# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1285Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1286Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1287Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1288Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1289Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1290Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1291Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1292Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1293Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1294Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1295Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1296# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1297Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1298Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1299# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1300Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1301# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1302Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1303Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1304Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1305# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1306Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1307 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1308 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1309 0:00 - GMT
1310
1311# Italy
1312#
1313# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1314# Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1315# called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1316# During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1317# But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1318# so record only the time in Rome.
1319#
1320# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1321# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and
1322# F. Pollastri
1323# <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html">
1324# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)
1325# </a>
1326# (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1327# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1328#
1329# year FP Shanks&P. (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1330# 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1331# 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1332# 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1333# 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1334# 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1335# 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1336# 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1337# 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1338# 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1339# 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1340# 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1341# 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1342# 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1343# 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1344# 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1345#
1346# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1347Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1348Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1349Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1350Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1351Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1352Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1353Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1354Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1355Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1356Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1357Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1358Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1359Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1360Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1361Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1362Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1363Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1364Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1365Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1366Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1367Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1368Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1369Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1370Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1371Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1372Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1373Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1374Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1375Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1376Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1377Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1378Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1379Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1380Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1381Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1382Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1383# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1384Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1385 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov 1 0:00s # Rome Mean
1386 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1387 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1388 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1389 1:00 EU CE%sT
1390
1391Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1392Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1393
1394# Latvia
1395
1396# From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1397
1398# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1399# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1400# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1401# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1402#
1403# Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1404# according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1405# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1406# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1407# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1408#
1409# Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1410# according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1411# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1412# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1413# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1414# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1415#
1416# Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1417# according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1418# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1419# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1420# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1421# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1422# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1423# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1424# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1425# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1426#
1427# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1428# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1429# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1430
1431# From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1432# This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1433# <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm">
1434# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1435# 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).
1436
1437# <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html">
1438# From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1439# </a>
1440# The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1441# institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1442# Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1443# clocks one hour in the spring....
1444# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
1445# daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1446# Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1447# time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1448# urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1449# appears that they will not do so....
1450
1451# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1452Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1453Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1454# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1455Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1456 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1457 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1458 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1459 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1460 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1461 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1462 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1463 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1464 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1465 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1466 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1467 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1468 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1469 2:00 EU EE%sT
1470
1471# Liechtenstein
1472# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1473Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1474 1:00 - CET 1981
1475 1:00 EU CE%sT
1476
1477# Lithuania
1478
1479# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1480# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1481# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1482
1483# From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1484# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1485# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1486
1487# From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
1488# via Steffen Thorsen:
1489# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1490# to be valid here starting from October 31,
1491# as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1492# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1493# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1494# already done by Estonia.
1495
1496# From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm">
1497# Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1498# </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1499
1500# From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1501# As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1502# observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1503# down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1504# neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1505# 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1506# http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1507
1508
1509# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1510Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1511 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1512 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1513 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1514 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1515 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1516 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1517 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1518 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1519 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1520 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1521 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1522 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1523 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1524 2:00 EU EE%sT
1525
1526# Luxembourg
1527# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
1528# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1529# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1530Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1531Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1532Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1533Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1534Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1535Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1536Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1537Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1538Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1539Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1540Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1541Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1542Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1543Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1544Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1545Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1546Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1547Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1548Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1549Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1550Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1551Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1552Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1553# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1554Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1555 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1556 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1557 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1558 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1559 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1560 1:00 EU CE%sT
1561
1562# Macedonia
1563# see Serbia
1564
1565# Malta
1566# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1567Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1568Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1569Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1570Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1571Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1572Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1573Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1574# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1575Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta
1576 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1577 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1578 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1579 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1580 1:00 EU CE%sT
1581
1582# Moldova
1583
1584# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1585# A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1586# that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1587# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1588# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1589# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1590# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1591# But [two people] separately reported via
1592# Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1593# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1594
1595# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1596Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1597 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1598 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1599 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1600 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1601 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1602 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1603 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
1604 2:00 - EET 1991
1605 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1606 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1607# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1608 2:00 EU EE%sT
1609
1610# Monaco
1611# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
1612# more precise 0:09:21.
1613# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1614Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1615 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1616 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1617 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1618 1:00 EU CE%sT
1619
1620# Montenegro
1621# see Serbia
1622
1623# Netherlands
1624
1625# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1626# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1627
1628# However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1629# Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1630# Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1631# the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1632# (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1633# common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1634# not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1635# On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1636# was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1637#
1638# (2001-04-08):
1639# 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1640# observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1641# practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1642#
1643# (2001-04-09):
1644# In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1645# municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1646# Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1647# actually followed.
1648#
1649# From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1650# observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1651# Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1652# places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1653# adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1654#
1655# Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1656# of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1657# was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1658# Amsterdam mean time.
1659
1660# The data before 1945 are taken from
1661# <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>.
1662
1663# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1664Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1665Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1666Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1667Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1668Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1669Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1670Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1671Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1672Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1673Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1674Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1675# From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1676# in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1677Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1678Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1679Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1680Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1681Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1682Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1683Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1684Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1685Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1686#
1687# Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1688# below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1689# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1690Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1691 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1692 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1693 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1694 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1695 1:00 EU CE%sT
1696
1697# Norway
1698# http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
1699# Pottenger.
1700# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1701Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1702Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1703Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1704Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1705Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1706Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1707Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1708# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1709Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1710 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1711 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1712 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1713 1:00 EU CE%sT
1714
1715# Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1716
1717# From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1718# Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1719# Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1720# time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
1721# as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1722# Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1723# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and
1724# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation
1725# for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1726# into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1727# part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1728# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been
1729# able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1730# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by
1731# Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1732# since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1733# before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1734# between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1735
1736# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01):
1737#
1738# Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1739# so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
1740# keeping Berlin time.
1741#
1742# <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1743# burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1744# 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1745# frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
1746# radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
1747# the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1748# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1749#
1750# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1751# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1752# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
1753# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1754# expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
1755# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1756# <http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html>
1757# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1758# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1759#
1760# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970. Unless we can
1761# come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the
1762# war years it's probably best just do do the following for now:
1763Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1764
1765# Poland
1766# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1767Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1768Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1769Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
1770# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1771Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1772# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1773Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1774Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1775# For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
1776# Torun Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
1777# <http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1>
1778# Thanks to Przemyslaw Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
1779# He also gives these further references:
1780# Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
1781# Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
1782Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
1783Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1784Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1785Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1786Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1787Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1788Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1789Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1790Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1791Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1792Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1793Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1794Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1795Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1796# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1797Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1798 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1799 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1800 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1801 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1802 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1803 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
1804 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
1805 1:00 EU CE%sT
1806
1807# Portugal
1808#
1809# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
1810# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1811# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1812#
1813# Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1814# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1815# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1816#
1817# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1818# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1819# at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1820# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1821# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1822# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1823# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1824#
1825# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1826# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
1827# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
1828# Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1829Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1830# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1831Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1832Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1833Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1834Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1835Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1836Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1837Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1838Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1839Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1840Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1841Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1842Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1843Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1844Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1845Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1846# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1847Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1848Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1849Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1850# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1851Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1852# Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1853Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1854Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1855# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1856Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1857Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1858Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1859# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1860Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1861Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1862# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1863Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
1864Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1865Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
1866Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
1867Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
1868Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
1869Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
1870Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
1871Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
1872Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
1873Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1874Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1875Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1876# Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
1877# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1878Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1879Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1880Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
1881Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
1882Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
1883Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1884Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1885Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1886Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1887Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1888# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1889# Shanks & Pottenger say the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24;
1890# Willett says 1912-01-01. Go with Willett.
1891Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
1892 -0:36:32 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time
1893 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1894 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
1895 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1896 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1897 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
1898 0:00 EU WE%sT
1899Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
1900 -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
1901 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
1902 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1903 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1904 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
1905 -1:00 EU AZO%sT
1906Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
1907 -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
1908 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
1909 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1910 0:00 EU WE%sT
1911
1912# Romania
1913#
1914# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
1915# <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html">
1916# Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
1917# 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
1918# assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
1919# the same year as Bulgaria.
1920#
1921# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1922Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1923Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1924Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
1925Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
1926Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1927Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1928Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1929Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1930Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1931# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1932Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
1933 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1934 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1935 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
1936 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
1937 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1938 2:00 EU EE%sT
1939
1940# Russia
1941
1942# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1943# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
1944# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
1945# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
1946# except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
1947# 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
1948#
1949# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
1950# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
1951# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
1952# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
1953# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
1954#
1955# From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
1956# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
1957# UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
1958# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
1959# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
1960#
1961# From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
1962# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
1963# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
1964# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
1965#
1966# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
1967# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
1968# News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
1969# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
1970# the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
1971# enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
1972#
1973# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
1974# There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
1975# UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
1976# SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
1977# until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
1978# since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
1979# administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
1980# remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
1981#
1982# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1983#
1984# Kaliningradskaya oblast'.
1985Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
1986 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1987 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
1988 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1989 2:00 Russia EE%sT
1990#
1991# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1992# Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast',
1993# Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',
1994# Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',
1995# Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,
1996# Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,
1997# Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,
1998# Respublika Kareliya, Respublika Komi,
1999# Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',
2000# Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,
2001# Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',
2002# Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,
2003# Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',
2004# Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',
2005# Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg,
2006# Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',
2007# Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,
2008# Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',
2009# Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',
2010# Yaroslavskaya oblast'
2011Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
2012 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
2013 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2014 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2015 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2016 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2017 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2018 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD
2019#
2020# Astrakhanskaya oblast', Kirovskaya oblast', Saratovskaya oblast',
2021# Volgogradskaya oblast'. Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400
2022# but Wikipedia (2006-05-09) says +0300. Perhaps it switched after the
2023# others? But we have no data.
2024Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3
2025 3:00 - TSAT 1925 Apr 6 # Tsaritsyn Time
2026 3:00 - STAT 1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time
2027 4:00 - STAT 1961 Nov 11
2028 4:00 Russia VOL%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Volgograd T
2029 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2030 4:00 - VOLT 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2031 3:00 Russia VOL%sT
2032#
2033# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2034# Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika
2035Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2036 3:00 - SAMT 1930 Jun 21
2037 4:00 - SAMT 1935 Jan 27
2038 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev
2039 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2040 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2041 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
2042 4:00 Russia SAM%sT # Samara Time
2043#
2044# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2045# Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,
2046# Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',
2047# Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',
2048# Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',
2049# Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2050Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
2051 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
2052 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2053 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2054 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time
2055#
2056# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2057# Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.
2058Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
2059 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
2060 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2061 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2062 6:00 Russia OMS%sT
2063#
2064# From Paul Eggert (2006-08-19): I'm guessing about Tomsk here; it's
2065# not clear when it switched from +7 to +6.
2066# Novosibirskaya oblast', Tomskaya oblast'.
2067Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
2068 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
2069 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2070 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2071 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
2072 6:00 Russia NOV%sT
2073#
2074# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2075# Kemerovskaya oblast', Krasnoyarskij kraj,
2076# Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug,
2077# Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2078Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
2079 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2080 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2081 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2082 7:00 Russia KRA%sT
2083#
2084# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2085# Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',
2086# Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2087Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
2088 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2089 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
2090 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2091 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2092 8:00 Russia IRK%sT
2093#
2094# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2095# Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',
2096# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.
2097# The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij,
2098# Bulunskij, Verkhnekolymskij, Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj,
2099# Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij,
2100# Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenekskij, Olekminskij, Srednekolymskij,
2101# Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij,
2102# Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij.
2103Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2104 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2105 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2106 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2107 9:00 Russia YAK%sT
2108#
2109# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2110# Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,
2111# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2112# The Sakha districts are: Verkhoyanskij, Tomponskij, Ust'-Majskij,
2113# Ust'-Yanskij.
2114Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
2115 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
2116 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2117 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2118 10:00 Russia VLA%sT
2119#
2120# Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
2121# The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
2122Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
2123 9:00 - CJT 1938
2124 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25
2125 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
2126 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2127 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
2128 10:00 Russia SAK%sT
2129#
2130# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2131# Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2132# Probably also: Kuril Islands.
2133# The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Momskij,
2134# Nizhnekolymskij, Ojmyakonskij.
2135Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
2136 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2137 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2138 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2139 11:00 Russia MAG%sT
2140#
2141# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2142# Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2143#
2144# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
2145Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
2146 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
2147 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2148 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2149 12:00 Russia PET%sT
2150#
2151# Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug
2152Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
2153 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
2154 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
2155 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2156 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2157 12:00 Russia ANA%sT
2158
2159# Serbia
2160# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2161Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2162 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2163 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2164 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s
2165 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2166# Metod Kozelj reports that the legal date of
2167# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2168# Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
2169 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2170 1:00 EU CE%sT
2171Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2172Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro
2173Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2174Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2175Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
2176
2177# Slovakia
2178Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
2179
2180# Slovenia
2181# see Serbia
2182
2183# Spain
2184# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2185# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1;
2186# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2187Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2188Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
2189Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2190Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2191# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2192Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2193# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2194Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
2195Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2196# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2197Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2198Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2199Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2200Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2201# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13;
2202# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2203Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2204Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2205Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2206Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2207Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2208# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2209Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2210Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
2211Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
2212Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
2213Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
2214Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
2215Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2216Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
2217Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
2218Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
2219Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
2220Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
2221Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2222Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
2223Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2224# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
2225Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
2226Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2227Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
2228Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2229Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2230Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2231Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2232Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2233Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
2234# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2235Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 Jan 1 0:00s
2236 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
2237 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
2238 1:00 EU CE%sT
2239Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
2240 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
2241 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
2242 0:00 - WET 1924
2243 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
2244 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2245 1:00 - CET 1986
2246 1:00 EU CE%sT
2247Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2248 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2249 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2250 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2251 0:00 EU WE%sT
2252# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2253# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2254
2255# Sweden
2256
2257# From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
2258#
2259# The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
2260# From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
2261# places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
2262# three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
2263# meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
2264#
2265# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
2266# eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
2267# national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
2268#
2269# About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
2270# forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
2271# of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
2272# the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
2273# observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
2274# from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
2275# 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
2276# in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
2277#
2278# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
2279# that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
2280# pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
2281# Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
2282#
2283# The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
2284# Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
2285# not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
2286# in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
2287# "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
2288# the Sok-button).
2289#
2290# (2001-05-13):
2291#
2292# I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
2293# summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
2294# 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
2295# people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
2296# at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
2297# hour before the event took place.
2298#
2299# Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
2300
2301# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2302Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
2303 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
2304 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
2305 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00
2306 1:00 - CET 1980
2307 1:00 EU CE%sT
2308
2309# Switzerland
2310# From Howse:
2311# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2312# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2313# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
2314# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2315# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
2316Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
2317Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2318# From Shanks & Pottenger:
2319Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
2320Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2321# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2322Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
2323 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
2324 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2325 1:00 EU CE%sT
2326
2327# Turkey
2328
2329# From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03):
2330# The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now.
2331# ... The latest rules are available at -
2332# http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107
2333# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03):
2334# I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that
2335# DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time. I am not sure
2336# what happened before that. One example for each year from 1996 to 2001:
2337# http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm
2338# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT
2339# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM
2340# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016
2341# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021
2342# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027
2343# From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03):
2344# Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990.
2345
2346# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
2347# Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
2348# start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
2349# http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
2350# The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
2351# http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
2352# I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
2353# (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
2354# http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
2355
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