2# <pre>
3
4# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
5# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
6# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
7
8# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
9# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
10# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
11# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
12#
13# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
14# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
15# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
16# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
17# of the IATA's data after 1990.
18#
19# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
20# entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
21#
22# Other sources occasionally used include:
23#
24# Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
25# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
26# which I found in the UCLA library.
27#
28# <a href="http://www.pettswoodvillage.co.uk/Daylight_Savings_William_Willett.pdf">
29# William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
30# </a> (1914-03)
31#
32# Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
33# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
34# History of Summer Time
35# </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
36
37#
38# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
39# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
40# Corrections are welcome!
41# std dst 2dst
42# LMT Local Mean Time
43# -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
44# -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
45# -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
46# 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
47# 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
48# 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
49# 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
50# 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
51# 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
52# 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
53# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
54# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
55#
56# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
57# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
58
59# From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
60# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
61# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
62# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
63# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
64# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
65# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
66# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
67# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
68# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
69# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
70# ...
71# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
72# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
73# ...
74# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
75# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
76# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
77# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
78# in the Directive.
79
80
81###############################################################################
82
83# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
84
85# From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
86#
87# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
88# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
89# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
90# of the text said:
91#
92# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
93# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
94# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
95# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
96# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
97# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
98# along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
99#
100# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
101# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
102# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
103#
104# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
105
106# From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
107#
108# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
109# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
110# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
111# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
112# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
113# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
114# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
115# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
116# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
117# adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
118# The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
119# and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
120# railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
121# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
122# on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
123# one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
124# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
125# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
126# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
127# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
128#
129# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
130# transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
131# about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
132
133# From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27):
134# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
135# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
136# who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
137# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
138# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
139# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
140# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
141# Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
142# it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
143# See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
144# A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
145# a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
146# subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
147# designed by G. W. Miller, is the the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
148# which is permanently set to Summer Time.
149
150# From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
151# It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
152# summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
153# between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
154# plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
155# foundations of civilization throughout the world.
156# -- <a href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/fh114willett.htm">
157# "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly
158# </a>
159
160# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
161# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
162# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
163# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
164# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
165
166# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
167#
168# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
169# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
170
171# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
172# From: Jonathan Leffler
173# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
174# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
175# politics making a fortune, not computing.
176
177# From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
178# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
179# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
180# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
181# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
182
183# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
184# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
185# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
186# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
187
188# From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
189# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
190# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
191# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
192# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
193# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
194# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
195# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
196
197# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
198# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
199# which is to be introduced in May....
200# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
201# which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
202
203# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
204# Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common
205# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
206# so we use `BDST'.
207
208# Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
209# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
210# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
211# and extending this list, which can be found in
212# <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/">
213# History of legal time in Britain
214# </a>
215
216# From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
217#
218# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
219# see Lord Tanlaw's speech
220# <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
221# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
222# </a>.
223
224# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
225#
226# For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
227#
228# Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
229# are incorrect:
230# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
231# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
232# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
233# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
234# It actually just had one transition.
235# * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
236# Actually, it conformed to Britain.
237# * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
238# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
239# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
240#
241# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
242# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
243# to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
244# conform with Great Britain.
245# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
246#
247# The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
248# we'll ignore it for now.
249# * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
250#
251#
252# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
253# Shanks & Pottenger.
254# Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
255# (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
256# to London. For example:
257#
258# "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
259# -- James Joyce, Ulysses
260
261# From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
262# Irish laws are available online at www.irishstatutebook.ie. These include
263# various relating to legal time, for example:
264#
265# ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
266#
267# ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
268# ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
269#
270# ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
271# ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
272# ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
273#
274# ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
275# ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
276# ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
277#
278# [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
279# <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
280#
281# (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
282# should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
283# the laws applicable in Ireland.)
284#
285# (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
286# in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
287# is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
288# being GMT+1.)
289
290# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
291# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
292# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
293# (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
294# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
295# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
296# and Frethun run in CT.
297# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
298# the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
299# and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
300# If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
301# I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
302# This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
303
304# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
305# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
306# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
307# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
308# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
309# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
310# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
311
312# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
313# Summer Time Act, 1916
314Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
315Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
316# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
317Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
318Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
319# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
320Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
321Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
322# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
323Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
324Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
325# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
326Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
327# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
328Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
329# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
330Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
331Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
332# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
333Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
334Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
335# The Summer Time Act, 1922
336Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
337Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
338Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
339Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
340# The Summer Time Act, 1925
341Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
342Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
343Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
344Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
345Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
346Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
347Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
348Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
349Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
350Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
351Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
352# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
353Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
354# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
355Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
356# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
357Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
358Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
359# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
360Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
361# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
362Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
363# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
364Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
365Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
366# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
367Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
368Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
369# The Summer Time Act, 1947
370Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
371Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
372Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
373Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
374# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
375Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
376Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
377# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
378Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
379Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
380# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
381# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
382# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
383Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
384Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
385# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
386Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
387Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
388Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
389Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
390Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
391Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
392Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
393# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
394# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
395# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
396Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
397Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
398# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
399# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
400# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
401Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
402# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
403Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
404# The British Standard Time Act, 1968
405# (no summer time)
406# The Summer Time Act, 1972
407Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
408Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
409# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
410# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
411# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
412# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
413Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
414Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
415# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
416# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
417# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
418Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
419# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
420# See EU for rules starting in 1996.
421
422# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
423Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
424 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
425 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
426 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
427 0:00 EU GMT/BST
428Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
429Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
430Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
431Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
432 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
433 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
434 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
435 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
436 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
437 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
438 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
439 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
440 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
441 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
442 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
443 0:00 EU GMT/IST
444
445###############################################################################
446
447# Europe
448
449# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
450# Common Market, etc.
451
452# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
453Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
454Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
455Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
456Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
457Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
458Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
459# The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
460# <a href="http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/dat/2000/en_300L0084.html"
461# Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
462# of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
463# </a>
464
465# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
466Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
467Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
468Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
469Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
470Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
471Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
472
473# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
474# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
475Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
476Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
477Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
478Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
479Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
480Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
481Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
482Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
483Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
484# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
485Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
486Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
487Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
488Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
489Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
490Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
491Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
492
493# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
494Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
495Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
496Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
497Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
498Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
499Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
500
501# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
502Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
503Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
504Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
505Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
506Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
507Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
508Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
509Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
510Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
511Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
512Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
513# Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
514Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
515Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
516# Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
517# Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
518Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
519Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
520#
521Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
522Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
523Rule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
524Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
525Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
526
527# These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
528
529# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
530Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
531Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
532Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
533Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
534
535# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
536# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
537
538# From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
539# The official German names ... are
540#
541# Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
542# Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
543#
544# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
545# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
546# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
547#
548# Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
549# Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
550# Postfach 3345
551# D-38023 Braunschweig
552# phone: +49 531 592-0
553#
554# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
555# department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
556# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
557#
558# Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
559# Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
560
561
562# Albania
563# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
564Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
565Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
566Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
567Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
568Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
569Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
570Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
571Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
572Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
573Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
574Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
575Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
576Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
577Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
578Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
579Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
580Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
581Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
582Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
583Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
584Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
585Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
586Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
587Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
588Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
589# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
590Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
591 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
592 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
593 1:00 EU CE%sT
594
595# Andorra
596# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
597Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
598 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
599 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
600 1:00 EU CE%sT
601
602# Austria
603
604# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
605# 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
606# Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
607# date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
608# Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV,
609# and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
610
611# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
612Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
613Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
614Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
615Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
616Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
617Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
618Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
619Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
620# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
621Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
622 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
623 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
624 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
625 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
626 1:00 - CET 1946
627 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
628 1:00 EU CE%sT
629
630# Belarus
631# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
632Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
633 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
634 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
635 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
636 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
637 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
638 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
639 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
640 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
641 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
642 2:00 Russia EE%sT
643
644# Belgium
645#
646# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
647# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
648# Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
649# Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
650# (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
651# pp 8-9.
652# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
653# Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
654# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
655# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
656# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
657#
658# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
659Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
660Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
661Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
662Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
663Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
664Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
665Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
666Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
667Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
668Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
669Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
670Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
671# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
672# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
673# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
674# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
675Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
676Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
677Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
678Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
679Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
680Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
681Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
682Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
683Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
684Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
685Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
686Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
687Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
688Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
689Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
690Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
691Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
692Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
693Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
694Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
695Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
696Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
697# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
698Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
699 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
700 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
701 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
702 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
703 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
704 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
705 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
706 1:00 EU CE%sT
707
708# Bosnia and Herzegovina
709# see Serbia
710
711# Bulgaria
712#
713# From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
714# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
715# EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
716# EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
717#
718# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
719Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
720Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
721Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S
722Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
723Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
724# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
725Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
726 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
727 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
728 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 3:00
729 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
730 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
731 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
732 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
733 2:00 EU EE%sT
734
735# Croatia
736# see Serbia
737
738# Cyprus
739# Please see the `asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
740
741# Czech Republic
742# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
743Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
744Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
745Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
746Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
747Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
748Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
749Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
750# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
751Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
752 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
753 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
754 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
755 1:00 EU CE%sT
756
757# Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
758
759# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
760# http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
761# [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
762# The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
763# confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
764#
765# The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
766# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
767#
768# This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
769# in subsequenet decrees with the law
770# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
771#
772# It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
773# not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
774# changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
775# 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
776# the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
777# when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
778# confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
779# The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
780# working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
781# was suspended on that night):
782# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
783
784# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
785# The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
786# Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
787
788# From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
789# Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
790# wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
791
792# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
793Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
794Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
795Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
796Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
797Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
798Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
799Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
800Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
801Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
802Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
803Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
804#
805# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
806Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
807 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
808 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
809 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
810 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
811 1:00 EU CE%sT
812Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
813 0:00 - WET 1981
814 0:00 EU WE%sT
815#
816# From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
817# During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
818# East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
819# My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
820#
821# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
822# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
823# and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
824# rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthab
825# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
826# rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
827
828# From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
829# <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
830# and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
831#
832# Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
833# is according to the following time line:
834#
835# The military zone near Thule UTC-4
836# Standard Greenland time UTC-3
837# Scoresbysund UTC-1
838# Danmarkshavn UTC
839#
840# In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
841# introduced.
842
843# From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
844#
845# I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
846# the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
847# not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
848# info from earlier correspondence.]
849#
850# According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
851# Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
852# savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
853#
854# The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
855# uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
856# There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
857# Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
858# email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
859# Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
860# DPC research station at Zackenberg.
861#
862# Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
863# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab).
864#
865# The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it
866# includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
867# UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
868#
869# It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
870# North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
871# maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
872# this area is that it sticks with Godthab time. This area might be
873# considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
874
875# From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
876# I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
877# there at 2:00 AM.
878
879# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
880# From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
881# the 1995 map as like Godthab.
882# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.
883# startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
884# so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
885# For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
886#
887# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
888Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
889Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
890Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
891Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
892Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
893Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
894#
895# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
896Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
897 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
898 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996
899 0:00 - GMT
900Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
901 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
902 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
903 -1:00 EU EG%sT
904Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
905 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
906 -3:00 EU WG%sT
907Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
908 -4:00 Thule A%sT
909
910# Estonia
911# From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
912# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
913# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
914# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
915#
916# From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
917# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
918# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
919# ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
920# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
921# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
922# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
923# human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
924# summer time next spring.''
925
926# From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
927# <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
928# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
929# </a>
930# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
931# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
932#
933# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
934# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
935# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
936
937# From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
938# via Steffen Thorsen:
939# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
940# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
941# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
942# Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
943# for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
944# after that.
945
946# From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
947# Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
948# no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
949# the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
950
951# From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
952# The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
953# Now we are using again EU rules.
954#
955# From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28):
956# The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
957
958# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
959Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
960 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
961 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
962 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
963 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
964 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
965 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
966 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
967 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
968 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
969 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
970 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
971 2:00 EU EE%sT
972
973# Finland
974#
975# From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
976# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
977# and it's supposed to change at 4am...
978#
979# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
980# Shanks & Pottenger say Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time
981# since 1981. Go with Strang instead.
982#
983# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
984Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
985Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
986# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
987Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
988 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
989 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00
990 2:00 EU EE%sT
991
992# Aaland Is
993Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
994
995
996# France
997
998# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
999#
1000# Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
1001# Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1002#
1003# Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
1004# Paris, 1991
1005#
1006# Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
1007# Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
1008
1009
1010#
1011# Shank & Pottenger seem to use `24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1012# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1013Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1014Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1015Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1016Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1017Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1018Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1019Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1020Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1021Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1022Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1023# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1024# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1025# were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1026Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1027Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1028Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1029Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1030Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1031Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1032Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1033Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1034Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1035Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1036Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1037Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1038Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1039Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1040Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1041Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1042Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1043Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1044Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1045Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1046# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1047# write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1048# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
1049# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
1050# Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Decartes,
1051# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1052# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
1053# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collognes (Haute-Savioe).
1054Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1055# Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1056# but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1057# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1058# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1059Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1060Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1061Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1062Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1063Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1064Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1065Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1066Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1067Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1068# Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1069# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1070Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1071Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1072# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1073# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1074# Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1075# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1076# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1077Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1078 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1079# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1080 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1081# Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1082# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1083 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1084 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1085 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1086 1:00 EU CE%sT
1087
1088# Germany
1089
1090# From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1091# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1092# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1093# [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1094
1095# From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1096# In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by <a
1097# href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/">
1098# General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>.
1099
1100# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1101# <a href="http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf">
1102# says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1103# However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1104# this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
1105
1106
1107# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1108Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1109Rule Germany 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1110Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1111Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1112Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1113Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1114Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1115Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
1116Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1117Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1118Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1119Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1120# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1121Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1122 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1123 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1124 1:00 EU CE%sT
1125
1126# Georgia
1127# Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1128# Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1129# is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1130
1131# Gibraltar
1132# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1133Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s
1134 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1135 1:00 - CET 1982
1136 1:00 EU CE%sT
1137
1138# Greece
1139# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1140# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1141Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1142Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1143# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1144Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1145# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1146Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1147Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1148Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1149# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1150Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1151Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1152Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1153Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1154Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1155Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1156Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1157Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1158Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1159Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1160Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1161Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1162Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1163# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1164Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1165 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1166 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1167 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1168 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1169 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1170 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1171 2:00 EU EE%sT
1172
1173# Hungary
1174# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1175Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1176Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1177Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1178Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1179Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
1180Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1181Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1182Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1183Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1184Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1185Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1186Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1187Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1188Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1189Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1190Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1191Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1192Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1193Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1194Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1195# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1196Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1197 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1198 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1199 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00
1200 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1201 1:00 EU CE%sT
1202
1203# Iceland
1204#
1205# From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1206# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1207#
1208# (1993-12-05):
1209# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1210# Iceland Almanak.
1211#
1212# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1213# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1214# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1215# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1216#
1217# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1218# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1219# time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1220# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1221#
1222# (1993-12-10):
1223# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1224# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1225# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1226# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1227# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1228# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1229# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1230# might mean something else (???).
1231#
1232# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1233# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks & Pottenger, and Whitman disagree on many points.
1234# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks & Pottenger, namely
1235# that Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1236#
1237# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1238Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1239Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1240Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1241Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1242Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1243Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1244Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1245Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1246Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1247Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1248Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1249# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1250Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1251Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1252# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1253Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1254# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1255Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1256Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1257Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1258# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1259Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1260 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1261 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1262 0:00 - GMT
1263
1264# Italy
1265#
1266# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1267# Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1268# called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1269# During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1270# But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1271# so record only the time in Rome.
1272#
1273# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1274# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and
1275# F. Pollastri
1276# <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html">
1277# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)
1278# </a>
1279# (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1280# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1281#
1282# year FP Shanks&P. (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1283# 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1284# 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1285# 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1286# 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1287# 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1288# 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1289# 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1290# 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1291# 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1292# 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1293# 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1294# 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1295# 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1296# 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1297# 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1298#
1299# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1300Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1301Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1302Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1303Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1304Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1305Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1306Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1307Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1308Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1309Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1310Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1311Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1312Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1313Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1314Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1315Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1316Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1317Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1318Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1319Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1320Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1321Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1322Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1323Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1324Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1325Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1326Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1327Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1328Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1329Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1330Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1331Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1332Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1333Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1334Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1335Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1336# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1337Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1338 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov 1 0:00s # Rome Mean
1339 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1340 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1341 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1342 1:00 EU CE%sT
1343
1344Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1345Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1346
1347# Latvia
1348
1349# From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1350
1351# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1352# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1353# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1354# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1355#
1356# Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1357# according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1358# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1359# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1360# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1361#
1362# Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1363# according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1364# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1365# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1366# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1367# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1368#
1369# Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1370# according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1371# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1372# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1373# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1374# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1375# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1376# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1377# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1378# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1379#
1380# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1381# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1382# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1383
1384# From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1385# This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1386# <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm">
1387# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1388# 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).
1389
1390# <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html">
1391# From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1392# </a>
1393# The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1394# institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1395# Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1396# clocks one hour in the spring....
1397# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
1398# daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1399# Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1400# time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1401# urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1402# appears that they will not do so....
1403
1404# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1405Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1406Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1407# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1408Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1409 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1410 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1411 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1412 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1413 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1414 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1415 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1416 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1417 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1418 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1419 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1420 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1421 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1422 2:00 EU EE%sT
1423
1424# Liechtenstein
1425# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1426Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1427 1:00 - CET 1981
1428 1:00 EU CE%sT
1429
1430# Lithuania
1431
1432# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1433# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1434# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1435
1436# From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1437# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1438# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1439
1440# From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
1441# via Steffen Thorsen:
1442# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1443# to be valid here starting from October 31,
1444# as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1445# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1446# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1447# already done by Estonia.
1448
1449# From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm">
1450# Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1451# </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1452
1453# From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1454# As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1455# observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1456# down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1457# neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1458# 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1459# http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1460
1461
1462# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1463Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1464 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1465 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1466 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1467 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1468 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1469 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1470 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1471 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1472 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1473 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1474 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1475 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1476 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1477 2:00 EU EE%sT
1478
1479# Luxembourg
1480# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
1481# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1482# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1483Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1484Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1485Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1486Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1487Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1488Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1489Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1490Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1491Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1492Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1493Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1494Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1495Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1496Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1497Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1498Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1499Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1500Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1501Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1502Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1503Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1504Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1505Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1506# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1507Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1508 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1509 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1510 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1511 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1512 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1513 1:00 EU CE%sT
1514
1515# Macedonia
1516# see Serbia
1517
1518# Malta
1519# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1520Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1521Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1522Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1523Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1524Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1525Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1526Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1527# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1528Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta
1529 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1530 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1531 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1532 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1533 1:00 EU CE%sT
1534
1535# Moldova
1536
1537# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1538# A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1539# that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1540# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1541# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1542# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1543# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1544# But [two people] separately reported via
1545# Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1546# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1547
1548# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1549Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1550 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1551 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1552 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1553 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1554 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1555 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1556 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
1557 2:00 - EET 1991
1558 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1559 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1560# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1561 2:00 EU EE%sT
1562
1563# Monaco
1564# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
1565# more precise 0:09:21.
1566# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1567Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1568 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1569 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1570 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1571 1:00 EU CE%sT
1572
1573# Montenegro
1574# see Serbia
1575
1576# Netherlands
1577
1578# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1579# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1580
1581# However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1582# Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1583# Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1584# the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1585# (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1586# common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1587# not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1588# On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1589# was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1590#
1591# (2001-04-08):
1592# 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1593# observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1594# practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1595#
1596# (2001-04-09):
1597# In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1598# municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1599# Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1600# actually followed.
1601#
1602# From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1603# observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1604# Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1605# places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1606# adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1607#
1608# Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1609# of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1610# was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1611# Amsterdam mean time.
1612
1613# The data before 1945 are taken from
1614# <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>.
1615
1616# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1617Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1618Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1619Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1620Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1621Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1622Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1623Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1624Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1625Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1626Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1627Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1628# From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1629# in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1630Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1631Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1632Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1633Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1634Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1635Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1636Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1637Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1638Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1639#
1640# Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1641# below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1642# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1643Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1644 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1645 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1646 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1647 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1648 1:00 EU CE%sT
1649
1650# Norway
1651# http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
1652# Pottenger.
1653# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1654Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1655Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1656Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1657Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1658Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1659Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1660Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1661# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1662Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1663 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1664 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1665 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1666 1:00 EU CE%sT
1667
1668# Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1669
1670# From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1671# Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1672# Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1673# time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
1674# as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1675# Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1676# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and
1677# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation
1678# for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1679# into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1680# part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1681# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been
1682# able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1683# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by
1684# Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1685# since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1686# before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1687# between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1688
1689# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01):
1690#
1691# Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1692# so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
1693# keeping Berlin time.
1694#
1695# <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1696# burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1697# 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1698# frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
1699# radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
1700# the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1701# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1702#
1703# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1704# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1705# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
1706# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1707# expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
1708# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1709# <http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html>
1710# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1711# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1712#
1713# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970. Unless we can
1714# come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the
1715# war years it's probably best just do do the following for now:
1716Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
| 2# <pre>
3
4# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
5# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
6# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
7
8# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
9# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
10# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
11# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
12#
13# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
14# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
15# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
16# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
17# of the IATA's data after 1990.
18#
19# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
20# entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
21#
22# Other sources occasionally used include:
23#
24# Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
25# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
26# which I found in the UCLA library.
27#
28# <a href="http://www.pettswoodvillage.co.uk/Daylight_Savings_William_Willett.pdf">
29# William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
30# </a> (1914-03)
31#
32# Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
33# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
34# History of Summer Time
35# </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
36
37#
38# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
39# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
40# Corrections are welcome!
41# std dst 2dst
42# LMT Local Mean Time
43# -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
44# -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
45# -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
46# 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
47# 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
48# 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
49# 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
50# 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
51# 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
52# 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
53# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
54# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
55#
56# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
57# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
58
59# From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
60# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
61# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
62# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
63# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
64# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
65# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
66# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
67# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
68# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
69# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
70# ...
71# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
72# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
73# ...
74# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
75# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
76# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
77# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
78# in the Directive.
79
80
81###############################################################################
82
83# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
84
85# From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
86#
87# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
88# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
89# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
90# of the text said:
91#
92# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
93# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
94# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
95# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
96# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
97# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
98# along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
99#
100# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
101# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
102# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
103#
104# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
105
106# From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
107#
108# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
109# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
110# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
111# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
112# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
113# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
114# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
115# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
116# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
117# adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
118# The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
119# and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
120# railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
121# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
122# on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
123# one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
124# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
125# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
126# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
127# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
128#
129# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
130# transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
131# about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
132
133# From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27):
134# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
135# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
136# who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
137# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
138# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
139# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
140# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
141# Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
142# it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
143# See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
144# A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
145# a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
146# subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
147# designed by G. W. Miller, is the the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
148# which is permanently set to Summer Time.
149
150# From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
151# It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
152# summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
153# between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
154# plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
155# foundations of civilization throughout the world.
156# -- <a href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/fh114willett.htm">
157# "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly
158# </a>
159
160# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
161# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
162# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
163# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
164# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
165
166# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
167#
168# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
169# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
170
171# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
172# From: Jonathan Leffler
173# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
174# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
175# politics making a fortune, not computing.
176
177# From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
178# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
179# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
180# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
181# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
182
183# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
184# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
185# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
186# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
187
188# From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
189# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
190# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
191# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
192# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
193# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
194# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
195# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
196
197# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
198# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
199# which is to be introduced in May....
200# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
201# which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
202
203# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
204# Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common
205# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
206# so we use `BDST'.
207
208# Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
209# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
210# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
211# and extending this list, which can be found in
212# <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/">
213# History of legal time in Britain
214# </a>
215
216# From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
217#
218# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
219# see Lord Tanlaw's speech
220# <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
221# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
222# </a>.
223
224# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
225#
226# For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
227#
228# Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
229# are incorrect:
230# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
231# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
232# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
233# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
234# It actually just had one transition.
235# * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
236# Actually, it conformed to Britain.
237# * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
238# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
239# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
240#
241# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
242# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
243# to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
244# conform with Great Britain.
245# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
246#
247# The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
248# we'll ignore it for now.
249# * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
250#
251#
252# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
253# Shanks & Pottenger.
254# Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
255# (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
256# to London. For example:
257#
258# "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
259# -- James Joyce, Ulysses
260
261# From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
262# Irish laws are available online at www.irishstatutebook.ie. These include
263# various relating to legal time, for example:
264#
265# ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
266#
267# ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
268# ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
269#
270# ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
271# ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
272# ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
273#
274# ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
275# ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
276# ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
277#
278# [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
279# <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
280#
281# (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
282# should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
283# the laws applicable in Ireland.)
284#
285# (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
286# in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
287# is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
288# being GMT+1.)
289
290# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
291# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
292# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
293# (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
294# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
295# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
296# and Frethun run in CT.
297# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
298# the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
299# and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
300# If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
301# I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
302# This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
303
304# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
305# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
306# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
307# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
308# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
309# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
310# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
311
312# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
313# Summer Time Act, 1916
314Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
315Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
316# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
317Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
318Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
319# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
320Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
321Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
322# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
323Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
324Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
325# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
326Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
327# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
328Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
329# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
330Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
331Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
332# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
333Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
334Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
335# The Summer Time Act, 1922
336Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
337Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
338Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
339Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
340# The Summer Time Act, 1925
341Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
342Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
343Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
344Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
345Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
346Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
347Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
348Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
349Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
350Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
351Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
352# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
353Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
354# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
355Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
356# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
357Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
358Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
359# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
360Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
361# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
362Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
363# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
364Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
365Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
366# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
367Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
368Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
369# The Summer Time Act, 1947
370Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
371Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
372Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
373Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
374# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
375Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
376Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
377# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
378Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
379Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
380# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
381# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
382# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
383Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
384Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
385# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
386Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
387Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
388Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
389Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
390Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
391Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
392Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
393# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
394# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
395# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
396Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
397Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
398# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
399# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
400# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
401Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
402# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
403Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
404# The British Standard Time Act, 1968
405# (no summer time)
406# The Summer Time Act, 1972
407Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
408Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
409# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
410# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
411# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
412# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
413Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
414Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
415# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
416# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
417# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
418Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
419# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
420# See EU for rules starting in 1996.
421
422# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
423Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
424 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
425 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
426 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
427 0:00 EU GMT/BST
428Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
429Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
430Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
431Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
432 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
433 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
434 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
435 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
436 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
437 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
438 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
439 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
440 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
441 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
442 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
443 0:00 EU GMT/IST
444
445###############################################################################
446
447# Europe
448
449# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
450# Common Market, etc.
451
452# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
453Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
454Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
455Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
456Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
457Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
458Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
459# The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
460# <a href="http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/dat/2000/en_300L0084.html"
461# Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
462# of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
463# </a>
464
465# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
466Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
467Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
468Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
469Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
470Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
471Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
472
473# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
474# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
475Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
476Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
477Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
478Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
479Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
480Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
481Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
482Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
483Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
484# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
485Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
486Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
487Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
488Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
489Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
490Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
491Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
492
493# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
494Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
495Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
496Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
497Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
498Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
499Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
500
501# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
502Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
503Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
504Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
505Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
506Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
507Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
508Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
509Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
510Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
511Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
512Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
513# Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
514Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
515Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
516# Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
517# Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
518Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
519Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
520#
521Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
522Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
523Rule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
524Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
525Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
526
527# These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
528
529# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
530Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
531Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
532Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
533Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
534
535# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
536# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
537
538# From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
539# The official German names ... are
540#
541# Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
542# Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
543#
544# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
545# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
546# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
547#
548# Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
549# Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
550# Postfach 3345
551# D-38023 Braunschweig
552# phone: +49 531 592-0
553#
554# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
555# department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
556# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
557#
558# Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
559# Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
560
561
562# Albania
563# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
564Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
565Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
566Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
567Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
568Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
569Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
570Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
571Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
572Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
573Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
574Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
575Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
576Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
577Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
578Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
579Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
580Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
581Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
582Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
583Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
584Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
585Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
586Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
587Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
588Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
589# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
590Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
591 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
592 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
593 1:00 EU CE%sT
594
595# Andorra
596# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
597Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
598 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
599 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
600 1:00 EU CE%sT
601
602# Austria
603
604# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
605# 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
606# Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
607# date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
608# Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV,
609# and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
610
611# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
612Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
613Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
614Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
615Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
616Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
617Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
618Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
619Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
620# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
621Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
622 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
623 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
624 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
625 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
626 1:00 - CET 1946
627 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
628 1:00 EU CE%sT
629
630# Belarus
631# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
632Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
633 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
634 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
635 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
636 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
637 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
638 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
639 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
640 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
641 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
642 2:00 Russia EE%sT
643
644# Belgium
645#
646# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
647# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
648# Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
649# Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
650# (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
651# pp 8-9.
652# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
653# Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
654# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
655# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
656# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
657#
658# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
659Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
660Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
661Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
662Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
663Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
664Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
665Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
666Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
667Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
668Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
669Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
670Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
671# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
672# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
673# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
674# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
675Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
676Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
677Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
678Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
679Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
680Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
681Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
682Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
683Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
684Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
685Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
686Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
687Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
688Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
689Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
690Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
691Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
692Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
693Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
694Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
695Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
696Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
697# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
698Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
699 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
700 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
701 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
702 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
703 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
704 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
705 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
706 1:00 EU CE%sT
707
708# Bosnia and Herzegovina
709# see Serbia
710
711# Bulgaria
712#
713# From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
714# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
715# EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
716# EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
717#
718# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
719Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
720Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
721Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S
722Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
723Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
724# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
725Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
726 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
727 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
728 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 3:00
729 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
730 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
731 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
732 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
733 2:00 EU EE%sT
734
735# Croatia
736# see Serbia
737
738# Cyprus
739# Please see the `asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
740
741# Czech Republic
742# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
743Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
744Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
745Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
746Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
747Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
748Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
749Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
750# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
751Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
752 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
753 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
754 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
755 1:00 EU CE%sT
756
757# Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
758
759# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
760# http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
761# [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
762# The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
763# confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
764#
765# The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
766# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
767#
768# This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
769# in subsequenet decrees with the law
770# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
771#
772# It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
773# not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
774# changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
775# 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
776# the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
777# when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
778# confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
779# The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
780# working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
781# was suspended on that night):
782# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
783
784# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
785# The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
786# Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
787
788# From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
789# Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
790# wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
791
792# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
793Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
794Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
795Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
796Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
797Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
798Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
799Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
800Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
801Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
802Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
803Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
804#
805# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
806Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
807 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
808 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
809 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
810 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
811 1:00 EU CE%sT
812Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
813 0:00 - WET 1981
814 0:00 EU WE%sT
815#
816# From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
817# During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
818# East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
819# My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
820#
821# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
822# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
823# and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
824# rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthab
825# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
826# rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
827
828# From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
829# <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
830# and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
831#
832# Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
833# is according to the following time line:
834#
835# The military zone near Thule UTC-4
836# Standard Greenland time UTC-3
837# Scoresbysund UTC-1
838# Danmarkshavn UTC
839#
840# In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
841# introduced.
842
843# From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
844#
845# I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
846# the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
847# not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
848# info from earlier correspondence.]
849#
850# According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
851# Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
852# savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
853#
854# The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
855# uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
856# There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
857# Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
858# email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
859# Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
860# DPC research station at Zackenberg.
861#
862# Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
863# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab).
864#
865# The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it
866# includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
867# UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
868#
869# It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
870# North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
871# maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
872# this area is that it sticks with Godthab time. This area might be
873# considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
874
875# From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
876# I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
877# there at 2:00 AM.
878
879# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
880# From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
881# the 1995 map as like Godthab.
882# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.
883# startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
884# so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
885# For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
886#
887# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
888Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
889Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
890Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
891Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
892Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
893Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
894#
895# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
896Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
897 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
898 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996
899 0:00 - GMT
900Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
901 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
902 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
903 -1:00 EU EG%sT
904Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
905 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
906 -3:00 EU WG%sT
907Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
908 -4:00 Thule A%sT
909
910# Estonia
911# From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
912# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
913# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
914# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
915#
916# From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
917# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
918# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
919# ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
920# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
921# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
922# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
923# human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
924# summer time next spring.''
925
926# From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
927# <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
928# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
929# </a>
930# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
931# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
932#
933# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
934# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
935# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
936
937# From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
938# via Steffen Thorsen:
939# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
940# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
941# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
942# Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
943# for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
944# after that.
945
946# From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
947# Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
948# no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
949# the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
950
951# From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
952# The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
953# Now we are using again EU rules.
954#
955# From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28):
956# The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
957
958# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
959Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
960 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
961 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
962 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
963 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
964 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
965 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
966 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
967 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
968 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
969 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
970 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
971 2:00 EU EE%sT
972
973# Finland
974#
975# From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
976# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
977# and it's supposed to change at 4am...
978#
979# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
980# Shanks & Pottenger say Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time
981# since 1981. Go with Strang instead.
982#
983# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
984Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
985Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
986# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
987Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
988 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
989 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00
990 2:00 EU EE%sT
991
992# Aaland Is
993Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
994
995
996# France
997
998# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
999#
1000# Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
1001# Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1002#
1003# Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
1004# Paris, 1991
1005#
1006# Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
1007# Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
1008
1009
1010#
1011# Shank & Pottenger seem to use `24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1012# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1013Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1014Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1015Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1016Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1017Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1018Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1019Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1020Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1021Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1022Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1023# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1024# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1025# were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1026Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1027Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1028Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1029Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1030Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1031Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1032Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1033Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1034Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1035Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1036Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1037Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1038Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1039Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1040Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1041Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1042Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1043Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1044Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1045Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1046# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1047# write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1048# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
1049# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
1050# Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Decartes,
1051# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1052# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
1053# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collognes (Haute-Savioe).
1054Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1055# Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1056# but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1057# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1058# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1059Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1060Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1061Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1062Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1063Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1064Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1065Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1066Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1067Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1068# Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1069# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1070Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1071Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1072# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1073# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1074# Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1075# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1076# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1077Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1078 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1079# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1080 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1081# Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1082# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1083 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1084 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1085 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1086 1:00 EU CE%sT
1087
1088# Germany
1089
1090# From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1091# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1092# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1093# [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1094
1095# From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1096# In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by <a
1097# href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/">
1098# General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>.
1099
1100# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1101# <a href="http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf">
1102# says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1103# However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1104# this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
1105
1106
1107# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1108Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1109Rule Germany 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1110Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1111Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1112Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1113Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1114Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1115Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
1116Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1117Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1118Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1119Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1120# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1121Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1122 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1123 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1124 1:00 EU CE%sT
1125
1126# Georgia
1127# Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1128# Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1129# is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1130
1131# Gibraltar
1132# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1133Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s
1134 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1135 1:00 - CET 1982
1136 1:00 EU CE%sT
1137
1138# Greece
1139# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1140# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1141Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1142Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1143# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1144Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1145# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1146Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1147Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1148Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1149# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1150Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1151Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1152Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1153Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1154Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1155Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1156Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1157Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1158Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1159Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1160Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1161Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1162Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1163# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1164Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1165 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1166 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1167 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1168 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1169 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1170 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1171 2:00 EU EE%sT
1172
1173# Hungary
1174# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1175Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1176Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1177Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1178Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1179Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
1180Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1181Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1182Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1183Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1184Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1185Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1186Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1187Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1188Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1189Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1190Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1191Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1192Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1193Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1194Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1195# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1196Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1197 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1198 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1199 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00
1200 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1201 1:00 EU CE%sT
1202
1203# Iceland
1204#
1205# From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1206# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1207#
1208# (1993-12-05):
1209# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1210# Iceland Almanak.
1211#
1212# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1213# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1214# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1215# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1216#
1217# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1218# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1219# time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1220# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1221#
1222# (1993-12-10):
1223# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1224# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1225# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1226# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1227# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1228# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1229# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1230# might mean something else (???).
1231#
1232# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1233# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks & Pottenger, and Whitman disagree on many points.
1234# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks & Pottenger, namely
1235# that Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1236#
1237# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1238Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1239Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1240Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1241Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1242Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1243Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1244Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1245Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1246Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1247Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1248Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1249# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1250Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1251Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1252# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1253Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1254# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1255Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1256Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1257Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1258# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1259Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1260 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1261 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1262 0:00 - GMT
1263
1264# Italy
1265#
1266# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1267# Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1268# called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1269# During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1270# But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1271# so record only the time in Rome.
1272#
1273# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1274# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and
1275# F. Pollastri
1276# <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html">
1277# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)
1278# </a>
1279# (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1280# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1281#
1282# year FP Shanks&P. (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1283# 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1284# 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1285# 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1286# 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1287# 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1288# 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1289# 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1290# 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1291# 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1292# 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1293# 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1294# 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1295# 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1296# 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1297# 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1298#
1299# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1300Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1301Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1302Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1303Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1304Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1305Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1306Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1307Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1308Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1309Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1310Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1311Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1312Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1313Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1314Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1315Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1316Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1317Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1318Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1319Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1320Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1321Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1322Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1323Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1324Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1325Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1326Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1327Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1328Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1329Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1330Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1331Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1332Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1333Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1334Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1335Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1336# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1337Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1338 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov 1 0:00s # Rome Mean
1339 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1340 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1341 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1342 1:00 EU CE%sT
1343
1344Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1345Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1346
1347# Latvia
1348
1349# From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1350
1351# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1352# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1353# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1354# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1355#
1356# Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1357# according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1358# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1359# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1360# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1361#
1362# Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1363# according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1364# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1365# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1366# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1367# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1368#
1369# Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1370# according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1371# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1372# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1373# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1374# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1375# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1376# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1377# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1378# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1379#
1380# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1381# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1382# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1383
1384# From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1385# This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1386# <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm">
1387# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1388# 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).
1389
1390# <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html">
1391# From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1392# </a>
1393# The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1394# institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1395# Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1396# clocks one hour in the spring....
1397# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
1398# daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1399# Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1400# time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1401# urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1402# appears that they will not do so....
1403
1404# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1405Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1406Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1407# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1408Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1409 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1410 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1411 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1412 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1413 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1414 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1415 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1416 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1417 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1418 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1419 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1420 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1421 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1422 2:00 EU EE%sT
1423
1424# Liechtenstein
1425# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1426Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1427 1:00 - CET 1981
1428 1:00 EU CE%sT
1429
1430# Lithuania
1431
1432# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1433# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1434# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1435
1436# From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1437# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1438# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1439
1440# From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
1441# via Steffen Thorsen:
1442# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1443# to be valid here starting from October 31,
1444# as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1445# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1446# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1447# already done by Estonia.
1448
1449# From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm">
1450# Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1451# </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1452
1453# From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1454# As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1455# observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1456# down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1457# neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1458# 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1459# http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1460
1461
1462# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1463Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1464 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1465 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1466 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1467 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1468 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1469 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1470 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1471 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1472 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1473 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1474 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1475 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1476 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1477 2:00 EU EE%sT
1478
1479# Luxembourg
1480# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
1481# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1482# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1483Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1484Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1485Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1486Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1487Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1488Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1489Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1490Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1491Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1492Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1493Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1494Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1495Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1496Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1497Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1498Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1499Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1500Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1501Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1502Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1503Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1504Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1505Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1506# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1507Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1508 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1509 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1510 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1511 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1512 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1513 1:00 EU CE%sT
1514
1515# Macedonia
1516# see Serbia
1517
1518# Malta
1519# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1520Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1521Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1522Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1523Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1524Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1525Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1526Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1527# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1528Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta
1529 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1530 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1531 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1532 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1533 1:00 EU CE%sT
1534
1535# Moldova
1536
1537# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1538# A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1539# that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1540# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1541# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1542# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1543# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1544# But [two people] separately reported via
1545# Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1546# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1547
1548# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1549Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1550 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1551 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1552 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1553 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1554 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1555 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1556 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
1557 2:00 - EET 1991
1558 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1559 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1560# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1561 2:00 EU EE%sT
1562
1563# Monaco
1564# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
1565# more precise 0:09:21.
1566# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1567Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1568 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1569 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1570 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1571 1:00 EU CE%sT
1572
1573# Montenegro
1574# see Serbia
1575
1576# Netherlands
1577
1578# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1579# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1580
1581# However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1582# Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1583# Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1584# the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1585# (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1586# common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1587# not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1588# On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1589# was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1590#
1591# (2001-04-08):
1592# 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1593# observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1594# practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1595#
1596# (2001-04-09):
1597# In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1598# municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1599# Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1600# actually followed.
1601#
1602# From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1603# observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1604# Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1605# places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1606# adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1607#
1608# Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1609# of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1610# was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1611# Amsterdam mean time.
1612
1613# The data before 1945 are taken from
1614# <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>.
1615
1616# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1617Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1618Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1619Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1620Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1621Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1622Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1623Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1624Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1625Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1626Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1627Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1628# From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1629# in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1630Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1631Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1632Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1633Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1634Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1635Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1636Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1637Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1638Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1639#
1640# Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1641# below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1642# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1643Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1644 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1645 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1646 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1647 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1648 1:00 EU CE%sT
1649
1650# Norway
1651# http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
1652# Pottenger.
1653# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1654Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1655Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1656Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1657Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1658Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1659Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1660Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1661# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1662Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1663 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1664 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1665 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1666 1:00 EU CE%sT
1667
1668# Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1669
1670# From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1671# Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1672# Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1673# time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
1674# as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1675# Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1676# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and
1677# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation
1678# for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1679# into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1680# part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1681# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been
1682# able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1683# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by
1684# Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1685# since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1686# before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1687# between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1688
1689# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01):
1690#
1691# Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1692# so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
1693# keeping Berlin time.
1694#
1695# <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1696# burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1697# 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1698# frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
1699# radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
1700# the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1701# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1702#
1703# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1704# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1705# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
1706# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1707# expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
1708# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1709# <http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html>
1710# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1711# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1712#
1713# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970. Unless we can
1714# come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the
1715# war years it's probably best just do do the following for now:
1716Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
|
1718
1719# Poland
1720# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1721Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1722Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1723Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
1724# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1725Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1726# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1727Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1728Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1729# For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
1730# Torun Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
1731# <http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1>
1732# Thanks to Przemyslaw Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
1733# He also gives these further references:
1734# Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
1735# Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
1736Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
1737Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1738Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1739Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1740Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1741Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1742Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1743Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1744Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1745Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1746Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1747Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1748Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1749Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1750# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1751Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1752 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1753 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1754 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1755 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1756 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1757 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
1758 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
1759 1:00 EU CE%sT
1760
1761# Portugal
1762#
1763# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
1764# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1765# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1766#
1767# Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1768# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1769# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1770#
1771# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1772# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1773# at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1774# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1775# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1776# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1777# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1778#
1779# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1780# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
1781# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
1782# Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1783Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1784# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1785Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1786Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1787Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1788Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1789Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1790Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1791Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1792Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1793Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1794Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1795Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1796Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1797Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1798Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1799Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1800# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1801Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1802Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1803Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1804# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1805Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1806# Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1807Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1808Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1809# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1810Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1811Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1812Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1813# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1814Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1815Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1816# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1817Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
1818Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1819Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
1820Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
1821Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
1822Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
1823Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
1824Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
1825Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
1826Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
1827Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1828Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1829Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1830# Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
1831# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1832Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1833Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1834Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
1835Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
1836Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
1837Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1838Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1839Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1840Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1841Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1842# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1843# Shanks & Pottenger say the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24;
1844# Willett says 1912-01-01. Go with Willett.
1845Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
1846 -0:36:32 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time
1847 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1848 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
1849 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1850 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1851 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
1852 0:00 EU WE%sT
1853Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
1854 -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
1855 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
1856 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1857 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1858 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
1859 -1:00 EU AZO%sT
1860Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
1861 -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
1862 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
1863 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1864 0:00 EU WE%sT
1865
1866# Romania
1867#
1868# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
1869# <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html">
1870# Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
1871# 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
1872# assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
1873# the same year as Bulgaria.
1874#
1875# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1876Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1877Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1878Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
1879Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
1880Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1881Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1882Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1883Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1884Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1885# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1886Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
1887 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1888 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1889 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
1890 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
1891 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1892 2:00 EU EE%sT
1893
1894# Russia
1895
1896# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1897# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
1898# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
1899# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
1900# except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
1901# 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
1902#
1903# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
1904# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
1905# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
1906# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
1907# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
1908#
1909# From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
1910# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
1911# UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
1912# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
1913# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
1914#
1915# From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
1916# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
1917# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
1918# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
1919#
1920# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
1921# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
1922# News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
1923# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
1924# the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
1925# enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
1926#
1927# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
1928# There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
1929# UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
1930# SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
1931# until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
1932# since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
1933# administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
1934# remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
1935#
1936# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1937#
1938# Kaliningradskaya oblast'.
1939Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
1940 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1941 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
1942 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1943 2:00 Russia EE%sT
1944#
1945# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1946# Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast',
1947# Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',
1948# Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',
1949# Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,
1950# Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,
1951# Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,
1952# Respublika Kareliya, Respublika Komi,
1953# Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',
1954# Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,
1955# Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',
1956# Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,
1957# Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',
1958# Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',
1959# Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg,
1960# Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',
1961# Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,
1962# Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',
1963# Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',
1964# Yaroslavskaya oblast'
1965Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
1966 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
1967 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1968 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
1969 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1970 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1971 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1972 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD
1973#
1974# Astrakhanskaya oblast', Kirovskaya oblast', Saratovskaya oblast',
1975# Volgogradskaya oblast'. Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400
1976# but Wikipedia (2006-05-09) says +0300. Perhaps it switched after the
1977# others? But we have no data.
1978Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3
1979 3:00 - TSAT 1925 Apr 6 # Tsaritsyn Time
1980 3:00 - STAT 1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time
1981 4:00 - STAT 1961 Nov 11
1982 4:00 Russia VOL%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Volgograd T
1983 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1984 4:00 - VOLT 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
1985 3:00 Russia VOL%sT
1986#
1987# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1988# Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika
1989Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1990 3:00 - SAMT 1930 Jun 21
1991 4:00 - SAMT 1935 Jan 27
1992 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev
1993 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1994 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1995 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
1996 4:00 Russia SAM%sT # Samara Time
1997#
1998# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1999# Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,
2000# Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',
2001# Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',
2002# Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',
2003# Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2004Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
2005 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
2006 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2007 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2008 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time
2009#
2010# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2011# Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.
2012Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
2013 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
2014 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2015 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2016 6:00 Russia OMS%sT
2017#
2018# From Paul Eggert (2006-08-19): I'm guessing about Tomsk here; it's
2019# not clear when it switched from +7 to +6.
2020# Novosibirskaya oblast', Tomskaya oblast'.
2021Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
2022 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
2023 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2024 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2025 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
2026 6:00 Russia NOV%sT
2027#
2028# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2029# Kemerovskaya oblast', Krasnoyarskij kraj,
2030# Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug,
2031# Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2032Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
2033 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2034 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2035 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2036 7:00 Russia KRA%sT
2037#
2038# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2039# Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',
2040# Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2041Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
2042 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2043 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
2044 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2045 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2046 8:00 Russia IRK%sT
2047#
2048# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2049# Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',
2050# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.
2051# The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij,
2052# Bulunskij, Verkhnekolymskij, Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj,
2053# Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij,
2054# Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenekskij, Olekminskij, Srednekolymskij,
2055# Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij,
2056# Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij.
2057Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2058 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2059 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2060 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2061 9:00 Russia YAK%sT
2062#
2063# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2064# Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,
2065# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2066# The Sakha districts are: Verkhoyanskij, Tomponskij, Ust'-Majskij,
2067# Ust'-Yanskij.
2068Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
2069 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
2070 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2071 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2072 10:00 Russia VLA%sT
2073#
2074# Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
2075# The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
2076Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
2077 9:00 - CJT 1938
2078 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25
2079 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
2080 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2081 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
2082 10:00 Russia SAK%sT
2083#
2084# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2085# Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2086# Probably also: Kuril Islands.
2087# The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Momskij,
2088# Nizhnekolymskij, Ojmyakonskij.
2089Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
2090 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2091 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2092 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2093 11:00 Russia MAG%sT
2094#
2095# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2096# Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2097#
2098# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
2099Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
2100 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
2101 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2102 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2103 12:00 Russia PET%sT
2104#
2105# Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug
2106Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
2107 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
2108 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
2109 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2110 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2111 12:00 Russia ANA%sT
2112
2113# Serbia
2114# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2115Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2116 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2117 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
2118 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2119# Metod Kozelj reports that the legal date of
2120# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2121# Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
2122 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2123 1:00 EU CE%sT
2124Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2125Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro
2126Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2127Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2128Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
2129
2130# Slovakia
2131Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
2132
2133# Slovenia
2134# see Serbia
2135
2136# Spain
2137# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2138# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1;
2139# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2140Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2141Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
2142Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2143Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2144# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2145Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2146# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2147Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
2148Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2149# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2150Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2151Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2152Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2153Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2154# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13;
2155# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2156Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2157Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2158Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2159Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2160Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2161# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2162Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2163Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
2164Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
2165Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
2166Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
2167Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
2168Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2169Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
2170Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
2171Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
2172Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
2173Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
2174Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2175Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
2176Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2177# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
2178Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
2179Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2180Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
2181Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2182Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2183Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2184Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2185Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2186Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
2187# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2188Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 Jan 1 0:00s
2189 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
2190 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
2191 1:00 EU CE%sT
2192Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
2193 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
2194 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
2195 0:00 - WET 1924
2196 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
2197 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2198 1:00 - CET 1986
2199 1:00 EU CE%sT
2200Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2201 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2202 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2203 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2204 0:00 EU WE%sT
2205# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2206# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2207
2208# Sweden
2209
2210# From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
2211#
2212# The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
2213# From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
2214# places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
2215# three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
2216# meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
2217#
2218# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
2219# eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
2220# national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
2221#
2222# About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
2223# forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
2224# of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
2225# the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
2226# observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
2227# from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
2228# 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
2229# in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
2230#
2231# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
2232# that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
2233# pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
2234# Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
2235#
2236# The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
2237# Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
2238# not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
2239# in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
2240# "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
2241# the Sok-button).
2242#
2243# (2001-05-13):
2244#
2245# I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
2246# summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
2247# 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
2248# people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
2249# at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
2250# hour before the event took place.
2251#
2252# Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
2253
2254# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2255Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
2256 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
2257 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
2258 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00
2259 1:00 - CET 1980
2260 1:00 EU CE%sT
2261
2262# Switzerland
2263# From Howse:
2264# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2265# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2266# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
2267# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2268# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
2269Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
2270Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2271# From Shanks & Pottenger:
2272Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
2273Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2274# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2275Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
2276 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
2277 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2278 1:00 EU CE%sT
2279
2280# Turkey
2281
2282# From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03):
2283# The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now.
2284# ... The latest rules are available at -
2285# http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107
2286# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03):
2287# I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that
2288# DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time. I am not sure
2289# what happened before that. One example for each year from 1996 to 2001:
2290# http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm
2291# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT
2292# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM
2293# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016
2294# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021
2295# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027
2296# From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03):
2297# Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990.
2298
2299# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
2300# Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
2301# start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
2302# http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
2303# The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
2304# http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
2305# I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
2306# (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
2307# http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
2308
2309# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2310Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2311Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2312Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
2313Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
2314Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
2315Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2316Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2317Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2318# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
2319# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2320Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
2321Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2322Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2323Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
2324Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
2325Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
2326Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
2327Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2328# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;
2329# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2330Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2331Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
2332Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2333Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2334Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2335Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
2336Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2337Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
2338Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
2339Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
2340Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2341Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
2342Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2343Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
2344Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2345Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
2346Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2347Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
2348Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
2349Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
2350Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
2351Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
2352Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2353Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2354Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2355Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2356Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
2357Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
2358Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
2359Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
2360Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
2361Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
2362Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2363Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2364Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
2365Rule Turkey 1991 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2366Rule Turkey 1991 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2367Rule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2368# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2369Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
2370 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
2371 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
2372 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
2373 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007
2374 2:00 EU EE%sT
2375Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
2376
2377# Ukraine
2378#
2379# From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukranian Ministry of Justice,
2380# via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
2381# BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's goverment
2382# regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
2383# "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
2384# of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
2385# October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
2386
2387# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2388# Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
2389# "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2390# "Kiev" is more common in English.
2391Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
2392 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
2393 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2394 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
2395 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
2396 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2397 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2398 2:00 - EET 1992
2399 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2400 2:00 EU EE%sT
2401# Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
2402# "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2403# "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
2404Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
2405 1:00 - CET 1940
2406 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2407 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
2408 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
2409 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2410 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2411 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
2412 2:00 - EET 1992
2413 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2414 2:00 EU EE%sT
2415# Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
2416# "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2417# "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English. Use the common English
2418# spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
2419# portable Posix file names.
2420Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
2421 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T
2422 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2423 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
2424 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
2425 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
2426 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2427 2:00 EU EE%sT
2428# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2429Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2430 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2431 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2432 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
2433 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2434 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2435 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2436 2:00 - EET 1992
2437# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2438# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2439# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2440# Shanks (1999) says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened
2441# sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say
2442# 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it
2443# changed in May.
2444 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2445# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2446 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
2447 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2448# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2449# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2450 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2451 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2452 2:00 EU EE%sT
2453
2454###############################################################################
2455
2456# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
2457# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
2458# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
2459#
2460# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
2461# uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2462# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2463# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
2464# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2465# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2466
2467# ...
2468# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2469# From: Tom Hofmann
2470# ...
2471#
2472# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2473# most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2474# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2475# to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2476# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2477# years...
2478# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2479# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2480# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2481# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2482#
2483# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2484# Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2485#
2486# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2487# 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2488# ...
2489
2490# ...
2491# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2492# From: Dik T. Winter
2493# ...
2494#
2495# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2496# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2497# about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2498#
2499# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2500# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2501# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2502# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
2503# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
2504# the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
2505# dates...
2506#
2507# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
2508# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
2509# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
2510# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2511# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2512# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2513# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2514# in advance of normal time.
2515#
2516# ...
2517# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2518# ...
2519
2520# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
2521# ...
2522# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2523# Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2524# ...
2525# Monaco: has same DST as France.
2526# ...
| 1717
1718# Poland
1719# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1720Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1721Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1722Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
1723# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1724Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1725# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1726Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1727Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1728# For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
1729# Torun Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
1730# <http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1>
1731# Thanks to Przemyslaw Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
1732# He also gives these further references:
1733# Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
1734# Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
1735Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
1736Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1737Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1738Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1739Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1740Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1741Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1742Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1743Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1744Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1745Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1746Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1747Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1748Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1749# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1750Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1751 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1752 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1753 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1754 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1755 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1756 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
1757 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
1758 1:00 EU CE%sT
1759
1760# Portugal
1761#
1762# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
1763# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1764# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1765#
1766# Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1767# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1768# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1769#
1770# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1771# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1772# at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1773# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1774# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1775# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1776# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1777#
1778# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1779# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
1780# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
1781# Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1782Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1783# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1784Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1785Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1786Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1787Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1788Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1789Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1790Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1791Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1792Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1793Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1794Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1795Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1796Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1797Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1798Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1799# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1800Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1801Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1802Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1803# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1804Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1805# Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1806Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1807Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1808# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1809Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1810Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1811Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1812# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1813Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1814Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1815# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1816Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
1817Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1818Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
1819Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
1820Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
1821Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
1822Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
1823Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
1824Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
1825Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
1826Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1827Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1828Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1829# Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
1830# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1831Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1832Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1833Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
1834Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
1835Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
1836Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1837Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1838Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1839Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1840Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1841# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1842# Shanks & Pottenger say the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24;
1843# Willett says 1912-01-01. Go with Willett.
1844Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
1845 -0:36:32 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time
1846 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1847 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
1848 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1849 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1850 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
1851 0:00 EU WE%sT
1852Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
1853 -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
1854 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
1855 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1856 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1857 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
1858 -1:00 EU AZO%sT
1859Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
1860 -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
1861 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
1862 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1863 0:00 EU WE%sT
1864
1865# Romania
1866#
1867# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
1868# <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html">
1869# Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
1870# 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
1871# assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
1872# the same year as Bulgaria.
1873#
1874# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1875Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1876Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1877Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
1878Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
1879Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1880Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1881Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1882Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1883Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1884# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1885Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
1886 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1887 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1888 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
1889 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
1890 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1891 2:00 EU EE%sT
1892
1893# Russia
1894
1895# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1896# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
1897# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
1898# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
1899# except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
1900# 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
1901#
1902# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
1903# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
1904# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
1905# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
1906# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
1907#
1908# From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
1909# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
1910# UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
1911# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
1912# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
1913#
1914# From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
1915# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
1916# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
1917# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
1918#
1919# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
1920# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
1921# News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
1922# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
1923# the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
1924# enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
1925#
1926# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
1927# There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
1928# UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
1929# SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
1930# until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
1931# since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
1932# administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
1933# remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
1934#
1935# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1936#
1937# Kaliningradskaya oblast'.
1938Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
1939 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1940 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
1941 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1942 2:00 Russia EE%sT
1943#
1944# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1945# Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast',
1946# Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',
1947# Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',
1948# Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,
1949# Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,
1950# Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,
1951# Respublika Kareliya, Respublika Komi,
1952# Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',
1953# Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,
1954# Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',
1955# Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,
1956# Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',
1957# Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',
1958# Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg,
1959# Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',
1960# Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,
1961# Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',
1962# Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',
1963# Yaroslavskaya oblast'
1964Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
1965 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
1966 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1967 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
1968 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1969 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1970 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1971 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD
1972#
1973# Astrakhanskaya oblast', Kirovskaya oblast', Saratovskaya oblast',
1974# Volgogradskaya oblast'. Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400
1975# but Wikipedia (2006-05-09) says +0300. Perhaps it switched after the
1976# others? But we have no data.
1977Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3
1978 3:00 - TSAT 1925 Apr 6 # Tsaritsyn Time
1979 3:00 - STAT 1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time
1980 4:00 - STAT 1961 Nov 11
1981 4:00 Russia VOL%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Volgograd T
1982 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1983 4:00 - VOLT 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
1984 3:00 Russia VOL%sT
1985#
1986# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1987# Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika
1988Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1989 3:00 - SAMT 1930 Jun 21
1990 4:00 - SAMT 1935 Jan 27
1991 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev
1992 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1993 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1994 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
1995 4:00 Russia SAM%sT # Samara Time
1996#
1997# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1998# Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,
1999# Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',
2000# Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',
2001# Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',
2002# Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2003Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
2004 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
2005 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2006 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2007 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time
2008#
2009# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2010# Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.
2011Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
2012 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
2013 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2014 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2015 6:00 Russia OMS%sT
2016#
2017# From Paul Eggert (2006-08-19): I'm guessing about Tomsk here; it's
2018# not clear when it switched from +7 to +6.
2019# Novosibirskaya oblast', Tomskaya oblast'.
2020Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
2021 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
2022 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2023 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2024 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
2025 6:00 Russia NOV%sT
2026#
2027# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2028# Kemerovskaya oblast', Krasnoyarskij kraj,
2029# Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug,
2030# Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2031Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
2032 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2033 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2034 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2035 7:00 Russia KRA%sT
2036#
2037# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2038# Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',
2039# Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2040Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
2041 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2042 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
2043 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2044 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2045 8:00 Russia IRK%sT
2046#
2047# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2048# Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',
2049# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.
2050# The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij,
2051# Bulunskij, Verkhnekolymskij, Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj,
2052# Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij,
2053# Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenekskij, Olekminskij, Srednekolymskij,
2054# Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij,
2055# Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij.
2056Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2057 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2058 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2059 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2060 9:00 Russia YAK%sT
2061#
2062# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2063# Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,
2064# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2065# The Sakha districts are: Verkhoyanskij, Tomponskij, Ust'-Majskij,
2066# Ust'-Yanskij.
2067Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
2068 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
2069 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2070 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2071 10:00 Russia VLA%sT
2072#
2073# Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
2074# The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
2075Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
2076 9:00 - CJT 1938
2077 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25
2078 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
2079 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2080 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
2081 10:00 Russia SAK%sT
2082#
2083# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2084# Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2085# Probably also: Kuril Islands.
2086# The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Momskij,
2087# Nizhnekolymskij, Ojmyakonskij.
2088Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
2089 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2090 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2091 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2092 11:00 Russia MAG%sT
2093#
2094# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2095# Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2096#
2097# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
2098Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
2099 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
2100 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2101 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2102 12:00 Russia PET%sT
2103#
2104# Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug
2105Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
2106 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
2107 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
2108 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2109 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2110 12:00 Russia ANA%sT
2111
2112# Serbia
2113# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2114Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2115 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2116 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
2117 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2118# Metod Kozelj reports that the legal date of
2119# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2120# Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
2121 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2122 1:00 EU CE%sT
2123Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2124Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro
2125Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2126Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2127Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
2128
2129# Slovakia
2130Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
2131
2132# Slovenia
2133# see Serbia
2134
2135# Spain
2136# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2137# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1;
2138# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2139Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2140Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
2141Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2142Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2143# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2144Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2145# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2146Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
2147Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2148# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2149Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2150Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2151Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2152Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2153# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13;
2154# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2155Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2156Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2157Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2158Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2159Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2160# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2161Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2162Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
2163Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
2164Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
2165Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
2166Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
2167Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2168Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
2169Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
2170Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
2171Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
2172Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
2173Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2174Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
2175Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2176# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
2177Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
2178Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2179Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
2180Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2181Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2182Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2183Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2184Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2185Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
2186# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2187Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 Jan 1 0:00s
2188 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
2189 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
2190 1:00 EU CE%sT
2191Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
2192 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
2193 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
2194 0:00 - WET 1924
2195 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
2196 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2197 1:00 - CET 1986
2198 1:00 EU CE%sT
2199Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2200 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2201 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2202 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2203 0:00 EU WE%sT
2204# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2205# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2206
2207# Sweden
2208
2209# From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
2210#
2211# The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
2212# From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
2213# places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
2214# three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
2215# meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
2216#
2217# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
2218# eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
2219# national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
2220#
2221# About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
2222# forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
2223# of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
2224# the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
2225# observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
2226# from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
2227# 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
2228# in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
2229#
2230# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
2231# that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
2232# pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
2233# Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
2234#
2235# The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
2236# Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
2237# not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
2238# in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
2239# "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
2240# the Sok-button).
2241#
2242# (2001-05-13):
2243#
2244# I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
2245# summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
2246# 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
2247# people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
2248# at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
2249# hour before the event took place.
2250#
2251# Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
2252
2253# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2254Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
2255 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
2256 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
2257 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00
2258 1:00 - CET 1980
2259 1:00 EU CE%sT
2260
2261# Switzerland
2262# From Howse:
2263# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2264# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2265# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
2266# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2267# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
2268Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
2269Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2270# From Shanks & Pottenger:
2271Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
2272Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2273# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2274Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
2275 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
2276 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2277 1:00 EU CE%sT
2278
2279# Turkey
2280
2281# From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03):
2282# The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now.
2283# ... The latest rules are available at -
2284# http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107
2285# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03):
2286# I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that
2287# DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time. I am not sure
2288# what happened before that. One example for each year from 1996 to 2001:
2289# http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm
2290# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT
2291# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM
2292# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016
2293# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021
2294# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027
2295# From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03):
2296# Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990.
2297
2298# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
2299# Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
2300# start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
2301# http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
2302# The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
2303# http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
2304# I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
2305# (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
2306# http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
2307
2308# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2309Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2310Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2311Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
2312Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
2313Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
2314Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2315Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2316Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2317# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
2318# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2319Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
2320Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2321Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2322Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
2323Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
2324Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
2325Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
2326Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2327# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;
2328# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2329Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2330Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
2331Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2332Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2333Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2334Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
2335Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2336Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
2337Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
2338Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
2339Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2340Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
2341Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2342Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
2343Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2344Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
2345Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2346Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
2347Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
2348Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
2349Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
2350Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
2351Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2352Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2353Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2354Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2355Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
2356Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
2357Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
2358Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
2359Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
2360Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
2361Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2362Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2363Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
2364Rule Turkey 1991 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2365Rule Turkey 1991 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2366Rule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2367# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2368Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
2369 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
2370 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
2371 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
2372 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007
2373 2:00 EU EE%sT
2374Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
2375
2376# Ukraine
2377#
2378# From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukranian Ministry of Justice,
2379# via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
2380# BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's goverment
2381# regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
2382# "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
2383# of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
2384# October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
2385
2386# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2387# Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
2388# "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2389# "Kiev" is more common in English.
2390Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
2391 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
2392 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2393 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
2394 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
2395 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2396 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2397 2:00 - EET 1992
2398 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2399 2:00 EU EE%sT
2400# Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
2401# "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2402# "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
2403Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
2404 1:00 - CET 1940
2405 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2406 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
2407 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
2408 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2409 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2410 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
2411 2:00 - EET 1992
2412 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2413 2:00 EU EE%sT
2414# Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
2415# "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2416# "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English. Use the common English
2417# spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
2418# portable Posix file names.
2419Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
2420 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T
2421 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2422 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
2423 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
2424 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
2425 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2426 2:00 EU EE%sT
2427# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2428Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2429 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2430 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2431 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
2432 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2433 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2434 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2435 2:00 - EET 1992
2436# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2437# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2438# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2439# Shanks (1999) says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened
2440# sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say
2441# 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it
2442# changed in May.
2443 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2444# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2445 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
2446 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2447# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2448# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2449 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2450 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2451 2:00 EU EE%sT
2452
2453###############################################################################
2454
2455# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
2456# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
2457# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
2458#
2459# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
2460# uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2461# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2462# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
2463# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2464# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2465
2466# ...
2467# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2468# From: Tom Hofmann
2469# ...
2470#
2471# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2472# most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2473# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2474# to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2475# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2476# years...
2477# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2478# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2479# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2480# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2481#
2482# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2483# Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2484#
2485# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2486# 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2487# ...
2488
2489# ...
2490# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2491# From: Dik T. Winter
2492# ...
2493#
2494# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2495# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2496# about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2497#
2498# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2499# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2500# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2501# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
2502# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
2503# the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
2504# dates...
2505#
2506# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
2507# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
2508# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
2509# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2510# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2511# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2512# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2513# in advance of normal time.
2514#
2515# ...
2516# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2517# ...
2518
2519# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
2520# ...
2521# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2522# Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2523# ...
2524# Monaco: has same DST as France.
2525# ...
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