1# @(#)europe 7.84
| 1# @(#)europe 7.88
|
2
3# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
4# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
5# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
6
7# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
8# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
9# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
10# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
11#
12# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
13# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
14# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
15# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
16# of the IATA's data after 1990.
17#
18# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1991,
19# and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
20#
21# Other sources occasionally used include:
22#
23# Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
24# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
25# which I found in the UCLA library.
26#
27# <a href="http://www.pettswoodvillage.co.uk/Daylight_Savings_William_Willett.pdf">
28# William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
29# </a> (1914-03)
30#
31# Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
32# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
33# History of Summer Time
34# </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
35
36#
37# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
38# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
39# Corrections are welcome!
40# std dst 2dst
41# LMT Local Mean Time
42# -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
43# -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
44# -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
45# 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
46# 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
47# 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
48# 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
49# 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
50# 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
51# 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
52# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
53# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
54#
55# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
56# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
57
58# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-04),
59# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
60# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
61# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
62# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
63# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
64# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
65# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
66# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
67# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
68# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
69# ...
70# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
71# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
72# ...
73# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
74# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
75# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
76# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
77# in the Directive.
78
79
80###############################################################################
81
82# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
83
84# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-07-06):
85#
86# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
87# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
88# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
89# of the text said:
90#
91# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
92# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
93# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
94# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
95# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
96# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
97# along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
98#
99# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
100# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
101# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
102#
103# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
104
105# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18):
106#
107# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
108# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
109# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
110# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
111# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
112# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
113# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
114# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
115# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
116# adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
117# The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
118# and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
119# railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
120# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
121# on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
122# one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
123# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
124# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
125# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
126# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
127#
128# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
129# transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
130# about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
131
| 2
3# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
4# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
5# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
6
7# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
8# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
9# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
10# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
11#
12# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
13# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
14# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
15# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
16# of the IATA's data after 1990.
17#
18# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1991,
19# and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
20#
21# Other sources occasionally used include:
22#
23# Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
24# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
25# which I found in the UCLA library.
26#
27# <a href="http://www.pettswoodvillage.co.uk/Daylight_Savings_William_Willett.pdf">
28# William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
29# </a> (1914-03)
30#
31# Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
32# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
33# History of Summer Time
34# </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
35
36#
37# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
38# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
39# Corrections are welcome!
40# std dst 2dst
41# LMT Local Mean Time
42# -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
43# -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
44# -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
45# 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
46# 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
47# 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
48# 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
49# 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
50# 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
51# 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
52# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
53# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
54#
55# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
56# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
57
58# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-04),
59# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
60# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
61# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
62# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
63# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
64# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
65# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
66# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
67# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
68# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
69# ...
70# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
71# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
72# ...
73# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
74# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
75# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
76# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
77# in the Directive.
78
79
80###############################################################################
81
82# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
83
84# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-07-06):
85#
86# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
87# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
88# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
89# of the text said:
90#
91# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
92# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
93# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
94# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
95# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
96# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
97# along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
98#
99# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
100# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
101# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
102#
103# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
104
105# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18):
106#
107# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
108# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
109# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
110# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
111# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
112# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
113# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
114# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
115# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
116# adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
117# The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
118# and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
119# railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
120# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
121# on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
122# one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
123# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
124# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
125# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
126# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
127#
128# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
129# transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
130# about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
131
|
132# From Paul Eggert (2003-07-29):
| 132# From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27):
|
133# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
134# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
135# who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
136# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
137# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
138# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
139# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
140# Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
141# it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
142# See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
143# A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
| 133# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
134# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
135# who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
136# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
137# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
138# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
139# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
140# Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
141# it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
142# See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
143# A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
|
144# a 45-acre wood near Chiselhurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
| 144# a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
|
145# subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
146# designed by G. W. Miller, is the the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
147# which is permanently set to Summer Time.
148
149# From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
150# It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
151# summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
152# between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
153# plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
154# foundations of civilization throughout the world.
155# -- <a href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/fh114willett.htm">
156# "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly
157# </a>
158
159# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
160# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
161# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
162# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
163# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
164
165# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
166#
167# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
168# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
169
170# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
171# From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john>
172# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
173# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
174# politics making a fortune, not computing.
175
176# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-06-14):
177# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
178# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
179# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
180# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
181
182# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
183# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
184# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
185# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
186
187# From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
188# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
189# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
190# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
191# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
192# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
193# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
194# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
195
196# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
197# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
198# which is to be introduced in May....
199# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
200# which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
201
202# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
203# Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common
204# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
205# so we use `BDST'.
206
207# Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-04-19) described at length
208# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
209# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk> has been updating
210# and extending this list, which can be found in
211# <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/">
212# History of legal time in Britain
213# </a>
214
215# From Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk> (1998-01-06):
216#
217# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
218# see Lord Tanlaw's speech
219# <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
220# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
221# </a>.
222
223# From Paul Eggert (2001-07-18):
224#
225# For lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948.
226#
227# Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect:
228# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
229# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
230# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
231# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
232# It actually just had one transition.
233# * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
234# Actually, it conformed to Britain.
235# * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
236# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
237# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
238#
239# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks:
240# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
241# to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
242# conform with Great Britain.
243# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
244#
245# The following claim by Shanks is possible though doubtful;
246# we'll ignore it for now.
247# * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
248#
249#
250# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.
251# Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
252# (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
253# to London. For example:
254#
255# "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
256# -- James Joyce, Ulysses
257
258# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
259# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
260# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
261# (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
262# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
263# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
264# and Frethun run in CT.
265# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
266# the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
267# and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
268# If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
269# I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
270# This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
271
272# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
273# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
274# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
275# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
276# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
277# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
278# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
279
280# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
281# Summer Time Act, 1916
282Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
283Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
284# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
285Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
286Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
287# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
288Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
289Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
290# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
291Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
292Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
293# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
294Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
295# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
296Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
297# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
298Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
299Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
300# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
301Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
302Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
303# The Summer Time Act, 1922
304Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
305Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
306Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
307Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
308# The Summer Time Act, 1925
309Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
310Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
311Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
312Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
313Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
314Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
315Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
316Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
317Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
318Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
319Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
320# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
321Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
322# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
323Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
324# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
325Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
326Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
327# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
328Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
329# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
330Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
331# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
332Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
333Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
334# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
335Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
336Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
337# The Summer Time Act, 1947
338Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
339Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
340Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
341Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
342# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
343Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
344Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
345# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
346Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
347Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
348# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
349# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
350# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
351Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
352Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
353# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
354Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
355Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
356Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
357Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
358Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
359Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
360Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
361# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
362# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
363# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
364Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
365Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
366# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
367# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
368# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
369Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
370# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
371Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
372# The British Standard Time Act, 1968
373# (no summer time)
374# The Summer Time Act, 1972
375Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
376Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
377# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
378# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
379# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
380# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
381Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
382Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
383# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
384# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
385# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
386Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
387# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
388# See EU for rules starting in 1996.
389
390# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
391Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1
392 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
393 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
394 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
395 0:00 EU GMT/BST
396Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
397 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin/Dunsink MT
398 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s # Irish Summer Time
399 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
400 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
401 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
402 0:00 EU GMT/BST
403Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
404 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
405 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
406 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
407 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
408 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
409 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
410 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
411 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
412 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
413 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
414 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
415 0:00 EU GMT/IST
416
417###############################################################################
418
419# Continental Europe
420
421# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
422# Common Market, etc.
423
424# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
425Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
426Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
427Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
428Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
429Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
430Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
431# The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
432# <a href="http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/dat/2000/en_300L0084.html"
433# Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
434# of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
435# </a>
436
437# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
438Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
439Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
440Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
441Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
442Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
443Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
444
445# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
446# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
447Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
448Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
449Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
450Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
451Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
452Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
453Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
454Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
455Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
456# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
457Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
458Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
459Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
460Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
461Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
462Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
463Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
464
465# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
466Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
467Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
468Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
469Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
470Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
471Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
472
473# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
474Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
475Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
476Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
477Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
478Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
479Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
480Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
481Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
482Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
483Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
484Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
485# Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
486Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
487Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
488# Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
489# Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
490Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
491Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
492#
493Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
494Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
495Rule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
496Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
497Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
498
499# These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
500
501# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
502Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
503Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
504Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
505Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
506
507# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
508# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
509
510# From Markus Kuhn <mskuhn@unrza3.dialin.rrze.uni-erlangen.de> (1996-07-12):
511# The official German names ... are
512#
513# Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
514# Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
515#
516# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
517# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
518# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
519#
520# Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
521# Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
522# Postfach 3345
523# D-38023 Braunschweig
524# phone: +49 531 592-0
525#
526# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
527# department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
528# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
529#
530# Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
531# Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
532
533
534# Albania
535# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
536Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
537Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
538Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
539Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
540Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
541Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
542Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
543Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
544Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
545Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
546Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
547Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
548Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
549Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
550Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
551Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
552Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
553Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
554Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
555Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
556Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
557Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
558Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
559Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
560Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
561# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
562Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
563 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
564 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
565 1:00 EU CE%sT
566
567# Andorra
568# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
569Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
570 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
571 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
572 1:00 EU CE%sT
573
574# Austria
575
576# From Paul Eggert (2003-02-28): Shanks gives 1918-06-16 and
577# 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
578# Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
579# date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
580# Shanks gives 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV, and guess 02:00
581# for 1945-04-12.
582
583# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
584Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
585Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
586Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
587Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
588Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
589Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
590Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
591Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
592# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
593Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
594 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
595 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
596 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
597 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
598 1:00 - CET 1946
599 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
600 1:00 EU CE%sT
601
602# Belarus
603# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
604Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
605 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
606 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
607 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
608 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
609 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
610 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
611 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
612 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
613 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
614 2:00 Russia EE%sT
615
616# Belgium
617#
618# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
619# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
620# Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
621# Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
622# (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
623# pp 8-9.
624# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
625# Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
626# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie <pascal@belnet.be> for these references.
627# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
628# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
629#
630# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
631Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
632Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
633Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
634Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
635Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
636Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
637Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
638Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
639Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
640Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
641Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
642Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
643# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
644# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
645# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
646# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
647Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
648Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
649Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
650Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
651Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
652Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
653Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
654Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
655Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
656Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
657Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
658Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
659Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
660Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
661Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
662Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
663Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
664Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
665Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
666Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
667Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
668Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
669# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
670Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
671 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
672 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
673 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
674 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
675 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
676 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
677 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
678 1:00 EU CE%sT
679
680# Bosnia and Herzegovina
681# see Serbia and Montenegro
682
683# Bulgaria
684#
685# From Plamen Simenov <P.Simeonov@cnsys.bg> via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
686# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
687# EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
688# EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
689#
690# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
691Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
692Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
693Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 S
694Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
695Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
696# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
697Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
698 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
699 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
700 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 3:00
701 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
702 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
703 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
704 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
705 2:00 EU EE%sT
706
707# Croatia
708# see Serbia and Montenegro
709
| 145# subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
146# designed by G. W. Miller, is the the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
147# which is permanently set to Summer Time.
148
149# From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
150# It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
151# summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
152# between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
153# plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
154# foundations of civilization throughout the world.
155# -- <a href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/fh114willett.htm">
156# "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly
157# </a>
158
159# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
160# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
161# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
162# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
163# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
164
165# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
166#
167# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
168# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
169
170# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
171# From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john>
172# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
173# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
174# politics making a fortune, not computing.
175
176# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-06-14):
177# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
178# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
179# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
180# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
181
182# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
183# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
184# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
185# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
186
187# From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
188# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
189# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
190# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
191# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
192# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
193# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
194# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
195
196# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
197# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
198# which is to be introduced in May....
199# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
200# which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
201
202# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
203# Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common
204# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
205# so we use `BDST'.
206
207# Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-04-19) described at length
208# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
209# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk> has been updating
210# and extending this list, which can be found in
211# <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/">
212# History of legal time in Britain
213# </a>
214
215# From Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk> (1998-01-06):
216#
217# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
218# see Lord Tanlaw's speech
219# <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
220# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
221# </a>.
222
223# From Paul Eggert (2001-07-18):
224#
225# For lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948.
226#
227# Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect:
228# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
229# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
230# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
231# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
232# It actually just had one transition.
233# * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
234# Actually, it conformed to Britain.
235# * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
236# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
237# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
238#
239# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks:
240# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
241# to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
242# conform with Great Britain.
243# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
244#
245# The following claim by Shanks is possible though doubtful;
246# we'll ignore it for now.
247# * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
248#
249#
250# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.
251# Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
252# (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
253# to London. For example:
254#
255# "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
256# -- James Joyce, Ulysses
257
258# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
259# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
260# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
261# (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
262# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
263# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
264# and Frethun run in CT.
265# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
266# the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
267# and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
268# If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
269# I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
270# This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
271
272# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
273# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
274# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
275# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
276# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
277# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
278# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
279
280# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
281# Summer Time Act, 1916
282Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
283Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
284# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
285Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
286Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
287# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
288Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
289Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
290# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
291Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
292Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
293# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
294Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
295# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
296Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
297# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
298Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
299Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
300# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
301Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
302Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
303# The Summer Time Act, 1922
304Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
305Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
306Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
307Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
308# The Summer Time Act, 1925
309Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
310Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
311Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
312Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
313Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
314Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
315Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
316Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
317Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
318Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
319Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
320# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
321Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
322# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
323Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
324# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
325Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
326Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
327# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
328Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
329# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
330Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
331# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
332Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
333Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
334# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
335Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
336Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
337# The Summer Time Act, 1947
338Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
339Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
340Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
341Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
342# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
343Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
344Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
345# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
346Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
347Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
348# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
349# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
350# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
351Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
352Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
353# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
354Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
355Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
356Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
357Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
358Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
359Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
360Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
361# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
362# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
363# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
364Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
365Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
366# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
367# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
368# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
369Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
370# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
371Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
372# The British Standard Time Act, 1968
373# (no summer time)
374# The Summer Time Act, 1972
375Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
376Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
377# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
378# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
379# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
380# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
381Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
382Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
383# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
384# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
385# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
386Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
387# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
388# See EU for rules starting in 1996.
389
390# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
391Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1
392 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
393 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
394 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
395 0:00 EU GMT/BST
396Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
397 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin/Dunsink MT
398 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s # Irish Summer Time
399 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
400 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
401 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
402 0:00 EU GMT/BST
403Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
404 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
405 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
406 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
407 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
408 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
409 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
410 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
411 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
412 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
413 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
414 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
415 0:00 EU GMT/IST
416
417###############################################################################
418
419# Continental Europe
420
421# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
422# Common Market, etc.
423
424# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
425Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
426Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
427Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
428Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
429Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
430Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
431# The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
432# <a href="http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/dat/2000/en_300L0084.html"
433# Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
434# of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
435# </a>
436
437# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
438Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
439Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
440Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
441Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
442Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
443Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
444
445# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
446# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
447Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
448Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
449Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
450Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
451Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
452Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
453Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
454Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
455Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
456# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
457Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
458Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
459Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
460Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
461Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
462Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
463Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
464
465# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
466Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
467Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
468Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
469Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
470Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
471Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
472
473# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
474Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
475Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
476Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
477Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
478Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
479Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
480Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
481Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
482Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
483Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
484Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
485# Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
486Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
487Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
488# Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
489# Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
490Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
491Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
492#
493Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
494Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
495Rule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
496Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
497Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
498
499# These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
500
501# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
502Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
503Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
504Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
505Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
506
507# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
508# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
509
510# From Markus Kuhn <mskuhn@unrza3.dialin.rrze.uni-erlangen.de> (1996-07-12):
511# The official German names ... are
512#
513# Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
514# Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
515#
516# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
517# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
518# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
519#
520# Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
521# Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
522# Postfach 3345
523# D-38023 Braunschweig
524# phone: +49 531 592-0
525#
526# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
527# department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
528# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
529#
530# Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
531# Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
532
533
534# Albania
535# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
536Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
537Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
538Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
539Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
540Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
541Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
542Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
543Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
544Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
545Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
546Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
547Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
548Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
549Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
550Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
551Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
552Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
553Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
554Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
555Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
556Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
557Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
558Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
559Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
560Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
561# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
562Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
563 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
564 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
565 1:00 EU CE%sT
566
567# Andorra
568# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
569Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
570 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
571 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
572 1:00 EU CE%sT
573
574# Austria
575
576# From Paul Eggert (2003-02-28): Shanks gives 1918-06-16 and
577# 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
578# Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
579# date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
580# Shanks gives 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV, and guess 02:00
581# for 1945-04-12.
582
583# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
584Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
585Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
586Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
587Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
588Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
589Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
590Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
591Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
592# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
593Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
594 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
595 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
596 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
597 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
598 1:00 - CET 1946
599 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
600 1:00 EU CE%sT
601
602# Belarus
603# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
604Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
605 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
606 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
607 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
608 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
609 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
610 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
611 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
612 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
613 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
614 2:00 Russia EE%sT
615
616# Belgium
617#
618# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
619# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
620# Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
621# Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
622# (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
623# pp 8-9.
624# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
625# Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
626# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie <pascal@belnet.be> for these references.
627# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
628# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
629#
630# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
631Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
632Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
633Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
634Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
635Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
636Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
637Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
638Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
639Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
640Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
641Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
642Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
643# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
644# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
645# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
646# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
647Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
648Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
649Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
650Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
651Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
652Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
653Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
654Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
655Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
656Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
657Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
658Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
659Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
660Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
661Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
662Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
663Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
664Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
665Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
666Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
667Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
668Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
669# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
670Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
671 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
672 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
673 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
674 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
675 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
676 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
677 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
678 1:00 EU CE%sT
679
680# Bosnia and Herzegovina
681# see Serbia and Montenegro
682
683# Bulgaria
684#
685# From Plamen Simenov <P.Simeonov@cnsys.bg> via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
686# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
687# EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
688# EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
689#
690# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
691Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
692Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
693Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 S
694Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
695Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
696# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
697Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
698 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
699 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
700 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 3:00
701 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
702 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
703 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
704 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
705 2:00 EU EE%sT
706
707# Croatia
708# see Serbia and Montenegro
709
|
| 710# Cyprus
711# See the `asia' file.
712
|
710# Czech Republic
711# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
712Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
713Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
714Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
715Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
716Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
717Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
718Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
719# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
720Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
721 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
722 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
723 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
724 1:00 EU CE%sT
725
726# Denmark, Faeroe Islands, and Greenland
727# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
728Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
729Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
730Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
731Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
732Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
733Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
734Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
735Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
736Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
737Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
738Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
739# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways
740# about many of the above dates; go with Shanks.
741#
742# For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman.
743# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
744Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
745 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time
746 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
747 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
748 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
749 1:00 EU CE%sT
750Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
751 0:00 - WET 1981
752 0:00 EU WE%sT
753#
754# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
755# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
756# and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
757# rules at least through 1984. Shanks says Scoresbysund and Godthab
758# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
759# rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
760
761# From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
762# <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
763# and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
764#
765# Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
766# is according to the following time line:
767#
768# The military zone near Thule UTC-4
769# Standard Greenland time UTC-3
770# Scoresbysund UTC-1
771# Danmarkshavn UTC
772#
773# In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
774# introduced.
775
776# From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
777#
778# I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
779# the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
780# not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
781# info from earlier correspondence.]
782#
783# According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
784# Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
785# savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
786#
787# The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
788# uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
789# There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
790# Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
791# email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
792# Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
793# DPC research station at Zackenberg.
794#
795# Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
796# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab).
797#
798# The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it
799# includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
800# UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
801#
802# It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
803# North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
804# maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
805# this area is that it sticks with Godthab time. This area might be
806# considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
807
808# From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
809# I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
810# there at 2:00 AM.
811
812# From Paul Eggert (2001-11-19):
813# The 1997 CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT; the 1995 map as like Godthab.
814# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.
815# startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
816# so go with Shanks for all Thule transitions.
817#
818# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
819Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
820Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
821Rule Thule 1993 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
822Rule Thule 1993 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
823#
824# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
825Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
826 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
827 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996
828 0:00 - GMT
829Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
830 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
831 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
832 -1:00 EU EG%sT
833Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
834 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
835 -3:00 EU WG%sT
836Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
837 -4:00 Thule A%sT
838
839# Estonia
840# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15):
841# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
842# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
843# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
844#
845# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-10-28):
846# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
847# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
848# ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
849# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
850# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
851# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
852# human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
853# summer time next spring.''
854
855# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
856# <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
857# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
858# </a>
859# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
860# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
861#
862# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
863# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
864# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
865
866# From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
867# via Steffen Thorsen:
868# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
869# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
870# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
871# Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
872# for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
873# after that.
874
875# From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
876# Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
877# no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
878# the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
879
880# From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
881# The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
882# Now we are using again EU rules.
883#
884# From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28):
885# The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
886
887# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
888Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
889 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
890 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
891 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
892 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
893 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
894 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
895 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
896 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
897 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
898 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
899 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
900 2:00 EU EE%sT
901
902# Finland
903#
904# From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC):
905# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
906# and it's supposed to change at 4am...
907#
908# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994):
909# Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981.
910# Go with Strang instead.
911#
912# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
913Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
914Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
915# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
916Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
917 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
918 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00
919 2:00 EU EE%sT
920
| 713# Czech Republic
714# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
715Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
716Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
717Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
718Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
719Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
720Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
721Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
722# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
723Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
724 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
725 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
726 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
727 1:00 EU CE%sT
728
729# Denmark, Faeroe Islands, and Greenland
730# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
731Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
732Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
733Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
734Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
735Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
736Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
737Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
738Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
739Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
740Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
741Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
742# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways
743# about many of the above dates; go with Shanks.
744#
745# For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman.
746# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
747Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
748 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time
749 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
750 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
751 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
752 1:00 EU CE%sT
753Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
754 0:00 - WET 1981
755 0:00 EU WE%sT
756#
757# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
758# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
759# and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
760# rules at least through 1984. Shanks says Scoresbysund and Godthab
761# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
762# rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
763
764# From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
765# <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
766# and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
767#
768# Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
769# is according to the following time line:
770#
771# The military zone near Thule UTC-4
772# Standard Greenland time UTC-3
773# Scoresbysund UTC-1
774# Danmarkshavn UTC
775#
776# In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
777# introduced.
778
779# From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
780#
781# I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
782# the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
783# not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
784# info from earlier correspondence.]
785#
786# According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
787# Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
788# savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
789#
790# The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
791# uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
792# There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
793# Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
794# email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
795# Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
796# DPC research station at Zackenberg.
797#
798# Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
799# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab).
800#
801# The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it
802# includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
803# UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
804#
805# It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
806# North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
807# maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
808# this area is that it sticks with Godthab time. This area might be
809# considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
810
811# From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
812# I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
813# there at 2:00 AM.
814
815# From Paul Eggert (2001-11-19):
816# The 1997 CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT; the 1995 map as like Godthab.
817# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.
818# startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
819# so go with Shanks for all Thule transitions.
820#
821# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
822Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
823Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
824Rule Thule 1993 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
825Rule Thule 1993 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
826#
827# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
828Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
829 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
830 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996
831 0:00 - GMT
832Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
833 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
834 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
835 -1:00 EU EG%sT
836Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
837 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
838 -3:00 EU WG%sT
839Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
840 -4:00 Thule A%sT
841
842# Estonia
843# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15):
844# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
845# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
846# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
847#
848# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-10-28):
849# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
850# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
851# ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
852# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
853# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
854# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
855# human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
856# summer time next spring.''
857
858# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
859# <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
860# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
861# </a>
862# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
863# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
864#
865# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
866# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
867# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
868
869# From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
870# via Steffen Thorsen:
871# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
872# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
873# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
874# Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
875# for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
876# after that.
877
878# From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
879# Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
880# no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
881# the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
882
883# From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
884# The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
885# Now we are using again EU rules.
886#
887# From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28):
888# The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
889
890# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
891Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
892 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
893 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
894 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
895 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
896 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
897 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
898 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
899 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
900 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
901 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
902 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
903 2:00 EU EE%sT
904
905# Finland
906#
907# From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC):
908# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
909# and it's supposed to change at 4am...
910#
911# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994):
912# Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981.
913# Go with Strang instead.
914#
915# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
916Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
917Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
918# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
919Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
920 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
921 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00
922 2:00 EU EE%sT
923
|
| 924# Aaland Is
925Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
926
927
|
921# France
922
923# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
924#
925# Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
926# Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
927#
928# Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
929# Paris, 1991
930#
931# Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
932# Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
933
934
935#
936# Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
937# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
938Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
939Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
940Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
941Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
942Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
943Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
944Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
945Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
946Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
947Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
948# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
949# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
950# were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks.
951Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
952Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
953Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
954Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
955Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
956Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
957Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
958Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
959Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
960Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
961Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
962Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
963Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
964Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
965Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
966Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
967Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
968Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
969Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
970Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
971# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks writes
972# that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
973# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
974# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
975# Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Decartes,
976# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
977# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
978# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collognes (Haute-Savioe).
979Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
980# Shanks says this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
981# but go with Denis.Excoffier@ens.fr (1997-12-12),
982# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
983# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
984Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
985Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
986Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
987Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
988Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
989Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
990Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
991Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
992Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
993# Shanks gives Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
994# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
995Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
996Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
997# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05,
998# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
999# Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1000# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1001# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1002Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1003 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1004# Shanks gives 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1005 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1006# Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1007# go with Shanks.
1008 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1009 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1010 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1011 1:00 EU CE%sT
1012
1013# Germany
1014
1015# From Markus Kuhn <Markus.Kuhn@cl.cam.ac.uk> (1998-09-29):
1016# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1017# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1018# [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1019
1020# From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1021# In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by <a
1022# href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/">
1023# General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>.
1024
1025# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1026# <a href="http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf">
1027# says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1028# However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1029# this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
1030
1031
1032# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1033Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1034Rule Germany 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1035Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1036Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1037Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1038Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1039Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1040Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
1041Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1042Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1043Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1044Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1045# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1046Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1047 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1048 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1049 1:00 EU CE%sT
1050
1051# Gibraltar
1052# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1053Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
1054 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1055 1:00 - CET 1982
1056 1:00 EU CE%sT
1057
1058# Greece
1059# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1060# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks.
1061Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1062Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1063# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks.
1064Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1065# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks.
1066Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1067Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1068Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1069# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1070Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1071Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1072Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1073Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1074Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1075Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1076Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1077Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1078Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1079Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1080Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1081Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1082Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1083# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1084Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1085 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1086 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1087 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1088 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1089 # Shanks says they switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1090 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1091 2:00 EU EE%sT
1092
1093# Hungary
1094# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1095Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1096Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1097Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1098Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1099Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
1100Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1101Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1102Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1103Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1104Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1105Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1106Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1107Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1108Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1109Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1110Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1111Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1112Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1113Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1114Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1115# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1116Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1117 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1118 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1119 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00
1120 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1121 1:00 EU CE%sT
1122
1123# Iceland
1124#
1125# From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (1993-11-06):
1126# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1127#
1128# (1993-12-05):
1129# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1130# Iceland Almanak.
1131#
1132# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1133# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1134# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1135# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1136#
1137# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1138# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1139# time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1140# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1141#
1142# (1993-12-10):
1143# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1144# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1145# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1146# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1147# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1148# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1149# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1150# might mean something else (???).
1151#
1152# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
1153# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
1154# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
1155# Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1156#
1157# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1158Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1159Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1160Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1161Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1162Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1163Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1164Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1165Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1166Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1167Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1168Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1169# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1170Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1171Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1172# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1173Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1174# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1175Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1176Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1177Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1178# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1179Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1180 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1181 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1182 0:00 - GMT
1183
1184# Italy
1185#
1186# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1187# Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1188# called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1189# During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1190# But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1191# so record only the time in Rome.
1192#
1193# From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06):
1194# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri
1195# <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html">
1196# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (1996-03-14)
1197# </a>
1198# (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1199# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1200#
1201# year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1202# 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1203# 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1204# 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1205# 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1206# 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1207# 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1208# 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1209# 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1210# 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1211# 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1212# 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1213# 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1214# 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1215# 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1216# 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1217#
1218# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1219Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1220Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1221Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1222Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1223Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1224Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1225Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1226Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1227Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1228Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1229Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1230Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1231Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1232Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1233Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1234Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1235Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1236Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1237Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1238Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1239Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1240Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1241Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1242Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1243Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1244Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1245Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1246Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1247Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1248Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1249Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1250Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1251Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1252Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1253Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1254Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1255# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1256Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1257 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time
1258 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1259 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1260 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1261 1:00 EU CE%sT
1262
1263Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1264Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1265
1266# Latvia
1267
1268# From Liene Kanepe <Liene_Kanepe@lm.gov.lv> (1998-09-17):
1269
1270# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1271# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1272# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1273# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1274#
1275# Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1276# according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1277# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1278# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1279# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1280#
1281# Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1282# according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1283# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1284# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1285# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1286# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1287#
1288# Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1289# according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1290# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1291# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1292# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1293# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1294# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1295# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1296# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1297# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1298#
1299# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1300# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1301# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1302
1303# From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1304# This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1305# <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm">
1306# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1307# 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).
1308
1309# <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html">
1310# From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1311# </a>
1312# The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1313# institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1314# Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1315# clocks one hour in the spring....
1316# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
1317# daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1318# Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1319# time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1320# urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1321# appears that they will not do so....
1322
1323# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1324Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1325Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1326# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1327Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1328 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1329 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1330 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1331 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1332 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1333 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1334 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1335 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1336 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1337 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1338 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1339 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1340 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1341 2:00 EU EE%sT
1342
1343# Liechtenstein
1344# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1345Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1346 1:00 - CET 1981
1347 1:00 EU CE%sT
1348
1349# Lithuania
1350
1351# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1352# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1353# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1354
1355# From Marius Gedminas <mgedmin@pub.osf.lt> (1998-08-07):
1356# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1357# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1358
1359# From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
1360# via Steffen Thorsen:
1361# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1362# to be valid here starting from October 31,
1363# as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1364# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1365# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1366# already done by Estonia.
1367
1368# From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm">
1369# Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1370# </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1371
1372# From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1373# As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1374# observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1375# down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1376# neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1377# 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1378# http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1379
1380
1381# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1382Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1383 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1384 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1385 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1386 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1387 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1388 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1389 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1390 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1391 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1392 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1393 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1394 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1395 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1396 2:00 EU EE%sT
1397
1398# Luxembourg
1399# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks.
1400# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1401Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1402Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1403Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1404Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1405Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1406Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1407Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1408Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1409Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1410Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1411Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1412Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1413Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1414Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1415Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1416Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1417Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1418Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1419Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1420Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1421Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1422Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1423Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1424# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1425Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1426 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1427 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1428 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1429 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1430 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1431 1:00 EU CE%sT
1432
1433# Macedonia
1434# see Serbia and Montenegro
1435
1436# Malta
1437# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1438Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1439Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1440Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1441Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1442Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1443Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1444Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1445# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1446Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta
1447 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1448 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1449 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1450 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1451 1:00 EU CE%sT
1452
1453# Moldova
1454
1455# From Paul Eggert (2001-02-11):
1456# A previous version of this database followed Shanks, who writes that
1457# Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1458# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1459# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1460# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1461# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1462# But moldavizolit@tirastel.md and mk@tirastel.md separately reported via
1463# Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1464# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1465
1466# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1467Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1468 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1469 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1470 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1471 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1472 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1473 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1474 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
1475 2:00 - EET 1991
1476 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1477 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1478# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1479 2:00 EU EE%sT
1480
1481# Monaco
1482# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21.
1483# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1484Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1485 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1486 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1487 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1488 1:00 EU CE%sT
1489
1490# Netherlands
1491
1492# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1493# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1494
1495# However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1496# Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1497# Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1498# the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1499# (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1500# common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1501# not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1502# On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1503# was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1504#
1505# (2001-04-08):
1506# 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1507# observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1508# practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1509#
1510# (2001-04-09):
1511# In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1512# municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1513# Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1514# actually followed.
1515#
1516# From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1517# observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1518# Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1519# places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1520# adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1521#
1522# Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1523# of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1524# was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1525# Amsterdam mean time.
1526
1527# The data before 1945 are taken from
1528# <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>.
1529
1530# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1531Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1532Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1533Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1534Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1535Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1536Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1537Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1538Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1539Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1540Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1541Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1542# From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1543# in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1544Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1545Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1546Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1547Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1548Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1549Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1550Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1551Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1552Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1553#
1554# Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1555# below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1556# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1557Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1558 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1559 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1560 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1561 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1562 1:00 EU CE%sT
1563
1564# Norway
1565# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1566# Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks.
1567Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1568Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1569# Whitman says DST observed 1935-08-11/1942-11-01, then 1943-03-29/10-04,
1570# 1944-04-03/10-02, and 1945-04-01/10-01; go with Shanks.
1571Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1572Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1573Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1574Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1575Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1576# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1577Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1578 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1579 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1580 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1581 1:00 EU CE%sT
1582
1583# Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1584
1585# From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1586# Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1587# Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1588# time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
1589# as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1590# Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1591# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and
1592# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation
1593# for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1594# into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1595# part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1596# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been
1597# able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1598# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by
1599# Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1600# since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1601# before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1602# between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1603
1604# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01):
1605#
1606# Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1607# so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Olso was
1608# keeping Berlin time.
1609#
1610# <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1611# burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1612# 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1613# frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
1614# radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
1615# the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1616# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1617#
1618# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1619# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1620# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
1621# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1622# expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
1623# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1624# <http://www.utpress.utoronto.ca/publishing/rights/dege_warnorthof80.htm>
1625# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1626# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1627#
1628# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970. Unless we can
1629# come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the
1630# war years it's probably best just do do the following for now:
1631Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1632Link Europe/Oslo Atlantic/Jan_Mayen
1633
1634# Poland
1635# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1636Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1637Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1638# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks.
1639Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1640# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks.
1641Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1642Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1643Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 S
1644Rule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 -
1645Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
1646Rule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1647Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
1648# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1649Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1650Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1651Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1652Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1653Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1654Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1655Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 S
1656Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1657# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1658Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1659 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1660 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1661 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1662 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1663 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1664 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977 Apr 3 1:00
1665 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1999
1666# IATA SSIM (1991/1996) gives EU rules, but the _The Warsaw Voice_
1667# <a href="http://www.warsawvoice.com.pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml">
1668# http://www.warsawvoice.com/pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml (1995-09-24)
1669# </a>
1670# says the autumn 1995 switch was at 02:00.
1671# Stick with W-Eur for now.
1672#
1673# From Marcin.Kasperski@softax.com.pl (1999-06-10):
1674# According to my colleagues someone recently decided, that Poland would
1675# follow European Union regulations, so - I think - the matter is not
1676# worth further discussion.
1677#
1678# From Paul Eggert (1999-06-10):
1679# Kasperski also writes that the government futzed with the rules in 1997
1680# or 1998 but he doesn't remember the details. Assume they switched to
1681# EU rules in 1999.
1682 1:00 EU CE%sT
1683
1684# Portugal
1685#
1686# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (1992-11-12):
1687# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1688# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1689#
1690# Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1691# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1692# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1693#
1694# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1695# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1696# at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1697# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1698# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1699# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1700# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1701#
1702# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1703# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
1704# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
1705# Go with Shanks.
1706Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1707# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1708Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1709Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1710Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1711Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1712Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1713Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1714Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1715Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1716Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1717Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1718Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1719Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1720Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1721Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1722Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1723# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks.
1724Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1725Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1726# Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman.
1727Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1728# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks.
1729Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1730# Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1731Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1732Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1733# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks.
1734Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1735Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1736Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1737# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
1738Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1739Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1740# Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1741Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
1742Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1743Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
1744Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
1745Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
1746Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
1747Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
1748Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
1749Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
1750Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
1751Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1752Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1753Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1754# Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
1755# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks.
1756Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1757Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1758Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
1759Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
1760Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
1761Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1762Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1763Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1764Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1765Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1766# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1767# Shanks says that the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24;
1768# Willett says 1912-01-01. Go with Willett.
1769Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
1770 -0:36:32 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time
1771 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1772 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
1773 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1774 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1775 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
1776 0:00 EU WE%sT
1777Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
1778 -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
1779 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
1780 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1781 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1782 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
1783 -1:00 EU AZO%sT
1784Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
1785 -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
1786 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
1787 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1788 0:00 EU WE%sT
1789
1790# Romania
1791#
1792# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
1793# <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html">
1794# Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
1795# 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
1796# assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
1797# the same year as Bulgaria.
1798#
1799# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1800Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1801Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1802Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
1803Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
1804Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1805Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1806Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1807Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1808Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1809# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1810Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
1811 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1812 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1813 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
1814 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
1815 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1816 2:00 EU EE%sT
1817
1818# Russia
1819
1820# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-11-12):
1821# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
1822# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
1823# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks, except we follow
1824# Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
1825#
1826# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (1994-06-29):
1827# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
1828# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
1829# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
1830# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
1831#
1832# From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@nagual.ru> (1996-10-04):
1833# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
| 928# France
929
930# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
931#
932# Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
933# Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
934#
935# Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
936# Paris, 1991
937#
938# Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
939# Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
940
941
942#
943# Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
944# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
945Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
946Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
947Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
948Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
949Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
950Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
951Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
952Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
953Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
954Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
955# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
956# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
957# were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks.
958Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
959Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
960Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
961Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
962Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
963Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
964Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
965Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
966Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
967Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
968Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
969Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
970Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
971Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
972Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
973Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
974Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
975Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
976Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
977Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
978# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks writes
979# that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
980# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
981# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
982# Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Decartes,
983# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
984# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
985# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collognes (Haute-Savioe).
986Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
987# Shanks says this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
988# but go with Denis.Excoffier@ens.fr (1997-12-12),
989# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
990# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
991Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
992Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
993Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
994Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
995Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
996Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
997Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
998Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
999Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1000# Shanks gives Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1001# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1002Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1003Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1004# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05,
1005# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1006# Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1007# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1008# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1009Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1010 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1011# Shanks gives 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1012 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1013# Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1014# go with Shanks.
1015 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1016 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1017 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1018 1:00 EU CE%sT
1019
1020# Germany
1021
1022# From Markus Kuhn <Markus.Kuhn@cl.cam.ac.uk> (1998-09-29):
1023# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1024# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1025# [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1026
1027# From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1028# In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by <a
1029# href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/">
1030# General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>.
1031
1032# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1033# <a href="http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf">
1034# says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1035# However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1036# this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
1037
1038
1039# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1040Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1041Rule Germany 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1042Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1043Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1044Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1045Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1046Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1047Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
1048Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1049Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1050Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1051Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1052# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1053Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1054 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1055 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1056 1:00 EU CE%sT
1057
1058# Gibraltar
1059# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1060Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
1061 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1062 1:00 - CET 1982
1063 1:00 EU CE%sT
1064
1065# Greece
1066# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1067# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks.
1068Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1069Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1070# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks.
1071Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1072# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks.
1073Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1074Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1075Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1076# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1077Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1078Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1079Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1080Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1081Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1082Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1083Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1084Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1085Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1086Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1087Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1088Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1089Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1090# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1091Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1092 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1093 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1094 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1095 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1096 # Shanks says they switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1097 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1098 2:00 EU EE%sT
1099
1100# Hungary
1101# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1102Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1103Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1104Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1105Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1106Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
1107Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1108Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1109Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1110Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1111Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1112Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1113Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1114Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1115Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1116Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1117Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1118Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1119Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1120Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1121Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1122# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1123Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1124 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1125 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1126 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00
1127 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1128 1:00 EU CE%sT
1129
1130# Iceland
1131#
1132# From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (1993-11-06):
1133# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1134#
1135# (1993-12-05):
1136# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1137# Iceland Almanak.
1138#
1139# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1140# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1141# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1142# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1143#
1144# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1145# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1146# time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1147# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1148#
1149# (1993-12-10):
1150# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1151# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1152# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1153# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1154# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1155# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1156# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1157# might mean something else (???).
1158#
1159# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
1160# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
1161# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
1162# Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1163#
1164# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1165Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1166Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1167Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1168Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1169Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1170Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1171Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1172Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1173Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1174Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1175Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1176# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1177Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1178Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1179# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1180Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1181# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1182Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1183Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1184Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1185# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1186Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1187 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1188 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1189 0:00 - GMT
1190
1191# Italy
1192#
1193# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1194# Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1195# called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1196# During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1197# But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1198# so record only the time in Rome.
1199#
1200# From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06):
1201# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri
1202# <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html">
1203# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (1996-03-14)
1204# </a>
1205# (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1206# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1207#
1208# year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1209# 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1210# 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1211# 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1212# 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1213# 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1214# 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1215# 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1216# 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1217# 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1218# 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1219# 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1220# 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1221# 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1222# 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1223# 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1224#
1225# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1226Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1227Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1228Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1229Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1230Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1231Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1232Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1233Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1234Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1235Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1236Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1237Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1238Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1239Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1240Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1241Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1242Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1243Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1244Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1245Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1246Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1247Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1248Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1249Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1250Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1251Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1252Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1253Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1254Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1255Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1256Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1257Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1258Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1259Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1260Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1261Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1262# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1263Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1264 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time
1265 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1266 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1267 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1268 1:00 EU CE%sT
1269
1270Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1271Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1272
1273# Latvia
1274
1275# From Liene Kanepe <Liene_Kanepe@lm.gov.lv> (1998-09-17):
1276
1277# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1278# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1279# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1280# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1281#
1282# Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1283# according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1284# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1285# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1286# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1287#
1288# Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1289# according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1290# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1291# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1292# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1293# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1294#
1295# Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1296# according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1297# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1298# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1299# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1300# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1301# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1302# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1303# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1304# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1305#
1306# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1307# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1308# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1309
1310# From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1311# This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1312# <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm">
1313# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1314# 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).
1315
1316# <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html">
1317# From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1318# </a>
1319# The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1320# institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1321# Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1322# clocks one hour in the spring....
1323# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
1324# daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1325# Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1326# time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1327# urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1328# appears that they will not do so....
1329
1330# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1331Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1332Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1333# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1334Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1335 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1336 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1337 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1338 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1339 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1340 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1341 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1342 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1343 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1344 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1345 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1346 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1347 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1348 2:00 EU EE%sT
1349
1350# Liechtenstein
1351# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1352Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1353 1:00 - CET 1981
1354 1:00 EU CE%sT
1355
1356# Lithuania
1357
1358# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1359# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1360# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1361
1362# From Marius Gedminas <mgedmin@pub.osf.lt> (1998-08-07):
1363# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1364# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1365
1366# From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
1367# via Steffen Thorsen:
1368# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1369# to be valid here starting from October 31,
1370# as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1371# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1372# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1373# already done by Estonia.
1374
1375# From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm">
1376# Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1377# </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1378
1379# From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1380# As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1381# observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1382# down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1383# neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1384# 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1385# http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1386
1387
1388# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1389Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1390 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1391 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1392 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1393 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1394 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1395 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1396 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1397 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1398 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1399 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1400 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1401 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1402 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1403 2:00 EU EE%sT
1404
1405# Luxembourg
1406# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks.
1407# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1408Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1409Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1410Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1411Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1412Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1413Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1414Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1415Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1416Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1417Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1418Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1419Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1420Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1421Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1422Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1423Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1424Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1425Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1426Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1427Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1428Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1429Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1430Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1431# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1432Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1433 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1434 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1435 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1436 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1437 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1438 1:00 EU CE%sT
1439
1440# Macedonia
1441# see Serbia and Montenegro
1442
1443# Malta
1444# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1445Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1446Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1447Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1448Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1449Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1450Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1451Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1452# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1453Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta
1454 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1455 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1456 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1457 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1458 1:00 EU CE%sT
1459
1460# Moldova
1461
1462# From Paul Eggert (2001-02-11):
1463# A previous version of this database followed Shanks, who writes that
1464# Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1465# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1466# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1467# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1468# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1469# But moldavizolit@tirastel.md and mk@tirastel.md separately reported via
1470# Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1471# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1472
1473# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1474Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1475 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1476 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1477 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1478 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1479 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1480 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1481 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
1482 2:00 - EET 1991
1483 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1484 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1485# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1486 2:00 EU EE%sT
1487
1488# Monaco
1489# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21.
1490# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1491Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1492 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1493 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1494 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1495 1:00 EU CE%sT
1496
1497# Netherlands
1498
1499# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1500# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1501
1502# However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1503# Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1504# Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1505# the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1506# (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1507# common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1508# not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1509# On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1510# was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1511#
1512# (2001-04-08):
1513# 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1514# observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1515# practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1516#
1517# (2001-04-09):
1518# In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1519# municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1520# Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1521# actually followed.
1522#
1523# From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1524# observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1525# Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1526# places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1527# adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1528#
1529# Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1530# of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1531# was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1532# Amsterdam mean time.
1533
1534# The data before 1945 are taken from
1535# <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>.
1536
1537# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1538Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1539Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1540Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1541Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1542Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1543Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1544Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1545Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1546Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1547Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1548Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1549# From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1550# in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1551Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1552Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1553Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1554Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1555Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1556Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1557Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1558Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1559Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1560#
1561# Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1562# below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1563# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1564Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1565 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1566 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1567 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1568 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1569 1:00 EU CE%sT
1570
1571# Norway
1572# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1573# Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks.
1574Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1575Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1576# Whitman says DST observed 1935-08-11/1942-11-01, then 1943-03-29/10-04,
1577# 1944-04-03/10-02, and 1945-04-01/10-01; go with Shanks.
1578Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1579Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1580Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1581Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1582Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1583# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1584Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1585 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1586 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1587 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1588 1:00 EU CE%sT
1589
1590# Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1591
1592# From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1593# Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1594# Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1595# time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
1596# as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1597# Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1598# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and
1599# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation
1600# for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1601# into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1602# part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1603# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been
1604# able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1605# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by
1606# Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1607# since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1608# before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1609# between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1610
1611# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01):
1612#
1613# Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1614# so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Olso was
1615# keeping Berlin time.
1616#
1617# <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1618# burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1619# 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1620# frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
1621# radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
1622# the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1623# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1624#
1625# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1626# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1627# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
1628# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1629# expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
1630# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1631# <http://www.utpress.utoronto.ca/publishing/rights/dege_warnorthof80.htm>
1632# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1633# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1634#
1635# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970. Unless we can
1636# come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the
1637# war years it's probably best just do do the following for now:
1638Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1639Link Europe/Oslo Atlantic/Jan_Mayen
1640
1641# Poland
1642# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1643Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1644Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1645# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks.
1646Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1647# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks.
1648Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1649Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1650Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 S
1651Rule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 -
1652Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
1653Rule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1654Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
1655# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1656Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1657Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1658Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1659Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1660Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1661Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1662Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 S
1663Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1664# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1665Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1666 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1667 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1668 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1669 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1670 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1671 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977 Apr 3 1:00
1672 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1999
1673# IATA SSIM (1991/1996) gives EU rules, but the _The Warsaw Voice_
1674# <a href="http://www.warsawvoice.com.pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml">
1675# http://www.warsawvoice.com/pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml (1995-09-24)
1676# </a>
1677# says the autumn 1995 switch was at 02:00.
1678# Stick with W-Eur for now.
1679#
1680# From Marcin.Kasperski@softax.com.pl (1999-06-10):
1681# According to my colleagues someone recently decided, that Poland would
1682# follow European Union regulations, so - I think - the matter is not
1683# worth further discussion.
1684#
1685# From Paul Eggert (1999-06-10):
1686# Kasperski also writes that the government futzed with the rules in 1997
1687# or 1998 but he doesn't remember the details. Assume they switched to
1688# EU rules in 1999.
1689 1:00 EU CE%sT
1690
1691# Portugal
1692#
1693# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (1992-11-12):
1694# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1695# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1696#
1697# Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1698# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1699# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1700#
1701# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1702# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1703# at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1704# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1705# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1706# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1707# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1708#
1709# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1710# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
1711# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
1712# Go with Shanks.
1713Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1714# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1715Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1716Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1717Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1718Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1719Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1720Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1721Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1722Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1723Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1724Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1725Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1726Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1727Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1728Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1729Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1730# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks.
1731Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1732Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1733# Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman.
1734Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1735# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks.
1736Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1737# Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1738Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1739Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1740# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks.
1741Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1742Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1743Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1744# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
1745Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1746Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1747# Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1748Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
1749Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1750Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
1751Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
1752Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
1753Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
1754Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
1755Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
1756Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
1757Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
1758Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1759Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1760Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1761# Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
1762# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks.
1763Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1764Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1765Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
1766Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
1767Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
1768Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1769Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1770Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1771Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1772Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1773# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1774# Shanks says that the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24;
1775# Willett says 1912-01-01. Go with Willett.
1776Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
1777 -0:36:32 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time
1778 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1779 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
1780 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1781 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1782 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
1783 0:00 EU WE%sT
1784Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
1785 -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
1786 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
1787 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1788 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1789 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
1790 -1:00 EU AZO%sT
1791Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
1792 -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
1793 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
1794 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1795 0:00 EU WE%sT
1796
1797# Romania
1798#
1799# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
1800# <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html">
1801# Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
1802# 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
1803# assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
1804# the same year as Bulgaria.
1805#
1806# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1807Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1808Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1809Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
1810Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
1811Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1812Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1813Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1814Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1815Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1816# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1817Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
1818 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1819 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1820 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
1821 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
1822 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1823 2:00 EU EE%sT
1824
1825# Russia
1826
1827# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-11-12):
1828# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
1829# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
1830# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks, except we follow
1831# Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
1832#
1833# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (1994-06-29):
1834# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
1835# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
1836# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
1837# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
1838#
1839# From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@nagual.ru> (1996-10-04):
1840# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
|
1834# Unix-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
| 1841# UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
|
1835# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
1836# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
1837#
1838# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-10-30):
1839# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
1840# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
1841# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
1842#
1843# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
1844# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
1845# News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
1846# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
1847# the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
1848# enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
1849#
1850# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
1851# There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
1852# UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
1853# SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
1854# until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
1855# since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
1856# administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
1857# remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
1858#
1859# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1860#
1861# Kaliningradskaya oblast'.
1862Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
1863 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1864 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
1865 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1866 2:00 Russia EE%sT
1867#
1868# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1869# Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast', Astrakhanskaya oblast',
1870# Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',
1871# Volgogradskaya oblast', Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',
1872# Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,
1873# Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,
1874# Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,
1875# Respublika Kareliya, Kirovskaya oblast', Respublika Komi,
1876# Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',
1877# Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,
1878# Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',
1879# Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,
1880# Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',
1881# Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',
1882# Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg, Saratovskaya oblast',
1883# Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',
1884# Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,
1885# Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',
1886# Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',
1887# Yaroslavskaya oblast'
1888Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
1889 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
1890 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1891 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
1892 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1893 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1894 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1895 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD
1896#
1897# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1898# Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika
1899Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1900 3:00 - KUYT 1930 Jun 21 # Kuybyshev
1901 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1902 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1903 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1904 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
1905 4:00 Russia SAM%sT # Samara Time
1906#
1907# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1908# Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,
1909# Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',
1910# Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',
1911# Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',
1912# Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.
1913Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
1914 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
1915 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1916 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1917 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time
1918#
1919# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1920# Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.
1921Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
1922 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
1923 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1924 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1925 6:00 Russia OMS%sT
1926#
1927# Novosibirskaya oblast'.
1928Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
1929 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
1930 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1931 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1932 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # says Shanks
1933 6:00 Russia NOV%sT
1934#
1935# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1936# Kemerovskaya oblast', Krasnoyarskij kraj,
1937# Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug, Tomskaya oblast',
1938# Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.
1939Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
1940 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
1941 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1942 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1943 7:00 Russia KRA%sT
1944#
1945# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1946# Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',
1947# Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.
1948Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
1949 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
1950 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
1951 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1952 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1953 8:00 Russia IRK%sT
1954#
| 1842# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
1843# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
1844#
1845# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-10-30):
1846# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
1847# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
1848# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
1849#
1850# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
1851# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
1852# News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
1853# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
1854# the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
1855# enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
1856#
1857# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
1858# There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
1859# UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
1860# SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
1861# until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
1862# since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
1863# administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
1864# remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
1865#
1866# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1867#
1868# Kaliningradskaya oblast'.
1869Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
1870 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1871 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
1872 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1873 2:00 Russia EE%sT
1874#
1875# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1876# Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast', Astrakhanskaya oblast',
1877# Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',
1878# Volgogradskaya oblast', Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',
1879# Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,
1880# Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,
1881# Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,
1882# Respublika Kareliya, Kirovskaya oblast', Respublika Komi,
1883# Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',
1884# Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,
1885# Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',
1886# Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,
1887# Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',
1888# Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',
1889# Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg, Saratovskaya oblast',
1890# Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',
1891# Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,
1892# Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',
1893# Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',
1894# Yaroslavskaya oblast'
1895Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
1896 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
1897 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1898 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
1899 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1900 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1901 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1902 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD
1903#
1904# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1905# Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika
1906Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1907 3:00 - KUYT 1930 Jun 21 # Kuybyshev
1908 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1909 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1910 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1911 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
1912 4:00 Russia SAM%sT # Samara Time
1913#
1914# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1915# Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,
1916# Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',
1917# Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',
1918# Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',
1919# Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.
1920Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
1921 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
1922 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1923 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1924 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time
1925#
1926# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1927# Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.
1928Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
1929 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
1930 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1931 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1932 6:00 Russia OMS%sT
1933#
1934# Novosibirskaya oblast'.
1935Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
1936 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
1937 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1938 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1939 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # says Shanks
1940 6:00 Russia NOV%sT
1941#
1942# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1943# Kemerovskaya oblast', Krasnoyarskij kraj,
1944# Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug, Tomskaya oblast',
1945# Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.
1946Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
1947 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
1948 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1949 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1950 7:00 Russia KRA%sT
1951#
1952# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1953# Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',
1954# Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.
1955Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
1956 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
1957 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
1958 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1959 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1960 8:00 Russia IRK%sT
1961#
|
1955# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
| 1962# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
|
1956# Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',
1957# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.
| 1963# Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',
1964# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.
|
1958#
1959# From Alan Pritchard (2001-08-24): [The Sakha districts are:]
1960# Aldansky, Amginsky, Anabarsky, Bulunsky, Churapchinsky,
1961# Eveno-Bytantaisky, Gorny, Khangalassky, Kobyaisky, Lensky,
1962# Megino-Kangalassky, Mirninsky, Namsky, Nyurbinsky, Olenyoksky,
1963# Olyokminsky, Srednekolymsky, Suntarsky, Tattinsky, Ust-Aldansky,
1964# Verkhnekolymsky, Verkhnevilyuisky, Vilyuisky, Zhigansky.
| 1965# The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij,
1966# Bulunskij, Verkhnekolymskij, Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj,
1967# Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij,
1968# Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenekskij, Olekminskij, Srednekolymskij,
1969# Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij,
1970# Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij.
|
1965Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
1966 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
1967 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1968 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1969 9:00 Russia YAK%sT
1970#
| 1971Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
1972 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
1973 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1974 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1975 9:00 Russia YAK%sT
1976#
|
1971# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
| 1977# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
|
1972# Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,
1973# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
| 1978# Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,
1979# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
|
1974#
1975# From Alan Pritchard (2001-08-24): [The Sakha districts are:]
1976# Tomponsky, Ust-Maisky, Ust-Yansky, Verkhoyansky.
| 1980# The Sakha districts are: Verkhoyanskij, Tomponskij, Ust'-Majskij,
1981# Ust'-Yanskij.
|
1977Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
1978 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
1979 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1980 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1981 10:00 Russia VLA%sT
1982#
1983# Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
1984# The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
1985Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
1986 9:00 - CJT 1938
1987 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25
1988 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
1989 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1990 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1991 10:00 Russia SAK%sT
1992#
| 1982Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
1983 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
1984 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1985 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1986 10:00 Russia VLA%sT
1987#
1988# Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
1989# The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
1990Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
1991 9:00 - CJT 1938
1992 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25
1993 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
1994 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1995 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1996 10:00 Russia SAK%sT
1997#
|
1993# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
| 1998# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
|
1994# Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
| 1999# Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
|
1995#
1996# From Alan Pritchard (2001-08-24): [The Sakha districts are:]
1997# Abyisky, Allaikhovsky, Momsky, Nizhnekolymsky, Oimyakonsky.
| 2000# Probably also: Kuril Islands.
2001# The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Momskij,
2002# Nizhnekolymskij, Ojmyakonskij.
|
1998Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
1999 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2000 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2001 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2002 11:00 Russia MAG%sT
2003#
2004# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2005# Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2006#
2007# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
2008Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
2009 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
2010 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2011 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2012 12:00 Russia PET%sT
2013#
2014# Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug
2015Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
2016 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
2017 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
2018 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2019 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2020 12:00 Russia ANA%sT
2021
2022# Serbia and Montenegro
2023# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2024Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2025 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2026 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
2027 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2028# Metod Kozelj <metod.kozelj@rzs-hm.si> reports that the legal date of
2029# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2030# Shanks doesn't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
2031 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2032 1:00 EU CE%sT
2033Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2034Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2035Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2036Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
2037
2038# Slovakia
2039Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
2040
2041# Slovenia
2042# see Serbia and Montenegro
2043
2044# Spain
2045# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2046# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks.
2047Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2048Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
2049Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2050Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2051# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks.
2052Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2053# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks.
2054Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
2055Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2056# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks.
2057Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2058Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2059Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2060Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2061# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks.
2062Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2063Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2064Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2065Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2066Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2067# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks.
2068Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2069Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
2070Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
2071Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
2072Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
2073Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
2074Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2075Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
2076Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
2077Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
2078Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
2079Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
2080Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2081Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
2082Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2083# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
2084Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
2085Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2086Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
2087Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2088Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2089Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2090Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2091Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2092Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
2093# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2094Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901
2095 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
2096 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
2097 1:00 EU CE%sT
2098Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
2099 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
2100 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
2101 0:00 - WET 1924
2102 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
2103 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2104 1:00 - CET 1986
2105 1:00 EU CE%sT
2106Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2107 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2108 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2109 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2110 0:00 EU WE%sT
2111# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2112# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2113
2114# Sweden
2115
2116# From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks:
2117#
2118# The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
2119# From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
2120# places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
2121# three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
2122# meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
2123#
2124# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
2125# eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
2126# national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
2127#
2128# About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
2129# forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
2130# of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
2131# the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
2132# observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
2133# from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
2134# 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
2135# in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
2136#
2137# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
2138# that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
2139# pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
2140# Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
2141#
2142# The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
2143# Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
2144# not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
2145# in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
2146# "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
2147# the Sok-button).
2148#
2149# (2001-05-13):
2150#
2151# I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
2152# summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
2153# 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
2154# people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
2155# at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
2156# hour before the event took place.
2157#
2158# Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
2159
2160# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2161Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
2162 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
2163 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
2164 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00
2165 1:00 - CET 1980
2166 1:00 EU CE%sT
2167
2168# Switzerland
2169# From Howse:
2170# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2171# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2172# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
2173# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2174# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
2175Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
2176Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2177# From Shanks:
2178Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
2179Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2180# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2181Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
2182 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
2183 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2184 1:00 EU CE%sT
2185
2186# Turkey
2187# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2188Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2189Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2190Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
2191Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
2192Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
2193Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2194Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2195Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2196# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks.
2197Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
2198Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2199Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2200Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
2201Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
2202Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
2203Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
2204Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2205# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
2206Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2207Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
2208Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2209Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2210Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2211Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
2212Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2213Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
2214Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
2215Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
2216Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2217Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
2218Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2219Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
2220Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2221Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
2222Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2223Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
2224Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
2225Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
2226Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
2227Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
2228Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2229Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2230Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2231Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2232Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
2233Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
2234Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
2235Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
2236Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
2237Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
2238Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2239# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2240Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
2241 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
2242 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
2243 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
2244 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1986
2245 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2246 2:00 EU EE%sT
2247Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
2248
2249# Ukraine
2250#
2251# From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukranian Ministry of Justice,
2252# via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
2253# BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's goverment
2254# regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
2255# "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
2256# of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
2257# October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
2258
2259# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2260# Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
2261Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
2262 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
2263 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2264 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
2265 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
2266 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2267 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2268 2:00 - EET 1992
2269 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2270 2:00 EU EE%sT
2271# Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
2272Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
2273 1:00 - CET 1940
2274 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2275 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
2276 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
2277 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2278 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2279 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
2280 2:00 - EET 1992
2281 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2282 2:00 EU EE%sT
2283# Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
2284# Zaporozh'ye has an apostrophe, but Posix file names can't have apostrophes.
2285Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
2286 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T
2287 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2288 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
2289 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
2290 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
2291 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2292 2:00 EU EE%sT
2293# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2294Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2295 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2296 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2297 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
2298 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2299 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2300 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2301 2:00 - EET 1992
2302# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-11-12):
2303# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2304# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2305# Shanks says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened
2306# sometime between the 1994 DST switches. For now, guess it changed in May.
2307 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2308# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2309 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
2310 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2311# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2312# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2313 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2314 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2315 2:00 EU EE%sT
2316
2317###############################################################################
2318
2319# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
2320# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
2321# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
2322#
2323# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
2324# uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2325# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2326# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
2327# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2328# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2329
2330# ...
2331# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2332# From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann)
2333# Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp>
2334# ...
2335#
2336# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2337# most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2338# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2339# to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2340# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2341# years...
2342# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2343# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2344# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2345# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2346#
2347# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2348# Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2349#
2350# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2351# 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2352# UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho
2353
2354# ...
2355# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2356# From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter)
2357# ...
2358#
2359# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2360# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2361# about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2362#
2363# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2364# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2365# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2366# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
2367# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
2368# the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
2369# dates...
2370#
2371# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
2372# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
2373# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
2374# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2375# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2376# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2377# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2378# in advance of normal time.
2379#
2380# ...
2381# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2382# INTERNET : dik@cwi.nl
2383# BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax
2384
2385# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
2386# ...
2387# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2388# Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2389# ...
2390# Monaco: has same DST as France.
2391# ...
| 2003Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
2004 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2005 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2006 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2007 11:00 Russia MAG%sT
2008#
2009# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2010# Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2011#
2012# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
2013Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
2014 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
2015 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2016 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2017 12:00 Russia PET%sT
2018#
2019# Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug
2020Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
2021 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
2022 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
2023 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2024 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2025 12:00 Russia ANA%sT
2026
2027# Serbia and Montenegro
2028# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2029Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2030 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2031 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
2032 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2033# Metod Kozelj <metod.kozelj@rzs-hm.si> reports that the legal date of
2034# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2035# Shanks doesn't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
2036 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2037 1:00 EU CE%sT
2038Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2039Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2040Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2041Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
2042
2043# Slovakia
2044Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
2045
2046# Slovenia
2047# see Serbia and Montenegro
2048
2049# Spain
2050# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2051# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks.
2052Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2053Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
2054Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2055Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2056# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks.
2057Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2058# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks.
2059Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
2060Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2061# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks.
2062Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2063Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2064Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2065Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2066# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks.
2067Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2068Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2069Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2070Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2071Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2072# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks.
2073Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2074Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
2075Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
2076Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
2077Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
2078Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
2079Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2080Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
2081Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
2082Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
2083Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
2084Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
2085Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2086Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
2087Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2088# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
2089Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
2090Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2091Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
2092Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2093Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2094Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2095Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2096Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2097Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
2098# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2099Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901
2100 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
2101 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
2102 1:00 EU CE%sT
2103Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
2104 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
2105 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
2106 0:00 - WET 1924
2107 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
2108 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2109 1:00 - CET 1986
2110 1:00 EU CE%sT
2111Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2112 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2113 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2114 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2115 0:00 EU WE%sT
2116# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2117# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2118
2119# Sweden
2120
2121# From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks:
2122#
2123# The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
2124# From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
2125# places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
2126# three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
2127# meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
2128#
2129# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
2130# eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
2131# national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
2132#
2133# About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
2134# forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
2135# of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
2136# the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
2137# observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
2138# from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
2139# 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
2140# in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
2141#
2142# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
2143# that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
2144# pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
2145# Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
2146#
2147# The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
2148# Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
2149# not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
2150# in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
2151# "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
2152# the Sok-button).
2153#
2154# (2001-05-13):
2155#
2156# I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
2157# summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
2158# 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
2159# people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
2160# at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
2161# hour before the event took place.
2162#
2163# Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
2164
2165# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2166Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
2167 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
2168 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
2169 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00
2170 1:00 - CET 1980
2171 1:00 EU CE%sT
2172
2173# Switzerland
2174# From Howse:
2175# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2176# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2177# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
2178# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2179# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
2180Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
2181Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2182# From Shanks:
2183Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
2184Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2185# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2186Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
2187 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
2188 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2189 1:00 EU CE%sT
2190
2191# Turkey
2192# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2193Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2194Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2195Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
2196Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
2197Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
2198Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2199Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2200Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2201# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks.
2202Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
2203Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2204Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2205Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
2206Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
2207Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
2208Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
2209Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2210# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
2211Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2212Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
2213Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2214Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2215Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2216Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
2217Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2218Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
2219Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
2220Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
2221Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2222Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
2223Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2224Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
2225Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2226Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
2227Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2228Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
2229Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
2230Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
2231Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
2232Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
2233Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2234Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2235Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2236Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2237Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
2238Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
2239Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
2240Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
2241Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
2242Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
2243Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2244# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2245Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
2246 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
2247 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
2248 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
2249 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1986
2250 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2251 2:00 EU EE%sT
2252Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
2253
2254# Ukraine
2255#
2256# From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukranian Ministry of Justice,
2257# via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
2258# BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's goverment
2259# regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
2260# "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
2261# of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
2262# October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
2263
2264# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2265# Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
2266Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
2267 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
2268 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2269 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
2270 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
2271 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2272 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2273 2:00 - EET 1992
2274 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2275 2:00 EU EE%sT
2276# Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
2277Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
2278 1:00 - CET 1940
2279 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2280 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
2281 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
2282 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2283 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2284 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
2285 2:00 - EET 1992
2286 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2287 2:00 EU EE%sT
2288# Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
2289# Zaporozh'ye has an apostrophe, but Posix file names can't have apostrophes.
2290Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
2291 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T
2292 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2293 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
2294 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
2295 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
2296 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2297 2:00 EU EE%sT
2298# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2299Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2300 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2301 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2302 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
2303 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2304 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2305 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2306 2:00 - EET 1992
2307# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-11-12):
2308# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2309# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2310# Shanks says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened
2311# sometime between the 1994 DST switches. For now, guess it changed in May.
2312 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2313# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2314 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
2315 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2316# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2317# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2318 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2319 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2320 2:00 EU EE%sT
2321
2322###############################################################################
2323
2324# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
2325# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
2326# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
2327#
2328# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
2329# uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2330# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2331# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
2332# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2333# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2334
2335# ...
2336# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2337# From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann)
2338# Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp>
2339# ...
2340#
2341# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2342# most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2343# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2344# to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2345# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2346# years...
2347# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2348# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2349# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2350# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2351#
2352# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2353# Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2354#
2355# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2356# 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2357# UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho
2358
2359# ...
2360# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2361# From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter)
2362# ...
2363#
2364# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2365# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2366# about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2367#
2368# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2369# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2370# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2371# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
2372# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
2373# the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
2374# dates...
2375#
2376# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
2377# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
2378# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
2379# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2380# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2381# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2382# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2383# in advance of normal time.
2384#
2385# ...
2386# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2387# INTERNET : dik@cwi.nl
2388# BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax
2389
2390# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
2391# ...
2392# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2393# Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2394# ...
2395# Monaco: has same DST as France.
2396# ...
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