1# @(#)europe 7.16
2
3# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
4# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
5# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
6
7# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (November 18, 1993):
8# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
9# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (3rd edition),
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48#
49# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
50# is Derek Howse, Greenwich time and the discovery of the longitude,
51# Oxford University Press (1980).
52
53# From Andrew A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (November 12, 1993):
54# LST is Local Star Time (``mestnoe zvezdnoe vremya'').
55
56###############################################################################
57
58# United Kingdom
59
60# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (July 6, 1994):
61#
62# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
63# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
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112# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
113# From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john>
114# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
115# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
116# politics making a fortune, not computing.
117
118# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (September 3, 1993):
119#
120# I have some more up to date info.
121#
122# Our Government...couldn't...make a decision after the 1989 consultation
123# exercise about the UK changing its timezone so it just let things drift
124# (different from deciding to keep the status quo). According to the
125# Summer Time Order 1992 (SI 1992/1729) the dates of Summer Time for 1993
126# and 1994 are:
127# Start End
128# 1993 28 March 24 October
129# 1994 27 March 23 October
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372# to 01:00 GMT.)
373#
374# - The Summer Time Order, 1992, SI 1992/1729 [SI == Statutary Instrument]
375#
376# This specifies dates of:
377# Start End
378# 1993 28 March 24 October
379# 1994 27 March 23 October
380# All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT.
381# This is as far as it goes at present. A new EC directive is expected soon
382# and this will lead to a new Summer Time Order implementing it in the UK.
383#
384# - Some text on the extent of Acts, from Halsbury's Statutes
385#
386# `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie
387# to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside.
388# [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since
389# 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland,
390# but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.'
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423# They assume that nobody would ever be stupid enough to want to see it
424# again so they leave it out.
425#
426# It might be a good idea to put this table, or the output of tabscript
427# showing all the moves because of Easter, in the europe file comments in
428# place of my old transcription of the Green Paper table [the UK Government
429# paper "Summer Time: A Consultation Document" (HMSO Cm722 June 1989)].
430#
431# The next thing on the horizon is the 7th EC/EU directive and the matching
432# UK Order. I expect I will keep quiet until then.
433#
434#
435# Peter Ilieve peter@memex.co.uk
436#
437#
438# ## control file for tabscript, a program to generate UK summer time dates
439# ## matching the table in Cm 722, the 1989 Green Paper.
440# ## Lines like this are comments.
441# ## Lines with a single # at the start are copied into the output
442# ## Control lines are of the form
443# ## <years> <start date> <end date> <flags> <double start> <double end>
444# ## <years> is either a single year or a hyphen separated range, with --
445# ## also accepted as I use this in TeX a lot.
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565# 1990 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
566# 1991 31 Mar 27 Oct fixed
567# 1992 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed
568# # Sixth EC Directive
569# # Summer Time Order, 1992 (SI1992/1729)
570# 1993 28 Mar 24 Oct fixed
571# 1994 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed
572
573# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (June 8, 1994):
574# The European Union bureaucracy has edged a step closer to a 7th Directive
575# on summer-time arrangements. I have the text of a Common Position
576# (EC No 9/94) and a statement of the Council's reasons dated 4 March 94,
577# reported in the Official Journal of the EC, No. C 137/38--41....
578# The dates again:
579# Year Start End End (UK & Eire, 1995 only)
580# (rule) (last Sun) (last Sun) (4th Sun)
581# 1995 26 March 24 September 22 October
582# 1996 31 March 27 October
583# 1997 30 March 26 October
584
585# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (March 28, 1994):
586# The UK/Eire end date of 22 October [1995] conflicts with your current rule of
587# Oct Sun>=23, and the historical UK formula of Sun after 4th Sat.
588# The last time 4th Sun and Sun after 4th Sat differed was in 1989,
589# when 29 October was used. That year was covered by a UK Summer Time Order
590# for only a single year and it looks as though there was a matching 4th EC
591# directive for just this year. I don't have the text of the 5th EC
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688Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
689Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
690Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
691# 1953 to 1980, ending rules
692Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 GMT
693Rule GB-Eire 1961 1967 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
694Rule GB-Eire 1971 only - Oct 31 3:00 0 GMT
695Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
696# Current rules
697Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 BST
698Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Oct Sun>=23 1:00s 0 GMT
699# Under the 7th EU proposal, replace the above line with the following three:
700#Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00s 0 GMT
701#Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 GMT
702#Rule GB-Eire 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 GMT
703
704# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
705Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Sep 22
706 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Feb 18 2:00
707 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00
708 0:00 GB-Eire %s
709Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
710 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
711 -0:25:21 1:00 DST 1916 Oct 1 3:00
712 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Feb 18 2:00
713 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 3:00
714 0:00 GB-Eire %s
715Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:21 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
716 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
717 -0:25:21 1:00 DST 1916 Oct 1 3:00
718 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1940 Feb 25 2:00
719 0:00 1:00 BST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
720 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
721 0:00 1:00 BST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
722 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
723 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Feb 18 2:00
724 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 3:00
725 0:00 GB-Eire %s
726
727# ZONE-DESCR Europe London United_Kingdom All points except N. Ireland
728# ZONE-DESCR Europe Belfast United_Kingdom Northern Ireland
729# ZONE-DESCR Europe Dublin Eire All points
730
731###############################################################################
732
733# Continental Europe
734
735Rule W-Eur 1800 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 -
736Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
737Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
738Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
739Rule W-Eur 1979 max - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
740Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
741
742Rule M-Eur 1800 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 -
743Rule M-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 " DST"
744Rule M-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
745Rule M-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
746Rule M-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
747Rule M-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
748# Shanks says DST was continuous from 1940 Apr 1 to 1942 Nov 2; go with Whitman.
749Rule M-Eur 1940 only - Dec 31 2:00s 0 -
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754Rule M-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
755Rule M-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
756Rule M-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
757# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
758Rule M-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
759Rule M-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
760Rule M-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
761Rule M-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
762Rule M-Eur 1979 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
763# Under the 7th EU proposal, replace the above line with the following two:
764#Rule M-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
765#Rule M-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
766Rule M-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
767
768Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 3:00s 1:00 " DST"
769Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Sep lastSun 3:00s 0 -
770
771# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
772Rule Russia 1880 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 -
773Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 " DST"
774Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 -
775Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 " DDST"
776Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 " DST"
777Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 " DDST"
778Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 D
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787Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
788Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 K
789Rule Russia 1984 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 K
790Rule Russia 1985 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
791
792# These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
793
794# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
795Zone WET 0:00 W-Eur WET%s
796Zone MET 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
797Zone EET 2:00 E-Eur EET%s
798Zone W-SU 3:00 M-Eur ????
799
800# Tom Hoffman says that MET is also known as Central European Time
801
802Link MET CET
803
804# Albania
805# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
806Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 " DST"
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829Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
830Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
831Rule Albania 1984 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
832# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
833Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
834 1:00 - MET 1940 Jun 16
835 1:00 Albania MET%s 1985 Mar 31 1:00
836 1:00 W-Eur MET%s
837
838# ZONE-DESCR Europe Tirane Albania All points
839
840# Andorra
841# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
842Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
843 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
844 1:00 - MET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
845 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
846
847# ZONE-DESCR Europe Andorra Andorra All points
848
849# Austria
850# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
851Rule Austria 1918 only - Jun 16 3:00 0 -
852Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
853Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
854Rule Austria 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
855Rule Austria 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
856Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
857Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
858Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
859Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
860# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
861Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
862 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1918 Jun 16 3:00
863 1:00 Austria MET%s 1940 Apr 1 2:00
864 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
865 1:00 Austria MET%s 1981 Mar 29 2:00
866 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
867
868# ZONE-DESCR Europe Vienna Austria All points
869
870# Belarus
871# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
872Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
873 2:31 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
874 3:00 Russia MS%s 1922 Oct
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921Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
922# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
923Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:20 - LMT 1880
924 0:17 - BST 1892 May 1 12:00
925 0:00 - WET 1914 Aug 4
926 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1919 Mar 1 23:00
927 0:00 Belgium WET%s 1940 Feb 24 23:00
928 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
929 1:00 Belgium MET%s 1977 Apr 3 2:00
930 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
931
932# ZONE-DESCR Europe Brussels Belgium All points
933
934# Bosnia and Herzegovina
935# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
936# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
937Zone Europe/Sarajevo 1:13:40 - LMT 1884
938 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
939 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
940 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
941 1:00 - MET 1983 Mar 27 2:00s
942 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
943
944# ZONE-DESCR Europe Sarajevo Bosnia_and_Herzegovina All points
945
946# Bulgaria
947# Part switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1915 Nov 14;
948# the rest switched on 1920 Sep 17.
949# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
950Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 " DST"
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955# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
956Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
957 1:57 - TST 1894 Nov 30
958 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
959 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 3:00
960 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
961 2:00 Bulg EET%s 1982 Sep 26 2:00
962 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
963
964# ZONE-DESCR Europe Sofia Bulgaria All points
965
966# Croatia
967# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
968# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
969Zone Europe/Zagreb 1:03:52 - LMT 1884
970 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
971 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
972 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
973 1:00 - MET 1983 Mar 27 2:00s
974 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
975
976# ZONE-DESCR Europe Zagreb Croatia All points
977
978# Czech Republic
979# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
980Rule Czech 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
981Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
982Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
983Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
984Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
985Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
986Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
987Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
988# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
989Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
990 0:58 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
991 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
992 1:00 Czech MET%s 1979 Apr 1 2:00
993 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
994
995# ZONE-DESCR Europe Prague Czech_Republic All points
996
997# Denmark
998# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
999Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1000Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
1001Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 " DST"
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1011# about many of the above dates; go with Shanks.
1012#
1013# For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman.
1014# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1015Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
1016 0:50 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time
1017 1:00 Denmark MET%s 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1018 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1019 1:00 Denmark MET%s 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1020 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
1021Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
1022 0:00 - WET 1981 Mar 29 1:00
1023 0:00 W-Eur WET%s
1024Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1025 -2:00 - MGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1026 -2:00 M-Eur MGT%s 1981 Mar 29
1027 -1:00 M-Eur EGT%s
1028Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1029 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1030 -3:00 M-Eur WGT%s
1031Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1032 -4:00 - AST
1033
1034# ZONE-DESCR Europe Copenhagen Denmark All points except:
1035# ZONE-DESCR Atlantic Faeroe Denmark Faeroe Islands
1036
1037# ZONE-DESCR America Scoresbysund Denmark Eastern Greenland
1038# ZONE-DESCR America Godthab Denmark Western Greenland
1039# ZONE-DESCR America Thule Denmark Far Western Greenland (Thule)
1040
1041# Estonia
1042# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15.
1043# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1044Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1045 1:39 - LST 1918 Feb
1046 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1919 Jul
1047 1:39 - LST 1921 May
1048 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1049 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1050 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Sep 22
1051 3:00 Russia MS%s 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1052 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1053 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1054
1055# ZONE-DESCR Europe Tallinn Estonia All points
1056
1057# Finland
1058# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1059Rule Finland 1921 only - May 1 0:00 0 -
1060Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1061Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1062# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1063Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
1064 1:40 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1065 2:00 Finland EET%s 1981 Mar 29 2:00
1066# 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1067# Finland uses E-Eur not M-Eur rules, according to Hannu Strang.
1068 2:00 E-Eur EET%s
1069
1070# ZONE-DESCR Europe Helsinki Finland All points
1071
1072# France
1073# Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
1074# From Shanks (1991):
1075# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1076Rule France 1911 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 -
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1125Rule France 1976 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1126# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Whitman's more precise 0:09:05.
1127# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1128Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:05 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1129 0:09:05 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1130 0:00 France WET%s 1940 Jun 14
1131 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Aug 25
1132 0:00 France WET%s 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1133 1:00 France MET%s 1977 Apr Sun>=1 2:00
1134 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
1135
1136# ZONE-DESCR Europe Paris France All points
1137
1138# Germany
1139# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1140Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1141Rule Germany 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 " DDST"
1142Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 " DST"
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1147Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1148Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 " DDST"
1149Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1150Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1151Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1152# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1153Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1154 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1155 1:00 Germany MET%s 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1156 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
1157
1158# ZONE-DESCR Europe Berlin Germany All points
1159
1160# Gibraltar
1161# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1162Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
1163 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1164 1:00 - MET 1982 Mar 28 2:00
1165 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
1166
1167# ZONE-DESCR Europe Gibraltar United_Kingdom Gibraltar
1168
1169# Greece
1170# They adopted the Julian calendar in 1846.
1171# Part switched to the Gregorian calendar on 1916 Jul 28.
1172# The rest switched on 1920 Mar 18.
1173# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
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1195Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1196Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1197Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1198# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1199Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1200 1:35 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1201 2:00 Greece EET%s 1941 Apr 30
1202 1:00 Greece MET%s 1944 Apr 4
1203 2:00 Greece EET%s 1981 Mar 29 2:00
1204 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1205
1206# ZONE-DESCR Europe Athens Greece All points
1207
1208# Hungary
1209# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1210Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 -
1211Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1212Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
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1227Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1228Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 " DST"
1229# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1230Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1231 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1918 Jul
1232 1:00 Hungary MET%s 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1233 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 1 23:00
1234 1:00 Hungary MET%s 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1235 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
1236
1237# ZONE-DESCR Europe Budapest Hungary All points
1238
1239# Iceland
1240#
1241# From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (November 6, 1993):
1242# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1243#
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1341Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1342Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1343Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1344# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1345Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1346 0:50 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time
1347 1:00 Italy MET%s 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1348 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1349 1:00 Italy MET%s 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1350 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
1351# Vatican is identical to Europe/Rome; San Marino is like Europe/Rome.
1352
1353# ZONE-DESCR Europe Rome Italy All points
1354
1355# Latvia
1356# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15.
1357# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1358Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1359 1:36 - LST 1918 Apr 15 2:00
1360 1:36 M-Eur LST%s 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1361 1:36 1:00 "LST DST" 1919 May 22 3:00
1362 1:36 - LST 1926 May 11
1363 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1364 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1365 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Aug 8
1366 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1367 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1368 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1369
1370# ZONE-DESCR Europe Riga Latvia All points
1371
1372# Liechtenstein
1373# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1374Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1375 1:00 - MET 1981 Mar 29 2:00
1376 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
1377
1378# ZONE-DESCR Europe Vaduz Liechtenstein All points
1379
1380# Lithuania
1381# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15.
1382# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1383Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1384 1:24 - LST 1917 # Kaunas
1385 1:36 - LST 1919 Oct 10
1386 1:00 - MET 1920 Jul 12
1387 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1388 1:00 - MET 1940 Aug 3
1389 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1390 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Aug
1391 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1392 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1393 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1394
1395# ZONE-DESCR Europe Vilnius Lithuania All points
1396
1397# Luxembourg
1398# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks.
1399# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1400Rule Lux 1904 only - Jun 1 0:00 0 -
1401Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
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1422Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1423Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1424# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1425Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1426 1:00 Lux MET%s 1918 Nov 25
1427 0:00 Lux WET%s 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1428 0:00 Belgium WET%s 1940 May 14 3:00
1429 1:00 M-Eur WET%s 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1430 1:00 Belgium MET%s 1979 Apr 1 2:00
1431 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
1432
1433# ZONE-DESCR Europe Luxembourg Luxembourg All points
1434
1435# Macedonia
1436# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
1437# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1438Zone Europe/Skopje 1:25:44 - LMT 1884
1439 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1440 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
1441 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1442 1:00 - MET 1983 Mar 27 2:00s
1443 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
1444
1445# ZONE-DESCR Europe Skopje F_Y_R_O_Macedonia All points
1446
1447# Malta
1448# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1449Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1450Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1451Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1452Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1453Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 " DST"
1454Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1455Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 " DST"
1456# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1457Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta
1458 1:00 Italy MET%s 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1459 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1460 1:00 Italy MET%s 1973 Mar 31
1461 1:00 Malta MET%s 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1462 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
1463
1464# ZONE-DESCR Europe Malta Malta All points
1465
1466# Moldova
1467# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1919 Mar 18.
1468# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1469Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1924 May 2
1470 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1471 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1472 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1473 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1474
1475# ZONE-DESCR Europe Chisinau Moldova All points
1476
1477# Monaco
1478# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Whitman's more precise 0:09:05.
1479# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1480Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1481 0:09:05 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1482 0:00 France WET%s 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1483 1:00 France MET%s 1977 Apr Sun>=1 2:00
1484 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
1485
1486# ZONE-DESCR Europe Monaco Monaco All points
1487
1488# Netherlands
1489# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1490Rule Neth 1892 only - May 1 0:00 0 AMT
1491# Shanks gives 1916 May 1 0:00 and 1916 Oct 1 0:00; go with Whitman.
1492Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 NST
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1505Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun 5 2:00s 1:00 NST
1506# For 1926 through 1930 Whitman gives Apr 15; go with Shanks.
1507Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1508Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1509Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1510Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1511# Whitman gives 1939 Apr 15 and 1940 Apr 19; go with Shanks.
1512Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1513Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 -
1514Rule Neth 1945 only - May 20 2:00s 0 " DST"
1515# Before 1937, Shanks says just `0:20'; we use Whitman's more precise figure.
1516# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1517Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:28 - LMT 1892 May
1518 0:19:28 Neth %s 1937 Jul
1519 0:20 Neth %s 1940 May 16 0:40
1520 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1521 1:00 Neth MET%s 1977 Apr Sun>=1 2:00
1522 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
1523
1524# ZONE-DESCR Europe Amsterdam Netherlands All points
1525
1526# Norway
1527# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1528Rule Norway 1892 only - May 1 0:00 0 -
1529# Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks.
1530Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 " DST"
--- 6 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
1537Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1538Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1539Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1540Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1541# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1542Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895
1543 1:00 Norway MET%s 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1544 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1545 1:00 Norway MET%s 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1546 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
1547# Svalbard is like Europe/Oslo.
1548#
1549# From Whitman:
1550# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1551Zone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen -1:00 - EGT
1552
1553# ZONE-DESCR Europe Oslo Norway All points except:
1554# ZONE-DESCR Atlantic Jan_Mayen Norway Jan Mayen Island
--- 27 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
1582Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1583 1:24 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1584 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1585 2:00 Poland EET%s 1922 Jun
1586 1:00 Poland MET%s 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1587 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Oct
1588 1:00 Poland MET%s 1977 Apr 3 1:00
1589 1:00 W-Eur MET%s
1590
1591# ZONE-DESCR Europe Warsaw Poland All points
1592
1593# Portugal
1594# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1595Rule Port 1911 only - May 24 0:00 0 -
1596Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1597# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
--- 56 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
1654Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
1655Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1656# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1657Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
1658 -0:37 - LMT 1911 May 24 # Lisbon Mean Time
1659 0:00 Port WET%s 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1660 1:00 - MET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
1661 0:00 Port WET%s 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1662 0:00 W-Eur WET%s 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1663# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (November 12, 1992):
1664# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1665# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1666 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
1667# We don't know what happened to Madeira or the Azores,
1668# so we'll just use Shanks for now.
1669# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1670Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
1671 -1:55 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
1672 -2:00 Port ACT%s 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1673 -1:00 - ACT 1977 Mar 27
1674 -1:00 - ACT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1675 -1:00 W-Eur ACT%s
1676Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
1677 -1:08 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
1678 -1:00 Port ACT%s 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1679 0:00 - WET 1977 Mar 27
1680 0:00 Port WET%s 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1681 0:00 W-Eur WET%s
1682
1683# ZONE-DESCR Europe Lisbon Portugal All points except:
1684# ZONE-DESCR Atlantic Azores Portugal Azores
1685# ZONE-DESCR Atlantic Madeira Portugal Madeira
1686
1687# Slovakia
1688Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
1689
--- 11 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
1701Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1702Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1703Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1704# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1705Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
1706 1:44 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1707 2:00 Romania EET%s 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1708 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1709
1710# ZONE-DESCR Europe Bucharest Romania All points
1711
1712# Russia
1713# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (May 28, 1994):
1714# Moscow and Novosibirsk time zone names, and Moscow rules after 1991,
1715# are from Andrew A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su>.
1716# I invented the other time zone names, and (unless otherwise specified)
--- 100 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
1817Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
1818 12:00 - ASK 1957 Mar
1819 13:00 Russia AS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1820 12:00 1:00 ASD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1821 12:00 - ASK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1822 13:00 Russia AS%s
1823
1824# ZONE-DESCR Asia Anadyr Russia Anadyr zone
1825# Serbia
1826# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
1827# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1828Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
1829 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1830 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
1831 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1832 1:00 - MET 1983 Mar 27 2:00s
1833 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
1834
1835# ZONE-DESCR Europe Belgrade Serbia All points
1836
1837# Slovenia
1838# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
1839# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1840Zone Europe/Ljubljana 0:58:04 - LMT 1884
1841 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1842 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
1843 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1844 1:00 - MET 1983 Mar 27 2:00s
1845 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
1846
1847# ZONE-DESCR Europe Ljubljana Slovenia All points
1848
1849# Spain
1850# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1851Rule Spain 1901 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 -
1852# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks.
1853Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
--- 29 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
1883Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
1884Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1885Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1886Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1887Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1888# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1889Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901
1890 0:00 Spain WET%s 1946 Sep 30
1891 1:00 Spain MET%s 1979 Apr 1 2:00
1892 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
1893Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
1894 -1:00 - ACT 1946 Sep 30 1:00
1895 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
1896 0:00 1:00 "WET DST" 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
1897 0:00 W-Eur WET%s
1898
1899# ZONE-DESCR Europe Madrid Spain All points except:
1900# ZONE-DESCR Atlantic Canary Spain Canary Islands
1901
1902# Sweden
1903# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1904Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1878 May 31
1905 1:12 - SMT 1900 Jan 1 1:00 # Stockholm MT
1906 1:00 - MET 1916 Apr 14 23:00s
1907 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1916 Sep 30 23:00s
1908 1:00 - MET 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1909 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
1910
1911# ZONE-DESCR Europe Stockholm Sweden All points
1912
1913# Switzerland
1914# From Howse (1988), p 82:
1915# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
1916# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
1917# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
1918# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1919Rule Swiss 1894 only - Jun 1 0:00 0 -
1920# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
1921Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1922Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 " DST"
1923# From Shanks (1991):
1924Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 " DST"
1925Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 " DST"
1926# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1927Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
1928 0:30 - SST 1894 Jun # Swiss Standard Time
1929 1:00 Swiss MET%s 1981 Mar 29 2:00
1930 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
1931
1932# ZONE-DESCR Europe Zurich Switzerland All points
1933
1934# Turkey
1935# European Turkey switched to the Gregorian calendar in 1908.
1936# Asian Turkey switched in 1914.
1937# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1938Rule Turkey 1910 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
--- 51 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
1990Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1991# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1992Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
1993 1:57 - OMT 1910 Oct # Ottoman Mean Time
1994 2:00 Turkey EET%s 1978 Oct 15
1995 3:00 Turkey TUR%s 1985 Apr 20
1996 2:00 Turkey EET%s 1986
1997 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1998Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
1999
2000# ZONE-DESCR Europe Istanbul Turkey All points
2001
2002# Ukraine
2003# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2004Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 " DST"
2005Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
2006Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
2007Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 " DDST"
2008Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2009Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2010# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2011Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
2012 2:02 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2013 2:02 Ukraine LST%s 1924 May 2
2014 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2015 3:00 Russia MS%s 1990 Jul 17
2016 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
2017Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2018 2:08 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2019 2:08 Ukraine LST%s 1924 May 2
2020 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2021 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2022 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2023# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (May 28, 1994):
2024# Today's _Economist_ (p 45) reports that Crimea switched
--- 101 unchanged lines hidden ---
2
3# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
4# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
5# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
6
7# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (November 18, 1993):
8# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
9# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (3rd edition),
--- 38 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
48#
49# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
50# is Derek Howse, Greenwich time and the discovery of the longitude,
51# Oxford University Press (1980).
52
53# From Andrew A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (November 12, 1993):
54# LST is Local Star Time (``mestnoe zvezdnoe vremya'').
55
56###############################################################################
57
58# United Kingdom
59
60# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (July 6, 1994):
61#
62# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
63# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
--- 48 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
112# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
113# From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john>
114# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
115# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
116# politics making a fortune, not computing.
117
118# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (September 3, 1993):
119#
120# I have some more up to date info.
121#
122# Our Government...couldn't...make a decision after the 1989 consultation
123# exercise about the UK changing its timezone so it just let things drift
124# (different from deciding to keep the status quo). According to the
125# Summer Time Order 1992 (SI 1992/1729) the dates of Summer Time for 1993
126# and 1994 are:
127# Start End
128# 1993 28 March 24 October
129# 1994 27 March 23 October
--- 242 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
372# to 01:00 GMT.)
373#
374# - The Summer Time Order, 1992, SI 1992/1729 [SI == Statutary Instrument]
375#
376# This specifies dates of:
377# Start End
378# 1993 28 March 24 October
379# 1994 27 March 23 October
380# All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT.
381# This is as far as it goes at present. A new EC directive is expected soon
382# and this will lead to a new Summer Time Order implementing it in the UK.
383#
384# - Some text on the extent of Acts, from Halsbury's Statutes
385#
386# `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie
387# to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside.
388# [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since
389# 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland,
390# but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.'
--- 32 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
423# They assume that nobody would ever be stupid enough to want to see it
424# again so they leave it out.
425#
426# It might be a good idea to put this table, or the output of tabscript
427# showing all the moves because of Easter, in the europe file comments in
428# place of my old transcription of the Green Paper table [the UK Government
429# paper "Summer Time: A Consultation Document" (HMSO Cm722 June 1989)].
430#
431# The next thing on the horizon is the 7th EC/EU directive and the matching
432# UK Order. I expect I will keep quiet until then.
433#
434#
435# Peter Ilieve peter@memex.co.uk
436#
437#
438# ## control file for tabscript, a program to generate UK summer time dates
439# ## matching the table in Cm 722, the 1989 Green Paper.
440# ## Lines like this are comments.
441# ## Lines with a single # at the start are copied into the output
442# ## Control lines are of the form
443# ## <years> <start date> <end date> <flags> <double start> <double end>
444# ## <years> is either a single year or a hyphen separated range, with --
445# ## also accepted as I use this in TeX a lot.
--- 119 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
565# 1990 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
566# 1991 31 Mar 27 Oct fixed
567# 1992 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed
568# # Sixth EC Directive
569# # Summer Time Order, 1992 (SI1992/1729)
570# 1993 28 Mar 24 Oct fixed
571# 1994 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed
572
573# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (June 8, 1994):
574# The European Union bureaucracy has edged a step closer to a 7th Directive
575# on summer-time arrangements. I have the text of a Common Position
576# (EC No 9/94) and a statement of the Council's reasons dated 4 March 94,
577# reported in the Official Journal of the EC, No. C 137/38--41....
578# The dates again:
579# Year Start End End (UK & Eire, 1995 only)
580# (rule) (last Sun) (last Sun) (4th Sun)
581# 1995 26 March 24 September 22 October
582# 1996 31 March 27 October
583# 1997 30 March 26 October
584
585# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (March 28, 1994):
586# The UK/Eire end date of 22 October [1995] conflicts with your current rule of
587# Oct Sun>=23, and the historical UK formula of Sun after 4th Sat.
588# The last time 4th Sun and Sun after 4th Sat differed was in 1989,
589# when 29 October was used. That year was covered by a UK Summer Time Order
590# for only a single year and it looks as though there was a matching 4th EC
591# directive for just this year. I don't have the text of the 5th EC
--- 96 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
688Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
689Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
690Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
691# 1953 to 1980, ending rules
692Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 GMT
693Rule GB-Eire 1961 1967 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
694Rule GB-Eire 1971 only - Oct 31 3:00 0 GMT
695Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
696# Current rules
697Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 BST
698Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Oct Sun>=23 1:00s 0 GMT
699# Under the 7th EU proposal, replace the above line with the following three:
700#Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00s 0 GMT
701#Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 GMT
702#Rule GB-Eire 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 GMT
703
704# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
705Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Sep 22
706 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Feb 18 2:00
707 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00
708 0:00 GB-Eire %s
709Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
710 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
711 -0:25:21 1:00 DST 1916 Oct 1 3:00
712 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Feb 18 2:00
713 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 3:00
714 0:00 GB-Eire %s
715Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:21 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
716 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
717 -0:25:21 1:00 DST 1916 Oct 1 3:00
718 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1940 Feb 25 2:00
719 0:00 1:00 BST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
720 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
721 0:00 1:00 BST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
722 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
723 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Feb 18 2:00
724 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 3:00
725 0:00 GB-Eire %s
726
727# ZONE-DESCR Europe London United_Kingdom All points except N. Ireland
728# ZONE-DESCR Europe Belfast United_Kingdom Northern Ireland
729# ZONE-DESCR Europe Dublin Eire All points
730
731###############################################################################
732
733# Continental Europe
734
735Rule W-Eur 1800 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 -
736Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
737Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
738Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
739Rule W-Eur 1979 max - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
740Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
741
742Rule M-Eur 1800 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 -
743Rule M-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 " DST"
744Rule M-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
745Rule M-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
746Rule M-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
747Rule M-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
748# Shanks says DST was continuous from 1940 Apr 1 to 1942 Nov 2; go with Whitman.
749Rule M-Eur 1940 only - Dec 31 2:00s 0 -
--- 4 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
754Rule M-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
755Rule M-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
756Rule M-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
757# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
758Rule M-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
759Rule M-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
760Rule M-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
761Rule M-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
762Rule M-Eur 1979 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
763# Under the 7th EU proposal, replace the above line with the following two:
764#Rule M-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
765#Rule M-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
766Rule M-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
767
768Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 3:00s 1:00 " DST"
769Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Sep lastSun 3:00s 0 -
770
771# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
772Rule Russia 1880 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 -
773Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 " DST"
774Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 -
775Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 " DDST"
776Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 " DST"
777Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 " DDST"
778Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 D
--- 8 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
787Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
788Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 K
789Rule Russia 1984 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 K
790Rule Russia 1985 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
791
792# These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
793
794# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
795Zone WET 0:00 W-Eur WET%s
796Zone MET 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
797Zone EET 2:00 E-Eur EET%s
798Zone W-SU 3:00 M-Eur ????
799
800# Tom Hoffman says that MET is also known as Central European Time
801
802Link MET CET
803
804# Albania
805# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
806Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 " DST"
--- 22 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
829Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
830Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
831Rule Albania 1984 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
832# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
833Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
834 1:00 - MET 1940 Jun 16
835 1:00 Albania MET%s 1985 Mar 31 1:00
836 1:00 W-Eur MET%s
837
838# ZONE-DESCR Europe Tirane Albania All points
839
840# Andorra
841# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
842Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
843 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
844 1:00 - MET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
845 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
846
847# ZONE-DESCR Europe Andorra Andorra All points
848
849# Austria
850# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
851Rule Austria 1918 only - Jun 16 3:00 0 -
852Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
853Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
854Rule Austria 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
855Rule Austria 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
856Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
857Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
858Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
859Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
860# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
861Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
862 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1918 Jun 16 3:00
863 1:00 Austria MET%s 1940 Apr 1 2:00
864 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
865 1:00 Austria MET%s 1981 Mar 29 2:00
866 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
867
868# ZONE-DESCR Europe Vienna Austria All points
869
870# Belarus
871# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
872Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
873 2:31 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
874 3:00 Russia MS%s 1922 Oct
--- 46 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
921Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
922# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
923Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:20 - LMT 1880
924 0:17 - BST 1892 May 1 12:00
925 0:00 - WET 1914 Aug 4
926 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1919 Mar 1 23:00
927 0:00 Belgium WET%s 1940 Feb 24 23:00
928 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
929 1:00 Belgium MET%s 1977 Apr 3 2:00
930 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
931
932# ZONE-DESCR Europe Brussels Belgium All points
933
934# Bosnia and Herzegovina
935# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
936# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
937Zone Europe/Sarajevo 1:13:40 - LMT 1884
938 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
939 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
940 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
941 1:00 - MET 1983 Mar 27 2:00s
942 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
943
944# ZONE-DESCR Europe Sarajevo Bosnia_and_Herzegovina All points
945
946# Bulgaria
947# Part switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1915 Nov 14;
948# the rest switched on 1920 Sep 17.
949# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
950Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 " DST"
--- 4 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
955# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
956Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
957 1:57 - TST 1894 Nov 30
958 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
959 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 3:00
960 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
961 2:00 Bulg EET%s 1982 Sep 26 2:00
962 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
963
964# ZONE-DESCR Europe Sofia Bulgaria All points
965
966# Croatia
967# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
968# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
969Zone Europe/Zagreb 1:03:52 - LMT 1884
970 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
971 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
972 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
973 1:00 - MET 1983 Mar 27 2:00s
974 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
975
976# ZONE-DESCR Europe Zagreb Croatia All points
977
978# Czech Republic
979# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
980Rule Czech 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
981Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
982Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
983Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
984Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
985Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
986Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
987Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
988# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
989Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
990 0:58 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
991 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
992 1:00 Czech MET%s 1979 Apr 1 2:00
993 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
994
995# ZONE-DESCR Europe Prague Czech_Republic All points
996
997# Denmark
998# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
999Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1000Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
1001Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 " DST"
--- 9 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
1011# about many of the above dates; go with Shanks.
1012#
1013# For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman.
1014# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1015Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
1016 0:50 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time
1017 1:00 Denmark MET%s 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1018 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1019 1:00 Denmark MET%s 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1020 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
1021Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
1022 0:00 - WET 1981 Mar 29 1:00
1023 0:00 W-Eur WET%s
1024Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1025 -2:00 - MGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1026 -2:00 M-Eur MGT%s 1981 Mar 29
1027 -1:00 M-Eur EGT%s
1028Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1029 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1030 -3:00 M-Eur WGT%s
1031Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1032 -4:00 - AST
1033
1034# ZONE-DESCR Europe Copenhagen Denmark All points except:
1035# ZONE-DESCR Atlantic Faeroe Denmark Faeroe Islands
1036
1037# ZONE-DESCR America Scoresbysund Denmark Eastern Greenland
1038# ZONE-DESCR America Godthab Denmark Western Greenland
1039# ZONE-DESCR America Thule Denmark Far Western Greenland (Thule)
1040
1041# Estonia
1042# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15.
1043# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1044Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1045 1:39 - LST 1918 Feb
1046 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1919 Jul
1047 1:39 - LST 1921 May
1048 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1049 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1050 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Sep 22
1051 3:00 Russia MS%s 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1052 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1053 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1054
1055# ZONE-DESCR Europe Tallinn Estonia All points
1056
1057# Finland
1058# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1059Rule Finland 1921 only - May 1 0:00 0 -
1060Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1061Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1062# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1063Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
1064 1:40 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1065 2:00 Finland EET%s 1981 Mar 29 2:00
1066# 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1067# Finland uses E-Eur not M-Eur rules, according to Hannu Strang.
1068 2:00 E-Eur EET%s
1069
1070# ZONE-DESCR Europe Helsinki Finland All points
1071
1072# France
1073# Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
1074# From Shanks (1991):
1075# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1076Rule France 1911 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 -
--- 48 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
1125Rule France 1976 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1126# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Whitman's more precise 0:09:05.
1127# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1128Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:05 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1129 0:09:05 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1130 0:00 France WET%s 1940 Jun 14
1131 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Aug 25
1132 0:00 France WET%s 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1133 1:00 France MET%s 1977 Apr Sun>=1 2:00
1134 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
1135
1136# ZONE-DESCR Europe Paris France All points
1137
1138# Germany
1139# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1140Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1141Rule Germany 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 " DDST"
1142Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 " DST"
--- 4 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
1147Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1148Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 " DDST"
1149Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1150Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1151Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1152# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1153Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1154 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1155 1:00 Germany MET%s 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1156 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
1157
1158# ZONE-DESCR Europe Berlin Germany All points
1159
1160# Gibraltar
1161# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1162Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
1163 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1164 1:00 - MET 1982 Mar 28 2:00
1165 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
1166
1167# ZONE-DESCR Europe Gibraltar United_Kingdom Gibraltar
1168
1169# Greece
1170# They adopted the Julian calendar in 1846.
1171# Part switched to the Gregorian calendar on 1916 Jul 28.
1172# The rest switched on 1920 Mar 18.
1173# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
--- 21 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
1195Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1196Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1197Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1198# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1199Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1200 1:35 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1201 2:00 Greece EET%s 1941 Apr 30
1202 1:00 Greece MET%s 1944 Apr 4
1203 2:00 Greece EET%s 1981 Mar 29 2:00
1204 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1205
1206# ZONE-DESCR Europe Athens Greece All points
1207
1208# Hungary
1209# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1210Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 -
1211Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1212Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
--- 14 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
1227Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1228Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 " DST"
1229# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1230Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1231 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1918 Jul
1232 1:00 Hungary MET%s 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1233 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 1 23:00
1234 1:00 Hungary MET%s 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1235 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
1236
1237# ZONE-DESCR Europe Budapest Hungary All points
1238
1239# Iceland
1240#
1241# From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (November 6, 1993):
1242# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1243#
--- 97 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
1341Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1342Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1343Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1344# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1345Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1346 0:50 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time
1347 1:00 Italy MET%s 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1348 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1349 1:00 Italy MET%s 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1350 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
1351# Vatican is identical to Europe/Rome; San Marino is like Europe/Rome.
1352
1353# ZONE-DESCR Europe Rome Italy All points
1354
1355# Latvia
1356# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15.
1357# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1358Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1359 1:36 - LST 1918 Apr 15 2:00
1360 1:36 M-Eur LST%s 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1361 1:36 1:00 "LST DST" 1919 May 22 3:00
1362 1:36 - LST 1926 May 11
1363 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1364 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1365 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Aug 8
1366 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1367 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1368 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1369
1370# ZONE-DESCR Europe Riga Latvia All points
1371
1372# Liechtenstein
1373# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1374Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1375 1:00 - MET 1981 Mar 29 2:00
1376 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
1377
1378# ZONE-DESCR Europe Vaduz Liechtenstein All points
1379
1380# Lithuania
1381# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15.
1382# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1383Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1384 1:24 - LST 1917 # Kaunas
1385 1:36 - LST 1919 Oct 10
1386 1:00 - MET 1920 Jul 12
1387 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1388 1:00 - MET 1940 Aug 3
1389 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1390 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Aug
1391 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1392 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1393 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1394
1395# ZONE-DESCR Europe Vilnius Lithuania All points
1396
1397# Luxembourg
1398# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks.
1399# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1400Rule Lux 1904 only - Jun 1 0:00 0 -
1401Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
--- 20 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
1422Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1423Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1424# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1425Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1426 1:00 Lux MET%s 1918 Nov 25
1427 0:00 Lux WET%s 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1428 0:00 Belgium WET%s 1940 May 14 3:00
1429 1:00 M-Eur WET%s 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1430 1:00 Belgium MET%s 1979 Apr 1 2:00
1431 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
1432
1433# ZONE-DESCR Europe Luxembourg Luxembourg All points
1434
1435# Macedonia
1436# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
1437# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1438Zone Europe/Skopje 1:25:44 - LMT 1884
1439 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1440 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
1441 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1442 1:00 - MET 1983 Mar 27 2:00s
1443 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
1444
1445# ZONE-DESCR Europe Skopje F_Y_R_O_Macedonia All points
1446
1447# Malta
1448# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1449Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1450Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1451Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1452Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1453Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 " DST"
1454Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1455Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 " DST"
1456# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1457Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta
1458 1:00 Italy MET%s 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1459 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1460 1:00 Italy MET%s 1973 Mar 31
1461 1:00 Malta MET%s 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1462 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
1463
1464# ZONE-DESCR Europe Malta Malta All points
1465
1466# Moldova
1467# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1919 Mar 18.
1468# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1469Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1924 May 2
1470 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1471 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1472 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1473 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1474
1475# ZONE-DESCR Europe Chisinau Moldova All points
1476
1477# Monaco
1478# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Whitman's more precise 0:09:05.
1479# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1480Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1481 0:09:05 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1482 0:00 France WET%s 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1483 1:00 France MET%s 1977 Apr Sun>=1 2:00
1484 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
1485
1486# ZONE-DESCR Europe Monaco Monaco All points
1487
1488# Netherlands
1489# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1490Rule Neth 1892 only - May 1 0:00 0 AMT
1491# Shanks gives 1916 May 1 0:00 and 1916 Oct 1 0:00; go with Whitman.
1492Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 NST
--- 12 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
1505Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun 5 2:00s 1:00 NST
1506# For 1926 through 1930 Whitman gives Apr 15; go with Shanks.
1507Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1508Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1509Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1510Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1511# Whitman gives 1939 Apr 15 and 1940 Apr 19; go with Shanks.
1512Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1513Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 -
1514Rule Neth 1945 only - May 20 2:00s 0 " DST"
1515# Before 1937, Shanks says just `0:20'; we use Whitman's more precise figure.
1516# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1517Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:28 - LMT 1892 May
1518 0:19:28 Neth %s 1937 Jul
1519 0:20 Neth %s 1940 May 16 0:40
1520 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1521 1:00 Neth MET%s 1977 Apr Sun>=1 2:00
1522 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
1523
1524# ZONE-DESCR Europe Amsterdam Netherlands All points
1525
1526# Norway
1527# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1528Rule Norway 1892 only - May 1 0:00 0 -
1529# Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks.
1530Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 " DST"
--- 6 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
1537Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1538Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1539Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1540Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1541# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1542Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895
1543 1:00 Norway MET%s 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1544 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1545 1:00 Norway MET%s 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1546 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
1547# Svalbard is like Europe/Oslo.
1548#
1549# From Whitman:
1550# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1551Zone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen -1:00 - EGT
1552
1553# ZONE-DESCR Europe Oslo Norway All points except:
1554# ZONE-DESCR Atlantic Jan_Mayen Norway Jan Mayen Island
--- 27 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
1582Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1583 1:24 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1584 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1585 2:00 Poland EET%s 1922 Jun
1586 1:00 Poland MET%s 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1587 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Oct
1588 1:00 Poland MET%s 1977 Apr 3 1:00
1589 1:00 W-Eur MET%s
1590
1591# ZONE-DESCR Europe Warsaw Poland All points
1592
1593# Portugal
1594# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1595Rule Port 1911 only - May 24 0:00 0 -
1596Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1597# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
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1654Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
1655Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1656# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1657Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
1658 -0:37 - LMT 1911 May 24 # Lisbon Mean Time
1659 0:00 Port WET%s 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1660 1:00 - MET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
1661 0:00 Port WET%s 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1662 0:00 W-Eur WET%s 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1663# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (November 12, 1992):
1664# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1665# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1666 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
1667# We don't know what happened to Madeira or the Azores,
1668# so we'll just use Shanks for now.
1669# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1670Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
1671 -1:55 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
1672 -2:00 Port ACT%s 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1673 -1:00 - ACT 1977 Mar 27
1674 -1:00 - ACT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1675 -1:00 W-Eur ACT%s
1676Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
1677 -1:08 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
1678 -1:00 Port ACT%s 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1679 0:00 - WET 1977 Mar 27
1680 0:00 Port WET%s 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1681 0:00 W-Eur WET%s
1682
1683# ZONE-DESCR Europe Lisbon Portugal All points except:
1684# ZONE-DESCR Atlantic Azores Portugal Azores
1685# ZONE-DESCR Atlantic Madeira Portugal Madeira
1686
1687# Slovakia
1688Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
1689
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1701Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1702Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1703Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1704# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1705Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
1706 1:44 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1707 2:00 Romania EET%s 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1708 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1709
1710# ZONE-DESCR Europe Bucharest Romania All points
1711
1712# Russia
1713# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (May 28, 1994):
1714# Moscow and Novosibirsk time zone names, and Moscow rules after 1991,
1715# are from Andrew A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su>.
1716# I invented the other time zone names, and (unless otherwise specified)
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1817Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
1818 12:00 - ASK 1957 Mar
1819 13:00 Russia AS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1820 12:00 1:00 ASD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1821 12:00 - ASK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1822 13:00 Russia AS%s
1823
1824# ZONE-DESCR Asia Anadyr Russia Anadyr zone
1825# Serbia
1826# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
1827# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1828Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
1829 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1830 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
1831 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1832 1:00 - MET 1983 Mar 27 2:00s
1833 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
1834
1835# ZONE-DESCR Europe Belgrade Serbia All points
1836
1837# Slovenia
1838# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
1839# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1840Zone Europe/Ljubljana 0:58:04 - LMT 1884
1841 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1842 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
1843 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1844 1:00 - MET 1983 Mar 27 2:00s
1845 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
1846
1847# ZONE-DESCR Europe Ljubljana Slovenia All points
1848
1849# Spain
1850# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1851Rule Spain 1901 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 -
1852# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks.
1853Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
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1883Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
1884Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1885Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1886Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1887Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1888# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1889Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901
1890 0:00 Spain WET%s 1946 Sep 30
1891 1:00 Spain MET%s 1979 Apr 1 2:00
1892 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
1893Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
1894 -1:00 - ACT 1946 Sep 30 1:00
1895 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
1896 0:00 1:00 "WET DST" 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
1897 0:00 W-Eur WET%s
1898
1899# ZONE-DESCR Europe Madrid Spain All points except:
1900# ZONE-DESCR Atlantic Canary Spain Canary Islands
1901
1902# Sweden
1903# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1904Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1878 May 31
1905 1:12 - SMT 1900 Jan 1 1:00 # Stockholm MT
1906 1:00 - MET 1916 Apr 14 23:00s
1907 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1916 Sep 30 23:00s
1908 1:00 - MET 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1909 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
1910
1911# ZONE-DESCR Europe Stockholm Sweden All points
1912
1913# Switzerland
1914# From Howse (1988), p 82:
1915# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
1916# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
1917# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
1918# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1919Rule Swiss 1894 only - Jun 1 0:00 0 -
1920# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
1921Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1922Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 " DST"
1923# From Shanks (1991):
1924Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 " DST"
1925Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 " DST"
1926# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1927Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
1928 0:30 - SST 1894 Jun # Swiss Standard Time
1929 1:00 Swiss MET%s 1981 Mar 29 2:00
1930 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
1931
1932# ZONE-DESCR Europe Zurich Switzerland All points
1933
1934# Turkey
1935# European Turkey switched to the Gregorian calendar in 1908.
1936# Asian Turkey switched in 1914.
1937# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1938Rule Turkey 1910 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
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1990Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1991# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1992Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
1993 1:57 - OMT 1910 Oct # Ottoman Mean Time
1994 2:00 Turkey EET%s 1978 Oct 15
1995 3:00 Turkey TUR%s 1985 Apr 20
1996 2:00 Turkey EET%s 1986
1997 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1998Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
1999
2000# ZONE-DESCR Europe Istanbul Turkey All points
2001
2002# Ukraine
2003# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2004Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 " DST"
2005Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
2006Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
2007Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 " DDST"
2008Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
2009Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2010# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2011Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
2012 2:02 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2013 2:02 Ukraine LST%s 1924 May 2
2014 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2015 3:00 Russia MS%s 1990 Jul 17
2016 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
2017Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2018 2:08 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2019 2:08 Ukraine LST%s 1924 May 2
2020 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2021 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2022 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2023# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (May 28, 1994):
2024# Today's _Economist_ (p 45) reports that Crimea switched
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