1# @(#)europe 7.90
2
3# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
4# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
5# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
6
7# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
8# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
9# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
10# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
11#
12# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
13# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
14# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
15# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
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50# 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
51# 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
52# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
53# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
54#
55# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
56# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
57
58# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-04),
59# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
60# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
61# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
62# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
63# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
64# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
65# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
66# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
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76# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
77# in the Directive.
78
79
80###############################################################################
81
82# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
83
84# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-07-06):
85#
86# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
87# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
88# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
89# of the text said:
90#
91# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
92# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
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97# along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
98#
99# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
100# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
101# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
102#
103# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
104
105# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18):
106#
107# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
108# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
109# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
110# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
111# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
112# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
113# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
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163# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
164
165# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
166#
167# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
168# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
169
170# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
171# From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john>
172# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
173# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
174# politics making a fortune, not computing.
175
176# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-06-14):
177# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
178# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
179# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
180# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
181
182# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
183# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
184# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
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199# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
200# which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
201
202# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
203# Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common
204# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
205# so we use `BDST'.
206
207# Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-04-19) described at length
208# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
209# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk> has been updating
210# and extending this list, which can be found in
211# <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/">
212# History of legal time in Britain
213# </a>
214
215# From Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk> (1998-01-06):
216#
217# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
218# see Lord Tanlaw's speech
219# <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
220# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
221# </a>.
222
223# From Paul Eggert (2001-07-18):
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250# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.
251# Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
252# (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
253# to London. For example:
254#
255# "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
256# -- James Joyce, Ulysses
257
258# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
259# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
260# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
261# (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
262# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
263# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
264# and Frethun run in CT.
265# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
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388# See EU for rules starting in 1996.
389
390# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
391Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1
392 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
393 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
394 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
395 0:00 EU GMT/BST
396Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
397 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin/Dunsink MT
398 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s # Irish Summer Time
399 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
400 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
401 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
402 0:00 EU GMT/BST
403Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
404 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
405 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
406 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
407 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
408 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
409 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
410 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
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502Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
503Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
504Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
505Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
506
507# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
508# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
509
510# From Markus Kuhn <mskuhn@unrza3.dialin.rrze.uni-erlangen.de> (1996-07-12):
511# The official German names ... are
512#
513# Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
514# Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
515#
516# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
517# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
518# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
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618# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
619# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
620# Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
621# Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
622# (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
623# pp 8-9.
624# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
625# Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
626# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie <pascal@belnet.be> for these references.
627# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
628# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
629#
630# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
631Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
632Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
633Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
634Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
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677 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
678 1:00 EU CE%sT
679
680# Bosnia and Herzegovina
681# see Serbia and Montenegro
682
683# Bulgaria
684#
685# From Plamen Simenov <P.Simeonov@cnsys.bg> via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
686# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
687# EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
688# EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
689#
690# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
691Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
692Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
693Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 S
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722# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
723Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
724 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
725 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
726 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
727 1:00 EU CE%sT
728
729# Denmark, Faeroe Islands, and Greenland
730# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
731Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
732Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
733Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
734Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
735Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
736Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
737Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
738Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
739Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
740Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
741Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
742# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways
743# about many of the above dates; go with Shanks.
744#
745# For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman.
746# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
747Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
748 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time
749 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
750 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
751 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
752 1:00 EU CE%sT
753Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
754 0:00 - WET 1981
755 0:00 EU WE%sT
756#
757# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
758# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
759# and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
760# rules at least through 1984. Shanks says Scoresbysund and Godthab
761# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
762# rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
763
764# From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
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835 -1:00 EU EG%sT
836Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
837 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
838 -3:00 EU WG%sT
839Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
840 -4:00 Thule A%sT
841
842# Estonia
843# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15):
844# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
845# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
846# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
847#
848# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-10-28):
849# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
850# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
851# ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
852# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
853# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
854# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
855# human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
856# summer time next spring.''
857
858# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
859# <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
860# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
861# </a>
862# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
863# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
864#
865# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
866# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
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899 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
900 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
901 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
902 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
903 2:00 EU EE%sT
904
905# Finland
906#
907# From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC):
908# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
909# and it's supposed to change at 4am...
910#
911# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994):
912# Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981.
913# Go with Strang instead.
914#
915# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
916Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
917Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
918# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
919Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
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980# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
981# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
982# Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Decartes,
983# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
984# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
985# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collognes (Haute-Savioe).
986Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
987# Shanks says this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
988# but go with Denis.Excoffier@ens.fr (1997-12-12),
989# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
990# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
991Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
992Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
993Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
994Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
995Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
996Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
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1014# go with Shanks.
1015 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1016 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1017 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1018 1:00 EU CE%sT
1019
1020# Germany
1021
1022# From Markus Kuhn <Markus.Kuhn@cl.cam.ac.uk> (1998-09-29):
1023# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1024# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1025# [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1026
1027# From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1028# In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by <a
1029# href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/">
1030# General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>.
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1129 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1130 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1131 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00
1132 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1133 1:00 EU CE%sT
1134
1135# Iceland
1136#
1137# From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (1993-11-06):
1138# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1139#
1140# (1993-12-05):
1141# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1142# Iceland Almanak.
1143#
1144# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1145# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
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1156# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1157# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1158# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1159# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1160# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1161# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1162# might mean something else (???).
1163#
1164# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
1165# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
1166# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
1167# Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1168#
1169# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1170Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1171Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1172Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
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1272 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1273 1:00 EU CE%sT
1274
1275Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1276Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1277
1278# Latvia
1279
1280# From Liene Kanepe <Liene_Kanepe@lm.gov.lv> (1998-09-17):
1281
1282# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1283# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1284# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1285# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1286#
1287# Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1288# according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
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1359 1:00 EU CE%sT
1360
1361# Lithuania
1362
1363# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1364# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1365# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1366
1367# From Marius Gedminas <mgedmin@pub.osf.lt> (1998-08-07):
1368# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1369# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1370
1371# From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
1372# via Steffen Thorsen:
1373# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1374# to be valid here starting from October 31,
1375# as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
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1466
1467# From Paul Eggert (2001-02-11):
1468# A previous version of this database followed Shanks, who writes that
1469# Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1470# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1471# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1472# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1473# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1474# But moldavizolit@tirastel.md and mk@tirastel.md separately reported via
1475# Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1476# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1477
1478# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1479Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1480 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1481 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1482 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
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1569Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1570 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1571 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1572 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1573 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1574 1:00 EU CE%sT
1575
1576# Norway
1577# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1578# Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks.
1579Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1580Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1581# Whitman says DST observed 1935-08-11/1942-11-01, then 1943-03-29/10-04,
1582# 1944-04-03/10-02, and 1945-04-01/10-01; go with Shanks.
1583Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1584Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1585Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1586Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1587Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1588# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1589Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1590 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
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1628# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1629#
1630# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1631# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1632# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
1633# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1634# expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
1635# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1636# <http://www.utpress.utoronto.ca/publishing/rights/dege_warnorthof80.htm>
1637# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1638# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1639#
1640# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970. Unless we can
1641# come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the
1642# war years it's probably best just do do the following for now:
1643Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1644Link Europe/Oslo Atlantic/Jan_Mayen
1645
1646# Poland
1647# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1648Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1649Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1650# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks.
1651Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1652# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks.
1653Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1654Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1655Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 S
1656Rule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 -
1657Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
1658Rule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1659Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
1660# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1661Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1662Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1663Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1664Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1665Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1666Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1667Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 S
1668Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1669# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1670Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1671 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1672 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1673 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1674 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1675 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1676 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977 Apr 3 1:00
1677 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1999
1678# IATA SSIM (1991/1996) gives EU rules, but the _The Warsaw Voice_
1679# <a href="http://www.warsawvoice.com.pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml">
1680# http://www.warsawvoice.com/pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml (1995-09-24)
1681# </a>
1682# says the autumn 1995 switch was at 02:00.
1683# Stick with W-Eur for now.
1684#
1685# From Marcin.Kasperski@softax.com.pl (1999-06-10):
1686# According to my colleagues someone recently decided, that Poland would
1687# follow European Union regulations, so - I think - the matter is not
1688# worth further discussion.
1689#
1690# From Paul Eggert (1999-06-10):
1691# Kasperski also writes that the government futzed with the rules in 1997
1692# or 1998 but he doesn't remember the details. Assume they switched to
1693# EU rules in 1999.
1694 1:00 EU CE%sT
1695
1696# Portugal
1697#
1698# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (1992-11-12):
1699# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1700# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1701#
1702# Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1703# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1704# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1705#
1706# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1707# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1708# at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1709# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1710# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
--- 113 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
1824 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1825 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
1826 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
1827 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1828 2:00 EU EE%sT
1829
1830# Russia
1831
1832# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-11-12):
1833# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
1834# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
1835# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks, except we follow
1836# Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
1837#
1838# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (1994-06-29):
1839# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
1840# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
1841# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
1842# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
1843#
1844# From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@nagual.ru> (1996-10-04):
1845# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
1846# UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
1847# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
1848# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
1849#
1850# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-10-30):
1851# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
1852# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
1853# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
1854#
1855# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
1856# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
1857# News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
1858# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
--- 171 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
2030 12:00 Russia ANA%sT
2031
2032# Serbia and Montenegro
2033# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2034Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2035 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2036 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
2037 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2038# Metod Kozelj <metod.kozelj@rzs-hm.si> reports that the legal date of
2039# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2040# Shanks doesn't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
2041 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2042 1:00 EU CE%sT
2043Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2044Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2045Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2046Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
--- 257 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
2304Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2305 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2306 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2307 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
2308 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2309 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2310 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2311 2:00 - EET 1992
2312# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-11-12):
2313# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2314# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2315# Shanks says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened
2316# sometime between the 1994 DST switches. For now, guess it changed in May.
2317 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2318# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2319 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
2320 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
--- 13 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
2334# uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2335# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2336# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
2337# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2338# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2339
2340# ...
2341# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2342# From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann)
2343# Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp>
2344# ...
2345#
2346# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2347# most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2348# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2349# to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2350# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2351# years...
2352# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2353# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2354# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2355# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2356#
2357# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2358# Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2359#
2360# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2361# 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2362# UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho
2363
2364# ...
2365# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2366# From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter)
2367# ...
2368#
2369# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2370# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2371# about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2372#
2373# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2374# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
--- 9 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
2384# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2385# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2386# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2387# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2388# in advance of normal time.
2389#
2390# ...
2391# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2392# INTERNET : dik@cwi.nl
2393# BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax
2394
2395# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
2396# ...
2397# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2398# Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2399# ...
2400# Monaco: has same DST as France.
2401# ...
2
3# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
4# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
5# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
6
7# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
8# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
9# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
10# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
11#
12# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
13# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
14# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
15# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
--- 34 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
50# 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
51# 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
52# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
53# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
54#
55# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
56# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
57
58# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-04),
59# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
60# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
61# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
62# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
63# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
64# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
65# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
66# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
--- 9 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
76# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
77# in the Directive.
78
79
80###############################################################################
81
82# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
83
84# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-07-06):
85#
86# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
87# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
88# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
89# of the text said:
90#
91# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
92# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
--- 4 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
97# along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
98#
99# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
100# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
101# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
102#
103# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
104
105# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18):
106#
107# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
108# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
109# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
110# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
111# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
112# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
113# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
--- 49 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
163# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
164
165# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
166#
167# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
168# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
169
170# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
171# From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john>
172# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
173# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
174# politics making a fortune, not computing.
175
176# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-06-14):
177# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
178# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
179# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
180# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
181
182# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
183# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
184# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
--- 14 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
199# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
200# which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
201
202# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
203# Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common
204# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
205# so we use `BDST'.
206
207# Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-04-19) described at length
208# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
209# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk> has been updating
210# and extending this list, which can be found in
211# <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/">
212# History of legal time in Britain
213# </a>
214
215# From Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk> (1998-01-06):
216#
217# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
218# see Lord Tanlaw's speech
219# <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
220# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
221# </a>.
222
223# From Paul Eggert (2001-07-18):
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250# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.
251# Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
252# (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
253# to London. For example:
254#
255# "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
256# -- James Joyce, Ulysses
257
258# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
259# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
260# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
261# (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
262# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
263# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
264# and Frethun run in CT.
265# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
--- 122 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
388# See EU for rules starting in 1996.
389
390# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
391Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1
392 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
393 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
394 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
395 0:00 EU GMT/BST
396Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
397 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin/Dunsink MT
398 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s # Irish Summer Time
399 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
400 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
401 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
402 0:00 EU GMT/BST
403Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
404 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
405 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
406 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
407 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
408 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
409 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
410 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
--- 91 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
502Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
503Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
504Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
505Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
506
507# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
508# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
509
510# From Markus Kuhn <mskuhn@unrza3.dialin.rrze.uni-erlangen.de> (1996-07-12):
511# The official German names ... are
512#
513# Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
514# Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
515#
516# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
517# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
518# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
--- 99 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
618# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
619# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
620# Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
621# Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
622# (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
623# pp 8-9.
624# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
625# Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
626# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie <pascal@belnet.be> for these references.
627# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
628# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
629#
630# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
631Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
632Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
633Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
634Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
--- 42 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
677 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
678 1:00 EU CE%sT
679
680# Bosnia and Herzegovina
681# see Serbia and Montenegro
682
683# Bulgaria
684#
685# From Plamen Simenov <P.Simeonov@cnsys.bg> via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
686# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
687# EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
688# EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
689#
690# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
691Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
692Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
693Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 S
--- 28 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
722# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
723Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
724 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
725 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
726 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
727 1:00 EU CE%sT
728
729# Denmark, Faeroe Islands, and Greenland
730# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
731Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
732Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
733Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
734Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
735Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
736Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
737Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
738Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
739Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
740Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
741Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
742# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways
743# about many of the above dates; go with Shanks.
744#
745# For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman.
746# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
747Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
748 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time
749 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
750 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
751 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
752 1:00 EU CE%sT
753Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
754 0:00 - WET 1981
755 0:00 EU WE%sT
756#
757# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
758# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
759# and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
760# rules at least through 1984. Shanks says Scoresbysund and Godthab
761# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
762# rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
763
764# From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
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835 -1:00 EU EG%sT
836Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
837 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
838 -3:00 EU WG%sT
839Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
840 -4:00 Thule A%sT
841
842# Estonia
843# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15):
844# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
845# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
846# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
847#
848# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-10-28):
849# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
850# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
851# ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
852# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
853# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
854# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
855# human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
856# summer time next spring.''
857
858# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
859# <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
860# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
861# </a>
862# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
863# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
864#
865# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
866# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
--- 32 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
899 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
900 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
901 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
902 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
903 2:00 EU EE%sT
904
905# Finland
906#
907# From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC):
908# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
909# and it's supposed to change at 4am...
910#
911# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994):
912# Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981.
913# Go with Strang instead.
914#
915# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
916Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
917Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
918# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
919Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
--- 60 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
980# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
981# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
982# Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Decartes,
983# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
984# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
985# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collognes (Haute-Savioe).
986Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
987# Shanks says this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
988# but go with Denis.Excoffier@ens.fr (1997-12-12),
989# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
990# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
991Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
992Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
993Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
994Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
995Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
996Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
--- 17 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
1014# go with Shanks.
1015 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1016 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1017 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1018 1:00 EU CE%sT
1019
1020# Germany
1021
1022# From Markus Kuhn <Markus.Kuhn@cl.cam.ac.uk> (1998-09-29):
1023# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1024# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1025# [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1026
1027# From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1028# In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by <a
1029# href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/">
1030# General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>.
--- 98 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
1129 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1130 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1131 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00
1132 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1133 1:00 EU CE%sT
1134
1135# Iceland
1136#
1137# From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (1993-11-06):
1138# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1139#
1140# (1993-12-05):
1141# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1142# Iceland Almanak.
1143#
1144# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1145# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
--- 10 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
1156# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1157# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1158# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1159# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1160# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1161# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1162# might mean something else (???).
1163#
1164# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
1165# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
1166# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
1167# Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1168#
1169# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1170Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1171Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1172Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
--- 99 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
1272 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1273 1:00 EU CE%sT
1274
1275Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1276Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1277
1278# Latvia
1279
1280# From Liene Kanepe <Liene_Kanepe@lm.gov.lv> (1998-09-17):
1281
1282# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1283# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1284# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1285# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1286#
1287# Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1288# according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
--- 70 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
1359 1:00 EU CE%sT
1360
1361# Lithuania
1362
1363# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1364# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1365# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1366
1367# From Marius Gedminas <mgedmin@pub.osf.lt> (1998-08-07):
1368# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1369# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1370
1371# From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
1372# via Steffen Thorsen:
1373# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1374# to be valid here starting from October 31,
1375# as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
--- 90 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
1466
1467# From Paul Eggert (2001-02-11):
1468# A previous version of this database followed Shanks, who writes that
1469# Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1470# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1471# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1472# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1473# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1474# But moldavizolit@tirastel.md and mk@tirastel.md separately reported via
1475# Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1476# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1477
1478# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1479Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1480 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1481 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1482 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
--- 86 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
1569Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1570 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1571 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1572 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1573 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1574 1:00 EU CE%sT
1575
1576# Norway
1577# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1578# Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks.
1579Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1580Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1581# Whitman says DST observed 1935-08-11/1942-11-01, then 1943-03-29/10-04,
1582# 1944-04-03/10-02, and 1945-04-01/10-01; go with Shanks.
1583Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1584Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1585Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1586Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1587Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1588# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1589Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1590 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
--- 37 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
1628# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1629#
1630# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1631# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1632# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
1633# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1634# expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
1635# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1636# <http://www.utpress.utoronto.ca/publishing/rights/dege_warnorthof80.htm>
1637# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1638# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1639#
1640# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970. Unless we can
1641# come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the
1642# war years it's probably best just do do the following for now:
1643Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1644Link Europe/Oslo Atlantic/Jan_Mayen
1645
1646# Poland
1647# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1648Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1649Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1650# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks.
1651Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1652# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks.
1653Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1654Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1655Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 S
1656Rule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 -
1657Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
1658Rule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1659Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
1660# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1661Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1662Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1663Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1664Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1665Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1666Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1667Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 S
1668Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1669# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1670Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1671 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1672 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1673 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1674 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1675 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1676 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977 Apr 3 1:00
1677 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1999
1678# IATA SSIM (1991/1996) gives EU rules, but the _The Warsaw Voice_
1679# <a href="http://www.warsawvoice.com.pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml">
1680# http://www.warsawvoice.com/pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml (1995-09-24)
1681# </a>
1682# says the autumn 1995 switch was at 02:00.
1683# Stick with W-Eur for now.
1684#
1685# From Marcin.Kasperski@softax.com.pl (1999-06-10):
1686# According to my colleagues someone recently decided, that Poland would
1687# follow European Union regulations, so - I think - the matter is not
1688# worth further discussion.
1689#
1690# From Paul Eggert (1999-06-10):
1691# Kasperski also writes that the government futzed with the rules in 1997
1692# or 1998 but he doesn't remember the details. Assume they switched to
1693# EU rules in 1999.
1694 1:00 EU CE%sT
1695
1696# Portugal
1697#
1698# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (1992-11-12):
1699# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1700# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1701#
1702# Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1703# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1704# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1705#
1706# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1707# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1708# at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1709# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1710# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
--- 113 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
1824 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1825 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
1826 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
1827 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1828 2:00 EU EE%sT
1829
1830# Russia
1831
1832# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-11-12):
1833# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
1834# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
1835# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks, except we follow
1836# Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
1837#
1838# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (1994-06-29):
1839# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
1840# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
1841# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
1842# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
1843#
1844# From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@nagual.ru> (1996-10-04):
1845# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
1846# UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
1847# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
1848# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
1849#
1850# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-10-30):
1851# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
1852# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
1853# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
1854#
1855# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
1856# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
1857# News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
1858# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
--- 171 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
2030 12:00 Russia ANA%sT
2031
2032# Serbia and Montenegro
2033# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2034Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2035 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2036 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
2037 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2038# Metod Kozelj <metod.kozelj@rzs-hm.si> reports that the legal date of
2039# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2040# Shanks doesn't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
2041 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2042 1:00 EU CE%sT
2043Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2044Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2045Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2046Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
--- 257 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
2304Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2305 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2306 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2307 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
2308 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2309 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2310 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2311 2:00 - EET 1992
2312# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-11-12):
2313# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2314# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2315# Shanks says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened
2316# sometime between the 1994 DST switches. For now, guess it changed in May.
2317 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2318# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2319 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
2320 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
--- 13 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
2334# uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2335# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2336# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
2337# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2338# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2339
2340# ...
2341# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2342# From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann)
2343# Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp>
2344# ...
2345#
2346# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2347# most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2348# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2349# to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2350# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2351# years...
2352# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2353# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2354# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2355# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2356#
2357# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2358# Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2359#
2360# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2361# 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2362# UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho
2363
2364# ...
2365# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2366# From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter)
2367# ...
2368#
2369# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2370# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2371# about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2372#
2373# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2374# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
--- 9 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
2384# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2385# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2386# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2387# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2388# in advance of normal time.
2389#
2390# ...
2391# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2392# INTERNET : dik@cwi.nl
2393# BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax
2394
2395# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
2396# ...
2397# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2398# Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2399# ...
2400# Monaco: has same DST as France.
2401# ...