1# @(#)europe 7.95
2
3# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
4# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
5# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
6
7# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
8# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
9# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
10# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
11#
12# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
13# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
14# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
15# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
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50# 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
51# 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
52# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
53# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
54#
55# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
56# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
57
58# From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
59# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
60# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
61# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
62# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
63# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
64# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
65# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
66# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
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76# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
77# in the Directive.
78
79
80###############################################################################
81
82# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
83
84# From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
85#
86# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
87# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
88# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
89# of the text said:
90#
91# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
92# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
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97# along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
98#
99# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
100# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
101# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
102#
103# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
104
105# From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
106#
107# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
108# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
109# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
110# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
111# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
112# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
113# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
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163# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
164
165# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
166#
167# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
168# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
169
170# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
171# From: Jonathan Leffler
172# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
173# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
174# politics making a fortune, not computing.
175
176# From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
177# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
178# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
179# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
180# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
181
182# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
183# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
184# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
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199# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
200# which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
201
202# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
203# Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common
204# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
205# so we use `BDST'.
206
207# Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
208# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
209# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
210# and extending this list, which can be found in
211# <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/">
212# History of legal time in Britain
213# </a>
214
215# From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
216#
217# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
218# see Lord Tanlaw's speech
219# <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
220# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
221# </a>.
222
223# From Paul Eggert (2001-07-18):
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250# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.
251# Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
252# (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
253# to London. For example:
254#
255# "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
256# -- James Joyce, Ulysses
257
258# From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
259# Irish laws are available online at www.irishstatutebook.ie. These include
260# various relating to legal time, for example:
261#
262# ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
263#
264# ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
265# ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
266#
267# ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
268# ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
269# ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
270#
271# ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
272# ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
273# ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
274#
275# [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
276# <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
277#
278# (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
279# should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
280# the laws applicable in Ireland.)
281#
282# (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
283# in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
284# is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
285# being GMT+1.)
286
287# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
288# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
289# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
290# (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
291# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
292# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
293# and Frethun run in CT.
294# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
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417# See EU for rules starting in 1996.
418
419# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
420Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1
421 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
422 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
423 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
424 0:00 EU GMT/BST
425Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
426 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
427 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
428 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
429 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
430 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
431 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
432 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
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524Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
525Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
526Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
527Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
528
529# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
530# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
531
532# From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
533# The official German names ... are
534#
535# Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
536# Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
537#
538# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
539# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
540# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
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640# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
641# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
642# Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
643# Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
644# (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
645# pp 8-9.
646# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
647# Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
648# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
649# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
650# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
651#
652# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
653Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
654Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
655Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
656Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
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699 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
700 1:00 EU CE%sT
701
702# Bosnia and Herzegovina
703# see Serbia and Montenegro
704
705# Bulgaria
706#
707# From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
708# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
709# EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
710# EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
711#
712# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
713Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
714Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
715Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 S
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744# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
745Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
746 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
747 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
748 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
749 1:00 EU CE%sT
750
751# Denmark, Faeroe Islands, and Greenland
752
753# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
754# http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
755# [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
756# The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
757# confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
758#
759# The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
760# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
761#
762# This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
763# in subsequenet decrees with the law
764# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
765#
766# It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
767# not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
768# changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
769# 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
770# the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
771# when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
772# confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
773# The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
774# working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
775# was suspended on that night):
776# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
777
778# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
779# The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
780# Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
781
782# From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
783# Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
784# wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
785
786# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
787Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
788Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
789Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
790Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
791Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
792Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
793Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
794Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
795Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
796Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
797Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
798#
799# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
800Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
801 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
802 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
803 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
804 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
805 1:00 EU CE%sT
806Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
807 0:00 - WET 1981
808 0:00 EU WE%sT
809#
810# From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
811# During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
812# East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
813# My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
814#
815# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
816# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
817# and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
818# rules at least through 1984. Shanks says Scoresbysund and Godthab
819# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
820# rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
821
822# From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
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893 -1:00 EU EG%sT
894Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
895 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
896 -3:00 EU WG%sT
897Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
898 -4:00 Thule A%sT
899
900# Estonia
901# From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
902# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
903# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
904# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
905#
906# From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
907# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
908# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
909# ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
910# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
911# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
912# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
913# human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
914# summer time next spring.''
915
916# From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
917# <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
918# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
919# </a>
920# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
921# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
922#
923# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
924# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
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957 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
958 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
959 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
960 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
961 2:00 EU EE%sT
962
963# Finland
964#
965# From Hannu Strang (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC):
966# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
967# and it's supposed to change at 4am...
968#
969# From Paul Eggert (25 Sep 1994):
970# Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981.
971# Go with Strang instead.
972#
973# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
974Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
975Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
976# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
977Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
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1038# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
1039# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
1040# Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Decartes,
1041# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1042# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
1043# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collognes (Haute-Savioe).
1044Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1045# Shanks says this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1046# but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1047# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1048# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1049Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1050Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1051Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1052Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1053Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1054Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
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1072# go with Shanks.
1073 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1074 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1075 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1076 1:00 EU CE%sT
1077
1078# Germany
1079
1080# From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1081# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1082# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1083# [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1084
1085# From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1086# In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by <a
1087# href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/">
1088# General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>.
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1187 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1188 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1189 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00
1190 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1191 1:00 EU CE%sT
1192
1193# Iceland
1194#
1195# From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1196# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1197#
1198# (1993-12-05):
1199# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1200# Iceland Almanak.
1201#
1202# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1203# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
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1214# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1215# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1216# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1217# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1218# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1219# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1220# might mean something else (???).
1221#
1222# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1223# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
1224# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
1225# Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1226#
1227# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1228Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1229Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1230Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
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1330 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1331 1:00 EU CE%sT
1332
1333Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1334Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1335
1336# Latvia
1337
1338# From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1339
1340# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1341# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1342# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1343# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1344#
1345# Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1346# according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
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1417 1:00 EU CE%sT
1418
1419# Lithuania
1420
1421# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1422# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1423# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1424
1425# From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1426# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1427# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1428
1429# From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
1430# via Steffen Thorsen:
1431# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1432# to be valid here starting from October 31,
1433# as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
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1524
1525# From Paul Eggert (2001-02-11):
1526# A previous version of this database followed Shanks, who writes that
1527# Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1528# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1529# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1530# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1531# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1532# But [two people] separately reported via
1533# Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1534# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1535
1536# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1537Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1538 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1539 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1540 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
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1627Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1628 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1629 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1630 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1631 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1632 1:00 EU CE%sT
1633
1634# Norway
1635# http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks.
1636# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1637Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1638Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1639Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1640Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1641Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1642Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1643Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1644# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1645Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1646 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
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1684# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1685#
1686# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1687# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1688# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
1689# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1690# expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
1691# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1692# <http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html>
1693# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1694# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1695#
1696# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970. Unless we can
1697# come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the
1698# war years it's probably best just do do the following for now:
1699Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1700Link Europe/Oslo Atlantic/Jan_Mayen
1701
1702# Poland
1703# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1704Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1705Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1706# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks.
1707Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1708# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks.
1709Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1710Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1711# For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
1712# Torun Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
1713# <http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1>
1714# Thanks to Przemyslaw Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
1715# He also gives these further references:
1716# Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
1717# Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
1718Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
1719Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1720Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1721Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1722Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1723Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1724Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1725Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1726Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1727Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1728Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1729Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1730Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1731Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1732# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1733Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1734 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1735 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1736 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1737 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1738 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1739 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
1740 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
1741 1:00 EU CE%sT
1742
1743# Portugal
1744#
1745# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
1746# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1747# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1748#
1749# Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1750# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1751# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1752#
1753# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1754# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1755# at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1756# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1757# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
--- 113 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
1871 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1872 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
1873 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
1874 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1875 2:00 EU EE%sT
1876
1877# Russia
1878
1879# From Paul Eggert (1999-11-12):
1880# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
1881# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
1882# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks, except we follow
1883# Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
1884#
1885# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
1886# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
1887# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
1888# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
1889# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
1890#
1891# From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
1892# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
1893# UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
1894# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
1895# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
1896#
1897# From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
1898# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
1899# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
1900# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
1901#
1902# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
1903# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
1904# News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
1905# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
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2077 12:00 Russia ANA%sT
2078
2079# Serbia and Montenegro
2080# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2081Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2082 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2083 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
2084 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2085# Metod Kozelj reports that the legal date of
2086# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2087# Shanks doesn't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
2088 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2089 1:00 EU CE%sT
2090Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2091Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2092Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2093Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
--- 257 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
2351Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2352 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2353 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2354 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
2355 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2356 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2357 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2358 2:00 - EET 1992
2359# From Paul Eggert (1999-11-12):
2360# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2361# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2362# Shanks says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened
2363# sometime between the 1994 DST switches. For now, guess it changed in May.
2364 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2365# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2366 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
2367 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
--- 13 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
2381# uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2382# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2383# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
2384# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2385# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2386
2387# ...
2388# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2389# From: Tom Hofmann
2390# ...
2391#
2392# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2393# most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2394# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2395# to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2396# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2397# years...
2398# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2399# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2400# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2401# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2402#
2403# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2404# Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2405#
2406# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2407# 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2408# ...
2409
2410# ...
2411# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2412# From: Dik T. Winter
2413# ...
2414#
2415# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2416# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2417# about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2418#
2419# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2420# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
--- 9 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
2430# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2431# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2432# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2433# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2434# in advance of normal time.
2435#
2436# ...
2437# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2438# ...
2439
2440# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
2441# ...
2442# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2443# Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2444# ...
2445# Monaco: has same DST as France.
2446# ...
2
3# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
4# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
5# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
6
7# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
8# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
9# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
10# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
11#
12# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
13# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
14# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
15# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
--- 34 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
50# 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
51# 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
52# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
53# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
54#
55# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
56# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
57
58# From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
59# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
60# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
61# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
62# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
63# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
64# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
65# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
66# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
--- 9 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
76# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
77# in the Directive.
78
79
80###############################################################################
81
82# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
83
84# From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
85#
86# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
87# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
88# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
89# of the text said:
90#
91# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
92# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
--- 4 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
97# along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
98#
99# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
100# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
101# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
102#
103# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
104
105# From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
106#
107# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
108# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
109# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
110# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
111# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
112# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
113# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
--- 49 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
163# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
164
165# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
166#
167# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
168# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
169
170# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
171# From: Jonathan Leffler
172# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
173# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
174# politics making a fortune, not computing.
175
176# From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
177# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
178# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
179# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
180# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
181
182# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
183# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
184# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
--- 14 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
199# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
200# which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
201
202# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
203# Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common
204# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
205# so we use `BDST'.
206
207# Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
208# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
209# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
210# and extending this list, which can be found in
211# <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/">
212# History of legal time in Britain
213# </a>
214
215# From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
216#
217# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
218# see Lord Tanlaw's speech
219# <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
220# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
221# </a>.
222
223# From Paul Eggert (2001-07-18):
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250# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.
251# Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
252# (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
253# to London. For example:
254#
255# "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
256# -- James Joyce, Ulysses
257
258# From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
259# Irish laws are available online at www.irishstatutebook.ie. These include
260# various relating to legal time, for example:
261#
262# ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
263#
264# ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
265# ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
266#
267# ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
268# ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
269# ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
270#
271# ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
272# ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
273# ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
274#
275# [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
276# <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
277#
278# (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
279# should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
280# the laws applicable in Ireland.)
281#
282# (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
283# in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
284# is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
285# being GMT+1.)
286
287# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
288# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
289# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
290# (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
291# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
292# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
293# and Frethun run in CT.
294# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
--- 122 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
417# See EU for rules starting in 1996.
418
419# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
420Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1
421 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
422 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
423 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
424 0:00 EU GMT/BST
425Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
426 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
427 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
428 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
429 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
430 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
431 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
432 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
--- 91 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
524Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
525Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
526Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
527Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
528
529# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
530# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
531
532# From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
533# The official German names ... are
534#
535# Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
536# Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
537#
538# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
539# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
540# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
--- 99 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
640# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
641# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
642# Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
643# Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
644# (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
645# pp 8-9.
646# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
647# Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
648# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
649# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
650# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
651#
652# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
653Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
654Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
655Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
656Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
--- 42 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
699 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
700 1:00 EU CE%sT
701
702# Bosnia and Herzegovina
703# see Serbia and Montenegro
704
705# Bulgaria
706#
707# From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
708# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
709# EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
710# EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
711#
712# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
713Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
714Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
715Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 S
--- 28 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
744# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
745Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
746 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
747 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
748 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
749 1:00 EU CE%sT
750
751# Denmark, Faeroe Islands, and Greenland
752
753# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
754# http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
755# [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
756# The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
757# confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
758#
759# The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
760# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
761#
762# This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
763# in subsequenet decrees with the law
764# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
765#
766# It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
767# not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
768# changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
769# 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
770# the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
771# when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
772# confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
773# The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
774# working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
775# was suspended on that night):
776# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
777
778# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
779# The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
780# Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
781
782# From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
783# Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
784# wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
785
786# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
787Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
788Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
789Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
790Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
791Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
792Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
793Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
794Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
795Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
796Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
797Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
798#
799# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
800Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
801 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
802 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
803 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
804 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
805 1:00 EU CE%sT
806Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
807 0:00 - WET 1981
808 0:00 EU WE%sT
809#
810# From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
811# During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
812# East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
813# My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
814#
815# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
816# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
817# and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
818# rules at least through 1984. Shanks says Scoresbysund and Godthab
819# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
820# rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
821
822# From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
--- 70 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
893 -1:00 EU EG%sT
894Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
895 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
896 -3:00 EU WG%sT
897Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
898 -4:00 Thule A%sT
899
900# Estonia
901# From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
902# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
903# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
904# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
905#
906# From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
907# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
908# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
909# ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
910# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
911# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
912# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
913# human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
914# summer time next spring.''
915
916# From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
917# <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
918# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
919# </a>
920# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
921# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
922#
923# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
924# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
--- 32 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
957 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
958 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
959 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
960 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
961 2:00 EU EE%sT
962
963# Finland
964#
965# From Hannu Strang (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC):
966# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
967# and it's supposed to change at 4am...
968#
969# From Paul Eggert (25 Sep 1994):
970# Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981.
971# Go with Strang instead.
972#
973# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
974Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
975Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
976# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
977Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
--- 60 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
1038# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
1039# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
1040# Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Decartes,
1041# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1042# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
1043# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collognes (Haute-Savioe).
1044Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1045# Shanks says this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1046# but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1047# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1048# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1049Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1050Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1051Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1052Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1053Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1054Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
--- 17 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
1072# go with Shanks.
1073 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1074 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1075 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1076 1:00 EU CE%sT
1077
1078# Germany
1079
1080# From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1081# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1082# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1083# [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1084
1085# From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1086# In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by <a
1087# href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/">
1088# General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>.
--- 98 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
1187 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1188 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1189 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00
1190 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1191 1:00 EU CE%sT
1192
1193# Iceland
1194#
1195# From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1196# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1197#
1198# (1993-12-05):
1199# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1200# Iceland Almanak.
1201#
1202# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1203# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
--- 10 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
1214# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1215# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1216# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1217# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1218# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1219# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1220# might mean something else (???).
1221#
1222# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1223# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
1224# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
1225# Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1226#
1227# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1228Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1229Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1230Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
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1330 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1331 1:00 EU CE%sT
1332
1333Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1334Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1335
1336# Latvia
1337
1338# From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1339
1340# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1341# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1342# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1343# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1344#
1345# Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1346# according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
--- 70 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
1417 1:00 EU CE%sT
1418
1419# Lithuania
1420
1421# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1422# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1423# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1424
1425# From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1426# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1427# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1428
1429# From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
1430# via Steffen Thorsen:
1431# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1432# to be valid here starting from October 31,
1433# as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
--- 90 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
1524
1525# From Paul Eggert (2001-02-11):
1526# A previous version of this database followed Shanks, who writes that
1527# Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1528# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1529# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1530# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1531# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1532# But [two people] separately reported via
1533# Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1534# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1535
1536# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1537Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1538 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1539 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1540 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
--- 86 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
1627Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1628 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1629 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1630 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1631 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1632 1:00 EU CE%sT
1633
1634# Norway
1635# http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks.
1636# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1637Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1638Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1639Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1640Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1641Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1642Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1643Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1644# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1645Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1646 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
--- 37 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
1684# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1685#
1686# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1687# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1688# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
1689# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1690# expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
1691# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1692# <http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html>
1693# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1694# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1695#
1696# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970. Unless we can
1697# come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the
1698# war years it's probably best just do do the following for now:
1699Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1700Link Europe/Oslo Atlantic/Jan_Mayen
1701
1702# Poland
1703# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1704Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1705Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1706# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks.
1707Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1708# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks.
1709Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1710Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1711# For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
1712# Torun Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
1713# <http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1>
1714# Thanks to Przemyslaw Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
1715# He also gives these further references:
1716# Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
1717# Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
1718Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
1719Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1720Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1721Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1722Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1723Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1724Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1725Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1726Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1727Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1728Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1729Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1730Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1731Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1732# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1733Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1734 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1735 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1736 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1737 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1738 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1739 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
1740 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
1741 1:00 EU CE%sT
1742
1743# Portugal
1744#
1745# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
1746# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1747# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1748#
1749# Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1750# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1751# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1752#
1753# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1754# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1755# at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1756# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1757# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
--- 113 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
1871 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1872 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
1873 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
1874 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1875 2:00 EU EE%sT
1876
1877# Russia
1878
1879# From Paul Eggert (1999-11-12):
1880# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
1881# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
1882# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks, except we follow
1883# Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
1884#
1885# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
1886# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
1887# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
1888# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
1889# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
1890#
1891# From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
1892# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
1893# UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
1894# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
1895# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
1896#
1897# From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
1898# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
1899# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
1900# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
1901#
1902# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
1903# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
1904# News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
1905# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
--- 171 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
2077 12:00 Russia ANA%sT
2078
2079# Serbia and Montenegro
2080# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2081Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2082 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2083 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
2084 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2085# Metod Kozelj reports that the legal date of
2086# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2087# Shanks doesn't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
2088 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2089 1:00 EU CE%sT
2090Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2091Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2092Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2093Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
--- 257 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
2351Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2352 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2353 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2354 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
2355 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2356 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2357 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2358 2:00 - EET 1992
2359# From Paul Eggert (1999-11-12):
2360# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2361# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2362# Shanks says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened
2363# sometime between the 1994 DST switches. For now, guess it changed in May.
2364 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2365# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2366 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
2367 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
--- 13 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
2381# uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2382# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2383# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
2384# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2385# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2386
2387# ...
2388# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2389# From: Tom Hofmann
2390# ...
2391#
2392# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2393# most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2394# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2395# to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2396# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2397# years...
2398# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2399# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2400# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2401# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2402#
2403# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2404# Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2405#
2406# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2407# 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2408# ...
2409
2410# ...
2411# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2412# From: Dik T. Winter
2413# ...
2414#
2415# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2416# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2417# about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2418#
2419# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2420# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
--- 9 unchanged lines hidden (view full) ---
2430# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2431# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2432# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2433# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2434# in advance of normal time.
2435#
2436# ...
2437# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2438# ...
2439
2440# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
2441# ...
2442# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2443# Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2444# ...
2445# Monaco: has same DST as France.
2446# ...