1.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by 5.\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 6.\" 7.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 8.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 9.\" are met: 10.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 11.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 12.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 13.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 14.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 15.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 16.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 17.\" This product includes software developed by the University of 18.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. 19.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 20.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 21.\" without specific prior written permission. 22.\" 23.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 24.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 25.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 26.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 27.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 28.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 29.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 30.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 31.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 32.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 33.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 34.\" 35.\" @(#)ls.1 8.7 (Berkeley) 7/29/94
| 1.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by 5.\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 6.\" 7.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 8.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 9.\" are met: 10.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 11.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 12.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 13.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 14.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 15.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 16.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 17.\" This product includes software developed by the University of 18.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. 19.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 20.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 21.\" without specific prior written permission. 22.\" 23.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 24.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 25.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 26.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 27.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 28.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 29.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 30.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 31.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 32.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 33.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 34.\" 35.\" @(#)ls.1 8.7 (Berkeley) 7/29/94
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36.\" $Id: ls.1,v 1.16 1997/12/25 09:36:39 hoek Exp $
| 36.\" $Id: ls.1,v 1.17 1998/04/21 22:01:58 des Exp $
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37.\" 38.Dd July 29, 1994 39.Dt LS 1 40.Os 41.Sh NAME 42.Nm ls 43.Nd list directory contents 44.Sh SYNOPSIS 45.Nm ls
| 37.\" 38.Dd July 29, 1994 39.Dt LS 1 40.Os 41.Sh NAME 42.Nm ls 43.Nd list directory contents 44.Sh SYNOPSIS 45.Nm ls
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46.Op Fl ACFLRTWabcdfgikloqrstu1
| 46.Op Fl ?ABCFLRTWabcdfgikloqrstu1
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47.Op Ar file ... 48.Sh DESCRIPTION 49For each operand that names a 50.Ar file 51of a type other than 52directory, 53.Nm ls 54displays its name as well as any requested, 55associated information. 56For each operand that names a 57.Ar file 58of type directory, 59.Nm ls 60displays the names of files contained 61within that directory, as well as any requested, associated 62information. 63.Pp 64If no operands are given, the contents of the current 65directory are displayed. 66If more than one operand is given, 67non-directory operands are displayed first; directory 68and non-directory operands are sorted separately and in 69lexicographical order. 70.Pp 71The following options are available: 72.Bl -tag -width indent
| 47.Op Ar file ... 48.Sh DESCRIPTION 49For each operand that names a 50.Ar file 51of a type other than 52directory, 53.Nm ls 54displays its name as well as any requested, 55associated information. 56For each operand that names a 57.Ar file 58of type directory, 59.Nm ls 60displays the names of files contained 61within that directory, as well as any requested, associated 62information. 63.Pp 64If no operands are given, the contents of the current 65directory are displayed. 66If more than one operand is given, 67non-directory operands are displayed first; directory 68and non-directory operands are sorted separately and in 69lexicographical order. 70.Pp 71The following options are available: 72.Bl -tag -width indent
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| 73.It Fl ? 74Displays a short list of valid options.
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73.It Fl A 74List all entries except for 75.Ql \&. 76and 77.Ql \&.. . 78Always set for the super-user.
| 75.It Fl A 76List all entries except for 77.Ql \&. 78and 79.Ql \&.. . 80Always set for the super-user.
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| 81.It Fl B 82Force printing of non-graphic characters in file names as \\xxx, 83where xxx is the numeric value of the character in octal.
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79.It Fl C 80Force multi-column output; this is the default when output is to a terminal. 81.It Fl F 82Display a slash (/) immediately after each pathname 83that is a directory, an asterisk (*) after each that is 84executable, 85an at sign (@) after each symbolic link, 86an equals sign (=) after each socket, 87a percent sign (%) after each whiteout, 88and a vertical bar (|) after each that is a 89.Tn FIFO . 90.It Fl L 91If argument is a symbolic link, list the file or directory the link references 92rather than the link itself. 93.It Fl R 94Recursively list subdirectories encountered. 95.It Fl T 96Display complete time information for the file, including 97month, day, hour, minute, second, and year. 98.It Fl W 99Display whiteouts when scanning directories. 100.It Fl a 101Include directory entries whose names begin with a 102dot (.). 103.It Fl b
| 84.It Fl C 85Force multi-column output; this is the default when output is to a terminal. 86.It Fl F 87Display a slash (/) immediately after each pathname 88that is a directory, an asterisk (*) after each that is 89executable, 90an at sign (@) after each symbolic link, 91an equals sign (=) after each socket, 92a percent sign (%) after each whiteout, 93and a vertical bar (|) after each that is a 94.Tn FIFO . 95.It Fl L 96If argument is a symbolic link, list the file or directory the link references 97rather than the link itself. 98.It Fl R 99Recursively list subdirectories encountered. 100.It Fl T 101Display complete time information for the file, including 102month, day, hour, minute, second, and year. 103.It Fl W 104Display whiteouts when scanning directories. 105.It Fl a 106Include directory entries whose names begin with a 107dot (.). 108.It Fl b
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104Force printing of non-graphic characters in file names as \\xxx, 105where xxx is the numeric value of the character in octal.
| 109As 110.Fl B , 111but use C escape codes whenever possible.
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106.It Fl c 107Use time when file status was last changed for sorting or printing. 108.It Fl d 109Directories are listed as plain files (not searched recursively) and 110symbolic links in the argument list are not indirected through. 111.It Fl f 112Output is not sorted. 113.It Fl g 114This option is deprecated and is only available for compatibility 115with 116.Bx 4.3 ; 117it was used to display the group name in the long 118.Pq Fl l 119format output. 120.It Fl i 121For each file, print the file's file serial number (inode number). 122.It Fl k 123If the 124.Fl s 125option is specified, print the file size allocation in kilobytes, 126not blocks. 127.It Fl l 128(The lowercase letter ``ell.'') List in long format. (See below.) 129If the output is to a terminal, a total sum for all the file 130sizes is output on a line before the long listing. 131.It Fl o 132Include the file flags in a long 133.Pq Fl l 134output. 135.It Fl q 136Force printing of non-graphic characters in file names as 137the character `?'; this is the default when output is to a terminal. 138.It Fl r 139Reverse the order of the sort to get reverse 140lexicographical order or the oldest entries first. 141.It Fl s 142Display the number of file system blocks actually used by each file, in units 143of 512 bytes, where partial units are rounded up to the next integer value. 144If the output is to a terminal, a total sum for all the file 145sizes is output on a line before the listing. 146.It Fl t 147Sort by time modified (most recently modified 148first) before sorting the operands by lexicographical 149order. 150.It Fl u 151Use time of last access, 152instead of last modification 153of the file for sorting 154.Pq Fl t 155or printing 156.Pq Fl l . 157.It Fl \&1 158(The numeric digit ``one.'') Force output to be 159one entry per line. 160This is the default when 161output is not to a terminal. 162.El 163.Pp 164The 165.Fl 1 , 166.Fl C , 167and 168.Fl l 169options all override each other; the last one specified determines 170the format used. 171.Pp 172The 173.Fl c , 174and 175.Fl u 176options override each other; the last one specified determines 177the file time used. 178.Pp 179By default, 180.Nm ls 181lists one entry per line to standard 182output; the exceptions are to terminals or when the 183.Fl C 184option is specified. 185.Pp 186File information is displayed with one or more 187<blank>s separating the information associated with the 188.Fl i , 189.Fl s , 190and 191.Fl l 192options. 193.Ss The Long Format 194If the 195.Fl l 196option is given, the following information 197is displayed for each file: 198file mode, 199number of links, owner name, group name, 200number of bytes in the file, abbreviated 201month, day-of-month file was last modified, 202hour file last modified, minute file last 203modified, and the pathname. 204In addition, for each directory whose contents are displayed, the total 205number of 512-byte blocks used by the files in the directory is displayed 206on a line by itself immediately before the information for the files in the 207directory. 208.Pp 209If the modification time of the file is more than 6 months 210in the past or future, then the year of the last modification 211is displayed in place of the hour and minute fields. 212.Pp 213If the owner or group names are not a known user or group name 214the numeric ID's are displayed. 215.Pp 216If the file is a character special or block special file, 217the major and minor device numbers for the file are displayed 218in the size field. If the file is a symbolic link the pathname of the 219linked-to file is preceded by 220.Dq \-> . 221.Pp 222The file mode printed under the 223.Fl l 224option consists of the 225entry type, owner permissions, and group permissions. 226The entry type character describes the type of file, as 227follows: 228.Pp 229.Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent -compact 230.It Sy b 231Block special file. 232.It Sy c 233Character special file. 234.It Sy d 235Directory. 236.It Sy l 237Symbolic link. 238.It Sy s 239Socket link. 240.It Sy p 241.Tn FIFO . 242.It Sy \- 243Regular file. 244.El 245.Pp 246The next three fields 247are three characters each: 248owner permissions, 249group permissions, and 250other permissions. 251Each field has three character positions: 252.Bl -enum -offset indent 253.It 254If 255.Sy r , 256the file is readable; if 257.Sy \- , 258it is not readable. 259.It 260If 261.Sy w , 262the file is writable; if 263.Sy \- , 264it is not writable. 265.It 266The first of the following that applies: 267.Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent 268.It Sy S 269If in the owner permissions, the file is not executable and 270set-user-ID mode is set. 271If in the group permissions, the file is not executable 272and set-group-ID mode is set. 273.It Sy s 274If in the owner permissions, the file is executable 275and set-user-ID mode is set. 276If in the group permissions, the file is executable 277and setgroup-ID mode is set. 278.It Sy x 279The file is executable or the directory is 280searchable. 281.It Sy \- 282The file is neither readable, writable, executable, 283nor set-user-ID nor set-group-ID mode, nor sticky. (See below.) 284.El 285.Pp 286These next two apply only to the third character in the last group 287(other permissions). 288.Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent 289.It Sy T 290The sticky bit is set 291(mode 292.Li 1000 ) , 293but not execute or search permission. (See 294.Xr chmod 1 295or 296.Xr sticky 8 . ) 297.It Sy t 298The sticky bit is set (mode 299.Li 1000 ) , 300and is searchable or executable. 301(See 302.Xr chmod 1 303or 304.Xr sticky 8 . ) 305.El 306.El 307.Pp 308The 309.Nm ls 310utility exits 0 on success, and >0 if an error occurs. 311.Sh ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES 312The following environment variables affect the execution of 313.Nm ls : 314.Bl -tag -width BLOCKSIZE 315.It Ev BLOCKSIZE 316If the environment variable 317.Ev BLOCKSIZE 318is set, the block counts 319(see 320.Fl s ) 321will be displayed in units of that size block. 322.It COLUMNS 323If this variable contains a string representing a 324decimal integer, it is used as the 325column position width for displaying 326multiple-text-column output. 327The 328.Nm ls 329utility calculates how 330many pathname text columns to display 331based on the width provided. 332(See 333.Fl C . ) 334.It Ev TZ 335The timezone to use when displaying dates. 336See 337.Xr environ 7 338for more information. 339.El 340.Sh COMPATIBILITY 341The group field is now automatically included in the long listing for 342files in order to be compatible with the 343.St -p1003.2 344specification. 345.Sh SEE ALSO 346.Xr chmod 1 , 347.Xr symlink 7 , 348.Xr sticky 8 349.Sh HISTORY 350An 351.Nm ls 352command appeared in 353.At v1 . 354.Sh STANDARDS 355The 356.Nm ls 357function is expected to be a superset of the 358.St -p1003.2 359specification.
| 112.It Fl c 113Use time when file status was last changed for sorting or printing. 114.It Fl d 115Directories are listed as plain files (not searched recursively) and 116symbolic links in the argument list are not indirected through. 117.It Fl f 118Output is not sorted. 119.It Fl g 120This option is deprecated and is only available for compatibility 121with 122.Bx 4.3 ; 123it was used to display the group name in the long 124.Pq Fl l 125format output. 126.It Fl i 127For each file, print the file's file serial number (inode number). 128.It Fl k 129If the 130.Fl s 131option is specified, print the file size allocation in kilobytes, 132not blocks. 133.It Fl l 134(The lowercase letter ``ell.'') List in long format. (See below.) 135If the output is to a terminal, a total sum for all the file 136sizes is output on a line before the long listing. 137.It Fl o 138Include the file flags in a long 139.Pq Fl l 140output. 141.It Fl q 142Force printing of non-graphic characters in file names as 143the character `?'; this is the default when output is to a terminal. 144.It Fl r 145Reverse the order of the sort to get reverse 146lexicographical order or the oldest entries first. 147.It Fl s 148Display the number of file system blocks actually used by each file, in units 149of 512 bytes, where partial units are rounded up to the next integer value. 150If the output is to a terminal, a total sum for all the file 151sizes is output on a line before the listing. 152.It Fl t 153Sort by time modified (most recently modified 154first) before sorting the operands by lexicographical 155order. 156.It Fl u 157Use time of last access, 158instead of last modification 159of the file for sorting 160.Pq Fl t 161or printing 162.Pq Fl l . 163.It Fl \&1 164(The numeric digit ``one.'') Force output to be 165one entry per line. 166This is the default when 167output is not to a terminal. 168.El 169.Pp 170The 171.Fl 1 , 172.Fl C , 173and 174.Fl l 175options all override each other; the last one specified determines 176the format used. 177.Pp 178The 179.Fl c , 180and 181.Fl u 182options override each other; the last one specified determines 183the file time used. 184.Pp 185By default, 186.Nm ls 187lists one entry per line to standard 188output; the exceptions are to terminals or when the 189.Fl C 190option is specified. 191.Pp 192File information is displayed with one or more 193<blank>s separating the information associated with the 194.Fl i , 195.Fl s , 196and 197.Fl l 198options. 199.Ss The Long Format 200If the 201.Fl l 202option is given, the following information 203is displayed for each file: 204file mode, 205number of links, owner name, group name, 206number of bytes in the file, abbreviated 207month, day-of-month file was last modified, 208hour file last modified, minute file last 209modified, and the pathname. 210In addition, for each directory whose contents are displayed, the total 211number of 512-byte blocks used by the files in the directory is displayed 212on a line by itself immediately before the information for the files in the 213directory. 214.Pp 215If the modification time of the file is more than 6 months 216in the past or future, then the year of the last modification 217is displayed in place of the hour and minute fields. 218.Pp 219If the owner or group names are not a known user or group name 220the numeric ID's are displayed. 221.Pp 222If the file is a character special or block special file, 223the major and minor device numbers for the file are displayed 224in the size field. If the file is a symbolic link the pathname of the 225linked-to file is preceded by 226.Dq \-> . 227.Pp 228The file mode printed under the 229.Fl l 230option consists of the 231entry type, owner permissions, and group permissions. 232The entry type character describes the type of file, as 233follows: 234.Pp 235.Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent -compact 236.It Sy b 237Block special file. 238.It Sy c 239Character special file. 240.It Sy d 241Directory. 242.It Sy l 243Symbolic link. 244.It Sy s 245Socket link. 246.It Sy p 247.Tn FIFO . 248.It Sy \- 249Regular file. 250.El 251.Pp 252The next three fields 253are three characters each: 254owner permissions, 255group permissions, and 256other permissions. 257Each field has three character positions: 258.Bl -enum -offset indent 259.It 260If 261.Sy r , 262the file is readable; if 263.Sy \- , 264it is not readable. 265.It 266If 267.Sy w , 268the file is writable; if 269.Sy \- , 270it is not writable. 271.It 272The first of the following that applies: 273.Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent 274.It Sy S 275If in the owner permissions, the file is not executable and 276set-user-ID mode is set. 277If in the group permissions, the file is not executable 278and set-group-ID mode is set. 279.It Sy s 280If in the owner permissions, the file is executable 281and set-user-ID mode is set. 282If in the group permissions, the file is executable 283and setgroup-ID mode is set. 284.It Sy x 285The file is executable or the directory is 286searchable. 287.It Sy \- 288The file is neither readable, writable, executable, 289nor set-user-ID nor set-group-ID mode, nor sticky. (See below.) 290.El 291.Pp 292These next two apply only to the third character in the last group 293(other permissions). 294.Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent 295.It Sy T 296The sticky bit is set 297(mode 298.Li 1000 ) , 299but not execute or search permission. (See 300.Xr chmod 1 301or 302.Xr sticky 8 . ) 303.It Sy t 304The sticky bit is set (mode 305.Li 1000 ) , 306and is searchable or executable. 307(See 308.Xr chmod 1 309or 310.Xr sticky 8 . ) 311.El 312.El 313.Pp 314The 315.Nm ls 316utility exits 0 on success, and >0 if an error occurs. 317.Sh ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES 318The following environment variables affect the execution of 319.Nm ls : 320.Bl -tag -width BLOCKSIZE 321.It Ev BLOCKSIZE 322If the environment variable 323.Ev BLOCKSIZE 324is set, the block counts 325(see 326.Fl s ) 327will be displayed in units of that size block. 328.It COLUMNS 329If this variable contains a string representing a 330decimal integer, it is used as the 331column position width for displaying 332multiple-text-column output. 333The 334.Nm ls 335utility calculates how 336many pathname text columns to display 337based on the width provided. 338(See 339.Fl C . ) 340.It Ev TZ 341The timezone to use when displaying dates. 342See 343.Xr environ 7 344for more information. 345.El 346.Sh COMPATIBILITY 347The group field is now automatically included in the long listing for 348files in order to be compatible with the 349.St -p1003.2 350specification. 351.Sh SEE ALSO 352.Xr chmod 1 , 353.Xr symlink 7 , 354.Xr sticky 8 355.Sh HISTORY 356An 357.Nm ls 358command appeared in 359.At v1 . 360.Sh STANDARDS 361The 362.Nm ls 363function is expected to be a superset of the 364.St -p1003.2 365specification.
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