1.\" Copyright (c) 1993
2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
3.\"
4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
6.\" are met:
7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
12.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
13.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
14.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
15.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
16.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
17.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
18.\" without specific prior written permission.
19.\"
20.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
21.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
22.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
23.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
24.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
25.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
26.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
27.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
28.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
29.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
30.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
31.\"
32.\" @(#)jot.1 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93
33.\" $FreeBSD: head/usr.bin/jot/jot.1 164027 2006-11-06 10:39:49Z dds $
34.\"
35.Dd June 6, 1993
36.Dt JOT 1
37.Os
38.Sh NAME
39.Nm jot
40.Nd print sequential or random data
41.Sh SYNOPSIS
42.Nm
43.Op Fl cnr
44.Op Fl b Ar word
45.Op Fl w Ar word
46.Op Fl s Ar string
47.Op Fl p Ar precision
48.Op Ar reps Op Ar begin Op Ar end Op Ar s
49.Sh DESCRIPTION
50The
51.Nm
52utility is used to print out increasing, decreasing, random,
53or redundant data, usually numbers, one per line.
54.Pp
55The following options are available:
56.Bl -tag -width indent
57.It Fl r
58Generate random data instead of the default sequential data.
59.It Fl b Ar word
60Just print
61.Ar word
62repetitively.
63.It Fl w Ar word
64Print
65.Ar word
66with the generated data appended to it.
67Octal, hexadecimal, exponential,
68.Tn ASCII ,
69zero padded,
70and right-adjusted representations
71are possible by using the appropriate
72.Xr printf 3
73conversion specification inside
74.Ar word ,
75in which case the data are inserted rather than appended.
76.It Fl c
77This is an abbreviation for
78.Fl w Ar %c .
79.It Fl s Ar string
80Print data separated by
81.Ar string .
82Normally, newlines separate data.
83.It Fl n
84Do not print the final newline normally appended to the output.
85.It Fl p Ar precision
86Print only as many digits or characters of the data
87as indicated by the integer
88.Ar precision .
89In the absence of
90.Fl p ,
91the precision is the greater of the precisions of
92.Ar begin
93and
94.Ar end .
95The
96.Fl p
97option is overridden by whatever appears in a
98.Xr printf 3
99conversion following
100.Fl w .
101.El
102.Pp
103The last four arguments indicate, respectively,
104the number of data, the lower bound, the upper bound,
105and the step size or, for random data, the seed.
106While at least one of them must appear,
107any of the other three may be omitted, and
108will be considered as such if given as
109.Fl "" .
110Any three of these arguments determines the fourth.
111If four are specified and the given and computed values of
112.Ar reps
113conflict, the lower value is used.
114If fewer than three are specified, defaults are assigned
115left to right, except for
116.Ar s ,
117which assumes its default unless both
118.Ar begin
119and
120.Ar end
121are given.
122.Pp
123Defaults for the four arguments are, respectively,
124100, 1, 100, and 1, except that when random data are requested,
125the seed,
126.Ar s ,
127is picked randomly.
128The
129.Ar reps
130argument is expected to be an unsigned integer,
131and if given as zero is taken to be infinite.
132The
133.Ar begin
134and
135.Ar end
136arguments may be given as real numbers or as characters
137representing the corresponding value in
138.Tn ASCII .
139The last argument must be a real number.
140.Pp
141Random numbers are obtained through
142.Xr arc4random 3
143when no seed is specified,
144and through
145.Xr random 3
146when a seed is given.
147The name
148.Nm
149derives in part from
150.Nm iota ,
151a function in APL.
152.Sh EXIT STATUS
153.Ex -std
154.Sh EXAMPLES
155The command
156.Dl jot 21 -1 1.00
157.Pp
158prints 21 evenly spaced numbers increasing from -1 to 1.
159The
160.Tn ASCII
161character set is generated with
162.Dl jot -c 128 0
163.Pp
164and the strings xaa through xaz with
165.Dl jot -w xa%c 26 a
166.Pp
167while 20 random 8-letter strings are produced with
168.Dl "jot -r -c 160 a z | rs -g 0 8"
169.Pp
170Infinitely many
171.Em yes Ns 's
172may be obtained through
173.Dl jot -b yes 0
174.Pp
175and thirty
176.Xr ed 1
177substitution commands applying to lines 2, 7, 12, etc.\& is
178the result of
179.Dl jot -w %ds/old/new/ 30 2 - 5
180.Pp
181The stuttering sequence 9, 9, 8, 8, 7, etc.\& can be
182produced by suitable choice of step size,
183as in
184.Dl jot - 9 0 -.5
185.Pp
186and a file containing exactly 1024 bytes is created with
187.Dl jot -b x 512 > block
188.Pp
189Finally, to set tabs four spaces apart starting
190from column 10 and ending in column 132, use
191.Dl expand -`jot -s, - 10 132 4`
192.Pp
193and to print all lines 80 characters or longer,
194.Dl grep `jot -s \&"\&" -b \&. 80`
195.Sh DIAGNOSTICS
196The following diagnostic messages deserve special explanation:
197.Bl -diag
198.It "illegal or unsupported format '%s'"
199The requested conversion format specifier for
200.Xr printf 3
201was not of the form
202.Dl %[#][ ][{+,-}][0-9]*[.[0-9]*]?
203where
204.Dq ?\&
205must be one of
206.Dl [l]{d,i,o,u,x}
207or
208.Dl {c,e,f,g,D,E,G,O,U,X}
209.It "range error in conversion"
210A value to be printed fell outside the range of the data type
211associated with the requested output format.
212.It "too many conversions"
213More than one conversion format specifier has been supplied,
214but only one is allowed.
215.El
216.Sh SEE ALSO
217.Xr ed 1 ,
218.Xr expand 1 ,
219.Xr rs 1 ,
220.Xr yes 1 ,
221.Xr arc4random 3 ,
222.Xr printf 3 ,
223.Xr random 3
224.Sh HISTORY
225The
226.Nm
227utility first appeared in
228.Bx 4.2 .
2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
3.\"
4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
6.\" are met:
7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
12.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
13.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
14.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
15.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
16.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
17.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
18.\" without specific prior written permission.
19.\"
20.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
21.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
22.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
23.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
24.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
25.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
26.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
27.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
28.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
29.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
30.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
31.\"
32.\" @(#)jot.1 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93
33.\" $FreeBSD: head/usr.bin/jot/jot.1 164027 2006-11-06 10:39:49Z dds $
34.\"
35.Dd June 6, 1993
36.Dt JOT 1
37.Os
38.Sh NAME
39.Nm jot
40.Nd print sequential or random data
41.Sh SYNOPSIS
42.Nm
43.Op Fl cnr
44.Op Fl b Ar word
45.Op Fl w Ar word
46.Op Fl s Ar string
47.Op Fl p Ar precision
48.Op Ar reps Op Ar begin Op Ar end Op Ar s
49.Sh DESCRIPTION
50The
51.Nm
52utility is used to print out increasing, decreasing, random,
53or redundant data, usually numbers, one per line.
54.Pp
55The following options are available:
56.Bl -tag -width indent
57.It Fl r
58Generate random data instead of the default sequential data.
59.It Fl b Ar word
60Just print
61.Ar word
62repetitively.
63.It Fl w Ar word
64Print
65.Ar word
66with the generated data appended to it.
67Octal, hexadecimal, exponential,
68.Tn ASCII ,
69zero padded,
70and right-adjusted representations
71are possible by using the appropriate
72.Xr printf 3
73conversion specification inside
74.Ar word ,
75in which case the data are inserted rather than appended.
76.It Fl c
77This is an abbreviation for
78.Fl w Ar %c .
79.It Fl s Ar string
80Print data separated by
81.Ar string .
82Normally, newlines separate data.
83.It Fl n
84Do not print the final newline normally appended to the output.
85.It Fl p Ar precision
86Print only as many digits or characters of the data
87as indicated by the integer
88.Ar precision .
89In the absence of
90.Fl p ,
91the precision is the greater of the precisions of
92.Ar begin
93and
94.Ar end .
95The
96.Fl p
97option is overridden by whatever appears in a
98.Xr printf 3
99conversion following
100.Fl w .
101.El
102.Pp
103The last four arguments indicate, respectively,
104the number of data, the lower bound, the upper bound,
105and the step size or, for random data, the seed.
106While at least one of them must appear,
107any of the other three may be omitted, and
108will be considered as such if given as
109.Fl "" .
110Any three of these arguments determines the fourth.
111If four are specified and the given and computed values of
112.Ar reps
113conflict, the lower value is used.
114If fewer than three are specified, defaults are assigned
115left to right, except for
116.Ar s ,
117which assumes its default unless both
118.Ar begin
119and
120.Ar end
121are given.
122.Pp
123Defaults for the four arguments are, respectively,
124100, 1, 100, and 1, except that when random data are requested,
125the seed,
126.Ar s ,
127is picked randomly.
128The
129.Ar reps
130argument is expected to be an unsigned integer,
131and if given as zero is taken to be infinite.
132The
133.Ar begin
134and
135.Ar end
136arguments may be given as real numbers or as characters
137representing the corresponding value in
138.Tn ASCII .
139The last argument must be a real number.
140.Pp
141Random numbers are obtained through
142.Xr arc4random 3
143when no seed is specified,
144and through
145.Xr random 3
146when a seed is given.
147The name
148.Nm
149derives in part from
150.Nm iota ,
151a function in APL.
152.Sh EXIT STATUS
153.Ex -std
154.Sh EXAMPLES
155The command
156.Dl jot 21 -1 1.00
157.Pp
158prints 21 evenly spaced numbers increasing from -1 to 1.
159The
160.Tn ASCII
161character set is generated with
162.Dl jot -c 128 0
163.Pp
164and the strings xaa through xaz with
165.Dl jot -w xa%c 26 a
166.Pp
167while 20 random 8-letter strings are produced with
168.Dl "jot -r -c 160 a z | rs -g 0 8"
169.Pp
170Infinitely many
171.Em yes Ns 's
172may be obtained through
173.Dl jot -b yes 0
174.Pp
175and thirty
176.Xr ed 1
177substitution commands applying to lines 2, 7, 12, etc.\& is
178the result of
179.Dl jot -w %ds/old/new/ 30 2 - 5
180.Pp
181The stuttering sequence 9, 9, 8, 8, 7, etc.\& can be
182produced by suitable choice of step size,
183as in
184.Dl jot - 9 0 -.5
185.Pp
186and a file containing exactly 1024 bytes is created with
187.Dl jot -b x 512 > block
188.Pp
189Finally, to set tabs four spaces apart starting
190from column 10 and ending in column 132, use
191.Dl expand -`jot -s, - 10 132 4`
192.Pp
193and to print all lines 80 characters or longer,
194.Dl grep `jot -s \&"\&" -b \&. 80`
195.Sh DIAGNOSTICS
196The following diagnostic messages deserve special explanation:
197.Bl -diag
198.It "illegal or unsupported format '%s'"
199The requested conversion format specifier for
200.Xr printf 3
201was not of the form
202.Dl %[#][ ][{+,-}][0-9]*[.[0-9]*]?
203where
204.Dq ?\&
205must be one of
206.Dl [l]{d,i,o,u,x}
207or
208.Dl {c,e,f,g,D,E,G,O,U,X}
209.It "range error in conversion"
210A value to be printed fell outside the range of the data type
211associated with the requested output format.
212.It "too many conversions"
213More than one conversion format specifier has been supplied,
214but only one is allowed.
215.El
216.Sh SEE ALSO
217.Xr ed 1 ,
218.Xr expand 1 ,
219.Xr rs 1 ,
220.Xr yes 1 ,
221.Xr arc4random 3 ,
222.Xr printf 3 ,
223.Xr random 3
224.Sh HISTORY
225The
226.Nm
227utility first appeared in
228.Bx 4.2 .