1.\" Copyright (c) 1985, 1991, 1993
2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
3.\"
4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
6.\" are met:
7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
12.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
13.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
14.\" without specific prior written permission.
15.\"
16.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
17.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
18.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
19.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
20.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
21.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
22.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
23.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
24.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
25.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
26.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
27.\"
28.\" @(#)badsect.8 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
29.\" $FreeBSD: head/sbin/badsect/badsect.8 128073 2004-04-09 19:58:40Z markm $
30.\"
31.Dd June 5, 1993
32.Dt BADSECT 8
33.Os
34.Sh NAME
35.Nm badsect
36.Nd create files to contain bad sectors
37.Sh SYNOPSIS
38.Nm
39.Ar bbdir sector ...
40.Sh DESCRIPTION
41The
42.Nm
43utility makes a file to contain a bad sector. Normally, bad sectors
44are made inaccessible by the standard formatter, which provides
45a forwarding table for bad sectors to the driver.
46If a driver supports the bad blocking standard it is much preferable to
47use that method to isolate bad blocks, since the bad block forwarding
48makes the pack appear perfect, and such packs can then be copied with
49.Xr dd 1 .
50The technique used by this program is also less general than
51bad block forwarding, as
52.Nm
53can't make amends for
54bad blocks in the i-list of file systems or in swap areas.
55.Pp
56On some disks,
57adding a sector which is suddenly bad to the bad sector table
58currently requires the running of the standard
59.Tn DEC
60formatter.
61Thus to deal with a newly bad block
62or on disks where the drivers
63do not support the bad-blocking standard
64.Nm
65may be used to good effect.
66.Pp
67The
68.Nm
69utility is used on a quiet file system in the following way:
70First mount the file system, and change to its root directory.
71Make a directory
72.Li BAD
73there.
74Run
75.Nm
76giving as argument the
77.Ar BAD
78directory followed by
79all the bad sectors you wish to add.
80(The sector numbers must be relative to the beginning of
81the file system, but this is not hard as the system reports
82relative sector numbers in its console error messages.)
83Then change back to the root directory, unmount the file system
84and run
85.Xr fsck 8
86on the file system. The bad sectors should show up in two files
87or in the bad sector files and the free list. Have
88.Xr fsck 8
89remove files containing the offending bad sectors, but
90.Em do not
91have it remove the
92.Pa BAD/ Ns Em nnnnn
93files.
94This will leave the bad sectors in only the
95.Li BAD
96files.
97.Pp
98The
99.Nm
100utility works by giving the specified sector numbers in a
101.Xr mknod 2
102system call,
103creating an illegal file whose first block address is the block containing
104bad sector and whose name is the bad sector number.
105When it is discovered by
106.Xr fsck 8
107it will ask
108.Dq Li "HOLD BAD BLOCK \&?" .
109A positive response will cause
110.Xr fsck 8
111to convert the inode to a regular file containing the bad block.
112.Sh SEE ALSO
113.Xr fsck 8
114.Sh DIAGNOSTICS
115The
116.Nm
117utility refuses to attach a block that
118resides in a critical area or is out of range of the file system.
119A warning is issued if the block is already in use.
120.Sh BUGS
121If more than one sector which comprise a file system fragment are bad,
122you should specify only one of them to
123.Nm ,
124as the blocks in the bad sector files actually cover all the sectors in a
125file system fragment.
126.Sh HISTORY
127The
128.Nm
129utility appeared in
130.Bx 4.1 .
2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
3.\"
4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
6.\" are met:
7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
12.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
13.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
14.\" without specific prior written permission.
15.\"
16.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
17.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
18.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
19.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
20.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
21.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
22.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
23.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
24.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
25.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
26.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
27.\"
28.\" @(#)badsect.8 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
29.\" $FreeBSD: head/sbin/badsect/badsect.8 128073 2004-04-09 19:58:40Z markm $
30.\"
31.Dd June 5, 1993
32.Dt BADSECT 8
33.Os
34.Sh NAME
35.Nm badsect
36.Nd create files to contain bad sectors
37.Sh SYNOPSIS
38.Nm
39.Ar bbdir sector ...
40.Sh DESCRIPTION
41The
42.Nm
43utility makes a file to contain a bad sector. Normally, bad sectors
44are made inaccessible by the standard formatter, which provides
45a forwarding table for bad sectors to the driver.
46If a driver supports the bad blocking standard it is much preferable to
47use that method to isolate bad blocks, since the bad block forwarding
48makes the pack appear perfect, and such packs can then be copied with
49.Xr dd 1 .
50The technique used by this program is also less general than
51bad block forwarding, as
52.Nm
53can't make amends for
54bad blocks in the i-list of file systems or in swap areas.
55.Pp
56On some disks,
57adding a sector which is suddenly bad to the bad sector table
58currently requires the running of the standard
59.Tn DEC
60formatter.
61Thus to deal with a newly bad block
62or on disks where the drivers
63do not support the bad-blocking standard
64.Nm
65may be used to good effect.
66.Pp
67The
68.Nm
69utility is used on a quiet file system in the following way:
70First mount the file system, and change to its root directory.
71Make a directory
72.Li BAD
73there.
74Run
75.Nm
76giving as argument the
77.Ar BAD
78directory followed by
79all the bad sectors you wish to add.
80(The sector numbers must be relative to the beginning of
81the file system, but this is not hard as the system reports
82relative sector numbers in its console error messages.)
83Then change back to the root directory, unmount the file system
84and run
85.Xr fsck 8
86on the file system. The bad sectors should show up in two files
87or in the bad sector files and the free list. Have
88.Xr fsck 8
89remove files containing the offending bad sectors, but
90.Em do not
91have it remove the
92.Pa BAD/ Ns Em nnnnn
93files.
94This will leave the bad sectors in only the
95.Li BAD
96files.
97.Pp
98The
99.Nm
100utility works by giving the specified sector numbers in a
101.Xr mknod 2
102system call,
103creating an illegal file whose first block address is the block containing
104bad sector and whose name is the bad sector number.
105When it is discovered by
106.Xr fsck 8
107it will ask
108.Dq Li "HOLD BAD BLOCK \&?" .
109A positive response will cause
110.Xr fsck 8
111to convert the inode to a regular file containing the bad block.
112.Sh SEE ALSO
113.Xr fsck 8
114.Sh DIAGNOSTICS
115The
116.Nm
117utility refuses to attach a block that
118resides in a critical area or is out of range of the file system.
119A warning is issued if the block is already in use.
120.Sh BUGS
121If more than one sector which comprise a file system fragment are bad,
122you should specify only one of them to
123.Nm ,
124as the blocks in the bad sector files actually cover all the sectors in a
125file system fragment.
126.Sh HISTORY
127The
128.Nm
129utility appeared in
130.Bx 4.1 .